TEDxPortofSpain
Mark Raymond: Victims of the city
Filmed:
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Architecture can bring people together, or divide them -- witness the skyscraper, costly, inefficient, and only serving small portions of the community. At TEDxPortofSpain, Mark Raymond encourages city governments to let go of their old notions of success and consider the balance of environment, economy, and society to design cities for social change.
(Filmed at TEDxPortofSpain.)
Mark Raymond - Architect
Mark Raymond’s work as an architect in Trinidad and Tobago is founded on the belief that thoughtfully designed cities can foster sustainability and inclusiveness throughout a society. Full bio
Mark Raymond’s work as an architect in Trinidad and Tobago is founded on the belief that thoughtfully designed cities can foster sustainability and inclusiveness throughout a society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:08
We've been asked to address
the theme of changing conversations.
the theme of changing conversations.
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我们被要求做一个
主题为改变对话的演讲。
主题为改变对话的演讲。
我当然认为在我所在的领域里，
00:13
And I think certainly
in the field that I'm in,
in the field that I'm in,
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这是非常重要的一点。
00:15
that's a really important point to be at.
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考虑到建筑学以及整个社会
00:17
From the discourses that are going on
within architecture
within architecture
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正在进行的对话，
00:20
as well as throughout society,
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我认为是时候改变
我们看待事物的方式了。
我们看待事物的方式了。
00:22
I think it is time to change
the way that we look at things.
the way that we look at things.
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作为一名建筑师，我参与了建筑项目，
00:26
As an architect, I've been involved
with architectural projects,
with architectural projects,
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00:30
with urban planning projects,
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还有城市规划项目，
最近，项目更多地涉及景观。
00:32
and more recently, projects that engage
much more with the landscape.
much more with the landscape.
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我可以看到
00:35
Now I can see so many opportunities
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设计有能力影响社会变革的
00:37
and so many ways
in which design can contribute
in which design can contribute
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很多机会和方式。
00:41
and has the capacity
to effect social change.
to effect social change.
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00:45
And that's what I'm going
to talk to you today about.
to talk to you today about.
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这就是我今天要和你们谈的事情。
00:48
Starting off, I think it might be useful
to talk a little bit about architecture,
to talk a little bit about architecture,
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首先，我认为谈论点建筑学可能很有用，
因为我想对于很多人来说，
00:52
because I think for many people,
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建筑学是一个略带神秘感的学科。
00:54
architecture is a slightly
mystical activity.
mystical activity.
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很多人并不知道建筑师在做什么。
00:59
Not many people know what architects do.
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很多时候，我也不确定
建筑师是否清楚他们在做什么。
建筑师是否清楚他们在做什么。
01:02
A lot of the time, I'm not sure
the architects know what they're doing.
the architects know what they're doing.
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但我们在尝试，
01:06
But we try,
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试着接纳和理解那意味着什么
01:08
and it's important to try and embrace that
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是很重要的。
01:11
and try and understand what that means.
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今天我谈论建筑，不是在谈论这个职业。
01:13
When I talk about architecture today,
I'm not talking about the profession.
I'm not talking about the profession.
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我不是在说具有某些专业知识，
被选中的特定的一群人
被选中的特定的一群人
01:16
I'm not talking about an activity that's
pursued by a select group of people
pursued by a select group of people
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所进行的活动。
01:21
with some specialized knowledge.
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我在讨论更广义上的建筑学：
01:23
I'm talking about architecture
in the bigger sense:
in the bigger sense:
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与我们所居住的屋子有关的建筑学，
01:25
architecture in terms
of the room that we're in,
of the room that we're in,
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作为普遍性的活动的，
01:28
architecture as a pervasive activity,
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发明了庇护所，
01:30
architecture as the activity
that is the creation of shelter,
that is the creation of shelter,
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创建了空间，
01:33
the creation of space,
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设计并创建建筑之间的空间
01:34
the design and the creation
of spaces between buildings,
of spaces between buildings,
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以及景观的建筑学。
01:38
the landscape.
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它代表着人与景观的互动。
01:39
It's man's interaction with the landscape.
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我们对于已建成环境的建设——
01:41
Our construction
of the built environment --
of the built environment --
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这正是我用“建筑学”所指代的东西。
01:44
that's what I mean by architecture.
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01:47
It's not a specialized thing.
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它不是一个专业的事情。
01:51
And over the last, I suppose,
20 or 30 years,
20 or 30 years,
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我想，在过去20或者30年，
在互联网以及技术方面
01:54
with the predominance of the internet
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正在发生的伟大的，令人激动的进步
01:57
and the wonderful
and exciting advancements
and exciting advancements
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所主导的情况下，
02:00
that are taking place in technology,
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发生的其中一件事
就是我们对于世界的感知
就是我们对于世界的感知
02:02
one of the things that has happened
is that our perception of the world
is that our perception of the world
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已经变得商业化了。
02:05
has become commodified.
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它在很多方面已经缩减成为
02:07
It's become reduced in many ways
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一种二维的感知。
02:09
to a perception that is two-dimensional.
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我们花费了自己很多时间
02:11
We spend a lot of our time,
a lot of our lives,
a lot of our lives,
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通过屏幕来观察世界，
02:14
looking at the world through screens,
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无论是我们的笔记本电脑，电视屏幕，
02:16
whether it's our laptops
or television screens
or television screens
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还是机场和办公场所的显示器，
02:20
or monitors at airports
or in the workplace
or in the workplace
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甚至我们的手机现在都是显示器了。
02:23
or even our telephones are now screens.
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它有减少我们对于世界感知的副作用。
02:26
And it has this effect of reducing
our perception of the world.
our perception of the world.
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它在以很多方式扩展，但也可以缩减，
02:30
It expands it in many ways,
but it can reduce it,
but it can reduce it,
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它会把我们的想法或者我们
关于特定概念的见解转化成图标，
关于特定概念的见解转化成图标，
02:32
it can turn into icons our idea
or our notion of certain concepts
or our notion of certain concepts
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或者想法，事实上可能更具有普遍性，
02:37
or ideas that are, in fact,
maybe a lot more pervasive
maybe a lot more pervasive
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比二维图片可传达更多信息。
02:41
than the two-dimensional image can convey.
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我认为这点对于建筑学也适用。
02:43
And I think that's true
about architecture.
about architecture.
