TED Salon Zebra Technologies
Matt Beane: How do we learn to work with intelligent machines?
马特·比恩: 我们如何学习使用智能机器？
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几千年来，世界各地的人们的获得技能的途径都是一样的：在专家的指导下进行培训，先完成简单的小任务，然后再进行有风险和难度更大的任务。组织人种学家马特•比恩(Matt Beane)表示，目前我们对待人工智能的态度阻碍了千百年来沿用至今的“学习之路”，追求效率导致我们牺牲了学习的必经过程。那么，我们能做些什么呢？比恩分享了一个愿景：将学习转变为分布式的、机器强化式的指导过程，在充分利用人工智能神奇能力的同时提高自己的技能。
Matt Beane - Organizational ethnographer
Matt Beane is an Assistant Professor in the Technology Management Program at the University of California, Santa Barbara and a Research Affiliate with MIT's Institute for the Digital Economy. Full bio
Matt Beane is an Assistant Professor in the Technology Management Program at the University of California, Santa Barbara and a Research Affiliate with MIT's Institute for the Digital Economy. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
It’s 6:30 in the morning,
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清晨六点半，
00:15
and Kristen is wheeling
her prostate patient into the OR.
her prostate patient into the OR.
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克里斯汀正推着
她的前列腺病人进手术室。
她的前列腺病人进手术室。
00:21
She's a resident, a surgeon in training.
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她是一名实习住院外科医生，
00:24
It’s her job to learn.
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学习是她工作的一部分。
00:27
Today, she’s really hoping to do
some of the nerve-sparing,
some of the nerve-sparing,
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这天，她非常想
参与进行神经保留手术，
参与进行神经保留手术，
这要求医生有极度精细的切割技巧，
以让病人恢复勃起的功能。
以让病人恢复勃起的功能。
00:30
extremely delicate dissection
that can preserve erectile function.
that can preserve erectile function.
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00:35
That'll be up to the attending surgeon,
though, but he's not there yet.
though, but he's not there yet.
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不过，这还要看主治医生的意思，
但那会儿他并不在手术室。
但那会儿他并不在手术室。
00:39
She and the team put the patient under,
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克里斯汀和其他手术人员
给病人打了麻醉。
给病人打了麻醉。
首先，她在病人的下腹部
切开了一道8英寸的切口，
切开了一道8英寸的切口，
00:42
and she leads the initial eight-inch
incision in the lower abdomen.
incision in the lower abdomen.
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00:47
Once she’s got that clamped back,
she tells the nurse to call the attending.
she tells the nurse to call the attending.
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当她把切口固定好，
便让护士打电话给主治医生。
便让护士打电话给主治医生。
00:51
He arrives, gowns up,
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主治医生赶到后，穿上手术服。
00:54
And from there on in, their four hands
are mostly in that patient --
are mostly in that patient --
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接着，两人共同开始手术，
他们四只手都在病人体内，
他们四只手都在病人体内，
01:00
with him guiding
but Kristin leading the way.
but Kristin leading the way.
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主治医生负责指导，
克里斯汀则主导了手术。
克里斯汀则主导了手术。
01:04
When the prostates out (and, yes,
he let Kristen do a little nerve sparing),
he let Kristen do a little nerve sparing),
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当病人的前列腺被取出后，主治医生
让她进行了部分神经保留的操作，
让她进行了部分神经保留的操作，
01:09
he rips off his scrubs.
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他脱掉了手术服，
开始处理一些文件。
01:10
He starts to do paperwork.
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01:12
Kristen closes the patient by 8:15,
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而克里斯汀在一个
初级住院医生的协助下
初级住院医生的协助下
01:18
with a junior resident
looking over her shoulder.
looking over her shoulder.
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于8：15完成了手术，
克里斯汀还让他
给病人做了最后的缝合。
给病人做了最后的缝合。
01:21
And she lets him do
the final line of sutures.
the final line of sutures.
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01:24
Kristen feels great.
