TED@Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Karl Skjonnemand: The self-assembling computer chips of the future
卡爾 · 史克喬奈曼德: 未來的自組裝電腦晶片
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你口袋中的手機，是由電晶體所驅動的，這些電晶體小到你無法想像：一根人類頭髮的寬度就可以排出三千個電晶體。但要在像是臉孔辯識、虛擬實境等領域若要跟上創新，我們就需要讓我們的電腦晶片有更強大的計算能力。然而我們快到盡頭了。在這場想法前衛的演說中，科技開發者卡爾 · 史克喬奈曼德介紹了一種全新的晶片製造方式。史克喬奈曼德說：「這可能是分子製造新紀元的黎明。」
Karl Skjonnemand - Technology developer
As a passionate technology leader, Karl Skjonnemand has a hunger for solutions to advanced technology problems. Full bio
As a passionate technology leader, Karl Skjonnemand has a hunger for solutions to advanced technology problems. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Computers used to be as big as a room.
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以前，電腦的大小跟
一個房間一樣大。
一個房間一樣大。
00:16
But now they fit in your pocket,
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但現在已經小到可以放到
口袋裡、戴在手腕上，
口袋裡、戴在手腕上，
00:18
on your wrist
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00:19
and can even be implanted
inside of your body.
inside of your body.
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甚至可以植入你的身體中。
00:23
How cool is that?
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多酷啊？
00:24
And this has been enabled
by the miniaturization of transistors,
by the miniaturization of transistors,
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這之所以能夠實現，
是因為電晶體的微型化，
是因為電晶體的微型化，
00:29
which are the tiny switches
in the circuits
in the circuits
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電晶體是電路中的小型開關，
00:31
at the heart of our computers.
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位在電腦的心臟部位。
00:34
And it's been achieved
through decades of development
through decades of development
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微型化能成功，也是經過數十年
00:37
and breakthroughs
in science and engineering
in science and engineering
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科學和工程的的發展及突破，
00:40
and of billions of dollars of investment.
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還有數十億美元的投資。
00:43
But it's given us
vast amounts of computing,
vast amounts of computing,
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但，它給了我們非常大量的計算、
00:46
huge amounts of memory
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非常大量的記憶體，
00:47
and the digital revolution
that we all experience and enjoy today.
that we all experience and enjoy today.
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以及我們現今大家都體驗到
且很享受的數位革命。
且很享受的數位革命。
00:53
But the bad news is,
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但，壞消息是，
00:56
we're about to hit a digital roadblock,
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我們很快就要碰到數位路障了，
00:59
as the rate of miniaturization
of transistors is slowing down.
of transistors is slowing down.
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因為電晶體微型化的
速度正在減緩。
速度正在減緩。
01:04
And this is happening
at exactly the same time
at exactly the same time
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這個狀況發生的同時，
01:07
as our innovation in software
is continuing relentlessly
is continuing relentlessly
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因人工智慧以及大數據，
01:11
with artificial intelligence and big data.
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我們的軟體還在持續不斷創新。
01:15
And our devices regularly perform
facial recognition or augment our reality
facial recognition or augment our reality
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且我們的裝置經常要執行
臉孔辨識或是虛擬實境，
臉孔辨識或是虛擬實境，
01:20
or even drive cars down
our treacherous, chaotic roads.
our treacherous, chaotic roads.
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或甚至要在我們變化莫測
又混亂的道路上自動開車。
又混亂的道路上自動開車。
01:24
It's amazing.
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這很不可思議。
01:26
But if we don't keep up
with the appetite of our software,
with the appetite of our software,
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但，如果我們趕不上
我們軟體的胃口，
我們軟體的胃口，
01:31
we could reach a point
in the development of our technology
in the development of our technology
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我們的科技發展就有可能
會達到一個點，
會達到一個點，
01:35
where the things that we could do
with software could, in fact, be limited
with software could, in fact, be limited
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在這個點，我們用軟體能夠做的事
其實會受限於我們的硬體。
01:39
by our hardware.
