TED2011
Edith Widder: The weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence
Edith Widder: L'estrany i meravellós món de la bioluminescència.
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En l'oceà profund i fosc, moltes criatures marines creen la seva pròpia llum per a la caça, l'aparellament i la defensa pròpia. L'experta en bioluminescència Edith Widder va ser una de les primeres en filmar aquest món resplendent. A TED2011, ens porta alguns dels seus amics resplendents a l'escenari i mostra més escenes increïbles de la brillant vida submarina.
Edith Widder - Marine biologist
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So I want to take you on a trip
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Vull embarcar-vos en un viatge
00:17
to an alien world.
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cap a un món estrany.
00:20
And it's not a trip
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I no és un viatge
00:22
that requires light-years of travel,
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que requereixi viatjar durant anys llum,
00:25
but it's to a place
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però sí que és a un lloc
00:27
where it's defined by light.
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que es defineix per la llum.
00:30
So it's a little-appreciated fact
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És un fet poc apreciat
00:33
that most of the animals in our ocean
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que la majoria d'animals en el nostre oceà
00:38
make light.
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creen llum.
00:40
I've spent most of my career
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He passat la majoria de la meva carrera
00:42
studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.
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estudiant el fenomen anomenat bioluminescència.
00:45
I study it because I think understanding it
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L'estudio perquè crec que entendre'l
00:47
is critical to understanding life in the ocean
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és crític per a entendre la vida a l'oceà
00:50
where most bioluminescence occurs.
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on hi ha més fenòmens de bioluminescència.
00:52
I also use it as a tool
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També l'utilitzo com a eina
00:54
for visualizing and tracking pollution.
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per a visualitzar i controlar la pol.lució.
00:57
But mostly I'm entranced by it.
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Però bàsicament, em captiva.
01:00
Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible,
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Des de la meva primera immersió en un submergible d'immersió profunda,
01:03
when I went down and turned out the lights
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en baixar i apagar els llums
01:05
and saw the fireworks displays,
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i veure l'espectacle de focs artificials,
01:07
I've been a bioluminescence junky.
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sóc una addicte a la bioluminescència.
01:10
But I would come back from those dives
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Però en tornar d'aquestes immersions
01:13
and try to share the experience with words,
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i intentar compartir l'experiència amb paraules,
01:16
and they were totally inadequate to the task.
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eren totalment inadequades per a la tasca.
01:20
I needed some way to share the experience directly.
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Necessitava alguna manera de compartir l'experiència directament.
01:23
And the first time I figured out that way
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I la primera vegada que vaig veure com fer-ho
01:25
was in this little single-person submersible
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va ser dintre d'aquest petit submergible individual
01:27
called Deep Rover.
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anomenat Deep Rover.
01:29
This next video clip,
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En el proper videoclip,
01:31
you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence.
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veureu com varem estimular la bioluminescència.
01:33
And the first thing you're going to see
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El primer que veureu
01:35
is a transect screen
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és un plexiglás
01:37
that is about a meter across.
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d'aproximadament un metre de diàmetre.
01:39
(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub,
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(Vídeo) Narrador: Davant del submergible,
01:41
a mess screen will come into contact
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una pantalla de malla entra en contacte
01:43
with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea.
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amb les criatures de cos tou de l'oceà profund.
01:46
With the sub's lights switched off,
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Amb els llums del submergible apagats,
01:48
it is possible to see their bioluminescence --
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és possible veure la bioluminescència,
01:51
the light produced when they collide with the mesh.
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la llum produïda quan col.lisionen amb la malla.
02:00
This is the first time
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És la primera vegada
02:02
it has ever been recorded.
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que es grava aquest succès.
02:16
Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera
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Edith Widder: Vaig gravar-ho amb una càmera de vídeo intensificada
02:19
that has about the sensitivity
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que té aproximadament la sensitivitat
02:21
of the fully dark-adapted human eye.
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d'un ull humà totalment adaptat a la foscor.
02:23
Which means that really is what you would see
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Per tant, això és el que realment veurieu
02:25
if you took a dive in a submersible.
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si un submergíssiu en un submergible.
02:27
But just to try to prove that fact to you,
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Per a intentar demostrar-vos aquest fet,
02:29
I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton
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he portat una mica de plàncton bioluminescent
02:31
in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt
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en el que és clarament un intent temerari
02:33
at a live demonstration.
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d'una demostració en viu.
02:35
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
02:37
So, if we could have the lights down
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Doncs, si podem abaixar els llums
02:39
and have it as dark in here as possible,
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i estar tan a les fosques com es pugui,
02:42
I have a flask
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tinc un flascó
02:44
that has bioluminescent plankton in it.