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我认为我们已经养成习惯，
以一种主要的，
以一种主要的，
02:45
I think we've grown accustomed
to thinking about architecture
to thinking about architecture
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二维的，平面的方式来思考建筑学。
02:48
in a really primarily
two-dimensional way, in a flat way,
two-dimensional way, in a flat way,
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建筑是关于它看起来
应该是什么样，怎样出现，
应该是什么样，怎样出现，
02:52
that the building is about
what it looks like, how it appears,
what it looks like, how it appears,
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是一种可视的商品。
02:55
it's visual commodity.
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02:57
But it's much more than that.
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但建筑学并不只是这些。
它比一个美学或者感官上的
体验要丰富得多。
体验要丰富得多。
02:59
It's much more than an aesthetic
or just a sensory experience.
or just a sensory experience.
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03:02
That's very important,
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这一点很重要，
但它又不止于此。
03:03
but it's much more than that.
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它是一个复杂的操作。
03:05
It's a complex operation.
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建筑学和设计学中很大的一部分工作
03:06
And a big part of architecture
and a big part of design
and a big part of design
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会涉及到对于背景的理解，
而这些背景正是设计已经存在
而这些背景正是设计已经存在
03:09
involves understanding the context
in which that design exists
in which that design exists
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或者将要被添加进去的背景。
03:12
or in which it's going to exist.
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是关于拥有尝试预测或者设计的想象力，
03:14
It's having the imagination
to try and predict or project
to try and predict or project
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建筑，都市空间
03:17
where the building
or where the urban space
or where the urban space
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或者景观应该定位在哪里，
03:20
or where the landscape
is going to be located,
is going to be located,
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它将会怎样被使用，
03:22
how it's going to be used,
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在那个地方有哪些操作，
03:23
what are the operations,
what are the activities
what are the activities
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有哪些活动。
03:25
that are going to take place
in that space.
in that space.
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你可以把这些事情称为
建筑的纲领性方面，
建筑的纲领性方面，
03:28
And you might call those
the programmatic aspects of architecture,
the programmatic aspects of architecture,
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还有设计的纲领性方面。
03:31
the programmatic aspects of design.
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并且我认为最近，我们已经趋向于特权化
03:32
And I think that in recent times,
we've tended to privilege
we've tended to privilege
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或者把其放在更高的位置，我指的是
03:36
or put at a higher level
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这些可视化的感官感觉
或者关于建筑的欲望
或者关于建筑的欲望
03:39
that visual sensory perception
or desire about architecture
or desire about architecture
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被放在了这些纲领性需求的前面。
03:43
ahead and in advance
of those programmatic needs.
of those programmatic needs.
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我们已经趋向于创造纪念物，
创造标识符，
创造标识符，
03:46
We've tended to kind of
create monuments, create icons
create monuments, create icons
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它们可以创造感觉或者效果，
03:49
that create a sensation or create effect,
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而没有真正的考虑这些地点
或者空间可以影响到的
或者空间可以影响到的
03:51
without really thinking through
the value of the operation
the value of the operation
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那些操作的价值。
03:55
that those places
or those spaces can affect.
or those spaces can affect.
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正是在这个地带或者区域，
我认为我们需要开始关注
我认为我们需要开始关注
03:58
And it's in that zone or in that area
that I think we need to start looking
that I think we need to start looking
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或者尝试理解
04:02
or trying to understand
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景观或者设计可以
怎样真正的来影响社会，
怎样真正的来影响社会，
04:03
how architecture or how design
can really impact on society,
can really impact on society,
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04:06
and how it can address
some of the problems
some of the problems
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还有它怎样来解决那些
我们正在面临的问题。
04:09
that we're facing.
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在设计和我从事工作中，
04:10
The big buzzword in design
and in what I do
and in what I do
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以及其他人的工作中，
04:12
and I think what everybody does
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一个比较重要的理念就是可持续性。
04:14
is the idea of sustainability.
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04:17
Sustainability is an idea,
a notion or a concept
a notion or a concept
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可持续性是一个想法，观点或者概念，
它是由三个重要的概念
或者想法组成的一个三角形：
或者想法组成的一个三角形：
04:20
that's triangulated by three very
important concepts or ideas:
important concepts or ideas:
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环境，经济和社会。
04:25
the environment, the economy and society.
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04:29
Well, the global economy seems to be
currently in a kind of meltdown situation.
currently in a kind of meltdown situation.
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全球经济目前看起来
还处在一种无序状态。
还处在一种无序状态。
有许多工作需要去做。
04:34
A lot of work needs to be done there.
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我们居住的环境也面临着挑战。
04:36
The environment
that we live in is challenged.
that we live in is challenged.
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我们在经历全球变暖，海平面上升，
04:41
We've got global warming,
we've got rising tides,
we've got rising tides,
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以及各种各样正在发生的灾难，
04:44
we've got all sorts
of disasters taking place,
of disasters taking place,
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各种事情正在发生，
04:46
all sorts of things happening
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这些事情威胁到了世界的平衡
和我们所居住的环境。
和我们所居住的环境。
04:48
that threaten the equilibrium of the world
and the environment that we live in.
and the environment that we live in.
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社会本身正在遭受威胁，
04:53
And society itself
is also challenged and threatened
is also challenged and threatened
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它们来自于我们正在面临的问题。
04:56
by some of the issues
that we're faced with.
that we're faced with.
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我想我们都听说过
一些今天所面临的问题，
一些今天所面临的问题，
04:58
I think we've heard about
some of those issues today
some of those issues today
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还有需要改变我们获取这些东西的方法。
05:01
and the need to change the paradigm
in which we perceive those things.
in which we perceive those things.
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付出行动是很重要的事情。
05:05
It's really very crucial that we do that.
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05:08
So how does design impact that?
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那么设计学做出怎样影响呢？
作为一个设计师
或者任何一个设计师，
或者任何一个设计师，
05:10
How can how can I, as a designer,
or anybody as a designer
or anybody as a designer
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或者任何一个架构师，
05:13
or any architect
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或者社会可以怎样——
05:14
or how can society --
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设计学可以用什么样的
方式来影响那些问题，
方式来影响那些问题，
05:16
in what way can design impact on that,
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它可以用什么样的方式来影响那些问题？
05:19
in what way can it affect that?