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克里斯汀感觉好极了，
01:28
Patient’s going to be fine,
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病人很快就会恢复，
而她也无疑比凌晨六点半时的
自己更进了一步。
自己更进了一步。
01:29
and no doubt she’s a better surgeon
than she was at 6:30.
than she was at 6:30.
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01:34
Now this is extreme work.
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虽然，医生的工作挑战性极高。
01:37
But Kristin’s learning to do her job
the way that most of us do:
the way that most of us do:
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但克里斯汀的学习过程
其实和我们的并无分别，
其实和我们的并无分别，
01:41
watching an expert for a bit,
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通过观察专家的操作，
从简单、安全的部分开始着手，
01:43
getting involved in easy,
safe parts of the work
safe parts of the work
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过渡到风险更高、难度更大的工作，
01:46
and progressing to riskier
and harder tasks
and harder tasks
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其中确保她准备就绪，
并且有专家在一旁指导。
并且有专家在一旁指导。
01:48
as they guide and decide she’s ready.
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01:52
My whole life I’ve been fascinated
by this kind of learning.
by this kind of learning.
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我这一生都被这种学习过程所吸引。
这样基本的步骤，体现了人之常情，
01:54
It feels elemental,
part of what makes us human.
part of what makes us human.
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01:59
It has different names: apprenticeship,
coaching, mentorship, on the job training.
coaching, mentorship, on the job training.
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人们为这个过程赋予不同的名字，
学艺、训练、教导和在职培训，
学艺、训练、教导和在职培训，
02:05
In surgery, it’s called
“see one, do one, teach one.”
“see one, do one, teach one.”
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在外科手术中，
这被称为“看、做、教”，
这被称为“看、做、教”，
02:09
But the process is the same,
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但实际步骤是一样的，
这也是千百年来所有人
在培养人才时所用的方式。
在培养人才时所用的方式。
02:10
and it’s been the main path to skill
around the globe for thousands of years.
around the globe for thousands of years.
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02:16
Right now, we’re handling AI
in a way that blocks that path.
in a way that blocks that path.
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但如今我们应用人工智能的
方法却反其道而行之。
方法却反其道而行之。
02:21
We’re sacrificing learning
in our quest for productivity.
in our quest for productivity.
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为了提高效率，我们
牺牲了学习必经的过程。
牺牲了学习必经的过程。
02:25
I found this first in surgery
while I was at MIT,
while I was at MIT,
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我在麻省理工学院做手术时
第一次发现了这个现象，
第一次发现了这个现象，
但现在我发现这样的现象随处可见，
02:28
but now I’ve got evidence
it’s happening all over,
it’s happening all over,
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遍布各行各业，
以及各项人工智能的应用场景中。
以及各项人工智能的应用场景中。
02:30
in very different industries
and with very different kinds of AI.
and with very different kinds of AI.
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02:35
If we do nothing, millions of us
are going to hit a brick wall
are going to hit a brick wall
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如果我们无动于衷，成千上万的人
在学习如何掌握人工智能时，
在学习如何掌握人工智能时，
将会碰壁。
02:40
as we try to learn to deal with AI.
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02:45
Let’s go back to surgery to see how.
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让我们再用外科手术作为例子，
02:47
Fast forward six months.
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时间快进六个月，
还是凌晨六点半，克里斯汀推着
另一个前列腺病人进手术室。
另一个前列腺病人进手术室。
02:49
It’s 6:30am again, and Kristen
is wheeling another prostate patient in,
is wheeling another prostate patient in,
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02:55
but this time to the robotic OR.
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但这一次，是去自动化手术室。
02:59
The attending leads attaching
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主治医生把一个
长着四只手、重一千镑的
机器人连接到病人身上，
机器人连接到病人身上，
03:01
a four-armed, thousand-pound
robot to the patient.
robot to the patient.
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03:04
They both rip off their scrubs,
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医生们都脱掉了手术服，
来到三五米外的控制台，
03:07
head to control consoles
10 or 15 feet away,
10 or 15 feet away,
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03:11
and Kristen just watches.
