TED2019
Claire Wardle: How you can help transform the internet into a place of trust
克莱尔·沃德尔: 如何协助将互联网转变为信任之地？
Filmed:
Readability: 4.8
1,319,606 views
在维护以言论自由为核心的互联网的同时，我们如何阻止误导信息，甚至是危险的内容的传播？错误信息专家克莱尔·沃德尔（Claire Wardle）探索了我们受污染的互联网在线环境所面临的新挑战，并制定了一项计划，将互联网转变为充满信任的场所——在日常用户的帮助下。 她说：“让我们一起，重建我们的信息共享。”
Claire Wardle - Misinformation expert
Claire Wardle is an expert on user-generated content and verification working to help improve the quality of information online. Full bio
Claire Wardle is an expert on user-generated content and verification working to help improve the quality of information online. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
No matter who you are or where you live,
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无论你是谁或者住在哪，
00:16
I'm guessing that you have
at least one relative
at least one relative
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我猜你们身边至少有一位
00:18
that likes to forward those emails.
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喜欢转发那些电子邮件的亲戚。
00:21
You know the ones I'm talking about --
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你们知道我说的那些邮件
是带有可疑声明
或阴谋论录像的邮件。
或阴谋论录像的邮件。
00:23
the ones with dubious claims
or conspiracy videos.
or conspiracy videos.
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00:26
And you've probably
already muted them on Facebook
already muted them on Facebook
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而且你们可能已经在
Facebook 上屏蔽了他们，
Facebook 上屏蔽了他们，
00:29
for sharing social posts like this one.
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不想收到这种信息，像这个。
00:31
It's an image of a banana
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这是一张香蕉的图片，
00:32
with a strange red cross
running through the center.
running through the center.
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香蕉中间有一个奇怪的红色十字。
00:35
And the text around it is warning people
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旁边的文字在警告人们
00:37
not to eat fruits that look like this,
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不要吃这样的水果，
00:39
suggesting they've been
injected with blood
injected with blood
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指出了它们已经被注射了
00:41
contaminated with the HIV virus.
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被 HIV 病毒污染的血液。
00:44
And the social share message
above it simply says,
above it simply says,
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而且它上面的分享消息写着：
00:46
"Please forward to save lives."
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“为了拯救生命，请转发。”
00:49
Now, fact-checkers have been debunking
this one for years,
this one for years,
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事实审查员多年来
一直在揭露这一说法的真相，
一直在揭露这一说法的真相，
00:52
but it's one of those rumors
that just won't die.
that just won't die.
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但这只是那些
永远不会消失的传闻之一。
永远不会消失的传闻之一。
00:55
A zombie rumor.
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一个僵尸谣言。
00:57
And, of course, it's entirely false.
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当然它是完全虚假的。
01:00
It might be tempting to laugh
at an example like this, to say,
at an example like this, to say,
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去嘲笑这样一个例子可能很诱人，
大家会说：
“反正，谁会相信这个呢？”
“反正，谁会相信这个呢？”
01:03
"Well, who would believe this, anyway?"
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01:05
But the reason it's a zombie rumor
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但说这是僵尸谣言的原因是
01:07
is because it taps into people's
deepest fears about their own safety
deepest fears about their own safety
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它利用了关于人们对自身安全
和他们所爱之人的
和他们所爱之人的
01:10
and that of the people they love.
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最深层次的恐惧。
01:13
And if you spend as enough time
as I have looking at misinformation,
as I have looking at misinformation,
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而且如果你们花费和我一样多
的时间来看这个误传，
的时间来看这个误传，
01:17
you know that this is just
one example of many
one example of many
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你们会知道这只是众多
01:19
that taps into people's deepest
fears and vulnerabilities.
fears and vulnerabilities.
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利用人们最深层的
恐惧和脆弱的例子之一。
恐惧和脆弱的例子之一。
01:23
Every day, across the world,
we see scores of new memes on Instagram
we see scores of new memes on Instagram
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每一天，在世界范围内，
我们都能看到 Instagram 上出现的
我们都能看到 Instagram 上出现的
01:27
encouraging parents
not to vaccinate their children.
not to vaccinate their children.