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我今天将要讨论
05:21
I'm going to talk today
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我认为设计可以以
什么样的方式来影响社会，
什么样的方式来影响社会，
05:22
about ways in which I think
design can impact on society,
design can impact on society,
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以非常特殊的方式来影响社会,
05:25
very specifically on society,
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还有设计能以什么样的方式
浸润社会观念，
浸润社会观念，
05:27
and how that idea of design
can infiltrate the idea of society
can infiltrate the idea of society
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并且在社会运营过程中与社会协作，
05:33
and work with society
in the operations of society
in the operations of society
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以有计划的方式
05:36
in this programmatic way
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05:39
to effect social change.
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来影响社会变革。
这是上世纪早期的一张
佛雷德里克街的照片。
佛雷德里克街的照片。
05:40
This is an image of Frederick Street
in the early part of the last century.
in the early part of the last century.
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05:45
And I think it's a good image
in lots of ways.
in lots of ways.
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我认为无论从哪个角度来说，
这都是一张好照片。
这都是一张好照片。
它看起来就像是
由环境，经济和社会组成的
由环境，经济和社会组成的
05:48
It seems like that little triangulation
of the environment,
of the environment,
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一个小的三角形，
05:52
the economy and society
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看起来处于一种平衡中。
05:54
seems to be in a kind of balance.
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所以，似乎在城市里
我们可以看到这种平衡，
我们可以看到这种平衡，
05:56
So it seems that in cities
we can see that balance
we can see that balance
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06:00
that cities are symbols or ciphers
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城市成为符号或者密码
或者一些途径，我们可以
通过这些途径理解这些力量的聚集。
通过这些途径理解这些力量的聚集。
06:02
or ways in which we can we can understand
the confluence of those forces.
the confluence of those forces.
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并且通过时间，
06:06
And through time,
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曾经有一段时间，
城市把这些做的很成功。
城市把这些做的很成功。
06:07
there have been times when cities
have done that very successfully.
have done that very successfully.
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有很多很好的城市典范，
06:11
There are lots of examples
of very good cities
of very good cities
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这些城市在特定的时间点发现自己处在
06:13
which have found themselves
at a specific moment in time
at a specific moment in time
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一种平衡或者均衡的点上。
06:16
at a point of balance or equilibrium.
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06:19
If we look at Port of Spain as a city,
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如果我们把西班牙港
当做一个城市来看待，
当做一个城市来看待，
并且我们考虑这样一个想法，
06:22
and we consider the idea
that, once upon a time,
that, once upon a time,
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西班牙港曾经只是一个小小的聚集地，
06:25
Port of Spain was just a little cluster,
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处在圣安河口的一个小渔村。
06:28
a little fishing village
at the mouth of the St. Ann's River.
at the mouth of the St. Ann's River.
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然而，它已经成长为
如此庞大的一个复杂的聚集物，
如此庞大的一个复杂的聚集物，
06:30
And yet it's grown to be
such a big, complex conglomeration,
such a big, complex conglomeration,
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成为一个拥有很多很多
复杂思想的大都市了。
复杂思想的大都市了。
06:36
a big conurbation of lots and lots
of complex ideas.
of complex ideas.
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06:40
The Italian architect Aldo Rossi,
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意大利的阿尔多·罗西，
一个在上世纪末去世的建筑设计师，
06:42
a 20th-century architect who died
at the end of the last century,
at the end of the last century,
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发表过一个著名的言论。
06:45
made a very profound statement.
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他说建筑学就是随着时间的
流逝创造城市的过程。
流逝创造城市的过程。
06:47
He said architecture is the making
of the city over time.
of the city over time.
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我想这是一个伟大的陈述
06:52
I think that's a great statement,
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因为它在一个水平上讨论了特定对象的
06:53
because it talks, on one level,
about the individual production
about the individual production
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独立生产和制造——建筑学——
06:57
and manufacture
of an object -- architecture --
of an object -- architecture --
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并且它把建筑学作为
一种文化产品的形式来讨论，
一种文化产品的形式来讨论，
06:59
and it talks about architecture
as being a form of cultural production,
as being a form of cultural production,
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作为某种可以讲述
一个问题的事物来讨论，
一个问题的事物来讨论，
07:03
as something that speaks to an issue
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或者阐明了一个比建筑
其他部分总和还强大的观点。
其他部分总和还强大的观点。
07:05
or speaks to ideas that are bigger
than the sum of the parts of the building,
than the sum of the parts of the building,
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而且它自身与城市相关联。
07:09
and it relates it to the city.
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它同时表明它是
一个持续，动态改变的过程。
一个持续，动态改变的过程。
07:11
It also suggested that it's a constant,
dynamic, changing process.
dynamic, changing process.
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我认为这是一个需要理解的重要事情，
07:16
And I think that's a very
important thing to understand,
important thing to understand,
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它同样也是计划的一部分。
07:19
that it's also part of the program.
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它与视觉无关，而与计划有关。
07:21
It's nothing to do with visual,
it's to do with the program.
it's to do with the program.
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也就是它怎样进化的，背后的动力学，
07:24
It's how does this evolve,
what are the dynamics,
what are the dynamics,
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成分和元素
07:26
what are the components,
what are the elements
what are the elements
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为城市的阐述和创造做出了贡献。
07:28
that contribute to the unraveling
and the creation of the city?
and the creation of the city?
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它同样阐明了一个事实，那就是
城市是一个可以想象的事物。
城市是一个可以想象的事物。
07:32
It also speaks to the fact that the city
is something that can be imagined.
is something that can be imagined.
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我们可以用同样的方式来设想
或者想象一个空间或者建筑，
或者想象一个空间或者建筑，
07:35
In the same way as we can conceive
and imagine of a space or a building,
and imagine of a space or a building,
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我们可以设想或想象一个城市。
07:39
we can conceive and imagine of a city.
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07:43
And it speaks to the idea
of the individual and the collective.
of the individual and the collective.
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它讲述了独立化和集合化的想法。
并且正是这个连接——从独立化到集合化，
07:46
And it's that link --
the individual to the collective,
the individual to the collective,
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公民的观念，社会的观念——
07:49
the idea of the civitas, the idea
of the society --
of the society --
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是一个真正意义上重要的格言，
07:52
that I think is a really important axiom
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它帮助我们理解设计学怎样渗透
07:55
for understanding
how design can infiltrate
how design can infiltrate
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和影响变革。
07:58
and how design can effect change.
