ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Romina Libster - Medical researcher
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading.

Why you should listen

Dr. Romina Libster is a staff scientist and assistant investigator at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She received her Doctor of Medicine, with High Honors from the University Of Buenos Aires School Of Medicine in 2004. She then completed her pediatric internship and residency at the “Pedro de Elizalde” Children’s Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 2004-2008. Upon completion of this training she began her Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship at the Fundación INFANT in Buenos Aires under the tutelage of a renowned investigator, Dr. Fernando P. Polack. Shortly after assuming her fellowship position, she began the Master in Clinical Effectiveness Program in Buenos Aires. She conducted a series of complex and innovative studies on respiratory viruses, with a special focus on influenza. Romina was invited by Dr. Kathryn M. Edwards to join the Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program team at Vanderbilt University in 2009 where she is  leading a large clinical trial to determine the safety and immunogenicity of sequential rotavirus vaccine schedules. In 2013, Dr. Libster returned to her home country through a repatriation program from Fundación INFANT where she joined the faculty at the institution.

More profile about the speaker
Romina Libster | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxRiodelaPlata

Romina Libster: The power of herd immunity

萝蜜娜.李布斯特: 群體免疫力的力量

Filmed:
742,420 views

疫苗如何在即使一些人因为太小无法接种疫苗的情况下预防疾病?那是一个叫做「群体免疫」的概念,它仰赖于多数人们打疫苗来破坏传染链。从事健康研究的萝蜜娜.李布斯特叙述群体免疫力如何使得致命的H1N1流感在她的家乡得到控制。
- Medical researcher
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
One of the first patients耐心
I had to see as a pediatrician儿科医师 was Sol索尔,
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我成為小儿科医师後,
第一批病人中有一位病人名字是索尔。
00:17
a beautiful美丽 month-old月龄 baby宝宝
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一个一月大漂亮的婴儿,
00:20
who was admitted承认 with signs迹象
of a severe严重 respiratory呼吸 infection感染.
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她患有严重的呼吸道感染的症状。
00:23
Until直到 then, I had never seen看到
a patient患者 worsen恶化 so fast快速.
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在她之前,我从没看过
病人的病情恶化得这么快。
00:28
In just two days
she was connected连接的 to a respirator呼吸器
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短短两天,她就得戴上呼吸器,
00:31
and on the third第三 day she died死亡.
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然后第三天的时候她就死了。
索尔患的是百日咳。
00:34
Sol索尔 had whooping百日咳 cough咳嗽.
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00:37
After discussing讨论 the case案件 in the room房间
and after a quite相当 distressing令人痛心 catharsis导泻,
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在房间里讨论了这个病例,
并静静宣泄了心中的悲伤之后,
00:42
I remember记得 my chief首席 resident居民 said to me,
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我记得
我们的总住院医师对我说:
00:44
"Okay, take a deep breath呼吸. Wash your face面对.
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「来,深呼吸,把脸洗干净。
现在要做的才是最艰难的,
00:48
And now comes the hardest最难 part部分:
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我们得去告诉她的父母。」
00:51
We have to go talk to her parents父母."
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那个时候,我的心中涌现无数问题,
00:54
At that time, a thousand questions问题
came来了 to mind心神,
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从 「为什么一个才一个月大的婴儿
要遭受如此不幸?」
00:58
from, "How could a one-month-old一个月龄
baby宝宝 be so unfortunate不幸的?"
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01:03
to, "Could we have doneDONE
something about it?"
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到 「还有什么是我们本可以做到的?」
在疫苗出现之前
01:07
Before vaccines疫苗 existed存在,
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每年有成千上万人死于感染性疾病
01:09
many许多 infectious传染病 diseases疾病
killed杀害 millions百万 of people per year.
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1918年的大型流感
01:15
During the 1918 flu流感 pandemic流感大流行
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01:18
50 million百万 people died死亡.
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造成了五千万人死亡
这比阿根廷现在的人口还多
01:21
That's greater更大 than Argentina's阿根廷
current当前 population人口.
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或许,在座年长些的人
01:25
Perhaps也许, the older旧的 ones那些 among其中 you
remember记得 the polio脊髓灰质炎 epidemic疫情
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还记得1956年在阿根廷肆虐的小儿麻痹症
01:29
that occurred发生 in Argentina阿根廷 in 1956.
