TED2008
Gregory Petsko: The coming neurological epidemic
Gregory Petsko: Prihajajoča nevrološka epidemija
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Biokemik Gregory Petsko nas prepriča, da bomo v naslednjih 50-ih letih videli epidemijo nevroloških bolezni, kot je Alzheimerjeva, ker se svetovno prebivalstvo stara. Njegova rešitev: več raziskav možganov in njihovih funkcij.
Gregory Petsko - Bioengineer
Gregory Petsko is a biochemist who studies the proteins of the body and their biochemical function. Working with Dagmar Ringe, he's doing pioneering work in the way we look at proteins and what they do. Full bio
Gregory Petsko is a biochemist who studies the proteins of the body and their biochemical function. Working with Dagmar Ringe, he's doing pioneering work in the way we look at proteins and what they do. Full bio
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00:12
Unless we do something to prevent it,
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Če ne naredimo nič,
da jo preprečimo,
da jo preprečimo,
00:14
over the next 40 years we’re facing an epidemic
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se bomo v naslednjih 40 letih
soočili z epidemijo
soočili z epidemijo
00:17
of neurologic diseases on a global scale.
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nevroloških bolezni globalnih razsežnosti.
00:20
A cheery thought.
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Vesela misel.
00:24
On this map, every country that’s colored blue
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Na tem zemljevidu
ima vsaka država modre barve
ima vsaka država modre barve
00:27
has more than 20 percent of its population over the age of 65.
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več kot 20 odstotkov populacije
starejše od 65 let.
starejše od 65 let.
To je svet, v katerem živimo.
00:31
This is the world we live in.
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In to je svet, v katerem
bodo živeli naši otroci.
bodo živeli naši otroci.
00:33
And this is the world your children will live in.
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00:37
For 12,000 years, the distribution of ages in the human population
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12 000 let je starostna porazdelitev ljudi
00:41
has looked like a pyramid, with the oldest on top.
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izgledala kot piramida,
z najstarejšimi na vrhu.
z najstarejšimi na vrhu.
Že postaja ploščata.
00:44
It’s already flattening out.
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Leta 2050 bo stolp
in začela se bo obračati.
in začela se bo obračati.
00:46
By 2050, it’s going to be a column and will start to invert.
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00:50
This is why it’s happening.
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Zato se to dogaja.
Povprečna življenjska doba
se je od leta 1840 več kot podvojila,
se je od leta 1840 več kot podvojila,
00:53
The average lifespan’s more than doubled since 1840,
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in trenutno se povečuje
s hitrostjo približno pet ur na dan.
s hitrostjo približno pet ur na dan.
00:56
and it’s increasing currently at the rate of about five hours every day.
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01:01
And this is why that’s not entirely a good thing:
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In zato to ni povsem dobra stvar:
01:04
because over the age of 65, your risk of getting Alzheimer’s
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ker se po 65 letu
tveganje za Alzheimerjevo
tveganje za Alzheimerjevo
ali Parkinsonovo bolezen
eksponentno poveča.
eksponentno poveča.
01:08
or Parkinson’s disease will increase exponentially.
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Do leta 2050 bo približno
32 milijonov ljudi v Združenih državah
32 milijonov ljudi v Združenih državah
01:12
By 2050, there’ll be about 32 million people in the United States
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01:16
over the age of 80, and unless we do something about it,
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starejših od osemdeset let,
in razen, če nekaj ne ukrenemo,
in razen, če nekaj ne ukrenemo,
01:19
half of them will have Alzheimer’s disease
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jih bo polovica imela
Alzheimerjevo bolezen,
Alzheimerjevo bolezen,
01:21
and three million more will have Parkinson’s disease.
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in tri milijone več
bo imelo Parkinsonovo bolezen.
bo imelo Parkinsonovo bolezen.
Trenutno te in druge nevrološke bolezni--
01:24
Right now, those and other neurologic diseases --
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za katere nimamo zdravila ali preventive--
01:27
for which we have no cure or prevention --
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stanejo tretjino bilijona dolarjev letno.
01:30
cost about a third of a trillion dollars a year.
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Do leta 2050 bo to krepko preseglo
bilijon dolarjev.
bilijon dolarjev.
01:32
It will be well over a trillion dollars by 2050.
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Alzheimerjevo bolezen začne protein,
01:36
Alzheimer’s disease starts when a protein
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01:38
that should be folded up properly
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ki bi se moral pravilno zviti,
01:40
misfolds into a kind of demented origami.
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a se napačno zvije
v nekakšen dementen origami.
v nekakšen dementen origami.
01:44
So one approach we’re taking is to try to design drugs
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En pristop, o katerem razglabljamo,
je razvoj zdravil,
je razvoj zdravil,
01:47
that function like molecular Scotch tape,
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ki bi delovala
kot molekularni lepilni trak,
kot molekularni lepilni trak,
ki drži protein v pravi obliki.
01:50
to hold the protein into its proper shape.
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To bi preprečilo nastajanje vozlov,
01:53
That would keep it from forming the tangles
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ki očitno pobijejo velike dele možganov,
ko nastanejo.
ko nastanejo.
01:55
that seem to kill large sections of the brain when they do.
