ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schuler - Entrepreneur
Barry Schuler's multimedia firm Medior built key interactive technologies for AOL, helping millions connect to the Internet through a simple, accessible interface. Now, through venture capital (and wine appreciation), he wants to do the same for genomics.

Why you should listen

If in the mid-'90s tech revolution you found yourself intimidated by command lines (or computers in general), chances are you had your first encounter with email through America Online. Above those first-month-free CDs, the main appeal was its easy-as-a-microwave interface, which Barry Schuler and his team at Medior designed. While the other techies were complaining of eternal September, Schuler remained a populist, passionate about spreading accessibility to the next generation of services that he foresaw changing the world. (Earlier, he had developed and marketed color desktop apps for Apple.)

Schuler later served as AOL's CEO when it acquired Time Warner. But now, as high-tech democratization continues, Schuler wants to direct the momentum toward genomics. As managing director of Draper Fisher Jurvetson, he's funding next-thing projects in tech, and he also serves on the board of Synthetic Genomics. A lover of wine (and a proponent of using genetics to enhance wine grapes), he owns Meteor Vineyard in Napa Valley. He's currently CEO of Raydiance, which is developing laser technology for healthcare use.

More profile about the speaker
Barry Schuler | Speaker | TED.com
Taste3 2008

Barry Schuler: Genomics 101

Barry Schuler:基因組學 101

Filmed:
454,548 views

什麽是基因組學?它如何影響我們的生活?在這場基因組學的革命中,企業家 Barry Schuler說,我們至少能期望更健康,更美味的食物。他建議,我們可以用黑比諾葡萄,生產更優質的葡萄酒。
- Entrepreneur
Barry Schuler's multimedia firm Medior built key interactive technologies for AOL, helping millions connect to the Internet through a simple, accessible interface. Now, through venture capital (and wine appreciation), he wants to do the same for genomics. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
What's happening事件 in genomics基因組學,
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在基因組學中發生了什麽?
00:18
and how this revolution革命 is about to change更改 everything we know
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這場革命又將如何改變我們關於
00:23
about the world世界, life, ourselves我們自己, and how we think about them.
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世界,生命,自我的知識,和我們對此的思考。
00:30
If you saw 2001: A Space空間 Odyssey奧德賽,
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如果你看過,2001太空漫遊(註:1968年的科幻電影)
00:33
and you heard聽說 the boom繁榮, boom繁榮, boom繁榮, boom繁榮, and you saw the monolith整體,
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你聽到 砰,砰,砰的聲音,看到那個龐然大物
00:37
you know, that was Arthur亞瑟 C. Clarke's克拉克 representation表示
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那是Arthur C. Clark的見解(註:2001太空漫遊的作者)
00:41
that we were at a seminal moment時刻 in the evolution演化 of our species種類.
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也就是說,我們正處在進化的重要時刻
00:45
In this case案件, it was picking選擇 up bones骨頭 and creating創建 a tool工具,
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在這電影中,就是指使用骨頭,製作工具
00:49
using運用 it as a tool工具, which哪一個 meant意味著 that apes類人猿 just, sort分類 of,
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將它當做工具使用,意味著電影中的猿人
00:53
running賽跑 around and eating and doing each other
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四處活動,覓食,做愛時
00:55
figured想通 out they can make things if they used a tool工具.
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發現牠們自己能使用工具來製作東西
01:01
And that moved移動 us to the next下一個 level水平.
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這將我們推進了下一個階段
01:04
And, you know, we in the last 30 years年份 in particular特定
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你知道,特別是最近30年中
01:08
have seen看到 this acceleration促進 in knowledge知識 and technology技術,
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我們已經看到知識和技術的高速發展
01:12
and technology技術 has bred孕育 more knowledge知識 and given特定 us tools工具.
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技術孕育了更多的知識,創造了更多工具
01:15
And we've我們已經 seen看到 many許多 seminal moments瞬間.
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我們已經歷了許多不可思議的階段
01:17
We've我們已經 seen看到 the creation創建 of small computers電腦 in the '70s and early '80s,
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70年代和80年代初,我們看見了小型電腦的發明
01:21
and who would have thought back then that every一切 single person
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有誰那時會覺得,每個人都能擁有不只1臺
01:24
would not have just one computer電腦 but probably大概 20,
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而是20臺電腦
01:27
in your home, and in not just your P.C. but in every一切 device設備 --
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這些小型電腦不僅在PC中才有,家中所有的數位設備也都有
01:32
in your washing洗滌 machine, your cell細胞 phone電話.
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在你的洗衣機中,你的電話中
01:35
You're walking步行 around; your car汽車 has 12 microprocessors微處理器.
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四處走走,你的汽車里就有12個微處理器。
01:39
Then we go along沿 and create創建 the Internet互聯網
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然後,我們繼續創造了網際網路。
01:41
and connect the world世界 together一起; we flatten弄平 the world世界.
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將世界連接在一起,我們拉平了世界
01:44
We've我們已經 seen看到 so much change更改, and we've我們已經 given特定 ourselves我們自己 these tools工具 now --
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我們目睹了如此巨大的變化,並掌握了這些工具
01:49
these high-powered高功率 tools工具 --
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這些強有力的工具
01:51
that are allowing允許 us to turn the lens鏡片 inward向內的
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這使我們能將鏡頭向轉向自身
01:55
into something that is common共同 to all of us, and that is a genome基因組.
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轉向我們所有人的共同點,基因
02:00
How's怎麼樣 your genome基因組 today今天? Have you thought about it lately最近?
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今天你的基因如何?你最近思考過基因嗎?
02:05
Heard聽說 about it, at least最小? You probably大概 hear about genomes基因組 these days.
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或者,至少聽過這個?你可能最近聽說過基因。
02:10
I thought I'd take a moment時刻 to tell you what a genome基因組 is.