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amb plàncton bioluminescent a dintre.
02:47
And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now,
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Us adonareu que ara no produeixen cap llum,
02:50
either because they're dead --
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ja sigui perquè són morts...
02:52
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
02:54
or because I need to stir them up in some way
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o perquè necessito remoure'ls d'alguna manera
02:57
for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
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per a que pogueu veure com és realment la bioluminescència.
03:01
(Gasps)
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(Crit de sorpresa)
03:05
Oops. Sorry.
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Oops. Perdó.
03:07
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
03:16
I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that.
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Passo la majoria de temps treballant en la foscor; hi estic acostumada.
03:19
Okay.
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D'acord.
03:21
So that light
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Aquesta llum
03:23
was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,
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l'ha feta un dinoflagel.lat bioluminescent,
03:26
a single-celled alga.
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una alga unicel.lular.
03:28
So why would a single-celled alga
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I per què una alga unicel.lular
03:30
need to be able to produce light?
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necessita poder produir llum?
03:32
Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators.
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Doncs, l'utilitza per a defensar-se dels depredadors.
03:35
The flash is like a scream for help.
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El flaix és com un crit de socors.
03:37
It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm,
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És el que es coneix com una alarma antirobatori bioluminescent.
03:40
and just like the alarm on your car or your house,
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I igual que l'alarma del vostre cotxe o la vostra casa,
03:43
it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder,
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la seva finalitat és allunyar l'atenció no desitjada d'un intrús,
03:46
thereby either leading to his capture
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i així aconseguir capturar-lo
03:49
or scaring him away.
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o espantar-lo i que marxi.
03:51
There's a lot of animals that use this trick,
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Hi ha molts animals que utilitzen aquest truc,
03:53
for example this black dragonfish.
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per exemple l'astronesthes niger.
03:55
It's got a light organ under its eye.
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Té un òrgan luminescent sota l'ull.
03:57
It's got a chin barbel.
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Té una barbeta.
03:59
It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute.
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Té molts d'altres organs luminescents que no podeu veure, però veureu en un minut.
04:02
So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime,
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Doncs vam haver de perseguir-lo amb el submergible una llarga estona,
04:06
because the top speed of this fish is one knot,
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perquè la velocitat màxima d'aquest peix és d'un nus,
04:09
which was the top speed of the submersible.
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que és la velocitat màxima del submergible.
04:11
But it was worth it,
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Però va valer la pena,
04:13
because we caught it in a special capture device,
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perquè el vam atrapar amb un aparell especial,
04:15
brought it up into the lab on the ship,
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el vam pujar al laboratori del vaixell,
04:17
and then everything on this fish lights up.
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i aleshores tot en aquest peix es va il.luminar.
04:20
It's unbelievable.
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És increïble.
04:22
The light organs under the eyes are flashing.
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Els organs luminescents sota els ulls brillen.
04:24
That chin barbel is flashing.
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La barbeta fa pampallugues.
04:26
It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing,
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Té organs luminescents a la panxa que brillen,
04:28
fin lights.
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llums a l'aleta.
04:30
It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention.
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És un crit de socors; vol cridar l'atenció.
04:33
It's phenomenal.
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És fenomenal.
04:35
And you normally don't get to see this
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Normalment això no ho veiem,
04:37
because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
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perquè quan els pujem amb xarxes ja hem esgotat la seva luminescència.
04:41
There's other ways you can defend yourself with light.
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Hi ha altres maneres de defensar-se amb llum.
04:44
For example, this shrimp
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Per exemple, aquesta gamba
04:46
releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water
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deixar anar els seus químics bioluminescents a l'aigua
04:49
just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud.
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com un calamar o un pop deixaria anar un núvol de tinta.
04:52
This blinds or distracts the predator.
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Això cega o distrau el depredador.
04:55
This little squid is called the fire shooter
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Aquest petit calamar s'anomena "fire shooter" (llença flames)
04:58
because of its ability to do this.
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per la seva habilitat de fer-ho.
05:00
Now it may look like a tasty morsel,
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Pot semblar un mos deliciós,
05:03
or a pig's head with wings --
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o un cap de porc amb ales...
05:05
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
05:08
but if it's attacked,
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però si l'ataquen
05:11
it puts out a barrage of light --
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crea una cortina de llum;
05:14
in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes.
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de fet, una cortina de torpedes de fotons.
