ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
Amy O'Toole - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper.

Why you should listen

Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student with a peer-reviewed scientific publication under her belt. She took part in a participative science program led by Beau Lotto , called "i, scientist," which inspired a science experiment by a group of 26 primary school students in Blackawton, Devon, UK. O'Toole was never interested in science before this project, but now intends to study the human mind and body. The project led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," Royal Society's Biology Letters, December 2010). It starts: "Once upon a time ... ."

More profile about the speaker
Amy O'Toole | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Beau Lotto + Amy O'Toole: Science is for everyone, kids included

Beau Lotto + Amy O'Toole:大家的科学,儿童亦然。

Filmed:
1,504,898 views

科学与玩乐有何共通之处?神经学家Beau Lotto认为所有人(包括儿童)都应参与科学,并通过探索发现的过程来改变他们的感知。他的另一位演讲者,12岁的Amy O'Toole,她以及她的其他25位同班同学,经同行评议后发表了第一篇由在校儿童撰写的关于“Blackawton蜜蜂计划”文章。它的开头是,“从前……”
- Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system. Full bio - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:17
Beau花花公子 Lotto乐透: So, this game游戏 is very simple简单.
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Beau Lotto:好的,这个游戏非常简单。
00:19
All you have to do is read what you see. Right?
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你们只要把看到的念出来就好了,好吗?
00:23
So, I'm going to count计数 to you, so we don't all do it together一起.
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好,我接着会倒数,这样我们就可以一起念出来了
00:26
Okay, one, two, three.Audience听众: Can you read this?
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好,一,二,三!观众:你能读出这个吗?
00:29
BLBL: Amazing惊人. What about this one? One, two, three.Audience听众: You are not reading this.
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BL:厉害。那这个呢?一,二,三!
观众:你不在读这个。
00:33
BLBL: All right. One, two, three. (Laughter笑声)
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BL:好吧。一,二,三!(笑声)
00:38
If you were Portuguese葡萄牙语, right? How about this one? One, two, three.
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如果你是个葡萄牙人。对吧?那这个呢?
一,二,三!
00:43
Audience听众: What are you reading?
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观众:你们在读什么?
00:45
BLBL: What are you reading? There are no words there.
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BL:你们在读什么?那儿根本没字。
00:49
I said, read what you're seeing眼看. Right?
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我刚说的是,把你们看到的念出来。对吗?
00:51
It literally按照字面 says, "Wat arAR ouOU reaREA in?" (Laughter笑声) Right?
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它明明写着,“尔门土卖十ム”(笑声)对吗?
00:55
That's what you should have said. Right? Why is this?
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那才是你们本该念出来的。对吧?为什么会这样?
00:59
It's because perception知觉 is grounded接地 in our experience经验.
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这是因为感知基于我们的经验。
01:02
Right? The brain takes meaningless无意义的 information信息
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是吧?大脑从不具意义的信息中提取出意义
01:05
and makes品牌 meaning含义 out of it, which哪一个 means手段 we never see
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也就是说我们从不去看
01:08
what's there, we never see information信息,
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那里到底是什么,我们从不看信息。
01:11
we only ever see what was useful有用 to see in the past过去.
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我们只看到过去曾见过的有用信息。
01:14
All right? Which哪一个 means手段, when it comes to perception知觉,
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懂了吗?也就是说,说到感知这回事儿……
01:17
we're all like this frog青蛙.
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我们跟这只青蛙是一样儿一样儿的。
01:23
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:24
Right? It's getting得到 information信息. It's generating发电 behavior行为
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对吧?它在汲取信息。它在产生行为。
01:28
that's useful有用. (Laughter笑声)
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这就管用。(笑声)
01:32
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:39
(Video视频) Man: Ow! Ow! (Laughter笑声) (Applause掌声)
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(视频)男:嗷!嗷!(笑声)(掌声)
01:45
BLBL: And sometimes有时, when things don't go our way,
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BL:而且有时,当事情不按我们想的那样发展,
01:48
we get a little bit annoyed懊恼, right?
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我们就会不爽,对吗?
01:50
But we're talking about perception知觉 here, right?
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但是我们现在讨论的是感知,对吗?
01:53
And perception知觉 underpins巩固 everything we think, we know,
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并且感知决定了我们的所学所想
01:57
we believe, our hopes希望, our dreams, the clothes衣服 we wear穿,
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决定了我们的信仰,我们的希望,我们的梦想和我们穿的衣裳
02:00
falling落下 in love, everything begins开始 with perception知觉.