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我認為,我要花點時間來解釋什麽是基因
02:13
It's, sort分類 of, like if you ask people,
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這是一種...好像你問別人
02:15
Well, what is a megabyte兆字節 or megabit兆位? And what is broadband寬帶?
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嗯,什麽是百萬位元組?什麽是寬頻?
02:18
People never want to say, I really don't understand理解.
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人們才不會承認說:我不知道這是什麼
02:21
So, I will tell you right off of the bat蝙蝠.
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所以,我乾脆直接告訴各位
02:22
You've heard聽說 of DNA脫氧核糖核酸; you probably大概 studied研究 a little bit in biology生物學.
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你應該聽說過DNA,你可能在生物學中學過一點
02:26
A genome基因組 is really a description描述 for
all of the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 that is in a living活的 organism生物.
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一個基因組就是生物所有DNA的描述
02:33
And one thing that is common共同 to all of life is DNA脫氧核糖核酸.
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所有生命都有的一樣東西,就是DNA
02:39
It doesn't matter whether是否 you're a yeast酵母;
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無論你是一個酵母
02:41
it doesn't matter whether是否 you're a mouse老鼠;
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無論你是一隻老鼠
02:43
doesn't matter whether是否 you're a fly; we all have DNA脫氧核糖核酸.
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或者你是一隻蒼蠅,我們都擁有DNA
02:47
The DNA脫氧核糖核酸 is organized有組織的 in words, call them: genes基因 and chromosomes染色體.
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DNA組織起來的詞組,稱為,基因和染色體
02:54
And when Watson沃森 and Crick克里克 in the '50s
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當Watson和Crick在50年代中
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first decoded解碼 this beautiful美麗 double helix螺旋 that we know as the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 molecule分子 --
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首次揭示我們稱之為DNA分子的美妙的雙螺旋結構
03:04
very long, complicated複雜 molecule分子 --
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非常長而複雜的分子
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we then started開始 on this journey旅程 to understand理解 that
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自此,我們開始了探索的路途
03:10
inside of that DNA脫氧核糖核酸 is a language語言 that determines確定 the characteristics特點, our traits性狀,
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DNA內存在一種語言,來決定我們的特徵,性徵
03:16
what we inherit繼承, what diseases疾病 we may可能 get.
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決定我們繼承什麽,我們可能染上什麽疾病
03:19
We've我們已經 also along沿 the way discovered發現 that this is a very old molecule分子,
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我們同樣發現DNA是一種古老的分子
03:25
that all of the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 in your body身體 has been around forever永遠,
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所有你體內的DNA
03:31
since以來 the beginning開始 of us, of us as creatures生物.
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從我們作為生物之初就一直存在
03:35
There is a historical歷史的 archive檔案.
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這是個歷史性的成就
03:37
Living活的 in your genome基因組 is the history歷史 of our species種類,
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基因中存在著我們種族的歷史
03:42
and you as an individual個人 human人的 being存在, where you're from,
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我們作為個體的歷史
03:48
going back thousands數千 and thousands數千 and thousands數千 of years年份,
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以及我們千萬年前的起源
03:51
and that's now starting開始 to be understood了解.
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這些現在開始被瞭解
03:54
But also, the genome基因組 is really the instruction指令 manual手冊.
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但同時,基因是一份指導手冊
03:59
It is the program程序. It is the code of life.
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這是一個程序,一個生命的密碼
04:02
It is what makes品牌 you function功能;
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它是使我們運轉的東西
04:04
it is what makes品牌 every一切 organism生物 function功能.
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是使每一個生物體運轉的東西
04:08
DNA脫氧核糖核酸 is a very elegant優雅 molecule分子.
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DNA是一個精緻的分子
04:11
It's long and it's complicated複雜.
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它即長,又複雜
04:13
Really all you have to know about it is that there's four letters:
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所有你需要知道的,只是四個字母
04:18
A, T, C, G; they represent代表 the name名稱 of a chemical化學.
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A T C G,他們各自代表化學物的名稱
04:22
And with these four letters, you can create創建 a language語言:
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通過這四個字母,你能創造一種語言
04:27
a language語言 that can describe描述 anything, and very complicated複雜 things.
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這種語言能描述一切,即使是非常複雜的東西,
04:32
You know, they are generally通常 put together一起 in pairs,
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它們總是成對出現
04:35
creating創建 a word or what we call base基礎 pairs.
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組成一個詞(例:A-T,C-G),或稱之為“鹼基對(base pairs)”
04:38
And you would, you know, when you think about it,
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你可以這樣想
04:41
four letters, or the representation表示 of four things, makes品牌 us work.
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就是這四個字母,組成所有生命的一切
04:47
And that may可能 not sound聲音 very intuitive直觀的,
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這聽上去不太直覺
04:50
but let me flip翻動 over to something else其他 you know about, and that's computers電腦.
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讓我講一些你瞭解的東西,比如電腦
04:54
Look at this screen屏幕 here and, you know, you see pictures圖片
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看著這兒的螢幕,你看到了圖片和單字
04:58
and you see words, but really all there are are ones那些 and zeros.
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但其實這裡只有1和0
05:02
The language語言 of technology技術 is binary二進制;
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二進制的語言
05:06
you've probably大概 heard聽說 that at some point in time.
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你可能曾經聽過這些
05:08
Everything that happens發生 in digital數字 is converted轉換,
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所有數位資訊都是被轉換過
05:12
or a representation表示, of a one and a zero.
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或者被描述為,1和0
05:15
So, when you're listening to iTunesiTunes的 and your favorite喜愛 music音樂,
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所以,當你聽著iTunes和你喜歡的音樂時
05:20
that's really just a bunch of ones那些 and zeros playing播放 very quickly很快.