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01:41
We've all experienced the frustration
of an old smartphone or tablet
of an old smartphone or tablet
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我們都遇過這樣的挫折：
老式手機或平板電腦
老式手機或平板電腦
01:45
grinding slowly to a halt over time
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跑得又慢又辛苦，最後停下來，
01:48
under the ever-increasing weight
of software updates and new features.
of software updates and new features.
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因為裝在上面的軟體更新
和新功能帶來的負擔越來越大。
和新功能帶來的負擔越來越大。
01:52
And it worked just fine
when we bought it not so long ago.
when we bought it not so long ago.
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但不久前我們剛買來的時候
用起來還挺好的。
用起來還挺好的。
01:56
But the hungry software engineers
have eaten up all the hardware capacity
have eaten up all the hardware capacity
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但飢渴的軟體工程師
隨時間吃光了全部的硬體能力。
02:00
over time.
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02:03
The semiconductor industry
is very well aware of this
is very well aware of this
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半導體產業非常清楚這個狀況，
02:07
and is working on
all sorts of creative solutions,
all sorts of creative solutions,
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且在努力投入各種創意解決方案，
02:11
such as going beyond transistors
to quantum computing
to quantum computing
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比如超越電晶體，採用量子計算，
02:15
or even working with transistors
in alternative architectures
in alternative architectures
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或甚至在替代架構當中
使用電晶體，
使用電晶體，
02:19
such as neural networks
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比如類神經網路，
02:21
to make more robust
and efficient circuits.
and efficient circuits.
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以製造出更穩健且有效率的電路。
02:25
But these approaches
will take quite some time,
will take quite some time,
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但這些方法都要花相當的時間，
02:28
and we're really looking for a much more
immediate solution to this problem.
immediate solution to this problem.
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針對這個問題，我們真的期望
能有更立即的解決方案。
能有更立即的解決方案。
02:34
The reason why the rate of miniaturization
of transistors is slowing down
of transistors is slowing down
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電晶體微型化的速度
之所以慢下來的原因
之所以慢下來的原因
02:39
is due to the ever-increasing complexity
of the manufacturing process.
of the manufacturing process.
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是因為製程的複雜度不斷增加。
02:45
The transistor used to be
a big, bulky device,
a big, bulky device,
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電晶體以前是大型笨重的裝置，
02:48
until the invent of the integrated circuit
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直到以純晶體矽晶圓為基礎的
02:51
based on pure crystalline silicon wafers.
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積體電路被發明出來。
02:54
And after 50 years
of continuous development,
of continuous development,
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持續發展了五十年後，
02:57
we can now achieve
transistor features dimensions
transistor features dimensions
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現在我們可以把電晶體尺寸
縮小到只有十奈米。
03:01
down to 10 nanometers.
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03:04
You can fit more than
a billion transistors
a billion transistors
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你可以把超過十億個電晶體
03:06
in a single square millimeter of silicon.
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放入一平方毫米的矽當中。
03:10
And to put this into perspective:
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更清楚來說，
03:12
a human hair is 100 microns across.
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一根人類頭髮的寬度是一百微米。
03:16
A red blood cell,
which is essentially invisible,
which is essentially invisible,
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一個紅血球細胞，
基本上是看不見的，
基本上是看不見的，
03:18
is eight microns across,
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寬度是八微米，
03:20
and you can place 12 across
the width of a human hair.
the width of a human hair.
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所以，一根人類頭髮的寬度
約可放十二個紅血球細胞。
約可放十二個紅血球細胞。
03:24
But a transistor, in comparison,
is much smaller,
is much smaller,
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但，相對之下，電晶體更小，
03:27
at a tiny fraction of a micron across.
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寬度只有一微米的一小部分。
03:31
You could place more than 260 transistors
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大約兩百六十個電晶體排在一起
03:35
across a single red blood cell
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才等同一個紅血球細胞的寬度，
03:37
or more than 3,000 across
the width of a human hair.
the width of a human hair.
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或者，三千個電晶體排在一起，
才等同一根人類頭髮的寬度。
才等同一根人類頭髮的寬度。
03:41
It really is incredible nanotechnology
in your pocket right now.
in your pocket right now.