05:18
I just barely got the lights out in time
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Vaig apagar els llums just a temps
05:20
for you to be able to see those gobs of light
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per a que ara pogueu veure aquests escopits de llums
05:22
hitting the transect screen
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impactant el plexiglás
05:24
and then just glowing.
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i brillant.
05:26
It's phenomenal.
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És fenomenal.
05:30
So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean --
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Així que hi ha moltíssims animals a l'oceà obert,
05:32
most of them that make light.
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i la majoria fan llum.
05:34
And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why.
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I tenim una bona idea, en la majoria de casos, del perquè.
05:36
They use it for finding food, for attracting mates,
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L'utilitzen per a trobar aliments, per atraure parella,
05:39
for defending against predators.
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per a defensar-se dels depredadors.
05:41
But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean,
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Però quan baixes al fons de l'oceà,
05:43
that's where things get really strange.
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és quan les coses es tornen realment estranyes.
05:46
And some of these animals
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Alguns d'aquests animals
05:48
are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar,"
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són probablement els que van inspirar les criatures d'"Avatar",
05:51
but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them.
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però no s'ha de viatjar a Pandora per a veure'ls.
05:54
They're things like this.
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Són coses com aquesta.
05:56
This is a golden coral, a bush.
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Això és un coral daurat, un arbust.
05:58
It grows very slowly.
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Creix molt lentament.
06:00
In fact, it's thought that some of these
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De fet, es creu que alguns d'aquests
06:02
are as much as 3,000 years old,
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tenen fins a 3.000 anys d'edat,
06:04
which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed.
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una bona raó per la qual s'hauria de prohibir la pesca d'arrossegament.
06:08
The other reason is this amazing bush glows.
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L'altra raó és que aquest arbust maravellós brilla.
06:12
So if you brush up against it,
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Si el fregues,
06:14
any place you brushed against it,
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si en fregues qualsevol part,
06:16
you get this twinkling blue-green light
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en surt aquesta llum blau-verdosa brillant
06:19
that's just breathtaking.
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que et treu l'alè.
06:22
And you see things like this.
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I veus coses com aquesta.
06:24
This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book --
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Sembla tret d'un llibre del Dr. Seuss;
06:26
just all manner of creatures all over this thing.
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hi ha tot tipus de criatures per sobre.
06:30
And these are flytrap anemones.
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Aixó són anemones atrapamosques.
06:33
Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles.
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Si la toques, retrau els seus tentacles.
06:36
But if you keep poking it,
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Però si segueixes tocant-la,
06:38
it starts to produce light.
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comença a produir llum.
06:41
And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy.
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De fet, acaba semblant una galàxia.
06:45
It produces these strings of light,
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Produeix aquestes tires de llum,
06:47
presumably as some form of defense.
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presumiblement com a forma de defensa.
06:50
There are starfish that can make light.
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Aquestes són estrelles de mar que poden fer llum.
06:53
And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light
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I hi ha ofiuroïdeus que produeixen tires de llum
06:56
that dance along their arms.
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que ballen pels seus braços.
06:59
This looks like a plant,
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Això sembla una planta,
07:01
but it's actually an animal.
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però de fet és un animal.
07:03
And it anchors itself in the sand
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S'ancora a la sorra
07:05
by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock.
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inflant un globus al final de la seva soca.
07:08
So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents,
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Així pot mantenir-se a lloc davant les fortes corrents,
07:10
as you see here.
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com podeu veure aquí.
07:12
But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab
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Però si l'agafem molt cuidadosament i la pujem al laboratori
07:15
and just squeeze it at the base of the stock,
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i apretem una mica la base de la soca,
07:18
it produces this light
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produeix aquesta llum
07:20
that propagates from stem to the plume,
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que es propaga des de la tija fins les plomes,
07:22
changing color as it goes,
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canviant de color mentre es mou,
07:25
from green to blue.
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de verd cap a blau.
07:28
Colorization and sound effects
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Colors i efectes sonors
07:30
added for you viewing pleasure.
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afegits per al vostre plaer visual.
07:32
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
07:35
But we have no idea why it does that.
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Però no tenim ni idea de perquè ho fa.
07:37
Here's another one. This is also a sea pen.
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Aquí n'hi ha un altre. Això també és una pennatulàcea.
07:39
It's got a brittle star hitching a ride.
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Té un ofiuroïdeu a sobre.
07:42
It's a green saber of light.
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És un sabre verd de llum.
07:44
And like the one you just saw,
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És com el que acabeu de veure,
07:46
it can produce these as bands of light.
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pot produir tires de llum.
07:48
So if I squeeze the base,
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Si n'apreto una mica la base,
07:50
the bands go from base to tip.