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實際上,是一組1和0在快速的變化
05:23
When you're seeing眼看 these pictures圖片, it's all ones那些 and zeros,
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當你看著這些照片,實質上都是1和0
05:26
and when you're talking on your telephone電話, your cell細胞 phone電話,
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當你在電話、手機上聊天
05:29
and it's going over the network網絡,
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通過網絡傳輸
05:31
your voice語音 is all being存在 turned轉身 into ones那些 and zeros and magically神奇 whizzed呼嘯而過 around.
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在網絡上,你的聲音全在傳送中被轉換成了1和0
05:35
And look at all the complex複雜 things and wonderful精彩 things
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看看所有複雜而美妙的事物
05:38
we've我們已經 been able能夠 to create創建 with just a one and a zero.
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我們只需要用0和1就能創造出來
05:41
Well, now you ramp舷梯 that up to four, and you have a lot of complexity複雜,
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現在,2個擴大成4個,複雜度就大大的提升了
05:47
a lot of ways方法 to describe描述 mechanisms機制.
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可以用更多方式來描述人體結構
05:51
So, let's talk about what that means手段.
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所以,我們來談談這意味著什麽
05:53
So, if you look at a human人的 genome基因組,
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一個人類基因
05:55
they consist組成 of 3.2 billion十億 of these base基礎 pairs. That's a lot.
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它包含32億個鹼基對,超級多
06:01
And they mix混合 up in all different不同 fashions時裝,
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它們以各種不同的方式組合
06:03
and that makes品牌 you a human人的 being存在.
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這讓你成為了一個人類
06:06
If you convert兌換 that to binary二進制, just to give you a little bit of sizing漿紗,
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如果你將這些轉換成二進制,給你一點大小的概念
06:11
we're actually其實 smaller than the program程序 Microsoft微軟 Office辦公室.
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我們實際上比Microsoft Office軟體容量還小
06:15
It's not really all that much data數據.
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人體沒有那麼多的數據
06:19
I will also tell you we're at least最小 as buggy越野車.
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老實說我們還帶有很多漏洞
06:22
(Laughter笑聲)
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(觀眾笑聲)
06:25
This here is a bug竊聽器 in my genome基因組
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這坨肥肉就是我的基因中的一個漏洞
06:29
that I have struggled掙扎 with for a long, long time.
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我與它鬥爭了很多年
06:34
When you get sick生病, it is a bug竊聽器 in your genome基因組.
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當你生病時,這就是你基因組出現的一個漏洞
06:39
In fact事實, many許多, many許多 diseases疾病 we have struggled掙扎 with for a long time,
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事實上,很多我們抗爭很久的疾病
06:44
like cancer癌症, we haven't沒有 been able能夠 to cure治愈
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如癌症,我們不能治癒它
06:47
because we just don't understand理解 how it works作品 at the genomic基因組 level水平.
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是因為我們還不知道病因在基因組上如何運作
06:51
We are starting開始 to understand理解 that.
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我們才正在開始了解基因
06:53
So, up to this point we tried試著 to fix固定 it
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我們開始嘗試修復基因
06:55
by using運用 what I call shit-against-the-wall屎抵牆式 pharmacology藥理,
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通過一種像是"往牆上丟大便"的藥物學手段
06:59
which哪一個 means手段, well, let's just throw chemicals化學製品 at it,
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意思是說,我們拼命往癌細胞上砸一堆化學藥品
07:02
and maybe it's going to make it work.
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或許有些藥品會起作用
07:04
But if you really understand理解 why does a cell細胞 go from normal正常 cell細胞 to cancer癌症?
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但為何不弄懂一個正常細胞會變為癌細胞的原因?
07:11
What is the code?
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控制癌細胞的密碼是什麼?
07:13
What are the exact精確 instructions說明 that are making製造 it do that?
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在發病時的確切指令是什麽?
07:17
then you can go about the process處理 of trying to fix固定 it and figure數字 it out.
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然後,你才能來嘗試修復這組基因並指出它的位置
07:21
So, for your next下一個 dinner晚餐 over a great bottle瓶子 of wine紅酒, here's這裡的 a few少數 factoids改編過 for you.
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為了你下次晚餐時能選出高級葡萄酒,我給你一些相關事實
07:26
We actually其實 have about 24,000 genes基因 that do things.
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我們體內有大約24,000個基因在運作
07:30
We have about a hundred, 120,000 others其他
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剩下120,000個基因
07:34
that don't appear出現 to function功能 every一切 day,
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並不會運作
07:37
but represent代表 this archival檔案 history歷史 of how we used to work as a species種類
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但卻記錄了我們人類這個物種
07:42
going back tens of thousands數千 of years年份.
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在數千萬年前的歷史檔案
07:45
You might威力 also be interested有興趣 in knowing會心
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你也許有興趣知道
07:47
that a mouse老鼠 has about the same相同 amount of genes基因.
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老鼠跟人有大致相同的基因數目
07:49
They recently最近 sequenced測序 Pinot Noir比諾, and it also has about 30,000 genes基因,
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現今正在為黑比諾葡萄(Pinot Noir)排序基因,它同樣有約30,000個基因
07:56
so the number of genes基因 you have may可能 not necessarily一定 represent代表 the complexity複雜
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所以,擁有的基因數目並不能代表複雜性
08:00
or the evolutionary發展的 order訂購 of any particular特定 species種類.
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或者某個物種的進化等級
08:05
Now, look around: just look next下一個 to your neighbor鄰居,
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現在,看看四周的人
08:08
look forward前鋒, look backward落後. We all look pretty漂亮 different不同.
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前看,後看,我們看上去都很不相同
08:10
A lot of very handsome英俊 and pretty漂亮 people here, skinny枯瘦, chubby豐滿的,
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很多帥氣,漂亮的人,纖細的,豐滿的
08:14
different不同 races比賽, cultures文化. We are all 99.9% genetically基因 equal等於.