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現在就在你口袋裡的奈米科技
真的很不可思議。
真的很不可思議。
03:47
And besides the obvious benefit
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明顯的益處是能夠
03:49
of being able to place more,
smaller transistors on a chip,
smaller transistors on a chip,
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在晶片上放更多較小的電晶體，
03:53
smaller transistors are faster switches,
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此外，較小的電晶體
也是較快的開關，
也是較快的開關，
03:58
and smaller transistors are also
more efficient switches.
more efficient switches.
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且較小的電晶體也是
比較有效率的開關。
比較有效率的開關。
04:02
So this combination has given us
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所以，這種組合讓我們可以
04:05
lower cost, higher performance
and higher efficiency electronics
and higher efficiency electronics
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取得成本較低、性能較佳、
效率較高的電子產品，
效率較高的電子產品，
04:09
that we all enjoy today.
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讓我們現今可以享用。
04:14
To manufacture these integrated circuits,
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要製造積體電路，
04:17
the transistors are built up
layer by layer,
layer by layer,
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電晶體要一層一層打造
04:20
on a pure crystalline silicon wafer.
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在純晶體矽晶圓上。
04:23
And in an oversimplified sense,
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用極度簡化的方式來表示，
04:25
every tiny feature
of the circuit is projected
of the circuit is projected
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電路的每一項小特徵都會被投影
04:29
onto the surface of the silicon wafer
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到矽晶圓的表面上，
04:32
and recorded in a light-sensitive material
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記錄在光敏感的材料中，
04:35
and then etched through
the light-sensitive material
the light-sensitive material
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接著透過光敏感的材料進行蝕刻，
04:38
to leave the pattern
in the underlying layers.
in the underlying layers.
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在下方的各層留下圖案。
04:42
And this process has been
dramatically improved over the years
dramatically improved over the years
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這些年來，這個流程
已經被大大地改善，
已經被大大地改善，
04:46
to give the electronics
performance we have today.
performance we have today.
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讓我們現今使用的電子產品
能有這樣的效能。
能有這樣的效能。
04:50
But as the transistor features
get smaller and smaller,
get smaller and smaller,
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但，隨著電晶體的特徵
變得越來越小，
變得越來越小，
04:53
we're really approaching
the physical limitations
the physical limitations
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我們已經越來越接近
這項製造技術的實體極限。
04:56
of this manufacturing technique.
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05:00
The latest systems
for doing this patterning
for doing this patterning
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做這種曝影的最新系統
05:03
have become so complex
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已經複雜到
05:05
that they reportedly cost
more than 100 million dollars each.
more than 100 million dollars each.
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據稱每台機器的成本要超過一億美元。
05:10
And semiconductor factories
contain dozens of these machines.
contain dozens of these machines.
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半導體工廠有數十台這類機器。
05:15
So people are seriously questioning:
Is this approach long-term viable?
Is this approach long-term viable?
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所以，大家會質疑：
長期來看，這種方式可行嗎？
長期來看，這種方式可行嗎？
05:20
But we believe we can do
this chip manufacturing
this chip manufacturing
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但，我們相信我們可以用完全不同
05:24
in a totally different
and much more cost-effective way
and much more cost-effective way
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且更有成本效益的方式來製造晶片，
將分子工程以及模仿自然的方式
05:28
using molecular engineering
and mimicking nature
and mimicking nature
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05:32
down at the nanoscale dimensions
of our transistors.
of our transistors.
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運用到我們奈米尺度的電晶體上。
05:37
As I said, the conventional manufacturing
takes every tiny feature of the circuit
takes every tiny feature of the circuit
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如我前面說過的，傳統製造方式
是把電路的微小特徵
是把電路的微小特徵
05:41
and projects it onto the silicon.
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投射到矽上面。
05:44
But if you look at the structure
of an integrated circuit,
of an integrated circuit,
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但如果你去看積體電路的結構，
05:47
the transistor arrays,
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電晶體陣列，
05:49
many of the features are repeated
millions of times.
millions of times.
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許多特徵其實被重覆了數百萬次。
05:53
It's a highly periodic structure.
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它是種高度週期性的結構。
05:56
So we want to take advantage
of this periodicity
of this periodicity
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所以，我們想要把這種週期性
05:59
in our alternative
manufacturing technique.
manufacturing technique.