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坠入爱河,一切都由感知开始。
02:04
Now if perception知觉 is grounded接地 in our history历史, it means手段
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如果感知基于我们的历史,那就是说
02:07
we're only ever responding响应 according根据 to what we've我们已经 doneDONE before.
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我们只是在对自己之前的所作所为做出反应
02:10
But actually其实, it's a tremendous巨大 problem问题,
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但是实际上,这是个天大的问题,
02:13
because how can we ever see differently不同?
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因为怎样我们才能换种方法去看待问题呢?
02:17
Now, I want to tell you a story故事 about seeing眼看 differently不同,
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现在,我想和你们讲个有关换种方法去看的故事,
02:21
and all new perceptions看法 begin开始 in the same相同 way.
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所有的新感知都以同样的方式开始。
02:25
They begin开始 with a question.
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他们由一个提问开始。
02:28
The problem问题 with questions问题 is they create创建 uncertainty不确定.
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提问的问题在于,他们会产生不确定。
02:31
Now, uncertainty不确定 is a very bad thing. It's evolutionarily进化
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不确定可是个坏东西。它是个会变的坏东西。
02:34
a bad thing. If you're not sure that's a predator捕食者, it's too late晚了.
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你要是吃不准那是不是肉食动物,那就晚了。
02:37
Okay? (Laughter笑声)
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懂了吗?(笑声)
02:39
Even seasickness晕船 is a consequence后果 of uncertainty不确定.
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甚至晕船也是不确定的结果。
02:42
Right? If you go down below下面 on a boat, your inner ears耳朵
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对吗?如果你在船上往下走,
02:44
are you telling告诉 you you're moving移动. Your eyes眼睛, because
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你的内耳会告诉你你在移动。你的眼睛,
02:46
it's moving移动 in register寄存器 with the boat, say I'm standing常设 still.
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因为会随着船一起移动,会说我其实站着没动
02:48
Your brain cannot不能 deal合同 with the uncertainty不确定 of that information信息, and it gets得到 ill生病.
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你的大脑不知如何处理那些信息中的不确定,于是变得难过
02:53
The question "why?" is one of the most dangerous危险 things you can do,
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问题“为什么?”是你所能做的最危险的事之一,
02:57
because it takes you into uncertainty不确定.
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因为它会给你带来不确定。
03:00
And yet然而, the irony讽刺 is, the only way we can ever
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然而讽刺的是,我们能够创新的唯一方法,
03:03
do anything new is to step into that space空间.
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就是踏入那片不确定。
03:06
So how can we ever do anything new? Well fortunately幸好,
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所以我们如何才能创新呢?幸运的是,
03:10
evolution演化 has given特定 us an answer回答, right?
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进化已经给了我们一个答案,对吗?
03:13
And it enables使 us to address地址 even the most difficult
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它使我们能够去解决问题,即使是最难的。
03:17
of questions问题. The best最好 questions问题 are the ones那些 that create创建 the most uncertainty不确定.
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最好的问题往往拥有着最多的不确定。
03:22
They're the ones那些 that question the things we think to be true真正 already已经. Right?
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比如让我们对于曾经深信的真相产生质疑。对吗?
03:25
It's easy简单 to ask questions问题 about how did life begin开始,
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问一个如“生命是如何开始的”问题这很简单,
03:27
or what extends扩展 beyond the universe宇宙, but to question what you think to be true真正 already已经
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或者说”宇宙的外面有什么?“但是去质疑你曾深信的事
03:31
is really stepping步进 into that space空间.
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则会真正踏入那片不确定。
03:34
So what is evolution's进化的 answer回答 to the problem问题 of uncertainty不确定?
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所以进化给出不确定性的答案是什么呢?
03:39
It's play.
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那就是玩乐。
03:40
Now play is not simply只是 a process处理. Experts专家 in play will tell you
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玩不仅仅是一个简单的过程。玩乐的专家会告诉你
03:45
that actually其实 it's a way of being存在.
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这其实是一种存在的方式。
03:47
Play is one of the only human人的 endeavors努力 where uncertainty不确定
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玩乐其实是赞颂不确定性的一种人类活动。
03:50
is actually其实 celebrated著名. Uncertainty不确定 is what makes品牌 play fun开玩笑.
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不确定性让玩乐变得好玩起来。
03:54
Right? It's adaptable适应性强 to change更改. Right? It opens打开 possibility可能性,
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对吗?它会随着变化而改变。对吗?它开启了各种可能。
03:59
and it's cooperative合作社. It's actually其实 how we do our social社会 bonding结合,
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它是合作的。实际上我们的社会也是如此连结的。
04:03
and it's intrinsically本质 motivated动机. What that means手段
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同时它是动机是内在的,也就是说
04:04
is that we play to play. Play is its own拥有 reward奖励.