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07:59
These are some images
of how Port of Spain evolved
of how Port of Spain evolved
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这里有一些西班牙港在过去200年，
这一相对较短的时间内发展的照片，
08:02
over a relatively short
period of 200 years,
period of 200 years,
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遵循着一个殖民时期计划，
该计划遵循一些
该计划遵循一些
08:05
from a colonial plan that was developed
following some ordinances
following some ordinances
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由西班牙国王提出的条例而形成，
08:10
sent out by the king of Spain,
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叫作印度群岛法律。
08:11
called the Laws of the Indies.
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加勒比海和拉丁美洲的很多城市
08:13
Many cities in the Caribbean
and Latin America
and Latin America
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都遵循并执行这个法律。
08:15
were predicated and formulated on this.
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就是这么一个姿态，
就是这么简单的一个设计，
就是这么简单的一个设计，
08:17
It was a gesture, it was a single design
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它传递了那些需要和需求
08:20
that addressed the needs
and the requirements
and the requirements
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这些需求来自于那些
建设中的城市和殖民地。
建设中的城市和殖民地。
08:23
of those establishing
cities and new colonies.
cities and new colonies.
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它在不断扩张，时光流逝，
当特里尼拉达岛的
当特里尼拉达岛的
08:25
And it expanded, and over time,
as trade began to develop in Trinidad,
as trade began to develop in Trinidad,
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贸易开始发展时，
城市也在扩张和增长，
城市也在扩张和增长，
08:29
the city expanded, and it grew,
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并且它开始越来越多的
占用周边的土地，
占用周边的土地，
08:31
and it started appropriating,
more and more, the surrounding landscape,
more and more, the surrounding landscape,
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直到它成长为今天我们看到的样子，
08:36
until it grew to pretty much
what we have today,
what we have today,
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或者成长为我们理解中的
西班牙港应有的样子。
西班牙港应有的样子。
08:38
or what we understand to be
the city of Port of Spain.
the city of Port of Spain.
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但众所周知
08:41
But as we all know,
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过程的成长同样建立在
一种宏观规模之上。
一种宏观规模之上。
08:43
that process grew also on a kind
of macro scale as well.
of macro scale as well.
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我们取得了这些大的
卫星城市的进化和发展
卫星城市的进化和发展
08:48
We have the evolution and the development
of this big conurbation
of this big conurbation
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这些城市从西班牙港延伸到西部，
08:52
that stretches from Port
of Spain to the west
of Spain to the west
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穿过了东部的阿鲁卡，
08:55
and over to Arouca in the east
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而且好像还在继续。
08:57
and seems to be continuing.
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所以我们发明了这个概念或者观点，
08:59
So we've developed
into this concept or idea
into this concept or idea
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它远远超越了原来的
印度群岛计划的法律。
印度群岛计划的法律。
09:01
that far exceeds the original
Laws of the Indies plan.
Laws of the Indies plan.
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它转变为一个
09:04
And it's turned into a complex
arrangement and matrix
arrangement and matrix
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关于基础设施和复杂问题的布局。
09:09
of infrastructures and complex issues,
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这些复杂的问题，在很多方面
已经引发了很多问题。
已经引发了很多问题。
09:12
issues that, in many ways,
have led to a lot of problems.
have led to a lot of problems.
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3721
09:15
They've led to a lot
of infrastructural problems.
of infrastructural problems.
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它们已经引发了许多基础设施的问题。
我们把这些分享给世界上的许多城市。
09:18
And we share this
with many, many cities in the world.
with many, many cities in the world.
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全世界的城市都在扩张，
09:20
Cities all over the world
are expanding, they're increasing,
are expanding, they're increasing,
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09:24
they're undergoing the same type
of development that we've undergone
of development that we've undergone
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在经历我们曾经历过的同样类型的发展，
比如原来的西班牙港和西班牙港市中心
09:27
to the point where the original Port
of Spain and the downtown Port of Spain
of Spain and the downtown Port of Spain
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曾组成了这个城市，曾构成了这个城市
09:31
that used to comprise the city,
used to constitute the city,
used to constitute the city,
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而现在已经转变成了这种
特大的，蔓延的城市，
特大的，蔓延的城市，
09:34
has now turned into this sort
of megalopolis, this sprawl,
of megalopolis, this sprawl,
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并且这点理解起来很难。
09:37
and it's difficult to comprehend.
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当我们想到这些问题时，
09:38
And when we think of the problems,
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我们想到了基础设施的问题：水，电，
09:40
we think of the infrastructural problems:
the water, the power,
the water, the power,
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交通堵塞，
09:44
the traffic congestion,
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576025
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犯罪，种族隔离，
还有两极分化，
还有两极分化，
09:45
the crime, the segregation,
the polarization that exists,
the polarization that exists,
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那些案例已经引发了
在国家近期所发生的问题，
在国家近期所发生的问题，
09:49
the situation that has led to what's
happened in this country recently
happened in this country recently
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在一种紧急状况之中 。。。
09:53
with the state of emergency ...
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有时候它看起来无法克服。
09:54
Sometimes it seems
completely insurmountable.
completely insurmountable.
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好像我们到达了某个点，
我们无法真正像控制原来的计划i一样
我们无法真正像控制原来的计划i一样
09:57
It seems like we've got to a point
where we can't really control it
where we can't really control it
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控制目前的状态。
10:01
in the way that we can control
that original plan.
that original plan.
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我们再也无法控制住形势了。
10:03
We can't really control this anymore.
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就像我们是这个城市的受害者，
10:05
It's almost as if we're
victims of the city,
victims of the city,
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2171
而不像是欣然的设计了这个城市
10:07
rather than people that have willingly
or willfully designed the city
or willfully designed the city
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或者表述这个城市。
10:11
or formulated the city.
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1386
10:13
Another phenomenon that has happened
commensurate with these issues
commensurate with these issues
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另外一个已经发生的现象与这些问题在
基础设施的规模上相当的，
10:17
of size and scale of infrastructure
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就是我所说的 “类型学”的主导，
10:20
is the predomination
of what I would call "typologies,"
of what I would call "typologies,"
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不同类型的发展。
10:23
different types of development.
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我们都熟悉这些高楼层的发展。
10:25
We're all familiar
with the high-rise development.
with the high-rise development.
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这就是香港的一些建筑，
10:28
This is some buildings in Hong Kong,
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1851
那些巨大的超高的结构
需要花费大笔钱来建设。
需要花费大笔钱来建设。
10:30
you know, the magnificent, tall structures
that cost a fortune to build.
that cost a fortune to build.