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les tires van des de la base fins la punta.
07:54
If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base.
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Si apreto la punta, van de la punta a la base.
08:00
So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle?
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Que penseu que passa si apretes al mig?
08:04
(Gasps)
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(Crits de sorpresa)
08:07
I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
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Estic molt interessada en sentir les vostres teories sobre de què es tracta.
08:10
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
08:12
So there's a language of light in the deep ocean,
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Així que hi ha un llenguatge de llum a l'oceà profund,
08:14
and we're just beginning to understand it,
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i només estem començant a entendre'l.
08:17
and one way we're going about that
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Una manera com ho intentem
08:19
is we're imitating a lot of these displays.
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és imitant molts d'aquests espectacles.
08:21
This is an optical lure that I've used.
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Aquest és un esquer òptic que hem utilitzat.
08:23
We call it the electronic jellyfish.
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L'anomenem medusa electrònica.
08:25
It's just 16 blue LEDs
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Només són 16 LEDs blaus
08:27
that we can program to do different types of displays.
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que podem programar per a fer diferent tipus de llums.
08:29
And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea
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Ho veiem amb una càmera que vaig inventar anomenada "Ull al mar"
08:32
that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals,
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que utilitza llum infraroja que la majoria d'animals no poden veure,
08:34
so it's unobtrusive.
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així que no és intrusiva.
08:36
So I just want to show you
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Vull mostrar-vos
08:38
some of the responses we've elicited
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algunes de les respostes que hem suscitat
08:40
from animals in the deep sea.
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d'animals de l'oceà profund.
08:42
So the camera's black and white.
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La càmera és en blanc i negre.
08:44
It's not high-resolution.
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No és d'alta resolució.
08:46
And what you're seeing here is a bait box
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El que veieu aquí és una caixa esquer
08:48
with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean --
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amb uns quants... com els escarabats de l'oceà...
08:51
there are isopods all over it.
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plena d'isòpodes.
08:53
And right in the front
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Just al davant
08:55
is the electronic jellyfish.
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hi té la medusa electrònica.
08:57
And when it starts flashing,
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Quan comença a fer llum,
08:59
it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast.
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només ho fa amb un dels LED que fa flaixos molt ràpids.
09:02
But as soon as it starts to flash --
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Però tan aviat com comenci a fer flaixos,
09:04
and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera --
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i ho veureu gran, perquè floreix davant la càmera,
09:06
I want you to look right here.
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vull que mireu aquí.
09:08
There's something small there that responds.
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Hi ha quelcom petit aquí que respon.
09:11
We're talking to something.
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Estem parlant amb alguna cosa.
09:13
It looks like a little of string pearls basically --
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Bàsicament sembla com una tira de perles,
09:17
in fact, three strings of pearls.
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de fet, com tres tires de perles.
09:20
And this was very consistent.
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I va ser molt consistent.
09:22
This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet.
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Això va passar a les Bahames a uns 2.000 peus.
09:24
We basically have a chat room going on here,
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El que tenim és una conversa múltiple,
09:27
because once it gets started, everybody's talking.
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perquè un cop comença, tothom s'hi afegeix.
09:30
And I think this is actually a shrimp
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Crec que de fet es tracta d'una gamba
09:32
that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water.
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que deixa anar químics bioluminescent a l'aigua.
09:35
But the cool thing is, we're talking to it.
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Però el millor és que hi estem parlant.
09:37
We don't know what we're saying.
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No sabem el que diem.
09:40
Personally, I think it's something sexy.
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Personalment, crec que és alguna cosa sexy.
09:42
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
09:44
And then finally,
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I finalment,
09:46
I want to show you some responses that we recorded
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vull mostrar-vos algunes de les respostes que hem obtingut
09:48
with the world's first deep-sea webcam,
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amb la primera webcam de l'oceà profund del món,
09:51
which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year.
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que vam instal.lar al Canyó de Monterrey l'any passat.
09:53
We've only just begun to analyze all of this data.
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Només hem començat a analitzar totes les dades.
09:56
This is going to be a glowing source first,
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Primer serà una font de llum,
09:59
which is like bioluminescent bacteria.
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com una bactèria bioluminescent.
10:01
And it is an optical cue
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És una senyal òptica
10:03
that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.
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que hi ha carronya al fons de l'oceà.
10:06
So this scavenger comes in,
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Així que arriba aquest carronyer,
10:09
which is a giant sixgill shark.
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que és com un tauró de sis brànquies gegant.
10:11
And I can't claim for sure
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I no puc asegurar
10:13
that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there.