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当时,没有可以用来
预防小儿麻痹症的疫苗
01:32
At that time, there was no vaccine疫苗
available可得到 against反对 polio脊髓灰质炎.
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人们不知道该怎么办
大家都快急疯了
01:35
People didn't know what to do.
They were going crazy.
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01:38
They would go painting绘画 trees树木
with caustic尖刻 lime青柠.
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他们往树上洒生石灰
01:40
They'd他们会 put little bags包装袋 of camphor
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他们将小袋的樟脑
01:41
in their children's儿童 underwear内衣,
as if that could do something.
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放到孩子的内衣里
好像这么做能有什么帮助似的
那次小儿麻痹症的爆发
造成了成千上万人的死亡
01:46
During the polio脊髓灰质炎 epidemic疫情,
thousands数千 of people died死亡.
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另有数以千计的人虽然活了下来
却落下了严重的神经损伤
01:50
And thousands数千 of people were left
with very significant重大 neurological神经 damage损伤.
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我知道这个事实,
因为我读过相关的书,
01:56
I know this because I read about it,
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01:59
because thanks谢谢 to vaccines疫苗,
my generation was lucky幸运
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因为我们这一代多亏疫苗
而得以不用经历如此可怕的流行病
02:03
to not live生活 through通过 an epidemic疫情
as terrible可怕 as this.
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疫苗是20世纪公共卫生领域的壮举之一
02:05
Vaccines疫苗 are one of the great successes成功
of the 20th century's世纪 public上市 health健康.
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它是继饮用水之后
02:11
After potable饮用水 water,
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02:13
they are the interventions干预措施
that have most reduced减少 mortality死亡,
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能够最大幅度降低死亡率的干预手段
02:16
even more than antibiotics抗生素.
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它的效果甚至超过抗生素
疫苗彻底根除了
像天花那样可怕的疾病
02:19
Vaccines疫苗 eradicated根除 terrible可怕 diseases疾病
such这样 as smallpox天花 from the planet行星
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02:24
and succeeded成功 in significantly显著
reducing减少 mortality死亡
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也成功地大大降低了
其他像麻疹、
百日咳、小儿麻痹等疾病
所导致的死亡率
02:28
due应有 to other diseases疾病 such这样 as measles麻疹,
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02:30
whooping百日咳 cough咳嗽, polio脊髓灰质炎 and many许多 more.
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所有的这些疾病都被认为是
用疫苗可以预防的疾病
02:34
All these diseases疾病 are considered考虑
vaccine-preventable疫苗可预防 diseases疾病.
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02:41
What does this mean?
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这是什么意思呢?
02:43
That they are potentially可能 preventable预防的,
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这表示它们是可以被预防的
但要预防,你必须采取一定的措施
02:46
but in order订购 to be so,
something must必须 be doneDONE.
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那就是接种疫苗
02:49
You need to get vaccinated接种疫苗.
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我猜测即使不是全部的人
今天在座的大部分人
02:52
I imagine想像 that most,
if not all of us here today今天,
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02:55
received收到 a vaccine疫苗
at some point in our life.
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在人生的某个时刻曾经接种过疫苗
现在,我不是很确定多少人知道
03:00
Now, I'm not so sure that many许多 of us know
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03:04
which哪一个 vaccines疫苗 or boosters助推器
we should receive接收 after adolescence青春期.
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成年之后我们应该接种
哪些疫苗或者辅助药剂
你曾想过当我们接种疫苗是为了保护谁吗?
03:10
Have you ever wondered想知道
who we are protecting保护
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03:14
when we vaccinate接种疫苗?
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我们应该在何时接种疫苗?
03:17
What do I mean by that?
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我这么说是什么意思呢?
03:18
Is there any other effect影响
beyond protecting保护 ourselves我们自己?
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接种疫苗除了保护我们自己还有什么其他效果吗?
03:25
Let me show显示 you something.
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让我来展示给你们看
想象一下
03:27
Imagine想像 for a moment时刻
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我们正身处在一个城市里
03:30
that we are in a city
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03:32
that has never had a case案件
of a particular特定 disease疾病,
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而这个城市从未有过某种疾病的病例
03:35
such这样 as the measles麻疹.