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而克里斯汀只负责观察。
03:16
The robot allows the attending
to do the whole procedure himself,
to do the whole procedure himself,
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在机器人的帮助下，
主治医生独自便可完成手术，
主治医生独自便可完成手术，
他也是这么做的，
03:19
so he basically does.
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03:21
He knows she needs practice.
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即使他知道克里斯汀需要练习，
他也希望可以给她机会，
03:24
He wants to give her control.
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03:26
But he also knows she’d be slower
and make more mistakes,
and make more mistakes,
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但是他同样清楚克里斯汀
操作得更慢，还有失误的风险，
操作得更慢，还有失误的风险，
03:29
and his patient comes first.
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而病人的安全永远是第一位的。
03:32
So Kristin has no hope of getting anywhere
near those nerves during this rotation.
near those nerves during this rotation.
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所以克里斯汀在这次手术中
完全没有机会碰到病人的神经，
完全没有机会碰到病人的神经，
03:37
She’ll be lucky if she operates more than
15 minutes during a four-hour procedure.
15 minutes during a four-hour procedure.
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她能在四个小时的手术中
操刀超过一刻钟就算是走运了，
操刀超过一刻钟就算是走运了，
03:42
And she knows that when she slips up,
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而且她很清楚，万一她出现失误，
03:45
he’ll tap a touch screen,
and she’ll be watching again,
and she’ll be watching again,
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主治医生就会重新操刀，
她又不得不回到观察者的角色，
她又不得不回到观察者的角色，
03:48
feeling like a kid in the corner
with a dunce cap.
with a dunce cap.
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感到非常沮丧和失落。
03:53
Like all the studies of robots and work
I’ve done in the last eight years,
I’ve done in the last eight years,
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正如我过去八年做的
所有关于机器人的研究一样，
所有关于机器人的研究一样，
在这次研究的开始，
我也提出了一个宏大的问题：
我也提出了一个宏大的问题：
03:57
I started this one
with a big, open question:
with a big, open question:
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我们要如何与智能机器共存？
03:59
How do we learn to work
with intelligent machines?
with intelligent machines?
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04:02
To find out, I spent two and a half years
observing dozens of residents and surgeons
observing dozens of residents and surgeons
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为了寻找答案，我花了两年半的时间，
观察了数位外科医生和住院医生。
观察了数位外科医生和住院医生。
04:08
doing traditional and robotic surgery,
interviewing them
interviewing them
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他们既做传统的手术，
也做自动化手术，
也做自动化手术，
我采访他们，试图了解他们的学习过程。
04:12
and in general hanging out
with the residents as they tried to learn.
with the residents as they tried to learn.
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04:16
I covered 18 of the top
US teaching hospitals,
US teaching hospitals,
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这次研究覆盖了
美国18所顶级的教学医院，
美国18所顶级的教学医院，
研究结果显示出相同的趋势。
04:19
and the story was the same.
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04:21
Most residents were in Kristen's shoes.
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大部分住院医生都和克里斯汀一样，
04:24
They got to “see one” plenty,
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他们“看”得很多，
04:27
but the “do one” was barely available.
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但“做”的机会却很少。
04:30
So they couldn’t struggle,
and they weren’t learning.
and they weren’t learning.
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所以他们难以进步，也无从学习。
04:33
This was important news for surgeons, but
I needed to know how widespread it was:
I needed to know how widespread it was:
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这一现象对外科医生来说十分重要，
但我想知道，这样的现象有多普遍？
但我想知道，这样的现象有多普遍？
04:37
Where else was using AI
blocking learning on the job?
blocking learning on the job?
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还有哪些领域也是这样，
人工智能阻碍了人们的学习？
人工智能阻碍了人们的学习？
04:42
To find out, I’ve connected with a small
but growing group of young researchers
but growing group of young researchers
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为了找到答案，我联系了一个
年轻但正迅速成长的研究团队。
年轻但正迅速成长的研究团队。
04:46
who’ve done boots-on-the-ground studies
of work involving AI
of work involving AI
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他们在不同领域都做了一些
关于人工智能的实地研究，
关于人工智能的实地研究，
包括初创公司、监管治安部门、
04:50
in very diverse settings
like start-ups, policing,
like start-ups, policing,
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投资银行和在线教育等。
04:53
investment banking and online education.