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que fos la font òptica que el va atraure, perquè també hi ha l'esquer.
10:16
But if it had been following the odor plume,
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Però si hagués anat seguint el rastre d'olor
10:18
it would have come in from the other direction.
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hauria vingut d'un altre direcció.
10:20
And it does actually seem to be trying
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I de fet sembla que estigui intentant
10:22
to eat the electronic jellyfish.
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menjar-se la medusa electrònica.
10:25
That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.
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Es tracta d'un tauró gegant de més de 3 metres.
10:29
Okay, so this next one is from the webcam,
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D'acord, aquest altre és de la webcam,
10:32
and it's going to be this pinwheel display.
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i hi haurà aquestes llums com molinets.
10:35
And this is a burglar alarm.
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I això és una alarma antirobatori.
10:38
And that was a Humboldt squid,
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Aquí hi havia un calamar gegant del corrent de Humboldt,
10:40
a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long.
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un de jovenet, d'aproximadament un metre de llarg.
10:43
This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon.
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Això és a 3.000 peus de profunditat al Canyó de Monterrey.
10:46
But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly.
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Però si fos una alarma, no esperaries que ataqués a la medusa directament.
10:49
It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish.
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Se suposa que atacaria a allò que està atacant a la medusa.
10:52
But we did see a bunch of responses like this.
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Però vam tenir unes quantes respostes com aquesta.
10:55
This guy is a little more contemplative.
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Aquest és una mica més contemplatiu.
10:58
"Hey, wait a minute.
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"Ei, un moment.
11:00
There's supposed to be something else there."
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Se suposa que hi ha alguna cosa més aquí".
11:02
He's thinking about it.
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S'ho pensa.
11:05
But he's persistent.
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Però és persistent.
11:07
He keeps coming back.
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Segueix tornant.
11:09
And then he goes away for a few seconds
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Després marxa durant uns segons
11:11
to think about it some more,
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per a pensar-hi una mica més,
11:13
and thinks,
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i pensa:
11:15
"Maybe if I come in from a different angle."
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"Potser si m'hi acosto per un altre costat".
11:19
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
11:22
Nope.
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No.
11:24
So we are starting to get a handle on this,
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Així que estem començant a fer-ho bé,
11:27
but only just the beginnings.
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però només és el principi.
11:29
We need more eyes on the process.
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Necessitem més ulls en el procés.
11:31
So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible,
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Així que si algú de vosaltres té l'oportunitat de submergir-se en un submergible,
11:34
by all means, climb in and take the plunge.
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per descomptat, pugeu-hi i fer-hi una capbussada.
11:37
This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list,
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És una cosa que hauria d'estar a la llista de cosas a fer de tothom,
11:40
because we live on an ocean planet.
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perquè vivim es un planeta oceà.
11:44
More than 90 percent, 99 percent,
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Més del 90%, un 99%,
11:46
of the living space on our planet
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de l'espai habitable del planeta
11:49
is ocean.
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és oceà.
11:52
It's a magical place
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És un lloc màgic
11:55
filled with breathtaking light shows
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plè d'espectacles de llum que treuen l'alè
12:03
and bizarre and wondrous creatures,
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i de criatures estranyes i meravelloses,
12:07
alien life forms
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formes de vida estranyes
12:09
that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
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que no cal anar a un altre planeta per veure.
12:12
But if you do take the plunge,
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Però si us hi atreviu,
12:15
please remember to turn out the lights.
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recordeu d'apagar els llums.
12:18
But I warn you,
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Us aviso,
12:21
it's addictive.
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és adictiu.
12:30
Thank you.
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Gràcies.
12:32
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edith Widder - Marine biologistEdith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment.
Why you should listen
A specialist in bioluminescence, Edith Widder helps design and invent new submersible instruments and equipment to study bioluminescence and enable unobtrusive observation of deep-sea environments. Her innovative tools for exploration have produced footage of rare and wonderful bioluminescent displays and never-before-seen denizens of the deep, including, most recently, the first video ever recorded of the giant squid, Architeuthis, in its natural habitat.
In 2005 she founded the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA), which is dedicated to protecting aquatic ecosystems and the species they sustain through the development of innovative technologies and science-based conservation action.; In an effort to protect and revitalize the ocean she loves she has been focusing on developing tools for finding and tracking pollution -- a major threat to all of our water ecosystems and ultimately to human health. She was awarded a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2006.
In 2012, Widder was among the team that filmed the giant squid (Architeuthis) for the first time in its home ocean.
Edith Widder | Speaker | TED.com