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不同種族,文化,但我們99.9%的基因是相同的
08:22
It is one one-hundredth第一百 of one percent百分 of genetic遺傳 material材料
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只有萬分之一的遺傳物質不同
08:26
that makes品牌 the difference區別 between之間 any one of us.
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這造成了我們之間的差異
08:29
That's a tiny amount of material材料,
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如此微量的物質
08:31
but the way that ultimately最終 expresses表達 itself本身
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完全透露出
08:35
is what makes品牌 changes變化 in humans人類 and in all species種類.
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這導致了人類和所有物種中的變化
08:40
So, we are now able能夠 to read genomes基因組.
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目前,我們能夠閱讀基因
08:43
The first human人的 genome基因組 took 10 years年份, three billion十億 dollars美元.
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獲得第一個人類基因耗時10年,花了30億美元
08:48
It was doneDONE by Dr博士. Craig克雷格 Venter腹部.
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是由Craig Venter博士完成
08:51
And then James詹姆士 Watson's屈臣氏 -- one of the co-founders聯合創始人 of DNA脫氧核糖核酸 --
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然後,James Watson,DNA模型的發現者之一
08:55
genome基因組 was doneDONE for two million百萬 dollars美元, and in just two months個月.
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他的基因獲取耗費2百萬美元,只用了2個月
08:59
And if you think about the computer電腦 industry行業
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想想電腦產業
09:01
and how we've我們已經 gone走了 from big computers電腦 to little ones那些
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我們如何從大型電腦到小型電腦
09:04
and how they get more powerful強大 and faster更快 all the time,
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它們如何變的更快更強
09:08
the same相同 thing is happening事件 with gene基因 sequencing測序 now:
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同樣的事發生在基因測序領域
09:10
we are on the cusp風口浪尖 of being存在 able能夠 to sequence序列 human人的 genomes基因組
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目前最新的技術正在研究,
09:14
for about 5,000 dollars美元 in about an hour小時 or a half-hour半小時;
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如何在一個或者半個小時內,同時只要花費5000美元就能完成基因測序
09:19
you will see that happen發生 in the next下一個 five years年份.
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這將在未來五年內實現
09:21
And what that means手段 is, you are going to walk步行 around
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那將意味著,你能隨身攜帶
09:23
with your own擁有 personal個人 genome基因組 on a smart聰明 card. It will be here.
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一張附有你個人基因信息的智能卡。就像這張卡大小。
09:29
And when you buy購買 medicine醫學,
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當你買藥物
09:31
you won't慣於 be buying購買 a drug藥物 that's used for everybody每個人.
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你不用買一種適合所有人的藥物
09:34
You will give your genome基因組 to the pharmacist藥劑師,
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把你的基因給藥師
09:37
and your drug藥物 will be made製作 for you
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藥會為你量身定做
09:39
and it will work much better than the ones那些 that were --
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這會比現在的要好的多
09:41
you won't慣於 have side effects效果.
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你不會有副作用
09:43
All those side effects效果, you know, oily油膩 residue殘留 and, you know,
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所有這些副作用,你知道,比如肥油殘留,你知道
09:46
whatever隨你 they say in those commercials廣告: forget忘記 about that.
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無論它們在廣告中如何稱呼,都可以忘掉
09:50
They're going to make all that stuff東東 go away.
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這些都將消失
09:52
What does a genome基因組 look like?
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基因是什麽樣子的呢?
09:55
Well, there it is. It is a long, long series系列 of these base基礎 pairs.
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嗯,是一個很長很長的鹼基組
10:01
If you saw the genome基因組 for a mouse老鼠 or for a human人的 it would look no different不同 than this,
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若你看過老鼠或者人的基因,跟這個其實差不多
10:05
but what scientists科學家們 are doing now is
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而科學家現在做的是
10:07
they're understanding理解 what these do and what they mean.
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研究它們如何運作,意味著什麽
10:11
Because what Nature性質 is doing is double-clicking雙擊 all the time.
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因為大自然正不斷的點擊滑鼠來執行基因程式
10:15
In other words, the first couple一對 of sentences句子 here,
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換句話說,這裡的前幾個句子
10:19
assuming假設 this is a grape葡萄 plant:
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表示,這是一顆葡萄樹
10:21
make a root, make a branch, create創建 a blossom開花.
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有根,有枝條,開花
10:25
In a human人的 being存在, down in here it could be:
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在人類中個,這裡可能是
10:29
make blood血液 cells細胞, start開始 cancer癌症.
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產生血細胞,發生癌症
10:33
For me it may可能 be: every一切 calorie卡路里 you consume消耗, you conserve養護,
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對我來說,可能是:每吃一卡路里,保存一卡路里
10:40
because I come from a very cold climate氣候.
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因為我來自寒冷地區
10:43
For my wife妻子: eat three times as much and you never put on any weight重量.
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對我的妻子來說:吃三倍的食物,也絕不會發胖
10:47
It's all hidden in this code,
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這都隱含在這些編碼中
10:49
and it's starting開始 to be understood了解 at breakneck驚人 pace步伐.
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現在,這些開始以驚人的速度被理解
10:54
So, what can we do with genomes基因組 now that we can read them,
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現在,我們能閱讀基因
10:57
now that we're starting開始 to have the book of life?
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我們開始閱讀這部生命之書
10:59
Well, there's many許多 things. Some are exciting扣人心弦.
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這裡有太多的內容,有些讓人振奮
11:02
Some people will find very scary害怕. I will tell you a couple一對 of things
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有些人會覺得這很可怕,讓我來告訴你一些事情
11:06
that will probably大概 make you want to projectile拋射物 puke嘔吐 on me, but that's okay.
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講解過程中你也許會想對我吐口水,但沒關係
11:10
So, you know, we now can learn學習 the history歷史 of organisms生物.