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應用到我們的替代製造技術。
06:02
We want to use self-assembling materials
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我們想要用自組裝的材料，
06:05
to naturally form the periodic structures
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來自然形成我們的電晶體
所需要的週期性結構。
06:08
that we need for our transistors.
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06:12
We do this with the materials,
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我們用適當的材料，
06:14
then the materials do the hard work
of the fine patterning,
of the fine patterning,
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由材料來做難做的精緻圖形，
06:17
rather than pushing the projection
technology to its limits and beyond.
technology to its limits and beyond.
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而不是把投影技術
推到極限或極限之外。
推到極限或極限之外。
06:23
Self-assembly is seen in nature
in many different places,
in many different places,
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在大自然的許多地方
都可以看到自我組裝的例子，
都可以看到自我組裝的例子，
06:27
from lipid membranes to cell structures,
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從脂質膜到細胞結構，
06:31
so we do know it can be a robust solution.
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因此，我們知道它可以是個
穩健的解決方案。
穩健的解決方案。
06:34
If it's good enough for nature,
it should be good enough for us.
it should be good enough for us.
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如果它對大自然來說夠好了，
那對我們來說應該也夠好了。
那對我們來說應該也夠好了。
06:38
So we want to take this naturally
occurring, robust self-assembly
occurring, robust self-assembly
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所以我們想要把這種大自然本有的
穩健的自我組裝方法
穩健的自我組裝方法
06:43
and use it for the manufacturing
of our semiconductor technology.
of our semiconductor technology.
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用在製造半導體的技術上。
06:48
One type of self-assemble material --
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其中一種自組裝材料——
06:52
it's called a block co-polymer --
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叫做嵌段共聚物——
06:54
consists of two polymer chains
just a few tens of nanometers in length.
just a few tens of nanometers in length.
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含有兩個聚合物鏈，
長度只有幾十奈米。
長度只有幾十奈米。
06:59
But these chains hate each other.
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但這些鏈痛恨彼此。
07:01
They repel each other,
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它們會互相排斥，
07:03
very much like oil and water
or my teenage son and daughter.
or my teenage son and daughter.
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很像油和水，或是
我十幾歲的兒子和女兒。
我十幾歲的兒子和女兒。
07:06
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:08
But we cruelly bond them together,
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我們用蠻力將它們結合在一起，
07:11
creating an inbuilt
frustration in the system,
frustration in the system,
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由於它們彼此互斥，
所以就就形成了內建的阻撓系統。
07:13
as they try to separate from each other.
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07:16
And in the bulk material,
there are billions of these,
there are billions of these,
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有大批這樣的材料，有數十億種，
07:20
and the similar components
try to stick together,
try to stick together,
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類似的材料試圖黏合在一起，
07:23
and the opposing components
try to separate from each other
try to separate from each other
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而與此同時，對立的材料
則試圖與彼此分開。
則試圖與彼此分開。
07:26
at the same time.
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07:27
And this has a built-in frustration,
a tension in the system.
a tension in the system.
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這系統內建著阻撓與拉力。
07:31
So it moves around, it squirms
until a shape is formed.
until a shape is formed.
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它會到處移動、蠕動，直到成形。
07:36
And the natural self-assembled shape
that is formed is nanoscale,
that is formed is nanoscale,
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自然自組的形狀小到奈米級，
07:40
it's regular, it's periodic,
and it's long range,
and it's long range,
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它有規律，有週期性，範圍很長，
07:44
which is exactly what we need
for our transistor arrays.
for our transistor arrays.
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正如電晶體陣列所需。
07:49
So we can use molecular engineering
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這樣我們就可以使用分子工程
07:51
to design different shapes
of different sizes
of different sizes
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來設計不同大小的不同形狀，
07:54
and of different periodicities.
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以及不同的週期。
07:57
So for example, if we take
a symmetrical molecule,
a symmetrical molecule,
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比如，以一個對稱的分子為例，
07:59
where the two polymer chains
are similar length,
are similar length,
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在這個分子中，
兩個聚合物鏈的長度相近，
兩個聚合物鏈的長度相近，
08:02
the natural self-assembled
structure that is formed
structure that is formed
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形成的自然自組結構
08:05
is a long, meandering line,
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是一條很長且蜿蜒的線，
08:08
very much like a fingerprint.