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但是它们占主导地位，
10:35
But they predominate;
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就好像如果你没有
一个超高建筑在其中的话
一个超高建筑在其中的话
10:36
it's almost as if you can't have a city
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你就不可能拥有一个城市一样。
10:38
unless you've got
a high-rise building in it.
a high-rise building in it.
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它们是符号，是现代化和发达的标志。
10:40
They're symbolic, they seem emblematic
with modernity and development.
with modernity and development.
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3712
购物商场又是另外一种主导类型，
10:44
And then shopping malls
is another predominant type,
is another predominant type,
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另外一种城市想要拥有的流行方式。
10:47
another prevalent type
that all cities want to have,
that all cities want to have,
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其核心在于你可以把所有的商店
10:50
the idea that you can
concentrate all these shops
concentrate all these shops
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和零售活动聚集到一个地方，
10:53
and all this retail activity in one place
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645452
2434
并且创造一个供人们来
从事指定零售功能的环境，
从事指定零售功能的环境，
10:55
and create an environment for people
to come and do specific retail functions
to come and do specific retail functions
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并且购买东西，而且是
在指定地点和指点时间。
在指定地点和指点时间。
11:00
and purchase things and be
in a specific place at a specific time.
in a specific place at a specific time.
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3778
然后就是高速公路的想法，穿越风景线
11:04
And then the highway, the idea
of cutting through landscapes
of cutting through landscapes
228
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3110
来创造出如何提高
11:07
to create how it's to increase the speed
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2030
从一个点到另一个点的速度。
11:09
with which we can get
from one point to another.
from one point to another.
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2525
我们同样也有郊区发展。
11:12
And then we also have
suburban development.
suburban development.
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2014
有很多种类型学，
11:14
These are all typologies
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它们是现代城市中已发生的发展的标志，
11:15
that are emblematic of the type
of development that has taken place
of development that has taken place
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比如西班牙港以及其他遍布全球的城市。
11:18
in modern cities, in Port of Spain
and cities all over the world.
and cities all over the world.
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购物商场没有任何问题，
11:22
Now, there's nothing wrong
with shopping malls,
with shopping malls,
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2208
高速路没有任何问题，
11:24
there's nothing wrong with highways,
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1733
同样高楼大厦或者郊区的发展
也没有任何问题。
也没有任何问题。
11:26
and there's nothing wrong with high-rise
buildings or suburban development.
buildings or suburban development.
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出问题的地方在于，
我们目前在做的事情似乎
我们目前在做的事情似乎
11:29
What is kind of wrong
is that what we seem to be doing
is that what we seem to be doing
238
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2580
是一种特权的类型或者建筑方式，
11:32
is privileging types or ways of building
239
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2557
或者关于建筑的观点，
11:35
or ideas about building
240
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1793
它凌驾于关于我们怎样设想，
或者怎样构思空间
或者怎样构思空间
11:36
above other really very important ways
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688846
1997
等其它真正重要的方式。
11:38
of how we can conceive
or how we imagine space.
or how we imagine space.
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2958
学校怎么样？
11:41
What about schools?
243
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1700
公园怎么样？
11:43
What about parks?
244
695573
1757
11:45
What about making streets
that are really comfortable to walk on
that are really comfortable to walk on
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3070
打造一些真正走起来很舒适
而且人们永远不会遭遇噪音
和交通拥塞的街道会怎么样？
和交通拥塞的街道会怎么样？
11:49
and the people are not confronting
traffic noise and congestion all the time?
traffic noise and congestion all the time?
246
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3967
它在方程式中的什么地方？
11:52
Where is that in the equation?
247
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2534
看起来我们聚焦于
这些种类的结构和这些类型学上，
这些种类的结构和这些类型学上，
11:55
It seems that with our focus on these
types of structures and these typologies,
types of structures and these typologies,
248
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这样做主要是出于它们能产生利润，
12:00
which are motivated and driven
primarily because they generate profit,
primarily because they generate profit,
249
712004
5004
它们是经济型消费系统的一部分，
12:05
they're part of an economic
consumer system,
consumer system,
250
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2148
它们产生利润，这就是它们更受关注，
12:07
they generate profit,
that's why they're favored,
that's why they're favored,
251
719204
2316
优先于其它种类发展的原因。
12:09
that's why they are privileged
above other types of development.
above other types of development.
252
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3036
但是学校，
12:12
But schools,
253
724604
1513
12:14
parks,
254
726976
1387
公园，
还有那些曾经很关键和重要的城市元素
12:16
elements of cities that used to be really
significant and really important
significant and really important
255
728387
3510
却正在被削弱和边缘化，
12:19
are being diminished and marginalized
256
731921
1853
这就是聚焦于这种类型发展上的后果。
12:21
as a consequence of the focus
on this type of development.
on this type of development.
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733798
3270
它们正在腐蚀城市的完整性，
12:25
They're undermining
the integrity of the city,
the integrity of the city,
258
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2473
它们正在腐蚀城市在
12:27
they're undermining
the capacity of the city
the capacity of the city
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2355
适应社会互动和适应每一个人
12:29
to accommodate social interaction,
260
741968
3434
这些方面的能力，
12:33
to accommodate everybody,
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745426
1583
因为它们同时也是排他的。
12:35
because the other thing
is they're also exclusive.
is they're also exclusive.
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4512
12:40
To work in a high-end office,
you need to be qualified,
you need to be qualified,
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2852
要在一个高端办公室工作，你需要被授权，
你需要受过教育，
12:43
you need to be educated,
264
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1170
或者你要有权限或者资源
12:44
or you need to have
access or the resources
access or the resources
265
756925
2056
来获取这些资格或者培训，
从而获得这里的工作。
从而获得这里的工作。
12:47
to get the qualifications or the training
that allow you to get the job in there.
that allow you to get the job in there.
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3847
如果你没有这些，
就只能在其它什么地方工作。
就只能在其它什么地方工作。
12:50
If you don't have those,
you work outside somewhere.
you work outside somewhere.
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2438
我们并不在乎这些地方是什么样子，
12:53
We're not concerned about
what those places are like,
what those places are like,
268
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2492
你只要走开并且去其它任何地方工作。
12:55
you just go and work somewhere else.
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1719
类似的，曾经居住在城市中的人们
12:57
Similarly, those people that used
to live in the cities
to live in the cities
270
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2588
或者曾经居住并且
为城市生活做出贡献的人们
为城市生活做出贡献的人们
13:00
or used to live and contribute
to the life of cities
to the life of cities
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772209
2455
正在被摩天大厦驱逐出城市的中心。
13:02
are being pushed out because buildings
like high-rise buildings push them out.
like high-rise buildings push them out.