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我们是为了玩而玩。它自己本身便是一种奖赏。
04:09
Now if you look at these five ways方法 of being存在,
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现在要是你再看看这五种存在方式,
04:13
these are the exact精确 same相同 ways方法 of being存在 you need
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你会发现他们和你成为一名出色科学家
04:16
in order订购 to be a good scientist科学家.
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所需的特质是一样的。
04:18
Science科学 is not defined定义 by the method方法 section部分 of a paper.
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科学并没有一纸定义。
04:21
It's actually其实 a way of being存在, which哪一个 is here, and this is true真正
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它实际上是一种存在方式,它就在这里,
04:24
for anything that is creative创作的.
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也在所有好玩的东西身上。
04:27
So if you add rules规则 to play, you have a game游戏.
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所以如果你给玩乐加上规则,你就得到了游戏。
04:31
That's actually其实 what an experiment实验 is.
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而实验其实就是这样的东西。
04:34
So armed武装 with these two ideas思路,
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那么具备了这两条概念,
04:35
that science科学 is a way of being存在 and experiments实验 are play,
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即,科学是一种存在方式而实验是一种玩乐。
04:40
we asked, can anyone任何人 become成为 a scientist科学家?
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我们问,是不是任何人都能成为一名科学家呢?
04:43
And who better to ask than 25 eight-八- to 10-year-old-岁 children孩子?
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这个问题,去问25名8至10岁的儿童是最好不过了吧?
04:47
Because they're experts专家 in play. So I took my bee蜜蜂 arena竞技场
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因为他们是玩乐的专家。所以我带着我的蜜蜂舞台
04:50
down to a small school学校 in Devon德文, and the aim目标 of this
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去了Devon的一所小学校,而这件事的目的
04:54
was to not just get the kids孩子 to see science科学 differently不同,
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不只是为了让孩子们用一种不同的方法来看待科学
04:58
but, through通过 the process处理 of science科学, to see themselves他们自己 differently不同. Right?
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更是通过这个过程,用不同的方法审视他们自己。对吗?
05:03
The first step was to ask a question.
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第一步,是提出一个问题。
05:06
Now, I should say that we didn't get funding资金 for this study研究
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说实话这个研究我们没拿到任何资金支持
05:09
because the scientists科学家们 said small children孩子 couldn't不能 make
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因为科学家们说这些小鬼头无法对科学做出有用的贡献,
05:12
a useful有用 contribution贡献 to science科学, and the teachers教师 said kids孩子 couldn't不能 do it.
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老师们也说小孩子做不到。
05:17
So we did it anyway无论如何. Right? Of course课程.
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不过不管怎样我们还是做了。对吗?肯定的。
05:20
So, here are some of the questions问题. I put them in small print打印
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好,这里是一些提出的提问。我把他们的字体缩小了
05:23
so you wouldn't不会 bother reading it. Point is that five of the questions问题 that the kids孩子 came来了 up with
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所以你们不用费神去读。关键在于孩子们提出的问题中
05:28
were actually其实 the basis基础 of science科学 publication出版物 the last five to 15 years年份. Right?
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有五个问题事实上是过去5~15年间科学发表的基础。对吗?
05:32
So they were asking questions问题 that were significant重大
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所以他们在问的问题对于专业的科学家来说
05:35
to expert专家 scientists科学家们.
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其实至关重要。
05:37
Now here, I want to share分享 the stage阶段 with someone有人 quite相当 special特别. Right?
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现在,我想与一位有些特别的人共享这舞台。可以吗?
05:41
She was one of the young年轻 people who was involved参与 in this study研究,
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她是参与了那项研究的年轻人之一,
05:44
and she's now one of the youngest最年轻的 published发表 scientists科学家们
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而且目前她是世界上有过刊物发表的最年轻科学家之一。
05:46
in the world世界. Right? She will now, once一旦 she comes onto stage阶段,
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现在,一旦她登上了舞台,
05:50
will be the youngest最年轻的 person to ever speak说话 at TEDTED. Right?
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她就会成为TED最年轻的演讲者了,对吗?
05:54
Now, science科学 and asking questions问题 is about courage勇气.
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科学和提问,是关于勇气的事。
05:56
Now she is the personification拟人 of courage勇气, because she's
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现在,她将成为勇气的化身,因为
06:00
going to stand up here and talk to you all.