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你知道,我們現在可以研究生物的歷史
11:14
You can do a very simple簡單 test測試: scrape your cheek臉頰; send發送 it off.
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你能做一個簡單的實驗:刮刮臉頰,那皮屑送去測試
11:17
You can find out where your relatives親戚們 come from;
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你能找出你的親緣關係
11:20
you can do your genealogy家譜 going back thousands數千 of years年份.
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你能建立長達千年的家譜關係
11:23
We can understand理解 functionality功能. This is really important重要.
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我們能瞭解其中的實用性在何處,這很重要
11:26
We can understand理解, for example, why we create創建 plaque牌匾 in our arteries動脈,
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我們能瞭解,譬如爲什麽動脈會產生血小板
11:31
what creates創建 the starchiness澱粉質 inside of a grain糧食,
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是什麽轉化成了糧食中的澱粉
11:35
why does yeast酵母 metabolize代謝 sugar and produce生產 carbon dioxide二氧化碳.
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為什麽酵母會轉化糖,形成二氧化碳
11:43
We can also look at, at a grander宏大 scale規模, what creates創建 problems問題,
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從宏觀一點的角度來看,是什麽導致這些問題
11:46
what creates創建 disease疾病, and how we may可能 be able能夠 to fix固定 them.
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是什麽導致了疾病,我們如何治癒疾病
11:50
Because we can understand理解 this,
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因為,我們能理解這些的話
11:52
we can fix固定 them, make better organisms生物.
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能修復基因的話,就能創造更好的人類
11:55
Most importantly重要的, what we're learning學習
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更重要的是,我們學習的
11:57
is that Nature性質 has provided提供 us a spectacular壯觀 toolbox工具箱.
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是自然給我們提供的巨大的那個工具箱
12:02
The toolbox工具箱 exists存在.
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真的有這個工具箱
12:04
An architect建築師 far better and smarter聰明 than us has given特定 us that toolbox工具箱,
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而且是一個比我們聰敏、優秀的建築師給予了我們這個工具箱
12:09
and we now have the ability能力 to use it.
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現在我們有能力來使用它了
12:12
We are now not just reading genomes基因組; we are writing寫作 them.
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我們現在不只是閱讀基因,我們書寫他們
12:16
This company公司, Synthetic合成的 Genomics基因組學, I'm involved參與 with,
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這個公司,我所在的公司,Synthetic Genomics (註:美國企業,致力於基因技術開發、基因商業)
12:18
created創建 the first full充分 synthetic合成的 genome基因組 for a little bug竊聽器,
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創造了第一個擁有完全合成基因的小蟲
12:22
a very primitive原始 creature生物 called Mycoplasma支原體 genitalium生殖.
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一種非常古老的生物,叫黴漿菌
12:25
If you have a UTIUTI, you've probably大概 -- or ever had a UTIUTI --
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如果你有尿路感染,或者曾有過尿路感染
12:29
you've come in contact聯繫 with this little bug竊聽器.
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你就曾與這種小蟲打過交道
12:32
Very simple簡單 -- only has about 246 genes基因 --
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它非常簡單,只有246個基因
12:35
but we were able能夠 to completely全然 synthesize合成 that genome基因組.
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而我們能夠完全合成這些基因
12:42
Now, you have the genome基因組 and you say to yourself你自己,
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現在,你擁有了基因,然後你對自己說
12:45
So, if I plug插頭 this synthetic合成的 genome基因組 -- if I pull the old one out and plug插頭 it in --
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如果我將原有的基因取出,將合成的基因注入進去
12:50
does it just boot up and live生活?
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它能啟動並存活嗎?
12:52
Well, guess猜測 what. It does.
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嗯,猜猜看,它確實能
12:56
Not only does it do that; if you took the genome基因組 -- that synthetic合成的 genome基因組 --
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不僅它能這樣,若你將合成的基因
13:02
and you plugged it into a different不同 critter小動物, like yeast酵母,
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注射進到其他的生物體中,比如酵母
13:05
you now turn that yeast酵母 into Mycoplasma支原體.
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你就能將酵母變成黴漿菌
13:09
It's, sort分類 of, like booting啟動 up a PC個人計算機 with a Mac蘋果電腦 O.S. software軟件.
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這就像,在PC上運行MAC的作業系統
13:14
Well, actually其實, you could do it the other way.
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嗯,事實上,您能反過來做
13:16
So, you know, by being存在 able能夠 to write a genome基因組
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所以,通過修改一個基因
13:20
and plug插頭 it into an organism生物,
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然後再放進某個生物體中
13:23
the software軟件, if you will, changes變化 the hardware硬件.
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這個軟體會改變硬體
13:28
And this is extremely非常 profound深刻.
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這個是非常奧妙的地方
13:30
So, last year the French法國 and Italians意大利 announced公佈
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所以,去年,法國和義大利宣稱合作
13:33
they got together一起 and they went ahead and they sequenced測序 Pinot Noir比諾.
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第一個為黑比諾葡萄測量基因測序
13:37
The genomic基因組 sequence序列 now exists存在 for the entire整個 Pinot Noir比諾 organism生物,
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現在有了黑比諾葡萄的完整基因序列
13:43
and they identified確定, once一旦 again, about 29,000 genes基因.
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他們有確認了一次,一共29,000個基因
13:47
They have discovered發現 pathways途徑 that create創建 flavors口味,
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他們發現了能產生不同口味的基因路徑
13:50
although雖然 it's very important重要 to understand理解
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這個發現很重要
13:52
that those compounds化合物 that it's cranking起動 out
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即,這些測出的成份
13:55
have to match比賽 a receptor接收器 in our genome基因組, in our tongue,
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與我們舌頭上的感受器相匹配
13:58
for us to understand理解 and interpret those flavors口味.