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774688
3717
地皮的溢价把人们驱逐出了城市。
13:06
There's a premium on land price
that pushes people out of cities.
that pushes people out of cities.
273
778429
5699
没有车开，人们无法去往购物中心，
13:12
People can't go to shopping malls
unless they've got cars,
unless they've got cars,
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2825
因为这些商场通常都建设在城市边缘。
13:15
because those malls are generally
located on the peripheries of cities.
located on the peripheries of cities.
275
787001
3515
人们不能去购物中心买东西，
13:18
People can't go buy things
in shopping malls,
in shopping malls,
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790540
2511
是因为他们没有足够的可支配收入；
13:21
because they don't have
enough disposable income;
enough disposable income;
277
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2307
他们也就不打算去那里花钱。
13:23
they're not going to spend money there.
278
795406
1870
所以这种类型建筑通常
只为社会的一个几个部分服务，
只为社会的一个几个部分服务，
13:25
So those types of buildings,
whilst they work for sectors of society,
whilst they work for sectors of society,
279
797300
3283
而不是为每个人服务。
13:28
don't work for everybody.
280
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1230
这是不公平的。
13:29
They're not equitable.
281
801861
1202
然而，政府和社会付出了过多的努力
13:31
Yet, an undue amount of attention
is paid by government, by society
is paid by government, by society
282
803087
4236
来保证这些类型的建筑数量还在不断增加，
13:35
on ensuring that those types
of buildings proliferate,
of buildings proliferate,
283
807347
3145
因为它们被当做是发展的积极方面——
13:38
because they're seen as positive
aspects of development --
aspects of development --
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3442
13:41
at the expense of types of building
and types of program
and types of program
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4571
付出的代价就是服务于每个人的
建筑和项目没有容身之地，
13:46
that could be beneficial to everybody,
286
818577
1925
能够促进交流的项目，
13:48
types of program
that encourage interaction,
that encourage interaction,
287
820526
2486
能够促进教育的项目，
13:51
that encourage education,
288
823036
1246
能够鼓励人们和谐相处，
13:52
that encourage people
to be with each other
to be with each other
289
824306
2103
促进社会责任感的项目。
13:54
and encourage a sense of community.
290
826433
1737
这种类型的发展瓦解了社会，
13:56
These types of development
dissipate society,
dissipate society,
291
828194
2403
分散了社会，使得社会两极分化。
13:58
they disaggregate society,
they polarize society.
they polarize society.
292
830621
3742
它们创造了孤立的各类活动，
14:02
They create isolated groups of activity
293
834387
3388
而能否参与这些活动
则取决于你钱包中有多少钱。
则取决于你钱包中有多少钱。
14:05
to which access depends upon how much
money you've got in your pocket.
money you've got in your pocket.
294
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4288
这是一种两极化并且负面的力量。
14:10
It's a polarizing and negative force.
295
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1808
我们在这个城市看到了这种力量，
14:11
We see it in this city,
296
843943
1397
在其他城市中看到得更多。
14:13
and we're seeing it more
and more other cities.
and more other cities.
297
845364
2218
14:15
And what ends up happening
298
847979
2341
结果就是，
我们最终得到了这样层层堆叠的建筑，
它就像是一个时间炸弹。
它就像是一个时间炸弹。
14:18
is that we end up with this sort of stack,
that's like a time bomb.
that's like a time bomb.
299
850344
3528
在某个时刻系统必定会崩塌，
它真的不是那么可持续。
它真的不是那么可持续。
14:21
At some point the system must collapse,
it's really not sustainable.
it's really not sustainable.
300
853896
3776
它就像当今世界的经济系统——
14:25
It's like the economic
system in the world today --
system in the world today --
301
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2450
完全算不上一个可持续的系统，
14:28
it's really not a sustainable system,
302
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1787
我们必须找到办法来解决这个问题。
14:29
and we have to find ways of addressing it.
303
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2042
设计不能提供解决方案
14:32
Design can't provide the solution,
304
864047
2682
但它能提供一些人们可以生存的条件。
14:34
but what it can address is some
of the conditions that people live with.
of the conditions that people live with.
305
866753
4277
它可以提供让人们发现自我的氛围，
14:39
It can address some of the circumstances
in which people find themselves,
in which people find themselves,
306
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3516
可以在城市中提供一些区域，
14:42
some of the areas of cities
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874594
2038
给那些被排挤和边缘化的人们，
14:44
to which people have
been shunted or pushed aside
been shunted or pushed aside
308
876656
2320
因为他们再也负担不起市中心的生活。
14:47
because they can no longer
afford to live in the center,
afford to live in the center,
309
879000
2689
也不能够积极，全身心的去参与进
14:49
and they can't participate
actively or fully
actively or fully
310
881713
2150
这种消费化，资本化的系统中。
14:51
in this consumerized, capitalized system.
311
883887
3215
我们需要尝试并且设想我们应该怎样转变
14:55
And we need to try and conceive
of how we can transform
of how we can transform
312
887126
3974
这种类型的空间，
14:59
these types of spaces,
313
891124
1292
我们怎样用大局观来思考如何完善发生在
15:00
how we can integrate the activities
that happen in these types of spaces
that happen in these types of spaces
314
892440
3443
这些空间中的活动，
15:03
within a bigger picture,
315
895907
1279
我们怎样识别小的移动或者小的手势，
15:05
how we can identify small moves
or small gestures,
or small gestures,
316
897210
3555
无论是通过设计、经济倡议还是社会倡议
15:08
whether through design or economic
initiative or social initiative
initiative or social initiative
317
900789
3891
来影响变化并允许空间的改造，
15:12
that effect change and that allow
transformation of spaces
transformation of spaces
318
904704
3676
鼓励和促进更大范围的参与度。
15:16
that encourage and facilitate
greater participation.
greater participation.
319
908404
3883
15:21
And there are lots of ways of doing that.
320
913077
1953
可以通过很多方式实现这一点。
虽然在我们看待城市时，它似乎很复杂
15:23
And whilst it might seem complex
when we look at cities,
when we look at cities,
321
915054
2631
当我们在审视城市的连接处时，
它似乎不可逾越。
它似乎不可逾越。
15:25
when we look at the aggregate parts
of cities, it may seem insurmountable.
of cities, it may seem insurmountable.