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她将站在这,向你们娓娓道来。
06:01
So Amy艾米, would you please come up? (Applause掌声)
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Amy,可以请你上来吗?(掌声)
06:06
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
06:14
So Amy's艾米的 going to help me tell the story故事 of what we call
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接下来Amy将同我一起为大家讲述这个名为
06:16
the BlackawtonBlackawton Bees蜜蜂 Project项目, and first she's going to tell you
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”Blackawton蜜蜂计划“的故事,首先她将告诉大家
06:19
the question that they came来了 up with. So go ahead, Amy艾米.
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他们所想出的问题。接着交给你了,Amy。
06:21
Amy艾米 O'Toole奥图尔: Thank you, Beau花花公子. We thought
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Amy O'Toole:谢谢您,Beau。
06:23
that it was easy简单 to see the link链接 between之间 humans人类 and apes类人猿
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我们曾以为看出人类和猿类的关联是件很简单的事。
06:26
in the way that we think, because we look alike一样.
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我们的思维方式是,因为我们看起来很相像。
06:29
But we wondered想知道 if there's a possible可能 link链接
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但是我们也好奇过有没有可能我们其实
06:32
with other animals动物. It'd它会 be amazing惊人 if humans人类 and bees蜜蜂
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与其他动物也有关联。”人类与蜜蜂有相似点“
06:37
thought similar类似, since以来 they seem似乎 so different不同 from us.
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这个想法是不是有些惊人,因为他们看起来与我们如此不同。
06:41
So we asked if humans人类 and bees蜜蜂 might威力 solve解决
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于是我们问,会不会人类与蜜蜂
06:44
complex复杂 problems问题 in the same相同 way.
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会用相同的方式来解决一个复杂的问题呢?
06:46
Really, we wanted to know if bees蜜蜂 can also adapt适应
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说真的,我们很想知道蜜蜂是否能够
06:50
themselves他们自己 to new situations情况 using运用 previously先前 learned学到了 rules规则
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用过去习得的经验来改变自己,以适应新环境
06:53
and conditions条件. So what if bees蜜蜂 can think like us?
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所以如果蜜蜂能像我们一样思考呢?
06:58
Well, it'd它会 be amazing惊人, since以来 we're talking about an insect昆虫
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好吧,这的确挺惊人的,因为我们在讲的是
07:00
with only one million百万 brain cells细胞.
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一个只有一百万脑细胞的昆虫。
07:03
But it actually其实 makes品牌 a lot of sense they should,
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不过事实上他们应该拥有这样的能力,并极具意义
07:05
because bees蜜蜂, like us, can recognize认识 a good flower
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因为蜜蜂,无论在一天中的什么时候,无论光线,无论天气,
07:08
regardless而不管 of the time of day, the light, the weather天气,
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又或从任意一个角度接触花朵,
07:12
or from any angle角度 they approach途径 it from. (Applause掌声)
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都能像我们一样能够辨别一朵花的好坏。(掌声)
07:17
BLBL: So the next下一个 step was to design设计 an experiment实验,
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BL:所以接下来一步就是设计一个实验,
07:21
which哪一个 is a game游戏. So the kids孩子 went off and they designed设计
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也就是一个游戏。所以孩子们跑去设计了
07:24
this experiment实验, and so -- well, game游戏 -- and so,
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这个实验,也就是——这个游戏,所以,
07:28
Amy艾米, can you tell us what the game游戏 was,
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Amy,你能跟我们讲讲那个游戏吗?
07:29
and the puzzle难题 that you set the bees蜜蜂?
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还有你们给蜜蜂设置了怎样的难题?
07:31
AOAO: The puzzle难题 we came来了 up with was an if-thenIF-THEN rule规则.
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AO:我们想出的难题是个”如果-则“规则。
07:34
We asked the bees蜜蜂 to learn学习 not just to go to a certain某些 color颜色,
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我们要求蜜蜂学会不仅仅是飞向某种特定颜色,
07:38
but to a certain某些 color颜色 flower only
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而是飞向形成了特定图案的
07:41
when it's in a certain某些 pattern模式.
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特定颜色的花朵。
07:42
They were only rewarded奖励 if they went to the yellow黄色 flowers花卉
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只有当黄色花朵被蓝色花朵包围,
07:46
if the yellow黄色 flowers花卉 were surrounded包围 by the blue蓝色,
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又或者蓝色花朵被黄色花朵包围时,
07:49
or if the blue蓝色 flowers花卉 were surrounded包围 by the yellow黄色.