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Zanimivo je, da druge nevrološke bolezni,
01:59
Interestingly enough, other neurologic diseases
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02:01
which affect very different parts of the brain
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ki vplivajo na zelo drugačne
dele možganov,
dele možganov,
prav tako kažejo vozle
napačno zvitih proteinov,
napačno zvitih proteinov,
02:04
also show tangles of misfolded protein,
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kar namiguje, da je pristop enoten
02:07
which suggests that the approach might be a general one,
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in bi se lahko uporabil
za zdravljenje mnogih nevroloških bolezni,
za zdravljenje mnogih nevroloških bolezni,
02:10
and might be used to cure many neurologic diseases,
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02:12
not just Alzheimer’s disease.
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ne samo Alzheimerjeve.
02:14
There’s also a fascinating connection to cancer here,
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Prav tako je tu fascinantna
povezava z rakom,
povezava z rakom,
02:17
because people with neurologic diseases
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ker imajo ljudje z nevrološkimi boleznimi
02:19
have a very low incidence of most cancers.
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zelo nizko pojavnost večine rakov.
02:22
And this is a connection that most people aren’t pursuing right now,
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In to je povezava,
ki je večina ljudi trenutno ne raziskuje,
ki je večina ljudi trenutno ne raziskuje,
02:25
but which we’re fascinated by.
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ampak nas fascinira.
Večino pomembnega in vse kreativno delo
na tem področju
na tem področju
02:28
Most of the important and all of the creative work in this area
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02:31
is being funded by private philanthropies.
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financirajo privatni dobrodelneži.
Tu je še neverjetno veliko prostora
za dodatno privatno pomoč,
za dodatno privatno pomoč,
02:34
And there’s tremendous scope for additional private help here,
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ker je vlada dvignila roke
nad večino tega, se bojim.
nad večino tega, se bojim.
02:37
because the government has dropped the ball on much of this, I’m afraid.
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02:40
In the meantime, while we’re waiting for all these things to happen,
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Medtem ko čakamo,
da se vse te stvari zgodijo,
da se vse te stvari zgodijo,
lahko tole storite sami.
02:44
here’s what you can do for yourself.
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Pri preprečevanju Parkinsonove bolezni
02:46
If you want to lower your risk of Parkinson’s disease,
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02:48
caffeine is protective to some extent; nobody knows why.
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ima kofein do neke mere zaščitno vlogo,
nihče ne ve zakaj.
nihče ne ve zakaj.
Poškodbe glave so slabe za vas.
Vodijo v Parkinsonovo bolezen.
Vodijo v Parkinsonovo bolezen.
02:53
Head injuries are bad for you. They lead to Parkinson’s disease.
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02:56
And the Avian Flu is also not a good idea.
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In ptičja gripa je prav tako slaba ideja.
03:01
As far as protecting yourself against Alzheimer’s disease,
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Za zaščito pred Alzheimerjevo boleznijo
03:04
well, it turns out that fish oil has the effect
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se je izkazalo, da ribje olje
03:07
of reducing your risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
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zmanjšuje vaše tveganje
za Alzheimerjevo bolezen.
za Alzheimerjevo bolezen.
Prav tako poskrbite za nizek krvni tlak,
03:10
You should also keep your blood pressure down,
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ker je kronično povišan krvni tlak
03:12
because chronic high blood pressure
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največji faktor tveganja
pri tej bolezni.
pri tej bolezni.
03:14
is the biggest single risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.
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03:16
It’s also the biggest risk factor for glaucoma,
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Prav tako je največji faktor tveganja
za glavkom,
za glavkom,
kar je pravzaprav
samo Alzheimerjeva bolezen očesa.
samo Alzheimerjeva bolezen očesa.
03:19
which is just Alzheimer’s disease of the eye.
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Ko pa pridemo kognitivnih sposobnosti,
03:22
And of course, when it comes to cognitive effects,
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03:24
"use it or lose it" applies,
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tu velja "kar ne uporabljaš, izgubiš"
03:26
so you want to stay mentally stimulated.
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zato hočete ostati mentalno stimulirani.
03:28
But hey, you’re listening to me.
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Ampak, hej, mene poslušate.
03:30
So you’ve got that covered.
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Tako, da je za to poskrbljeno.
In še zadnja stvar.
Zaželite ljudem, kot sem jaz, srečo, prav?
Zaželite ljudem, kot sem jaz, srečo, prav?
03:32
And one final thing. Wish people like me luck, okay?
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03:36
Because the clock is ticking for all of us.
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Ker ura teče za vse nas.
03:38
Thank you.
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Hvala.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gregory Petsko - BioengineerGregory Petsko is a biochemist who studies the proteins of the body and their biochemical function. Working with Dagmar Ringe, he's doing pioneering work in the way we look at proteins and what they do.
Why you should listen
Gregory Petsko's own biography, on his Brandeis faculty homepage, might seem intimidatingly abstruse to the non-biochemist -- he studies "the structural basis for efficient enzymic catalysis of proton and hydride transfer; the role of the metal ions in bridged bimetalloenzyme active sites; direct visualization of proteins in action by time-resolved protein crystallography; the evolution of new enzyme activities from old ones; and the biology of the quiescent state in eukaryotic cells."
But for someone so deeply in touch with the minutest parts of our bodies, Petsko is also a wide-ranging mind, concerned about larger health policy issues. The effect of mass population shifts -- such as our current trend toward a senior-citizen society -- maps onto his world of tiny proteins to create a compeling new worldview.
Gregory Petsko | Speaker | TED.com