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和我一样，他们花了至少一年的时间，
用了数百个小时进行观察
用了数百个小时进行观察
04:55
Like me, they spent at least a year
and many hundreds of hours observing,
and many hundreds of hours observing,
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05:01
interviewing and often working
side-by-side with the people they studied.
side-by-side with the people they studied.
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采访研究对象，甚至
和他们一起生活、工作。
和他们一起生活、工作。
05:06
We shared data, and I looked for patterns.
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我们共享了数据，
我想从中寻找出规律。
我想从中寻找出规律。
05:09
No matter the industry, the work,
the AI, the story was the same.
the AI, the story was the same.
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不管在什么行业，利用何种
人工智能，结果都非常相似。
人工智能，结果都非常相似。
05:16
Organizations were trying harder
and harder to get results from AI,
and harder to get results from AI,
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企业、机构都卯足了劲，
想从人工智能中获益，
想从人工智能中获益，
而这一行为导致学习者
从专业工作中脱离出来。
从专业工作中脱离出来。
05:19
and they were peeling learners away from
expert work as they did it.
expert work as they did it.
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05:24
Start-up managers were outsourcing
their customer contact.
their customer contact.
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初创公司的管理者把
联系消费者的工作外包出去，
联系消费者的工作外包出去，
05:27
Cops had to learn to deal with crime
forecasts without experts support.
forecasts without experts support.
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警察在没有专家的支持下
去做犯罪预测工作，
去做犯罪预测工作，
05:32
Junior bankers were getting
cut out of complex analysis,
cut out of complex analysis,
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初级银行家被排除在复杂分析之外，
05:36
and professors had to build
online courses without help.
online courses without help.
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教授也要独自开始做在线课程。
05:41
And the effect of all of this
was the same as in surgery.
was the same as in surgery.
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而这些种种带来的后果
和上述外科例子是一样的，
和上述外科例子是一样的，
在工作中学习变得越来越难，
05:44
Learning on the job
was getting much harder.
was getting much harder.
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05:48
This can’t last.
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这样的情况需要得到改善。
05:51
McKinsey estimates that between half
a billion and a billion of us
a billion and a billion of us
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据麦肯锡估计，到2030年，
我们中有5亿到10亿人，
我们中有5亿到10亿人，
将不得不在日常工作中
适应人工智能。
适应人工智能。
05:55
are going to have to adapt to AI
in our daily work by 2030.
in our daily work by 2030.
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06:01
And we’re assuming
that on-the-job learning
that on-the-job learning
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而我们却以为
在职学习机制将一直存在，
在职学习机制将一直存在，
在我们想要学习的时候就唾手可得。
06:03
will be there for us as we try.
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06:05
Accenture’s latest workers survey showed
that most workers learned key skills
that most workers learned key skills
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埃森哲最新的员工调查显示，
多数员工在工作时才能真正掌握技能，
多数员工在工作时才能真正掌握技能，
06:09
on the job, not in formal training.
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而不是在培训中。
06:13
So while we talk a lot about its
potential future impact,
potential future impact,
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我们一直在关注
人工智能对未来潜在的影响，
人工智能对未来潜在的影响，
但却忘了它在目前最大的影响，
06:16
the aspect of AI
that may matter most right now
that may matter most right now
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就是它阻碍了我们学习的步伐，
06:20
is that we’re handling it in a way
that blocks learning on the job
that blocks learning on the job
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06:24
just when we need it most.
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而学习恰恰是
我们目前最需要的东西。
我们目前最需要的东西。
06:27
Now across all our sites,
a small minority found a way to learn.
a small minority found a way to learn.
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现在有一个小群体
找到了学习的方法，
找到了学习的方法，
06:35
They did it by breaking and bending rules.
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通过改变和突破规则。
06:39
Approved methods weren’t working,
so they bent and broke rules
so they bent and broke rules
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因为现有的方法不奏效，
所以他们要改变和突破规则，
所以他们要改变和突破规则，
06:43
to get hands-on practice with experts.