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他们飞向黄色花朵才能获得奖赏。
07:52
Now there's a number of different不同 rules规则 the bees蜜蜂 can learn学习
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现在蜜蜂可以学来解决问题的规律有好几条。
07:55
to solve解决 this puzzle难题. The interesting有趣 question is, which哪一个?
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有趣的问题是,哪一条?
07:58
What was really exciting扣人心弦 about this project项目 was we,
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这个实验最激动人心的地方在于,我们,
08:01
and Beau花花公子, had no idea理念 whether是否 it would work.
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还有Beau,根本不知道这实验会不会奏效。
08:03
It was completely全然 new, and no one had doneDONE it before,
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这是个全新的实验,过去从没人做过,
08:06
including包含 adults成年人. (Laughter笑声)
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包括大人们。(笑声)
08:09
BLBL: Including包含 the teachers教师, and that was really hard for the teachers教师.
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BL:也包括老师们,对于老师们来说那真是太难了。
08:13
It's easy简单 for a scientist科学家 to go in and not have a clue线索 what he's doing,
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对于科学家来说一般进入实验室后就毫无头绪,
08:16
because that's what we do in the lab实验室, but for a teacher老师
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因为我们在实验室就是这么干的,但是对于老师来说
08:18
not to know what's going to happen发生 at the end结束 of the day --
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到一天结束不知将要发生什么——
08:20
so much of the credit信用 goes to Dave戴夫 StrudwickStrudwick, who was
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于是我们把任务交给了Dave Strudwick,
08:22
the collaborator合作者 on this project项目. Okay?
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也就是这个计划的合作者。
08:25
So I'm not going to go through通过 the whole整个 details细节 of the study研究
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好接着我将讲述关于这个研究更多的细节
08:27
because actually其实 you can read about it, but the next下一个 step
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因为实际上你可以读到它,但是下一步
08:30
is observation意见. So here are some of the students学生们
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是观察。这里是一些学生们
08:34
doing the observations意见. They're recording记录 the data数据
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观察时的视频。他们正在记录
08:36
of where the bees蜜蜂 fly.
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蜜蜂往哪飞的数据。
08:41
(Video视频) Dave戴夫 StrudwickStrudwick: So what we're going to do —Student学生: 5C.
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(视频)Dave Strudwick: 所以我们要做的是——
学生:5C
08:43
Dave戴夫 StrudwickStrudwick: Is she still going up here?Student学生: Yeah.
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Dave Strudwick: 她还在往上飞吗?
学生:是啊。
08:47
Dave戴夫 StrudwickStrudwick: So you keep track跟踪 of each.Student学生: Henry亨利, can you help me here?
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Dave Strudwick: 那你们记录每一只的路线。
学生:Henry,你能给我帮下手吗?
08:51
BLBL: "Can you help me, Henry亨利?" What good scientist科学家 says that, right?
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BL:”你能给我帮下手吗,Henry?"牛逼的科学家就是这么说的,对吗?
08:54
Student学生: There's two up there.
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学生:那儿有两只。
08:59
And three in here.
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这儿有三只。
09:02
BLBL: Right? So we've我们已经 got our observations意见. We've我们已经 got our data数据.
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BL:看到了?所以我们得到了我们的观察结果。我们得到了我们的数据。
09:04
They do the simple简单 mathematics数学, averaging平均, etc等等., etc等等.
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他们做了简单的数学运算,平均,等等。
09:08
And now we want to share分享. That's the next下一个 step.
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然后我们想和大家分享结果。这就是下一步。
09:10
So we're going to write this up and try to submit提交 this
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于是我们要把这些写下来并且投稿发表。
09:11
for publication出版物. Right? So we have to write it up.
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对吗?所以我们把它写了下来。
09:14
So we go, of course课程, to the pub酒馆. All right? (Laughter笑声)
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所以我们去了,当然啦,去了夜店。(笑声)
09:19
The one on the left is mine, okay? (Laughter笑声)
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左边的那个杯子是我喝的,看到了?(笑声)
09:21
Now, I tell them, a paper has four different不同 sections部分:
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现在,我告诉他们,一份报告由四部分组成:
09:23
an introduction介绍, a methods方法, a results结果, a discussion讨论.
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引言,方法,结论,讨论。
09:26
The introduction介绍 says, what's the question and why?
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引言就是,问题是什么以及为什么?
09:28
Methods方法, what did you do? Results结果, what was the observation意见?
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方法就是,你们做了什么?结论就是,观察结果是什么?
09:31
And the discussion讨论 is, who cares管它? Right?
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讨论就是,谁关心它?对吗?