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比如说麻疹
这就意味着这城市里从未有人接触过这种疾病
03:37
This would mean that no one in the city
has ever had contact联系 with the disease疾病.
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没有人对这个疾病有天生的抵抗力
或者曾经接种过它的疫苗
03:42
No one has natural自然 defenses防御 against反对,
nor也不 been vaccinated接种疫苗 against反对 measles麻疹.
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如果有一天,一个麻疹患者来到这个城市
03:47
If one day, a person sick生病 with the measles麻疹
appears出现 in this city
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03:53
the disease疾病 won't惯于 find much resistance抵抗性
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这个疾病将不会受到任何阻碍
03:56
and will begin开始 spreading传播
from person to person,
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并在人们之间开始传播
然后很快它就会传遍整个社区
03:59
and in no time it will disseminate传播
throughout始终 the community社区.
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不久后
04:03
After a certain某些 time
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很大一部分的人就会患病
04:05
a big part部分 of the population人口 will be ill生病.
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04:09
This happened发生 when there were no vaccines疫苗.
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这是没有疫苗的情况
04:14
Now, imagine想像 the complete完成 opposite对面 case案件.
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现在,让我们试着想想一个完全相反的情况
04:19
We are in a city
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我们在一个城市
这里百分之九十的居民
04:21
where more than 90 percent百分
of the population人口
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04:24
has defenses防御 against反对
the measles麻疹, which哪一个 means手段
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都对麻疹有免疫力,这也就意味着
04:27
that they either had the disease疾病,
survived幸存, and developed发达 natural自然 defenses防御;
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他们要么曾经得过麻疹并活了下来,
产生了自然的免疫力
04:30
or that they had been
immunized免疫 against反对 measles麻疹.
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要么已经接种过疫苗并对麻疹产生了免疫力
如果有一天
04:35
If one day,
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一个患有麻疹的人来到这里
04:36
a person sick生病 with the measles麻疹
appears出现 in this city,
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这个疾病的传播将遇到更大的阻力,
04:41
the disease疾病 will find much more resistance抵抗性
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04:44
and won't惯于 be transmitted发送
that much from person to person.
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也不会在人和人之间传染得那么快
它的传播很有可能会得到控制
04:48
The spread传播 will probably大概 remain contained
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于是也不会有麻疹疫情爆发
04:52
and a measles麻疹 outbreak暴发 won't惯于 happen发生.
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我希望你能够关注到其中的一些东西
04:57
I would like you
to pay工资 attention注意 to something.
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接种了疫苗的人们
05:00
People who are vaccinated接种疫苗
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不仅仅在保护自己
05:03
are not only protecting保护 themselves他们自己,
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也在阻碍着社区内
05:06
but by blocking闭塞 the dissemination传播
of the disease疾病
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05:09
within the community社区,
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疾病的传播
05:11
they are indirectly间接 protecting保护
the people in this community社区
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他们间接地保护着这个社区里
没有接种过疫苗的人们
05:16
who are not vaccinated接种疫苗.
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他们创造了一种防护盾
05:18
They create创建 a kind of protective保护的 shield屏蔽
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以使他们不与疾病接触
05:21
which哪一个 prevents防止 them from
coming未来 in contact联系 with the disease疾病,
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从而让这些人得到保护
05:24
so that these people are protected保护.
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这种通过接种人群
05:28
This indirect间接 protection保护
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来达到保护未接种人群目的
的间接保护措施
05:31
that the unvaccinated接种疫苗 people
within a community社区 receive接收
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叫做群体免疫
05:35
simply只是 by being存在 surrounded包围
by vaccinated接种疫苗 people,
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05:39
is called herd放牧 immunity免疫.
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社区中的很多人
05:45
Many许多 people in the community社区
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05:47
depend依靠 almost几乎 exclusively
on this herd放牧 immunity免疫
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几乎完全依靠这种群体免疫
05:51
to be protected保护 against反对 disease疾病.
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来预防疾病
05:54
The unvaccinated接种疫苗 people you see
in infographics信息图表 are not just hypothetical假想.