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来获取和专家一起学习的机会。
在我经历的环境里，住院医生
在医学院时可以参与到自动化手术中，
在医学院时可以参与到自动化手术中，
06:45
In my setting, residents got involved
in robotic surgery in medical school
in robotic surgery in medical school
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06:51
at the expense
of their generalist education.
of their generalist education.
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牺牲他们的通识教育课程，
06:56
And they spent hundreds of extra hours
with simulators and recordings of surgery,
with simulators and recordings of surgery,
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他们花了数百个小时
研究模拟器和手术记录，
研究模拟器和手术记录，
虽然他们更应该在手术室里实操。
07:02
when you were supposed to learn in the OR.
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07:05
And maybe most importantly,
they found ways to struggle
they found ways to struggle
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最重要的是，
他们找到了奋斗的方法，
他们找到了奋斗的方法，
在有限的专家指导下进行现场操作。
07:08
in live procedures
with limited expert supervision.
with limited expert supervision.
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07:13
I call all this “shadow learning,”
because it bends the rules
because it bends the rules
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我称之为“影子学习”，
因为它修改了规则，
因为它修改了规则，
让学习者在聚光灯之外学习，
07:18
and learner’s do it out of the limelight.
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07:21
And everyone turns a blind eye
because it gets results.
because it gets results.
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而所有人都对此睁一只眼闭一只眼，
因为这样的学习的确有效。
因为这样的学习的确有效。
07:25
Remember, these are
the star pupils of the bunch.
the star pupils of the bunch.
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记住，这样学习的学生都是学霸。
07:29
Now, obviously, this is not OK,
and it’s not sustainable.
and it’s not sustainable.
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显然，这样的方式并不对，
也并不可持续，
也并不可持续，
07:33
No one should have to risk getting fired
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没有人应该要冒着被开除的风险，
去学习应掌握的技能，
07:35
to learn the skills
they need to do their job.
they need to do their job.
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07:38
But we do need to learn from these people.
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但我们可能真的要向这些人学习。
07:41
They took serious risks to learn.
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他们为了学习不惜冒着巨大的风险，
07:44
They understood they needed to protect
struggle and challenge in their work
struggle and challenge in their work
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他们明白需要保护那些工作中
遇到的困难和挑战，
遇到的困难和挑战，
而强迫自己去解决难题，
07:49
so that they could push themselves
to tackle hard problems
to tackle hard problems
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不断挑战自己的极限。
07:52
right near the edge of their capacity.
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07:54
They also made sure
there was an expert nearby
there was an expert nearby
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他们也保证身边有
足够的专家资源指导他们，
足够的专家资源指导他们，
07:56
to offer pointers and to backstop
against catastrophe.
against catastrophe.
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在必要的时候出来提供支持。
08:00
Let’s build this combination
of struggle and expert support
of struggle and expert support
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让我们把努力和专家支持结合起来，
08:04
into each AI implementation.
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将其应用到人工智能中。
08:08
Here’s one clear example
I could get of this on the ground.
I could get of this on the ground.
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我这里有一个具体的例子，
08:12
Before robots,
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在有机器人之前，
如果你是一个拆弹专家，
你经常要直接处理简单易爆装置，
你经常要直接处理简单易爆装置，
08:13
if you were a bomb disposal technician,
you dealt with an IED by walking up to it.
you dealt with an IED by walking up to it.
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08:19
A junior officer was
hundreds of feet away,
hundreds of feet away,
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一个年轻的警官就在你几百米之外，
他只能观察你，并且在
你觉得安全的时候才能提供帮助，
你觉得安全的时候才能提供帮助，
08:21
so could only watch and help
if you decided it was safe
if you decided it was safe
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才能接近装置。
08:24
and invited them downrange.
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08:27
Now you sit side-by-side
in a bomb-proof truck.
in a bomb-proof truck.
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现在你们并排坐在防弹卡车里，
一起看着视频，
08:31
You both watched the video feed.