09:34
That's a science科学 paper, basically基本上. (Laughter笑声)
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基本上,这就是一份科学报告。(笑声)
09:36
So the kids孩子 give me the words, right? I put it into a narrative叙述,
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所以孩子们给了这些文字,我把他们改成了叙述文,
09:41
which哪一个 means手段 that this paper is written书面 in kidspeakkidspeak.
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也就是说这份报告是用孩子的口吻写的。
09:44
It's not written书面 by me. It's written书面 by Amy艾米
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它不是我写的。是由Amy
09:46
and the other students学生们 in the class. As a consequence后果,
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和班上的其他学生们一起写的。结果,
09:50
this science科学 paper begins开始, "Once一旦 upon a time ... " (Laughter笑声)
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这份科学报告的开头是,“从前……”(笑声)
09:56
The results结果 section部分, it says: "Training训练 phase, the puzzle难题 ... duh duh duuuuuhhhduuuuuhhh." Right? (Laughter笑声)
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结论部分写着“训练阶段,难题……介样介样介样。”对吗?(笑声)
10:01
And the methods方法, it says, "Then we put the bees蜜蜂
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至于方法,是这么写的,“然后我们把蜜蜂
10:03
into the fridge冰箱 (and made制作 bee蜜蜂 pie馅饼)," smiley笑脸 face面对. Right? (Laughter笑声)
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丢进了冰箱(还做了蜜蜂派),“笑脸。(笑声)
10:06
This is a science科学 paper. We're going to try to get it published发表.
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这是一份科学报告。我们要想方设法让它被发表。
10:10
So here's这里的 the title标题 page. We have a number of authors作者 there.
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这是封面。我们有好多位作者。
10:13
All the ones那些 in bold胆大 are eight to 10 years年份 old.
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基本上每位的年龄都介于八至十岁之间。
10:16
The first author作者 is BlackawtonBlackawton Primary School学校, because
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第一位作者是Blackawton小学,因为
10:18
if it were ever referenced引用, it would be "BlackawtonBlackawton et al,"
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如果它被参考了,将会变成”Blackawton等人“
10:21
and not one individual个人. So we submit提交 it to a public上市 access访问 journal日志,
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而不是某一个个人。然后我们将它投给了一份公众期刊,
10:24
and it says this. It said many许多 things, but it said this.
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它说了这个。它说了一大堆,不过最重要的是这个,
10:28
"I'm afraid害怕 the paper fails失败 our initial初始 quality质量 control控制 checks检查 in several一些 different不同 ways方法." (Laughter笑声)
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”我恐怕这份报告在好多方面都无法通过我们的初期质量审查。“(笑声)
10:32
In other words, it starts启动 off "once一旦 upon a time,"
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换句话说,它以”从前“开头
10:34
the figures人物 are in crayon蜡笔, etc等等. (Laughter笑声)
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图是用蜡笔画的,等等。(笑声)
10:37
So we said, we'll get it reviewed回顾. So I sent发送 it to Dale戴尔 Purves帕维斯,
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于是我们说,我们会拿来再修改一下的。于是我把它寄给了Dale Purves,
10:41
who is at the National国民 Academy学院 of Science科学, one of the leading领导 neuroscientists神经学家 in the world世界,
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他是国家科学院的一名世界领先的神经科学家,
10:45
and he says, "This is the most original原版的 science科学 paper I have ever read" — (Laughter笑声) —
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他说,”这是我所看过的最原汁原味的科学报告了“(笑声)
10:48
"and it certainly当然 deserves值得 wide exposure曝光."
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”它值得被更多人看到。“
10:50
Larry拉里 Maloney马洛尼, expert专家 in vision视力, says, "The paper is magnificent华丽的.
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视觉专家Larry Maloney,说”这份报告真是出色过人。
10:54
The work would be publishable发布的 if doneDONE by adults成年人."
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它若是由成人写的话就能被发表了。”
10:58
So what did we do? We send发送 it back to the editor编辑.
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于是我们做了什么呢?我们又把它寄回给了编辑。
11:00
They say no.
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他们还是不给发表。
11:01
So we asked Larry拉里 and Natalie娜塔莉 Hempel亨佩尔 to write
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于是我们请Larry和Natialie Hempel
11:04
a commentary评论 situating情境 the findings发现 for scientists科学家们, right,
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为科学家的发现写一些情境评估
11:08
putting in the references引用, and we submit提交 it to Biology生物学 Letters快报.