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讓這些味道能被我們的舌頭讀取,然後變成特定的口味
14:01
They've他們已經 also discovered發現 that
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他們同樣發現
14:03
there's a heck赫克 of a lot of activity活動 going on producing生產 aroma香氣 as well.
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有些活性物質產生了香氣
14:07
They've他們已經 identified確定 areas of vulnerability漏洞 to disease疾病.
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他們確認了葡萄易受疾病感染的脆弱點
14:10
They now are understanding理解, and the work is going on,
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他們正不斷的進行分析了解,
14:14
exactly究竟 how this plant works作品, and we have the capability能力 to know,
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徹底搞清楚這些植物該如何運作,然後我們就有能力理解、
14:18
to read that entire整個 code and understand理解 how it ticks.
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閱讀完整的基因密碼,理解它如何表達
14:22
So, then what do you do?
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然後你怎麼做呢?
14:24
Knowing會心 that we can read it, knowing會心 that we can write it, change更改 it,
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我們能閱讀它,撰寫它,改變它
14:28
maybe write its genome基因組 from scratch. So, what do you do?
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也許可以從頭改寫基因,你猜自己會變怎樣?
14:32
Well, one thing you could do is what some people might威力 call Franken-Noir弗蘭肯比諾.
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嗯,可能大家都會叫做法蘭克福-黑比諾
14:36
(Laughter笑聲)
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(觀眾笑聲)
14:39
We can build建立 a better vine藤蔓.
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我們能創造更優質的葡萄樹
14:41
By the way, just so you know:
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順帶一提,如你所知
14:43
you get stressed強調 out about genetically基因 modified改性 organisms生物;
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各位對基因改造生物感到緊張
14:47
there is not one single vine藤蔓 in this valley or anywhere隨地
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我們不會對在河谷或是自然界的植物
14:50
that is not genetically基因 modified改性.
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作基因改造
14:52
They're not grown長大的 from seeds種子; they're grafted嫁接 into root stock股票;
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改造的植物不會從種子生長出來,合成基因是被移植到植物體內
14:55
they would not exist存在 in nature性質 on their own擁有.
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而且這些被改造的植物不能在自然界中獨立生存
14:57
So, don't worry擔心 about, don't stress強調 about that stuff東東. We've我們已經 been doing this forever永遠.
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不要擔心,不要緊張,我們會一直這麼做
15:01
So, we could, you know, focus焦點 on disease疾病 resistance抵抗性;
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我們會集中研究在葡萄的抗菌力
15:04
we can go for higher更高 yields產量 without necessarily一定 having
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我們能獲得更高的葡萄產量,
15:08
dramatic戲劇性 farming農業 techniques技術 to do it, or costs成本.
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不用依靠神奇的栽培技術,或者大量成本
15:11
We could conceivably可以想像 expand擴大 the climate氣候 window窗口:
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我們可以有信心的擴大可種植的氣候範圍
15:14
we could make Pinot Noir比諾 grow增長 maybe in Long Island, God forbid禁止.
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我們能讓黑比諾葡萄生長在紐約長島,即使上帝不同意
15:19
(Laughter笑聲)
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(觀眾笑聲)
15:23
We could produce生產 better flavors口味 and aromas香味.
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我們能創造更好的口味和香氣
15:26
You want a little more raspberry覆盆子, a little more chocolate巧克力 here or there?
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你想稍微帶點覆盆子口味,或者一點巧克力味?
15:29
All of these things could conceivably可以想像 be doneDONE,
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這些都可以實現,
15:32
and I will tell you I'd pretty漂亮 much bet賭注 that it will be doneDONE.
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我打賭這個一定會實現
15:35
But there's an ecosystem生態系統 here.
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但是我們有一個生態系統
15:37
In other words, we're not, sort分類 of, unique獨特 little organisms生物 running賽跑 around;
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話句話說,我們不是那種可以到處亂跑的小生命
15:42
we are part部分 of a big ecosystem生態系統.
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我們是這個大生態系統中的一部分
15:44
In fact事實 -- I'm sorry to inform通知 you --
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事實上,我得告訴各位
15:47
that inside of your digestive消化 tract管道 is about 10 pounds英鎊 of microbes微生物
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在你的消化道中有約10磅的微生物
15:51
which哪一個 you're circulating循環 through通過 your body身體 quite相當 a bit.
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它在你的身體中循環,
15:54
Our ocean's海洋 teaming聯手 with microbes微生物;
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我們的海洋中存在微生物
15:57
in fact事實, when Craig克雷格 Venter腹部 went and sequenced測序 the microbes微生物 in the ocean海洋,
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事實上,當Craig Venter為海洋微生物做基因測序時
16:02
in the first three months個月 tripled三倍 the known已知 species種類 on the planet行星
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實驗開始的前三個月中,透過在水面下20英尺的觀察
16:06
by discovering發現 all-new全新 microbes微生物 in the first 20 feet of water.
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就讓這個星球的已知生物數量增加了3倍
16:09
We now understand理解 that those microbes微生物 have more impact碰撞 on our climate氣候
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我們現在知道,這些微生物對我們氣候產生的影響比植物更大
16:13
and regulating調節 COCO2 and oxygen than plants植物 do,
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調節二氧化碳,氧氣
16:17
which哪一個 we always thought oxygenate氧合 the atmosphere大氣層.
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我們以為植物調節了氣候中的氧氣量
16:19
We find microbial微生物 life in every一切 part部分 of the planet行星:
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我們發現在地球的任何一個角落都有微生物
16:23
in ice, in coal煤炭, in rocks岩石, in volcanic火山 vents通風口; it's an amazing驚人 thing.