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你在图里看见到的没有接种过的人们
并非单纯的假想
那些人可能是我们的侄女、侄子、
我们的孩子
05:59
Those people are our nieces侄女
and nephews侄子, our children孩子,
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他们可能因为太小
还未接种过疫苗
06:02
who may可能 be too young年轻
to receive接收 their first shots镜头.
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另外一些人可能是我们的父母、
我们的兄弟姐妹、
06:07
They are our parents父母, our siblings兄弟姐妹,
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06:09
our acquaintances熟人,
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我们的熟识的人
06:10
who may可能 have a disease疾病,
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他们可能带有疾病
06:12
or take medication药物治疗
that lowers降低 their defenses防御.
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或正在服用会降低他们防御力的药物
也有一些人会对特定的疫苗过敏
06:18
There are also people who are
allergic过敏的 to a particular特定 vaccine疫苗.
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他们甚至可能就在我们身边
06:23
They could even be among其中 us,
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06:25
any of us who got vaccinated接种疫苗,
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那些接种过疫苗
06:27
but the vaccine疫苗 didn't produce生产
the expected预期 effect影响,
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但没有产生预期的效果的人,
06:31
because not all vaccines疫苗
are always 100 percent百分 effective有效.
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因为疫苗并不是百分之百有效的
所有这些人
几乎完全依靠群体免疫
06:35
All these people depend依靠
almost几乎 exclusively on herd放牧 immunity免疫
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06:40
to be protected保护 against反对 diseases疾病.
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来预防各种的疾病
要实现群体免疫,
06:44
To achieve实现 this effect影响 of herd放牧 immunity免疫,
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06:49
it is necessary必要 that a large percentage百分比
of the population人口 be vaccinated接种疫苗.
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就需要群体中大部分人接种疫苗
这个百分比被称作阈值
06:54
This percentage百分比 is called the threshold.
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这个阈值取决于很多变量
06:57
The threshold depends依靠 on many许多 variables变量:
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它取决于微生物的特性
07:01
It depends依靠 on the germ's细菌的 characteristics特点,
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以及那些疫苗引起的微生物免疫反应的特性
07:03
and those of the immune免疫的 response响应
that the vaccine疫苗 generates生成.
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但是它们都有共同点
07:08
But they all have something in common共同.
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如果社区里接种过疫苗的人口百分比
07:10
If the percentage百分比 of the population人口
in a vaccinated接种疫苗 community社区
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07:15
is below下面 this threshold number,
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低于这个阈值的数字
07:19
the disease疾病 will begin开始
to spread传播 more freely自如
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那么这个疾病就会很容易传播
07:23
and may可能 generate生成 an outbreak暴发
of this disease疾病 within the community社区.
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且这个社区可能会爆发这种疾病
07:27
Even diseases疾病 which哪一个 were
at some point controlled受控 may可能 reappear再现.
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即使是那些一度被控制下来的疾病,
也有可能再次爆发
07:36
This is not just a theory理论.
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这不仅仅是一个理论
07:38
This has happened发生,
and is still happening事件.
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这样的事情曾发生过
且还在继续发生
在1998年,一位英国研究人员
07:43
In 1998, a British英国的 researcher研究员
published发表 an article文章
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07:47
in one of the most important重要
medical journals期刊,
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在一本很有影响力的医学杂志上
发表了一篇文章
07:50
saying that the MMRMMR vaccine疫苗,
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他说,用来预防
07:53
which哪一个 is given特定 for measles麻疹,
mumps腮腺炎 and rubella风疹,
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麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹的MMR混合疫苗
可能会引发自闭症
07:55
was associated相关 with autism自闭症.
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这篇文章立即引起了反响
07:57
This generated产生 an immediate即时 impact碰撞.
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人们开始不再接种疫苗
也不再让他们的孩子接种疫苗
08:01
People began开始 to stop getting得到 vaccinated接种疫苗,
and stopped停止 vaccinating接种疫苗 their children孩子.
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08:05
And what happened发生?
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接下来发生了什么呢?
08:07
The number of people vaccinated接种疫苗,
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世界上很多社区里
08:09
in many许多 communities社区 around the world世界,
fell下跌 below下面 this threshold.
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接种过疫苗的人数降至这个阈值之下
08:13
And there were outbreaks爆发 of measles麻疹
in many许多 cities城市 in the world世界 --
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接着麻疹在世界上很多城市爆发--
08:17
in the U.S., in Europe欧洲.