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放在参考里,然后我们把这份报告投给了《生物学通讯》,
11:12
And there, it was reviewed回顾 by five independent独立 referees裁判,
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它被五位独立评论员审核了,
11:15
and it was published发表. Okay? (Applause掌声)
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然后被发表了。(掌声)
11:20
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
11:26
It took four months个月 to do the science科学,
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这个科学实验只做了四个月,
11:29
two years年份 to get it published发表. (Laughter笑声)
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但要让它发表却花了两年。(笑声)
11:32
Typical典型 science科学, actually其实, right? So this makes品牌 Amy艾米 and
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真是典型的科学,是不是?所以这也让Amy
11:37
her friends朋友 the youngest最年轻的 published发表 scientists科学家们 in the world世界.
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和她的朋友们成了世界上最年轻的已发表科学家。
11:39
What was the feedback反馈 like?
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那么反响如何呢?
11:41
Well, it was published发表 two days before Christmas圣诞,
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那是在圣诞前两天发表的,
11:44
downloaded下载 30,000 times in the first day, right?
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第一天的下载量就超过三万次,
11:48
It was the Editors'编者 Choice选择 in Science科学, which哪一个 is a top最佳 science科学 magazine杂志.
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它成了科研头牌杂志《科学》的编辑之选。
11:52
It's forever永远 freely自如 accessible无障碍 by Biology生物学 Letters快报.
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《生物学通讯》开放了它的永久免费共享。
11:55
It's the only paper that will ever be freely自如 accessible无障碍 by this journal日志.
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它是这份杂志唯一一份允许免费共享的报告。
11:58
Last year, it was the second-most第二个最 downloaded下载 paper
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去年,它成了《生物学通讯》上下载量第二的报告,
12:01
by Biology生物学 Letters快报, and the feedback反馈 from not just scientists科学家们
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而且不仅仅是科学家们给予了反馈,
12:05
and teachers教师 but the public上市 as well.
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老师和大众也给予了反馈。
12:08
And I'll just read one.
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我来给你们念一个。
12:09
"I have read 'Blackawton“Blackawton Bees'蜜蜂' recently最近. I don't have
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“我最近读了《Blackawton蜜蜂》。
12:12
words to explain说明 exactly究竟 how I am feeling感觉 right now.
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我不知道用什么词句来形容我现在的心情。
12:14
What you guys have doneDONE is real真实, true真正 and amazing惊人.
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你们所做的,实在,真实而又惊人。
12:17
Curiosity好奇心, interest利益, innocence无辜 and zeal热情 are the most basic基本
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好奇心,兴趣,纯真以及热情
12:20
and most important重要 things to do science科学.
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是科学所需最基本也是最重要的品质。
12:22
Who else其他 can have these qualities气质 more than children孩子?
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谁能比儿童拥有更多这些品质呢?
12:24
Please congratulate祝贺 your children's儿童 team球队 from my side."
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请代我恭喜你们的孩子们。”
12:28
So I'd like to conclude得出结论 with a physical物理 metaphor隐喻.
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我想通过一个物理隐喻来总结今天的演讲。
12:31
Can I do it on you? (Laughter笑声)
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我能在您身上做这个实验吗?(笑声)
12:34
Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, come on. Yeah yeah. Okay.
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哦对,就是你,来吧。很好。
12:37
Now, science科学 is about taking服用 risks风险, so this is an incredible难以置信 risk风险, right? (Laughter笑声)
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科学就是冒险,这也是项不可思议的冒险,对吗?(笑声)
12:42
For me, not for him. Right? Because we've我们已经 only doneDONE this once一旦 before. (Laughter笑声)
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对我来说,不是对他。是不是?因为这个实验我们之前只做过一次。(笑声)
12:48
And you like technology技术, right?
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你喜欢科技,是吗?
12:50
Shimon西蒙 SchockenSchocken: Right, but I like myself.
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Shimon Schocken:是的,但是我更喜欢我自己。
12:52
BLBL: This is the epitome缩影 of technology技术. Right. Okay.
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BL:这是个科技的缩影。好了。
12:55
Now ... (Laughter笑声)
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现在……(笑声)
12:59
Okay. (Laughter笑声)
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好了。(笑声)
13:02
Now, we're going to do a little demonstration示范, right?
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我们现在做一些简单的说明,好吗?
13:06
You have to close your eyes眼睛, and you have to point
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你得闭上你的眼睛,然后指出
13:10
where you hear me clapping拍手. All right?
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我拍手的位置。好吗?
13:13
(Clapping拍手)
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(拍手)
13:17
(Clapping拍手)
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(拍手)
13:20
Okay, how about if everyone大家 over there shouts长啸. One, two, three?