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在冰層中,煤中,岩石中,火山口中,非常不可思議
16:31
But we've我們已經 also discovered發現, when it comes to plants植物, in plants植物,
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但我們也發現,在植物中
16:36
as much as we understand理解 and are starting開始 to understand理解 their genomes基因組,
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就我們所研究的植物中
16:40
it is the ecosystem生態系統 around them,
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它們的周圍同樣存在一個生態系統
16:43
it is the microbes微生物 that live生活 in their root systems系統,
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微生物生存在他們的根系
16:46
that have just as much impact碰撞 on the character字符 of those plants植物
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這些微生物對植物特性的影響
16:50
as the metabolic新陳代謝 pathways途徑 of the plants植物 themselves他們自己.
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與植物自身代謝途徑一樣重要
16:54
If you take a closer接近 look at a root system系統,
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如果你仔細觀察植物根部
16:57
you will find there are many許多, many許多, many許多 diverse多種 microbial微生物 colonies群落.
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會發現這兒有很多不同的細菌聚落
17:01
This is not big news新聞 to viticulturistsviticulturists;
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這對葡萄栽培者不是什麽大新聞
17:03
they have been, you know, concerned關心 with water and fertilization受精.
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農夫們專注於葡萄的灌溉問題和肥料問題
17:07
And, again, this is, sort分類 of, my notion概念 of shit-against-the-wall屎抵牆式 pharmacology藥理:
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而這是另一種我剛所提的"往牆上丟大便"的藥物學手法:
17:13
you know certain某些 fertilizers化肥 make the plant more healthy健康 so you put more in.
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知道某肥料能使植物更健康,然後就會多放一點
17:17
You don't necessarily一定 know with granularity粒度
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其實,你不需要瞭解葡萄顆粒大小的問題
17:21
exactly究竟 what organisms生物 are providing提供 what flavors口味 and what characteristics特點.
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只需要瞭解,葡萄的器官組織提供什麽口味和特性
17:27
We can start開始 to figure數字 that out.
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我們現在開始搞清這個問題
17:30
We all talk about terroir風土; we worship崇拜 terroir風土;
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我們都在談論地域,我們推崇肥沃土地
17:33
we say, Wow, is my terroir風土 great! It's so special特別.
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我們說,哇嗚,我的土地超肥沃
17:36
I've got this piece of land土地 and it creates創建 terroir風土 like you wouldn't不會 believe.
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我這片土地肥沃到嚇死人
17:40
Well, you know, we really, we argue爭論 and debate辯論 about it --
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不過,現在我們開始爭論於---
17:44
we say it's climate氣候, it's soil, it's this. Well, guess猜測 what?
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是氣候造成某地適合某植物的生長?還是土地?還是其他東西?
17:47
We can figure數字 out what the heck赫克 terroir風土 is.
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我們能搞清楚,形成特產生產地的原因是什麼
17:50
It's in there, waiting等候 to be sequenced測序.
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只要等我們作出基因序列即可
17:53
There are thousands數千 of microbes微生物 there.
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這些地方有上千種微生物
17:55
They're easy簡單 to sequence序列: unlike不像 a human人的,
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他們能很容易的測序,不像人類
17:57
they, you know, have a thousand, two thousand genes基因;
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他們只有一、兩千種基因
17:59
we can figure數字 out what they are.
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我們能弄清楚這些基因
18:01
All we have to do is go around and sample樣品, dig into the ground地面, find those bugs蟲子,
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我們所需要做的就是,四處走走,取樣,挖土,找到這些蟲子
18:08
sequence序列 them, correlate關聯 them to the kinds of characteristics特點 we like and don't like --
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給它們做基因測序,了解牠們身上的特性是我們想要的還是不想要的
18:13
that's just a big database數據庫 -- and then fertilize施肥.
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資料庫會非常龐大,然後根據這些資料種植施肥
18:16
And then we understand理解 what is terroir風土.
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我們才會知道為什麼會出現這些沃土
18:20
So, some people will say, Oh, my God, are we playing播放 God?
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有人會說,哦,天哪,我們在當上帝嗎?
18:22
Are we now, if we engineer工程師 organisms生物, are we playing播放 God?
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如果我們能改變生物基因結構,不就是在當上帝了嗎?
18:27
And, you know, people would always ask James詹姆士 Watson沃森 --
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人民可能會問James Watson說:
18:30
he's not always the most politically政治上 correct正確 guy ...
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他在政治方面一直選錯邊站...
18:32
(Laughter笑聲)
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(觀眾笑聲)
18:33
... and they would say, "Are, you know, are you playing播放 God?"
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人們會問說:“你是想扮演上帝嗎?”
18:38
And he had the best最好 answer回答 I ever heard聽說 to this question:
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然後他以我從未聽過的方式回答:
18:41
"Well, somebody has to."
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“喔,總要有人做吧”
18:43
(Laughter笑聲)
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(觀眾笑聲)
18:46
I consider考慮 myself a very spiritual精神 person,
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我認為我是一個有信仰的人
18:50
and without, you know, the organized有組織的 religion宗教 part部分,
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當然,不是那種有組織的宗教信仰
18:53
and I will tell you: I don't believe there's anything unnatural不自然.
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我告訴你,我不相信非自然的現像
18:57
I don't believe that chemicals化學製品 are unnatural不自然.
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我不認為化學是非自然的
19:01
I told you I'm going to make some of you puke嘔吐.
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這樣講可能會讓你作嘔
19:03
It's very simple簡單: we don't invent發明 molecules分子, compounds化合物.
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其實很簡單,我們並沒有發明分子或化合物
19:07
They're here. They're in the universe宇宙.
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它們一直存在,它們充斥在這個宇宙裡
19:09
We reorganize改組 things, we change更改 them around,
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我們重新組織它們、稍微改變它們
19:12
but we don't make anything unnatural不自然.