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他们远程控制着机器人，
而你大声地指挥工作，
而你大声地指挥工作，
08:32
They control a distant robot,
and you guide the work out loud.
and you guide the work out loud.
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这样一来，他们反而可以
有更好的机会学习。
有更好的机会学习。
08:37
Trainees learn better than they
did before robots.
did before robots.
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08:41
We can scale this to surgery,
start-ups, policing,
start-ups, policing,
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我们可以把这种方式应用到
外科手术、初创企业、治安系统、
外科手术、初创企业、治安系统、
08:45
investment banking,
online education and beyond.
online education and beyond.
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投资银行和在线教育等等行业中。
08:48
The good news is
we’ve got new tools to do it.
we’ve got new tools to do it.
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好消息是，我们有了
更好的工具辅助学习，
更好的工具辅助学习，
08:51
The internet and the cloud mean we don’t
always need one expert for every trainee,
always need one expert for every trainee,
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网络和云技术的发展意味着我们不再
需要专家进行一对一、面对面的教学，
需要专家进行一对一、面对面的教学，
专家和学习者甚至
不需要在同一个机构中。
不需要在同一个机构中。
08:56
for them to be physically near each other
or even to be in the same organization.
or even to be in the same organization.
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09:01
And we can build AI to help:
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我们可以利用人工智能来辅助学习，
09:05
to coach learners as they struggle,
to coach experts as they coach
to coach experts as they coach
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在学习者奋斗的过程中指导他们，
还可以指导专家进行更有效的教学，
还可以指导专家进行更有效的教学，
09:10
and to connect those two groups
in smart ways.
in smart ways.
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将两者以更智慧的方式联系起来。
09:15
There are people at work
on systems like this,
on systems like this,
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现在已经有在职人员
有这样的教学系统，
有这样的教学系统，
09:18
but they’ve been mostly focused
on formal training.
on formal training.
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但是他们也仅仅是
关注入职培训，
关注入职培训，
09:21
And the deeper crisis
is in on-the-job learning.
is in on-the-job learning.
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更大的危机其实出现在
在职培训当中。
在职培训当中。
09:24
We must do better.
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我们必须要做得更好，
现在出现的问题
要求我们要做得更好，
要求我们要做得更好，
09:26
Today’s problems demand we do better
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09:29
to create work that takes full advantage
of AI’s amazing capabilities
of AI’s amazing capabilities
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来创造价值，来更好地利用
人工智能带来的便利，
人工智能带来的便利，
09:35
while enhancing our skills as we do it.
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同时也让我们的技术变得更加成熟。
09:38
That’s the kind of future
I dreamed of as a kid.
I dreamed of as a kid.
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这才是我小时候梦想的未来，
09:41
And the time to create it is now.
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而现在正是去开创
这一未来的最佳时机。
这一未来的最佳时机。
09:44
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
09:45
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Matt Beane - Organizational ethnographerMatt Beane is an Assistant Professor in the Technology Management Program at the University of California, Santa Barbara and a Research Affiliate with MIT's Institute for the Digital Economy.
Why you should listen
Matt Beane does field research on work involving robots to help us understand the implications of intelligent machines for the broader world of work. Any of his projects mean many hundreds of hours -- sometimes years -- watching, interviewing and often working side by side with people trying to work with robots to get their jobs done.
Beane has studied robotic surgery, robotic materials transport and robotic telepresence in healthcare, elder care and knowledge work. He has published in top management journals such as Administrative Science Quarterly, he was selected in 2012 as a Human Robot Interaction Pioneer and is a regular contributor to popular outlets such as Wired, MIT Technology Review, TechCrunch, Forbes and Robohub. He also took a two-year hiatus from his doctoral studies to help found and fund Humatics, an MIT-connected, full-stack IoT startup.
Beane is an Assistant Professor in the Technology Management Program at the University of California, Santa Barbara and a Research Affiliate with MIT's Institute for the Digital Economy. He received his PhD from the MIT Sloan School of Management.
Matt Beane | Speaker | TED.com