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大量新表情包在鼓励父母
不要给孩子接种疫苗。
不要给孩子接种疫苗。
01:30
We see new videos on YouTube
explaining that climate change is a hoax.
explaining that climate change is a hoax.
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我们看到 YoutTube 上的新视频
在解释说气候变化问题是个骗局。
在解释说气候变化问题是个骗局。
01:35
And across all platforms, we see
endless posts designed to demonize others
endless posts designed to demonize others
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在所有平台上，我们看见了
因为种族、宗教或性取向的不同，
因为种族、宗教或性取向的不同，
01:39
on the basis of their race,
religion or sexuality.
religion or sexuality.
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而妖魔化他人的无穷无尽的帖子。
01:44
Welcome to one of the central
challenges of our time.
challenges of our time.
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欢迎来到我们这个时代
的主要挑战之一。
的主要挑战之一。
01:47
How can we maintain an internet
with freedom of expression at the core,
with freedom of expression at the core,
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我们如何在维护互联网
言论自由核心的同时，
言论自由核心的同时，
01:51
while also ensuring that the content
that's being disseminated
that's being disseminated
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也能确保正在传播的内容
01:55
doesn't cause irreparable harms
to our democracies, our communities
to our democracies, our communities
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不会对我们的民主、我们的社区
和我们的身心健康
和我们的身心健康
01:58
and to our physical and mental well-being?
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造成不可弥补的伤害？
02:01
Because we live in the information age,
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因为我们生活在信息时代，
02:04
yet the central currency
upon which we all depend -- information --
upon which we all depend -- information --
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但是我们所有人都依赖的
中央货币——信息——
中央货币——信息——
不再完全值得信赖，
02:07
is no longer deemed entirely trustworthy
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02:10
and, at times, can appear
downright dangerous.
downright dangerous.
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而且有时会显得非常危险。
02:12
This is thanks in part to the runaway
growth of social sharing platforms
growth of social sharing platforms
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这部分“归功”于
社交共享媒体的迅猛发展，
社交共享媒体的迅猛发展，
02:16
that allow us to scroll through,
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让我们可以在谎言和真相
02:18
where lies and facts sit side by side,
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并存的世界里滑屏浏览，
02:20
but with none of the traditional
signals of trustworthiness.
signals of trustworthiness.
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但是没有任何
传统的可信赖的信号。
传统的可信赖的信号。
02:24
And goodness -- our language around this
is horribly muddled.
is horribly muddled.
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天啊——我们关于这方面
的语言极其混乱。
的语言极其混乱。
02:27
People are still obsessed
with the phrase "fake news,"
with the phrase "fake news,"
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人们仍然沉迷于“假新闻”这一短语，
02:31
despite the fact that
it's extraordinarily unhelpful
it's extraordinarily unhelpful
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尽管事实是，该短语毫无帮助，
02:33
and used to describe a number of things
that are actually very different:
that are actually very different:
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并且被用来描述一系列实际上
非常不同的东西：
非常不同的东西：
谎言、谣言、恶作剧、
阴谋、宣传鼓吹……
阴谋、宣传鼓吹……
02:37
lies, rumors, hoaxes,
conspiracies, propaganda.
conspiracies, propaganda.
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02:40
And I really wish
we could stop using a phrase
we could stop using a phrase
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我非常希望我们可以停止使用
02:43
that's been co-opted by politicians
right around the world,
right around the world,
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这一世界各地的政治家
共同选择的一个短语，
共同选择的一个短语，
02:46
from the left and the right,
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从左派到右派，
02:48
used as a weapon to attack
a free and independent press.
a free and independent press.
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停止将它作为武器来攻击
自由和独立的新闻媒体。
自由和独立的新闻媒体。
02:52
(Applause)
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（掌声）
02:57
Because we need our professional
news media now more than ever.
news media now more than ever.
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因为我们比以往任何时候
都更需要我们的专业新闻媒体。
都更需要我们的专业新闻媒体。
03:00
And besides, most of this content
doesn't even masquerade as news.
doesn't even masquerade as news.
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而且除此之外，大多数内容
甚至都没有被伪装成新闻，
甚至都没有被伪装成新闻，
03:04
It's memes, videos, social posts.
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而是以表情包、视频、
社交帖子的形式存在。
社交帖子的形式存在。
03:06
And most of it is not fake;
it's misleading.
it's misleading.