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非常像是指紋。
08:10
And the width of the fingerprint lines
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而指紋線的寬度
08:13
and the distance between them
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和它們之間的距離
08:15
is determined by the lengths
of our polymer chains
of our polymer chains
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是根據我們聚合物鏈的
長度來決定的，
長度來決定的，
08:19
but also the level of built-in
frustration in the system.
frustration in the system.
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此外系統內建的阻撓程度
也是一個決定因子。
也是一個決定因子。
08:23
And we can even create
more elaborate structures
more elaborate structures
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如果我們能使用不對稱的分子，
我們甚至可以創造出
更精緻的結構，
更精緻的結構，
08:27
if we use unsymmetrical molecules,
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08:30
where one polymer chain
is significantly shorter than the other.
is significantly shorter than the other.
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不對稱的意思就是
兩條聚合物鏈的長度明顯不同。
兩條聚合物鏈的長度明顯不同。
08:35
And the self-assembled structure
that forms in this case
that forms in this case
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在這個情況下形成的自組裝結構，
08:38
is with the shorter chains
forming a tight ball in the middle,
forming a tight ball in the middle,
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比較短的鏈會在中心
形成一個緊實的球，
形成一個緊實的球，
08:42
and it's surrounded by the longer,
opposing polymer chains,
opposing polymer chains,
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它的周圍則是較長、
對立的聚合物鏈，
對立的聚合物鏈，
08:46
forming a natural cylinder.
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形成一個自然的圓柱。
08:49
And the size of this cylinder
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這個圓柱的大小
08:51
and the distance between
the cylinders, the periodicity,
the cylinders, the periodicity,
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以及圓柱間的距離，即週期性，
08:54
is again determined by how long
we make the polymer chains
we make the polymer chains
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同樣也是取決於我們
製造的聚合物鏈的長度，
製造的聚合物鏈的長度，
08:58
and the level of built-in frustration.
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以及內建的阻撓程度。
09:01
So in other words, we're using
molecular engineering
molecular engineering
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換言之，我們用分子工程
09:05
to self-assemble nanoscale structures
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來自組奈米尺度的結構，
09:08
that can be lines or cylinders
the size and periodicity of our design.
the size and periodicity of our design.
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可以根據我們的設計來形成線條、
圓柱大小和週期不同的結構。
圓柱大小和週期不同的結構。
我們利用化學、化學工程，
09:14
We're using chemistry,
chemical engineering,
chemical engineering,
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09:17
to manufacture the nanoscale features
that we need for our transistors.
that we need for our transistors.
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將我們需要的奈米特性
製作在電晶體上。
製作在電晶體上。
09:25
But the ability
to self-assemble these structures
to self-assemble these structures
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但，自主組裝這些結構的能力
09:29
only takes us half of the way,
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只能帶我們走到半路，
09:32
because we still need
to position these structures
to position these structures
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因為我們仍然需要
將這些結構放置在適當的位置，
將這些結構放置在適當的位置，
09:34
where we want the transistors
in the integrated circuit.
in the integrated circuit.
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而這些位置，就是我們希望
電晶體在積體電路中擺放的地方。
電晶體在積體電路中擺放的地方。
09:39
But we can do this relatively easily
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但我們能相對輕易地做到，
09:42
using wide guide structures that pin down
the self-assembled structures,
the self-assembled structures,
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只要運用大範圍的指引結構，
將自組裝結構引導到
09:49
anchoring them in place
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我們指定的固定位置，
09:50
and forcing the rest
of the self-assembled structures
of the self-assembled structures
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迫使其餘的自組結構平行排列，
09:53
to lie parallel,
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09:55
aligned with our guide structure.
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如此就能依照我們的建構方式
完成結構的組建。
完成結構的組建。
09:58
For example, if we want to make
a fine, 40-nanometer line,
a fine, 40-nanometer line,
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比如我們想做一條
四十奈米長的細線，
四十奈米長的細線，
10:03
which is very difficult to manufacture
with conventional projection technology,
with conventional projection technology,
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很難用傳統的投影技術來製造，
10:08
we can manufacture
a 120-nanometer guide structure
a 120-nanometer guide structure
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但我們可以製造一個
一百二十奈米的結構引導通道，
一百二十奈米的結構引導通道，
10:13
with normal projection technology,
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用一般的投影技術就辦得到，
10:15
and this structure will align three
of the 40-nanometer lines in between.
of the 40-nanometer lines in between.