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包挂美国以及欧洲的城市
08:19
Many许多 people got sick生病.
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很多人都生病了
08:22
People died死亡 of measles麻疹.
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许多人死于麻疹
08:25
What happened发生?
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为什么会这样呢?
08:27
This article文章 also generated产生 a huge巨大 stir搅拌
within the medical community社区.
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这篇文章也在医学界引起了巨大的骚动
很多研究员开始评测文章观点的真实性
08:32
Dozens许多 of researchers研究人员 began开始 to assess评估
if this was actually其实 true真正.
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不仅没有人找到
08:37
Not only could no one find
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MMR和自闭症之间的因果联系
08:40
a causal因果 association协会 between之间 MMRMMR
and autism自闭症 at the population人口 level水平,
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08:45
but it was also found发现 that this article文章
had incorrect不正确 claims索赔.
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且人们发现这篇文章的主张并不正确,
甚至可以说,它是有欺诈性的
08:50
Even more, it was fraudulent骗人的.
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它是虚假的
08:54
It was fraudulent骗人的.
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事实上,这本杂志于2010年
公开地撤回了这篇文章
08:57
In fact事实, the journal日志 publicly公然 retracted缩回
the article文章 in 2010.
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导致人们不愿接种疫苗最大的顾虑和借口之一就是
09:04
One of the main主要 concerns关注 and excuses借口
for not getting得到 vaccinated接种疫苗
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疫苗的副作用
09:08
are the adverse不利的 effects效果.
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疫苗和其他药品一样都可能有副作用
09:11
Vaccines疫苗, like other drugs毒品,
can have potential潜在 adverse不利的 effects效果.
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多数的副作用轻微而短暂
09:17
Most are mild温和 and temporary临时.
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但是疫苗的好处远远大于潜在的副作用
09:20
But the benefits好处 are always greater更大
than possible可能 complications并发症.
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09:27
When we are ill生病,
we want to heal愈合 fast快速.
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我们生病时,我们都希望迅速恢复
在座的大多数
09:32
Many许多 of us who are here
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09:34
take antibiotics抗生素
when we have an infection感染,
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在受到细菌感染时会服用抗生素
在患有高血压时服用抗高血压药
09:38
we take anti-hypertensives抗高血压
when we have high blood血液 pressure压力,
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我们服用心脏药物
09:41
we take cardiac心脏的 medications药物治疗.
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为什么?因为我们生病时,
我们都想要快点恢复健康
09:43
Why? Because we are sick生病
and we want to heal愈合 fast快速.
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我们不会对其提出很大质疑
09:46
And we don't question it much.
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09:48
Why is it so difficult
to think of preventing防止 diseases疾病,
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为什么想到预防会如此困难?
为什么不在患病前好好照顾自己、预防疾病?
09:53
by taking服用 care关心 of ourselves我们自己
when we are healthy健康?
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09:57
We take care关心 of ourselves我们自己 a lot
when affected受影响 by an illness疾病,
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我们在生病时或生命垂危时
10:00
or in situations情况 of imminent即将来临 danger危险.
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很会照顾自己
我想在座的大多数人
10:04
I imagine想像 most of us here,
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10:06
remember记得 the influenza-A流感-A pandemic流感大流行
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都还记得2009年在阿根廷以至全世界
爆发的大型流感疫情
10:10
which哪一个 broke打破 out in 2009
in Argentina阿根廷 and worldwide全世界.
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10:14
When the first cases
began开始 to come to light,
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首名患者被确诊的时候,
我们的阿根廷正步入冬季
10:17
we, here in Argentina阿根廷,
were entering进入 the winter冬季 season季节.
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我们对此流感一无所知
10:21
We knew知道 absolutely绝对 nothing.
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10:24
Everything was a mess食堂.
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一切都非常混乱
10:25
People wore穿着 masks面具 on the street,
ran into pharmacies药店 to buy购买 alcohol gel凝胶.
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大家在街上都戴口罩,
跑去药房买酒精凝胶
10:30
People would line线 up
in pharmacies药店 to get a vaccine疫苗,
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大家去药房排队打疫苗
10:34
without even knowing会心
if it was the right vaccine疫苗
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他们甚至都不知道这个疫苗
10:36
that would protect保护 them
against反对 this new virus病毒.