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而且大部分内容
不是假的，而是误导。
不是假的，而是误导。
我们倾向于专注在真假上。
03:10
We tend to fixate on what's true or false.
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03:13
But the biggest concern is actually
the weaponization of context.
the weaponization of context.
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但是最大的担忧实际上是
语境的武器化。
语境的武器化。
03:18
Because the most effective disinformation
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因为最有效的虚假信息
03:20
has always been that
which has a kernel of truth to it.
which has a kernel of truth to it.
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一直是具有真实内核的那些。
03:23
Let's take this example
from London, from March 2017,
from London, from March 2017,
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举一个 2017 年 3 月伦敦的例子，
03:27
a tweet that circulated widely
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在威斯敏斯特桥
03:28
in the aftermath of a terrorist incident
on Westminster Bridge.
on Westminster Bridge.
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恐怖袭击事件发生后
的一个广为流传的推文。
的一个广为流传的推文。
03:32
This is a genuine image, not fake.
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这是个真实的图片，不是假的。
03:35
The woman who appears in the photograph
was interviewed afterwards,
was interviewed afterwards,
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照片里的女子在事后接受了采访，
她解释到
她精神上完全受到了打击。
她精神上完全受到了打击。
03:38
and she explained that
she was utterly traumatized.
she was utterly traumatized.
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03:40
She was on the phone to a loved one,
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事件发生当时
她和爱人在打电话，
她和爱人在打电话，
03:42
and she wasn't looking
at the victim out of respect.
at the victim out of respect.
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出于尊重，
她没有看向身旁的受害者。
她没有看向身旁的受害者。
03:45
But it still was circulated widely
with this Islamophobic framing,
with this Islamophobic framing,
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但是它仍然以
伊斯兰恐惧症为主题广为流传，
伊斯兰恐惧症为主题广为流传，
03:49
with multiple hashtags,
including: #BanIslam.
including: #BanIslam.
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并带有多个主题标签，
包括：#BanIslam（禁止伊斯兰人）。
包括：#BanIslam（禁止伊斯兰人）。
03:52
Now, if you worked at Twitter,
what would you do?
what would you do?
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如果你在推特工作，
你会怎么做？
你会怎么做？
03:54
Would you take that down,
or would you leave it up?
or would you leave it up?
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你会把它撤下平台，
还是让它留在那？
还是让它留在那？
03:58
My gut reaction, my emotional reaction,
is to take this down.
is to take this down.
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我的直觉和情感反应
是把它撤下来。
是把它撤下来。
04:02
I hate the framing of this image.
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我讨厌对这个图片的“包装”。
04:04
But freedom of expression
is a human right,
is a human right,
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但是言论自由是人类的权力，
04:06
and if we start taking down speech
that makes us feel uncomfortable,
that makes us feel uncomfortable,
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如果我们开始
把让我们感到不舒服的言论撤下，
把让我们感到不舒服的言论撤下，
04:10
we're in trouble.
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我们就有麻烦了。
04:11
And this might look like a clear-cut case,
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而且这个可能看起来是
一个清晰明了的案例，
一个清晰明了的案例，
04:13
but, actually, most speech isn't.
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但实际上，大多数言论不是。
04:15
These lines are incredibly
difficult to draw.
difficult to draw.
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这些边界很难描绘。
04:18
What's a well-meaning
decision by one person
decision by one person
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一个人的善意决定
04:20
is outright censorship to the next.
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是对下一个人的公然审查。
04:22
What we now know is that
this account, Texas Lone Star,
this account, Texas Lone Star,
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现在我们知道的是，
这个账户，德克萨斯孤星，
这个账户，德克萨斯孤星，
04:25
was part of a wider Russian
disinformation campaign,
disinformation campaign,
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是一个更大的
俄罗斯造谣运动的一部分，
俄罗斯造谣运动的一部分，
04:28
one that has since been taken down.
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此后已经被扳倒。
04:31
Would that change your view?
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这会改变你的看法吗？
会改变我的，
04:33
It would mine,
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因为现在这个案子的性质
变成了一场播种不和谐种子的
变成了一场播种不和谐种子的
04:34
because now it's a case
of a coordinated campaign
of a coordinated campaign
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04:36
to sow discord.