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這個通道結構中會有
三條四十奈米互相對齊的線。
10:22
So the materials are doing
the most difficult fine patterning.
the most difficult fine patterning.
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如此，材料才能完成
最困難的精緻曝影。
最困難的精緻曝影。
10:27
And we call this whole approach
"directed self-assembly."
"directed self-assembly."
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我們把這整個方法叫做
「引導式自組裝」。
「引導式自組裝」。
10:33
The challenge with directed self-assembly
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引導式自組裝的挑戰在於
10:36
is that the whole system
needs to align almost perfectly,
needs to align almost perfectly,
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整個系統需要近乎完美地
符合我們要的排列方式，
符合我們要的排列方式，
10:40
because any tiny defect in the structure
could cause a transistor failure.
could cause a transistor failure.
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因為結構中若有任何微小的瑕疵，
都可能會造成電晶體故障。
10:46
And because there are billions
of transistors in our circuit,
of transistors in our circuit,
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因為我們的電路上
有數十億個電晶體，
有數十億個電晶體，
10:49
we need an almost
molecularly perfect system.
molecularly perfect system.
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我們需要一個接近
分子等級的完美系統。
分子等級的完美系統。
10:52
But we're going to extraordinary measures
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但我們需要用到非常精準的量測工具
才能達成這個目標，
才能達成這個目標，
10:55
to achieve this,
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10:56
from the cleanliness of our chemistry
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從化學的清潔，
10:59
to the careful processing
of these materials
of these materials
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到半導體工廠小心處理這些材料，
11:01
in the semiconductor factory
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11:03
to remove even the smallest
nanoscopic defects.
nanoscopic defects.
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到移除最小的奈米尺度瑕疵。
11:09
So directed self-assembly
is an exciting new disruptive technology,
is an exciting new disruptive technology,
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所以，引導式自組裝是種
讓人興奮的顛覆性新技術，
讓人興奮的顛覆性新技術，
11:14
but it is still in the development stage.
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但它還在開發階段。
11:17
But we're growing in confidence
that we could, in fact, introduce it
that we could, in fact, introduce it
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但我們越來越有信心可以真的
把它引入到半導體產業，
11:21
to the semiconductor industry
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11:23
as a revolutionary new
manufacturing process
manufacturing process
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做為一種革命性的新製程，
11:26
in just the next few years.
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且在接下來幾年就可以做到。
11:29
And if we can do this,
if we're successful,
if we're successful,
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如果我們能做到，如果我們成功，
11:32
we'll be able to continue
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我們將能夠把電晶體的
成本效益繼續微型化 ，
成本效益繼續微型化 ，
11:33
with the cost-effective
miniaturization of transistors,
miniaturization of transistors,
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11:36
continue with the spectacular
expansion of computing
expansion of computing
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繼續將計算能力大大擴展，
11:40
and the digital revolution.
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並帶來數位革命。
11:42
And what's more, this could even
be the dawn of a new era
be the dawn of a new era
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不只如此，這甚至可能是
分子製造新紀元的黎明。
11:46
of molecular manufacturing.
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11:48
How cool is that?
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這多酷啊？
11:50
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:51
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Karl Skjonnemand - Technology developerAs a passionate technology leader, Karl Skjonnemand has a hunger for solutions to advanced technology problems.
Why you should listen
Karl Skjonnemand has launched several new products and built new business in different industries with novel materials. He currently leads a diverse group of R&D teams working on innovative materials for semiconductor applications.
Skjonnemand grew up overseas then returned home to the UK where he studied physics followed by a PhD in molecular electronics. Since 1999, he's worked in industrial research and development in Taiwan, Japan, USA and the UK. He's a strong believer that thought diversity within R&D creates a powerhouse for innovation.
Karl Skjonnemand | Speaker | TED.com