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但我們沒有生產任何非自然的東西
19:15
Now, we can create創建 bad impacts影響 --
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我們目前有做出一些負面行為
19:17
we can poison ourselves我們自己; we can poison the Earth地球 --
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我們正在污染地球
19:19
but that's just a natural自然 outcome結果 of a mistake錯誤 we made製作.
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但基因工作方面的失敗品還是自然的產物
19:23
So, what's happening事件 today今天 is, Nature性質 is presenting呈現 us with a toolbox工具箱,
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今日事情是怎麼發展的,自然給我們一個工具箱
19:27
and we find that this toolbox工具箱 is very extensive廣泛.
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這個工具箱裡工具眾多
19:31
There are microbes微生物 out there that actually其實 make gasoline汽油, believe it or not.
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信不信由你,我們有能產生油氣的細菌
19:35
There are microbes微生物, you know -- go back to yeast酵母.
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這些微生物....就像酵母
19:37
These are chemical化學 factories工廠;
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它們都是個小小的化學工廠
19:39
the most sophisticated複雜的 chemical化學 factories工廠 are provided提供 by Nature性質,
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大自然創造了這些最有效率的化學工廠
19:43
and we now can use those.
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我們現在能夠使用它
19:46
There also is a set of rules規則.
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同時有一些規則
19:48
Nature性質 will not allow允許 you to --
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有些是自然界不允許的行為
19:51
we could engineer工程師 a grape葡萄 plant, but guess猜測 what.
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我們能改變葡萄的基因,但想想
19:53
We can't make the grape葡萄 plant produce生產 babies嬰兒.
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我們不能讓葡萄生產嬰兒
19:55
Nature性質 has put a set of rules規則 out there.
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自然有一些法則
19:58
We can work within the rules規則; we can't break打破 the rules規則;
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我們能在規則內運作,但不能打破規則
20:01
we're just learning學習 what the rules規則 are.
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我們正在學習這些規則是什麽
20:03
I just ask the question, if you could cure治愈 all disease疾病 --
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我只想問,如果你能治癒一切疾病
20:07
if you could make disease疾病 go away,
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如果你能驅除一切疾病
20:09
because we understand理解 how it actually其實 works作品,
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因為我們瞭解疾病的所有一切
20:11
if we could end結束 hunger飢餓 by being存在 able能夠 to create創建 nutritious有營養, healthy健康 plants植物
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如果我們能通過生產營養的、健康的植物來終結饑荒
20:16
that grow增長 in very hard-to-grow難以成長 environments環境,
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同時能在惡劣條件下種植
20:19
if we could create創建 clean清潔 and plentiful豐富 energy能源 --
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如果我們能創造乾淨和豐沛的能源
20:22
we, right in the labs實驗室 at Synthetic合成的 Genomics基因組學,
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在Synthetic Genomics的實驗室中
20:25
have single-celled單細胞 organisms生物 that are taking服用 carbon dioxide二氧化碳
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我們有一種單細胞生物,能攝取二氧化碳
20:29
and producing生產 a molecule分子 very similar類似 to gasoline汽油.
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並生產一種類似油氣的分子
20:33
So, carbon dioxide二氧化碳 -- the stuff東東 we want to get rid擺脫 of -- not sugar, not anything.
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是二氧化碳喔----是我們想要擺脫的麻煩,而不是糖或者其他什麽
20:38
Carbon dioxide二氧化碳, a little bit of sunlight陽光,
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二氧化碳,加上一點陽光
20:41
you end結束 up with a lipid油脂 that is highly高度 refined精製.
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你能得到想要的類脂化合物
20:46
We could solve解決 our energy能源 problems問題; we can reduce減少 COCO2,;
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我們能解決能源問題,我們能減少二氧化碳
20:50
we could clean清潔 up our oceans海洋; we could make better wine紅酒.
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我們能淨化海洋,我們能做優質的酒
20:53
If we could, would we?
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如果我們都能做到,那我們該做嗎?
20:56
Well, you know, I think the answer回答 is very simple簡單:
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嗯,我認為這個問題很簡單
20:59
working加工 with Nature性質, working加工 with this tool工具 set that we now understand理解,
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和自然共處,使用這些我們瞭解的工具,
21:04
is the next下一個 step in humankind's人類的 evolution演化.
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是人類進化的下一個階段
21:07
And all I can tell you is, stay healthy健康 for 20 years年份.
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我想告訴你的是,請平安健康的再活20年
21:11
If you can stay healthy健康 for 20 years年份, you'll你會 see 150, maybe 300.
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如果你能再活20年,你就能活到150歲,甚至300歲
21:14
Thank you.
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謝謝
Translated by york ren
Reviewed by Lin Su-Wei()

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schuler - Entrepreneur
Barry Schuler's multimedia firm Medior built key interactive technologies for AOL, helping millions connect to the Internet through a simple, accessible interface. Now, through venture capital (and wine appreciation), he wants to do the same for genomics.

Why you should listen

If in the mid-'90s tech revolution you found yourself intimidated by command lines (or computers in general), chances are you had your first encounter with email through America Online. Above those first-month-free CDs, the main appeal was its easy-as-a-microwave interface, which Barry Schuler and his team at Medior designed. While the other techies were complaining of eternal September, Schuler remained a populist, passionate about spreading accessibility to the next generation of services that he foresaw changing the world. (Earlier, he had developed and marketed color desktop apps for Apple.)

Schuler later served as AOL's CEO when it acquired Time Warner. But now, as high-tech democratization continues, Schuler wants to direct the momentum toward genomics. As managing director of Draper Fisher Jurvetson, he's funding next-thing projects in tech, and he also serves on the board of Synthetic Genomics. A lover of wine (and a proponent of using genetics to enhance wine grapes), he owns Meteor Vineyard in Napa Valley. He's currently CEO of Raydiance, which is developing laser technology for healthcare use.

More profile about the speaker
Barry Schuler | Speaker | TED.com