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协作运动。
04:38
And for those of you who'd like to think
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而对于你们中那些认为
04:40
that artificial intelligence
will solve all of our problems,
will solve all of our problems,
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人工智能将会解决我们
所有问题的人来说，
所有问题的人来说，
我认为我们可以同意
04:42
I think we can agree
that we're a long way away
that we're a long way away
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在人工智能能够理解这种帖子前
我们还有很长的一段路要走。
我们还有很长的一段路要走。
04:45
from AI that's able to make sense
of posts like this.
of posts like this.
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04:48
So I'd like to explain
three interlocking issues
three interlocking issues
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所以我想解释一下
让这事变得如此复杂的
让这事变得如此复杂的
04:51
that make this so complex
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三个环环相扣的问题，
04:53
and then think about some ways
we can consider these challenges.
we can consider these challenges.
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然后琢磨出些方法来思考这些挑战。
04:57
First, we just don't have
a rational relationship to information,
a rational relationship to information,
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首先，我们只是没有
与信息建立起理性关系，
与信息建立起理性关系，
05:01
we have an emotional one.
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我们的关系是感性的。
05:02
It's just not true that more facts
will make everything OK,
will make everything OK,
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并非更多的事实真相
会让一切顺利，
会让一切顺利，
05:06
because the algorithms that determine
what content we see,
what content we see,
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因为决定我们
能看见什么内容的算法，
能看见什么内容的算法，
05:09
well, they're designed to reward
our emotional responses.
our emotional responses.
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是被设计来
奖励我们的情感反应。
奖励我们的情感反应。
05:12
And when we're fearful,
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而当我们恐惧时，
05:14
oversimplified narratives,
conspiratorial explanations
conspiratorial explanations
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过于简化的叙述、阴谋论解释，
05:17
and language that demonizes others
is far more effective.
is far more effective.
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和妖魔化事物的语言
更加有效。
更加有效。
05:21
And besides, many of these companies,
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此外，有很多公司，
05:23
their business model
is attached to attention,
is attached to attention,
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他们的商业模式
与人们的关注度息息相关，
与人们的关注度息息相关，
05:26
which means these algorithms
will always be skewed towards emotion.
will always be skewed towards emotion.
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这意味着这些算法
总是会偏向情感。
总是会偏向情感。
05:30
Second, most of the speech
I'm talking about here is legal.
I'm talking about here is legal.
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第二，我现在谈论的
大多数言论是合法的。
大多数言论是合法的。
如果我在说的是
05:35
It would be a different matter
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儿童性虐待图片，
或者是煽动暴力的内容，
或者是煽动暴力的内容，
05:36
if I was talking about
child sexual abuse imagery
child sexual abuse imagery
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05:38
or content that incites violence.
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就是另外一回事。
05:40
It can be perfectly legal
to post an outright lie.
to post an outright lie.
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公开撒谎可以是完全合法的。
05:45
But people keep talking about taking down
"problematic" or "harmful" content,
"problematic" or "harmful" content,
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但是人们一直在讨论撤下
“有问题的”或“有害的”内容，
“有问题的”或“有害的”内容，
05:49
but with no clear definition
of what they mean by that,
of what they mean by that,
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但是并没有对它们是什么
有明确的定义，
有明确的定义，
包括马克·扎克伯格，
05:51
including Mark Zuckerberg,
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他最近呼吁
全球监管来缓和言论。
全球监管来缓和言论。
05:53
who recently called for global
regulation to moderate speech.
regulation to moderate speech.
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05:56
And my concern is that
we're seeing governments
we're seeing governments
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而我的担心是，我们看见了
05:59
right around the world
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世界各地的政府
06:00
rolling out hasty policy decisions
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推出仓促的政策决定，
06:03
that might actually trigger
much more serious consequences
much more serious consequences
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但是它可能实际上触发了
对于我们的言论更严重的后果。
06:05
when it comes to our speech.
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而且即使我们可以决定
哪个言论留住或撤下来，
哪个言论留住或撤下来，
06:08
And even if we could decide
which speech to take up or take down,
which speech to take up or take down,
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06:11
we've never had so much speech.