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能否对抗这个新的病毒
我们实在是一无所知
10:39
We knew知道 absolutely绝对 nothing.
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那时,我除了在婴儿基金会服务
10:41
At that time, in addition加成 to doing
my fellowship奖学金 at the Infant婴儿 Foundation基础,
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还在一家预付药品公司
从事家庭小儿科医师
10:46
I worked工作 as a home pediatrician儿科医师
for a prepaid充值 medicine医学 company公司.
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我记得我在早上八点开始轮班
10:51
I remember记得 that I started开始
my shift转移 at 8 a.m.,
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10:54
and by 8, I already已经 had a list名单
of 50 scheduled计划 visits访问.
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每八点就已有50人预约看病
那时真是混乱,人们不知如何是好
10:59
It was chaos混沌;
people didn't know what to do.
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我记得我所检查的一些病人的样子
11:02
I remember记得 the types类型 of patients耐心
that I was examining检查.
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11:07
The patients耐心 were a little older旧的 than
what we were used to seeing眼看 in winter冬季,
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那些病人比我一般在冬天看的病人
年纪大一点
他们发烧也持续更久
11:12
with longer fevers发烧.
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我向我的导师提起时
11:14
And I mentioned提到 that
to my fellowship奖学金 mentor导师,
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11:18
and he, for his part部分, had heard听说
the same相同 from a colleague同事,
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他说他从其他同事那里,
也听到过同样的情况:
11:21
about the large number
of pregnant women妇女
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许多的怀孕妇女
11:24
and young年轻 adults成年人
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和年轻人
住进了加护病房
11:26
being存在 hospitalized住院 in intensive集约 care关心,
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11:28
with hard-to-manage难以管理 clinical临床 profiles型材.
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病情十分棘手
那时,我们想要了解到底怎么一回事
11:32
At that time, we set out to understand理解
what was happening事件.
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11:39
First thing Monday星期一 morning早上,
we took the car汽车
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我们首先做的就是在周一早晨开车去
11:42
and went to a hospital醫院
in Buenos布宜诺斯艾利斯 Aires布宜诺斯艾利斯 Province,
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布宜諾斯艾利斯省的一个医院
所有患上新型流感的病人都被送到那里
11:45
that served提供服务 as a referral转诊 hospital醫院
for cases of the new influenza流感 virus病毒.
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我们到达了那个医院;
医院非常拥挤
11:51
We arrived到达 at the hospital醫院;
it was crowded.
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所有医护人员都穿着如太空人的
生物安全服
11:53
All health健康 staff员工 were dressed连衣裙的
in NASA-likeNASA样 bio-safety生物安全 suits西装.
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11:57
We all had face面对 masks面具 in our pockets口袋.
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我们口袋里都有口罩
我因为过分担心自己的健康,
几乎两个小时都不敢呼吸
11:59
I, being存在 a hypochondriac忧郁症,
didn't breathe呼吸 for two hours小时.
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我们可以看到到底发生了什么
12:02
But we could see what was happening事件.
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我们马上联络了
12:05
Immediately立即, we started开始
reaching到达 out to pediatricians儿科医生
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市区内以及布宜諾斯艾利斯省
六个医院的儿科医生
12:09
from six hospitals医院 in the city
and in Buenos布宜诺斯艾利斯 Aires布宜诺斯艾利斯 Province.
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我们的主要目标是
12:13
Our main主要 goal目标 was to find out
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在最短的时间内找到
12:16
how this new virus病毒 behaved
in contact联系 with our children孩子,
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12:20
in the shortest最短 time possible可能.
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这个新病毒在小孩身上的反应
12:23
A marathon马拉松 work.
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那是一次同病毒抗争的马拉松
12:26
In less than three months个月,
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不到三个月,
12:29
we could see what effect影响
this new H1N1 virus病毒 had
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我们看到了这个新H1N1病毒
12:35
on the 251 children孩子
hospitalized住院 by this virus病毒.