322
917709
3479
但如果我们尝试独立个体行为
和个人看待事物的方式，
和个人看待事物的方式，
15:29
But if we try and isolate individual acts,
individual ways of looking at things
individual ways of looking at things
323
921212
3989
并制定一个项目，一个理解我们
将怎么实现这些的方式或方法，
将怎么实现这些的方式或方法，
15:33
and formulate a program, a manner or way
of understanding how we can do that,
of understanding how we can do that,
324
925225
4850
然后我们就能更进一步取得或者影响
15:38
then we can get nearer
to achieving or effecting
to achieving or effecting
325
930099
2417
一些社会变革。
15:40
some kind of social change.
326
932540
1673
世界上也有已经完成了这些的例子。
15:42
And there are examples in the world
where that's been done.
where that's been done.
327
934237
2874
巴塞罗那就是一个很好的
城市典范，在那里人们会
城市典范，在那里人们会
15:45
Barcelona is a really good example
of a city where people sat down
of a city where people sat down
328
937135
3322
汇集集体的智慧，
积极地尝试设想一些方法
积极地尝试设想一些方法
15:48
and collectively and actively
tried to conceive of ways
tried to conceive of ways
329
940481
2577
来做出改变，
15:51
in which they could effect change,
330
943082
1797
并且他们做的很成功。
15:52
and they did it very successfully.
331
944903
1798
离家更近的波哥大
15:54
And nearer to home, in Bogotá,
332
946725
1767
恩里克·潘娜诺撒，波哥大市长
15:56
Enrique Peñalosa, the mayor of Bogotá,
333
948516
2730
在就任时，他决定
15:59
when he took office, he decided,
334
951270
3050
“我不会花费数十亿元
用来建造更多的高速公路，
用来建造更多的高速公路，
16:02
"I'm not going to spend billions
of dollars on creating more highways.
of dollars on creating more highways.
335
954344
3393
而是会使用已有的资金
16:05
I'm going to appropriate the funds I have,
336
957761
2042
来建造一些地点 ——
16:07
and I'm going to create places --
337
959827
1612
16:09
parks that everybody can use,
public spaces that people can use."
public spaces that people can use."
338
961463
4898
每一个人都可以用的公园和公共场所。”
在这个过程中，越来越多的
人进入这些地方。
人进入这些地方。
16:14
And as he created, more and more
people came into those spaces.
people came into those spaces.
339
966385
3070
并且这些地方在鼓励大众参与，
16:17
And those spaces were very effective
in encouraging participation,
in encouraging participation,
340
969479
3909
在大众之间建立社区意识方面很有成效，
16:21
encouraging senses
of community amongst people,
of community amongst people,
341
973412
2465
让人们走到一起，
16:23
getting people to come together
342
975901
1535
忘却他们之间所存在的微不足道的竞赛，
16:25
to forget what little trifling contests
they had between each other,
they had between each other,
343
977460
4351
16:29
to start doing things together,
344
981835
1543
开始合作，
开始绕着城市游走，
16:31
to start moving around the city together
345
983402
1928
一起付诸行动。
16:33
and try to start acting together.
346
985354
1678
16:35
So there are ways of doing it;
there are models.
there are models.
347
987540
2866
实现这些有一些特定的模型。
这又回到了项目的观点上来。
16:38
And it comes back to this idea of program.
348
990430
2006
我们的项目是什么？
16:40
What's our program?
349
992460
1177
我认为我想要打造一个公平的社会。
16:41
Well, I think we want to create
equitable society.
equitable society.
350
993661
2342
还想要创造一个社会，
16:44
Then we want to create societies
351
996027
1645
其中的每一个人都有积极和平等的参与度，
16:45
where there's active and equitable
participation for everybody
participation for everybody
352
997696
3357
可以打破一些禁忌和障碍。
16:49
and where we can break down
some of those inhibitions, those barriers.
some of those inhibitions, those barriers.
353
1001077
4222
我们可以去除经济上的耻辱，
16:53
We can remove economic stigma,
354
1005323
2538
可以去除种族上的耻辱，
16:55
we can remove stigma around race,
355
1007885
2296
还有住所以及所有其他因素上的耻辱，
16:58
around where you live,
around all those factors
around all those factors
356
1010205
2193
17:00
and try and bring people together
in constructed and effective ways.
in constructed and effective ways.
357
1012422
3686
并且尝试把人们以结构性
和高效的方式组织起来。
和高效的方式组织起来。
在特立尼拉，有很多例子。
17:04
In Trinidad, there are
a number of examples.
a number of examples.
358
1016132
2063
所有地方都有实现这些的机会。
17:06
There are opportunities to do this
all over the place.
all over the place.
359
1018219
2617
这是城市之门。
17:08
This is City Gate.
360
1020860
1931
这是成千上万人进城的入口。
17:10
It's the entrance to the city
for tens of thousands of people.
for tens of thousands of people.
361
1022815
2912
人们每天从这里进进出出。
17:13
People come in and out of it every day.
362
1025751
1903
然而，他们面临的是
相当荒凉，可怕，灰蒙蒙，
相当荒凉，可怕，灰蒙蒙，
17:15
And yet, what they're confronted
with is pretty bleak, horrid, grey,
with is pretty bleak, horrid, grey,
363
1027678
3861
有疏离感且有时不安全的景象，
17:19
unwelcoming and sometimes unsafe
364
1031563
3872
因为周边日益增长的交通规模。
17:23
because of all the traffic zooming around.
365
1035459
2231
从城门到独立广场的那段空间
17:25
And that space from City Gate
that moves up to Independence Square
that moves up to Independence Square
366
1037714
4219
本可以是一段非常美妙的经历，
有了景观设计，
有了景观设计，
17:29
could be a really wonderful experience,
you know, with landscaping,
you know, with landscaping,
367
1041957
4239
有了人们需要和享受的
17:34
with proper accommodation
of the sort of facilities and amenities
of the sort of facilities and amenities
368
1046221
3700
各种设施和住所。
17:37
that people would need and would enjoy.
369
1049945
2173
它可能会成为一个非常重要的市民空间。
17:40
It could become a really
very important civic space.
very important civic space.
370
1052142
3326
这是在哈瓦那的普拉多。
17:43
This is the Prado in Havana.