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好的,那么如果那儿的大家一起喊呢。一二三?
13:23
Audience听众: (Shouts公开发言)
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观众:(大喊)
13:26
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
13:31
(Shouts公开发言) (Laughter笑声)
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(大喊)(笑声)
13:34
Brilliant辉煌. Now, open打开 your eyes眼睛. We'll do it one more time.
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太棒了。现在请睁开你的眼睛。我们再来做一次。
13:37
Everyone大家 over there shout. (Shouts公开发言)
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那边的观众喊一个。(大喊)
13:40
Where's哪里 the sound声音 coming未来 from? (Laughter笑声) (Applause掌声)
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声音是从哪来的?(笑声)(掌声)
13:46
Thank you very much. (Applause掌声)
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非常感谢。(掌声)
13:50
What's the point? The point is what science科学 does for us.
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所以重点是什么?重点在于,科学为我们做了什么。
13:54
Right? We normally一般 walk步行 through通过 life responding响应,
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对吗?我们只是机械地对于生活做出反应,
13:56
but if we ever want to do anything different不同, we have to
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但当我们真的想做什么与众不同的事,
13:59
step into uncertainty不确定. When he opened打开 his eyes眼睛,
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我们便需踏入那片未知。当他睁开双眼后,
14:01
he was able能够 to see the world世界 in a new way.
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他便能以一种全新的方式来看世界。
14:04
That's what science科学 offers报价 us. It offers报价 the possibility可能性
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而这才是科学给我们带来的。它给我们带来了
14:07
to step on uncertainty不确定 through通过 the process处理 of play, right?
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通过游玩来探索未知的机会,对不对?
14:11
Now, true真正 science科学 education教育 I think should be about
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我认为真正的科学教育,应该是
14:14
giving people a voice语音 and enabling启用 to express表现 that voice语音,
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人皆可言,并且让大家有能力去尽其言,
14:17
so I've asked Amy艾米 to be the last voice语音 in this short story故事.
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因此这个短故事最后的发言权,我决定交给Amy。
14:22
So, Amy艾米?
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那么,Amy?
14:25
AOAO: This project项目 was really exciting扣人心弦 for me,
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AO:这个计划对我来说真的是太刺激了。
14:27
because it brought the process处理 of discovery发现 to life,
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因为它让探索发现的过程走进了我们的日常生活,
14:30
and it showed显示 me that anyone任何人, and I mean anyone任何人,
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并且他告诉了我任何人,我是说随便哪个人,
14:33
has the potential潜在 to discover发现 something new,
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都有潜力去探索发现新事物,
14:36
and that a small question can lead into a big discovery发现.
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一个小小的问题就可能带出一个巨大的发现。
14:40
Changing更改 the way a person thinks about something
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改变一个人对于某事的想法
14:42
can be easy简单 or hard. It all depends依靠 on the way the person
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可能很容易,也可能很难。
14:46
feels感觉 about change更改.
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这取决于那个人对于改变怎么看。
14:48
But changing改变 the way I thought about science科学 was
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但是改变我对于科学的看法
14:50
surprisingly出奇 easy简单. Once一旦 we played发挥 the games游戏
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倒是惊人的简单。我们只是玩了一次游戏
14:52
and then started开始 to think about the puzzle难题,
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然后想了一下如何设置难题,
14:55
I then realized实现 that science科学 isn't just a boring无聊 subject学科,
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于是我意识到了,科学不是一个无聊的学科,
14:59
and that anyone任何人 can discover发现 something new.
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它能让每个人去探索发现新事物。
15:02
You just need an opportunity机会. My opportunity机会 came来了
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你只需要一个机会。而我的机会则是来自于
15:05
in the form形成 of Beau花花公子, and the BlackawtonBlackawton Bee蜜蜂 Project项目.
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Beau和Blackawton蜜蜂计划。
15:08
Thank you.BLBL: Thank you very much. (Applause掌声)
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谢谢大家。BL:非常感谢。(掌声)
15:12
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Kanari Liu
Reviewed by Yuguo Zhang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
Amy O'Toole - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper.

Why you should listen

Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student with a peer-reviewed scientific publication under her belt. She took part in a participative science program led by Beau Lotto , called "i, scientist," which inspired a science experiment by a group of 26 primary school students in Blackawton, Devon, UK. O'Toole was never interested in science before this project, but now intends to study the human mind and body. The project led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," Royal Society's Biology Letters, December 2010). It starts: "Once upon a time ... ."

More profile about the speaker
Amy O'Toole | Speaker | TED.com