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在251例患病住院的小孩身上的表现
12:41
We could see which哪一个 children孩子
got more seriously认真地 ill生病:
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我们可以看出哪些孩子的患病程度会更加严重
12:45
children孩子 under four, especially特别 those
less than one year old;
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这其中包括四岁以下的小孩,
尤其是一岁以下的小孩
12:49
patients耐心 with neurological神经 diseases疾病;
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还有患有神经系统疾病的小孩
12:51
and young年轻 children孩子
with chronic慢性 pulmonary肺的 diseases疾病.
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以及有慢性肺部疾病的小孩
找出这些高危险群是十分重要的,
12:55
Identifying确定 these at-risk有一定风险 groups
was important重要
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13:00
to include包括 them as priority优先 groups
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因为这样的话
13:02
in the recommendations建议
for getting得到 the influenza流感 vaccine疫苗,
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我们就可以将他们纳入优先接种的人群
13:05
not only here in Argentina阿根廷,
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不仅仅是在阿根廷
13:07
but also in other countries国家
which哪一个 the pandemic流感大流行 not yet然而 reached到达.
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更是在其他这个流感尚未侵袭的国家
一年后
13:12
A year later后来,
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13:14
when a vaccine疫苗 against反对 the pandemic流感大流行
H1N1 virus病毒 became成为 available可得到,
217
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当有了对抗H1N1流感疫苗
13:19
we wanted to see what happened发生.
218
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我们想知道情况如何
在进行了针对高风险人群的
13:22
After a huge巨大 vaccination疫苗接种 campaign运动
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大型接种运动之后
13:25
aimed针对 at protecting保护 at-risk有一定风险 groups,
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13:30
these hospitals医院, with 93 percent百分
of the at-risk有一定风险 groups vaccinated接种疫苗,
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那些有93%的高风险群接种率的医院
13:37
had not hospitalized住院 a single patient患者
222
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再没接到过一例
13:40
for the pandemic流感大流行 H1N1 virus病毒.
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H1N1 流感患者
13:43
(Applause掌声)
224
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(掌声)
13:47
In 2009: 251.
225
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从2009年的251例
13:53
In 2010: zero.
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到2010年的0例,
13:56
Vaccination疫苗接种 is an act法案
of individual个人 responsibility责任,
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接种疫苗虽然是为自己负责的行为
14:01
but it has a huge巨大 collective集体 impact碰撞.
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但是对群体却有巨大的影响
如果我打了疫苗,
我不仅保护了我自己
14:06
If I get vaccinated接种疫苗,
not only am I protecting保护 myself,
229
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14:11
but I am also protecting保护 others其他.
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还保护了其他人
14:15
Sol索尔 had whooping百日咳 cough咳嗽.
231
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索尔患上了百日咳
14:19
Sol索尔 was very young年轻,
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她还太小
14:21
and she hadn't有没有 yet然而 received收到
her first vaccine疫苗 against反对 whooping百日咳 cough咳嗽.
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以至于她还没有接种百日咳的疫苗
我还是常想
14:27
I still wonder奇迹 what would have happened发生
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如果索尔旁边的人都打了疫苗,
她会如何呢?
14:30
if everyone大家 around Sol索尔
had been vaccinated接种疫苗.
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14:37
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Hans Chen
Reviewed by wanqing jiang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Romina Libster - Medical researcher
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading.

Why you should listen

Dr. Romina Libster is a staff scientist and assistant investigator at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She received her Doctor of Medicine, with High Honors from the University Of Buenos Aires School Of Medicine in 2004. She then completed her pediatric internship and residency at the “Pedro de Elizalde” Children’s Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 2004-2008. Upon completion of this training she began her Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship at the Fundación INFANT in Buenos Aires under the tutelage of a renowned investigator, Dr. Fernando P. Polack. Shortly after assuming her fellowship position, she began the Master in Clinical Effectiveness Program in Buenos Aires. She conducted a series of complex and innovative studies on respiratory viruses, with a special focus on influenza. Romina was invited by Dr. Kathryn M. Edwards to join the Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program team at Vanderbilt University in 2009 where she is  leading a large clinical trial to determine the safety and immunogenicity of sequential rotavirus vaccine schedules. In 2013, Dr. Libster returned to her home country through a repatriation program from Fundación INFANT where she joined the faculty at the institution.

More profile about the speaker
Romina Libster | Speaker | TED.com