371
1055492
1404
这只不过是关于怎样利用
那块空间的一个概念性的想法，
那块空间的一个概念性的想法，
17:44
It's just a notional idea
of how that space could be treated
of how that space could be treated
372
1056920
3241
以便于每天进出城市的运动，
17:48
so that movement
in and out of the city every day
in and out of the city every day
373
1060185
2358
即从踏上出租车到遥远的目的地
17:50
becomes a really important
and uplifting transition
and uplifting transition
374
1062567
3115
成为一个真正重要并且令人振奋的转换。
17:53
from the maxi taxi
to the place where you work.
to the place where you work.
375
1065706
3032
在圣费尔南多，我们已经到达了海滨，
17:56
In San Fernando we've got the waterfront,
376
1068762
2919
它是这个国家景观中非常漂亮的一部分，
17:59
which is a really very beautiful part
of this landscape in this country,
of this landscape in this country,
377
1071705
4022
但是却完全被忽视了。
18:03
but is in complete neglect.
378
1075751
1563
那里有一些非常漂亮，
非常好的19世纪建筑的例子，
非常好的19世纪建筑的例子，
18:05
There are some really beautiful,
fine examples of 19th-century architecture
fine examples of 19th-century architecture
379
1077338
3702
这些建筑造就，处于或者
本身就属于一些很好的地点。
本身就属于一些很好的地点。
18:09
that form, in and of themselves,
some really fine spaces.
some really fine spaces.
380
1081064
3849
我们需要审视这些空间，
我们需要使用它们，
我们需要使用它们，
18:12
We need to we need to look at
those spaces, we need to appropriate them,
those spaces, we need to appropriate them,
381
1084937
3462
需要去确定这些空间是否能
18:16
we need to determine uses for those spaces
382
1088423
2032
鼓励各种类型的活动：
18:18
that would encourage
all types of activity:
all types of activity:
383
1090479
2270
表演空间，
18:20
spaces for performance,
384
1092773
1977
孩子玩耍的空间，
18:22
spaces for children to play in
385
1094774
1579
让孩子们认识到
跟其他人一起玩耍很有趣，
跟其他人一起玩耍很有趣，
18:24
and learn that it's cool and it's OK
and it's fun to be around other people,
and it's fun to be around other people,
386
1096377
3827
并为所有人提供
做自己喜欢的事情的空间，
做自己喜欢的事情的空间，
18:28
spaces for people to do all the kinds
of activities that people like to do,
of activities that people like to do,
387
1100228
3622
那些大家可以一起做的
18:31
that they enjoy doing collectively
388
1103874
2662
并且对社会有益的事情，
18:34
and that benefit society
389
1106560
1308
还能鼓励人们去交互，
18:35
and encourage people to interact,
390
1107892
1590
无论他们处于什么样的
社会或者经济环境，
社会或者经济环境，
18:37
regardless of their social
or economic circumstance,
or economic circumstance,
391
1109506
2936
还可以是让人们冥想的地方，
18:40
or places for people to reflect,
392
1112466
1955
公园和供人们坐下和休息的地点。
18:42
parks, places for people to sit and relax.
393
1114445
2648
我们有很多方式可以实现这个目标，
18:45
And there are lots of ways we can do that,
394
1117117
2034
提出并且审视如何打破屏障。
18:47
ways in which we can address and look at
how we break down those barriers.
how we break down those barriers.
395
1119175
3846
我们可以使用建筑学语言来实现它。
18:51
We can do it with architectural language.
396
1123045
2076
我们可以查看空间被阐述的方式
18:53
We can look at the ways
that spaces are formulated
that spaces are formulated
397
1125145
2870
用来打破内部和外部之间分歧和屏障，
18:56
to break down divisions and barriers
between inside and outside,
between inside and outside,
398
1128039
3168
打破绿色和坚硬的表皮之间的分歧和屏障，
18:59
between green and hard surfaces
399
1131231
2598
并且尝试去生成那些
可以真正鼓励交互的空间，
可以真正鼓励交互的空间，
19:01
and try and generate spaces
that really encourage interaction,
that really encourage interaction,
400
1133853
3147
鼓励人们一起去做事情，
19:05
encourage people to do things together
401
1137024
2166
和鼓励社区意识。
19:07
and encourage a sense of community.
402
1139214
2179
我们需要委托政府
19:09
We need to mandate government,
403
1141417
2048
我们需要提供范例给开发者和人们，
19:11
we need to provide examples
to developers, to people
to developers, to people
404
1143489
3275
说明这样带来的好处可能无法
19:14
to generate that the benefit
of these may not be measured
of these may not be measured
405
1146788
2695
以投资回报回馈的方式来衡量。
19:17
in a financial return on investment,
406
1149507
1815
但从长远来看，为我们所有人
带来的社会效益确实是不可估量的。
带来的社会效益确实是不可估量的。
19:19
but the social benefit to us all is really
immeasurable in the long run.
immeasurable in the long run.
407
1151346
4260
如果我们做到这些，
我认为我们可以证明——
我认为我们可以证明——
19:23
And if we do that,
I think we can demonstrate --
I think we can demonstrate --
408
1155630
3428
而且我们已经在过去证明了
设计师有能力做到这些——
设计师有能力做到这些——
19:27
and we've demonstrated in the past that
designers had the capacity to do that --
designers had the capacity to do that --
409
1159082
3790
我认为如果我们能做到这些，
就能向世人证明
就能向世人证明
19:30
I think if we can do that,
we can demonstrate to people
we can demonstrate to people
410
1162896
2850
社会是一个包容的社区，
19:33
that society is an inclusive community,
411
1165770
2601
如果每个人都被包括进来，
19:36
and that if everybody is included,
412
1168395
2371
如果每个人都感到自己是社会的一部分，
19:38
and if everybody feels part
of the society,
of the society,
413
1170790
2388
我们就会有一个更好的机会
来保证一个可持续的未来。
来保证一个可持续的未来。
19:41
then we have a much better chance
of ensuring a sustainable future.
of ensuring a sustainable future.
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谢谢。
19:44
Thank you.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Raymond - ArchitectMark Raymond’s work as an architect in Trinidad and Tobago is founded on the belief that thoughtfully designed cities can foster sustainability and inclusiveness throughout a society.
Why you should listen
Mark Raymond is the president of The Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Architects -- a firm dedicated to safeguarding sustainable, ethical and artistic design throughout the islands. He studied at the Architectural Association in London and worked for Norman Foster and DEGW before returning to Trinidad. Mark works on a wide variety of architectural, urban design and landscaping projects. He has also lectured in the US, UK and throughout the Caribbean.
Mark Raymond | Speaker | TED.com