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我们从来没有过
现在这么多的言论。
现在这么多的言论。
06:13
Every second, millions
of pieces of content
of pieces of content
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每一秒，几百万的内容，
06:16
are uploaded by people
right around the world
right around the world
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以不同的语言
被世界各地的人上传，
06:18
in different languages,
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06:19
drawing on thousands
of different cultural contexts.
of different cultural contexts.
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吸取了上千种不同的文化背景。
06:22
We've simply never had
effective mechanisms
effective mechanisms
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我们根本没有有效的机制，
06:24
to moderate speech at this scale,
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无论是通过人工还是技术手段
06:26
whether powered by humans
or by technology.
or by technology.
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去缓和这种规模的言论内容，
06:30
And third, these companies --
Google, Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp --
Google, Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp --
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然后第三，这些公司——
谷歌，推特，脸书，WhatsApp ——
谷歌，推特，脸书，WhatsApp ——
06:34
they're part of a wider
information ecosystem.
information ecosystem.
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它们是广阔的
信息生态系统的一部分。
信息生态系统的一部分。
06:37
We like to lay all the blame
at their feet, but the truth is,
at their feet, but the truth is,
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我们喜欢把所有责任
都推到他们身上，但事实是，
都推到他们身上，但事实是，
06:40
the mass media and elected officials
can also play an equal role
can also play an equal role
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大众媒体和民选官员
只要他们想，
只要他们想，
06:44
in amplifying rumors and conspiracies
when they want to.
when they want to.
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也可以在扩大谣言和阴谋上
发挥同等作用。
发挥同等作用。
06:47
As can we, when we mindlessly forward
divisive or misleading content
divisive or misleading content
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我们也一样，当我们漫不经心地
转发分裂性或误导性的内容时，
转发分裂性或误导性的内容时，
06:52
without trying.
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甚至没有费力。
06:54
We're adding to the pollution.
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我们正在加剧这种“污染”。
06:57
I know we're all looking for an easy fix.
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我知道我们都在
寻找简单的解决方法。
寻找简单的解决方法。
06:59
But there just isn't one.
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但就是一个都没有。
07:01
Any solution will have to be rolled out
at a massive scale, internet scale,
at a massive scale, internet scale,
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任何解决方案都必须
以大规模推出，互联网的规模，
以大规模推出，互联网的规模，
07:06
and yes, the platforms,
they're used to operating at that level.
they're used to operating at that level.
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而且的确，这些平台
已经习惯在那种级别的规模上运行。
已经习惯在那种级别的规模上运行。
07:09
But can and should we allow them
to fix these problems?
to fix these problems?
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但是我们可以并应该
允许他们来解决这些问题吗？
允许他们来解决这些问题吗？
07:13
They're certainly trying.
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他们当然在努力。
07:14
But most of us would agree that, actually,
we don't want global corporations
we don't want global corporations
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但是我们大多数人都会同意，
实际上，我们不希望跨国公司
实际上，我们不希望跨国公司
07:19
to be the guardians of truth
and fairness online.
and fairness online.
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成为网上真理与公平的守护者。
07:21
And I also think the platforms
would agree with that.
would agree with that.
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我也认为这些平台也会同意。
07:24
And at the moment,
they're marking their own homework.
they're marking their own homework.
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此时此刻，
他们正在展现属于自己的成果。
他们正在展现属于自己的成果。
他们想告诉我们
07:27
They like to tell us
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他们实施的干预措施正在奏效，
07:28
that the interventions
they're rolling out are working,
they're rolling out are working,
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但是因为他们编写的是
他们自己的透明度报告，
他们自己的透明度报告，
07:30
but because they write
their own transparency reports,
their own transparency reports,
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我们无法独立验证实际的情况。
07:33
there's no way for us to independently
verify what's actually happening.
verify what's actually happening.
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07:38
(Applause)
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（掌声）
07:41
And let's also be clear
that most of the changes we see
that most of the changes we see
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我们也要清楚，
大多数我们看到的变化
大多数我们看到的变化
07:44
only happen after journalists
undertake an investigation
undertake an investigation
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只发生在记者进行了调查
07:47
and find evidence of bias
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并找到了存在
07:49
or content that breaks
their community guidelines.
their community guidelines.
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违反社区规则的偏见
和内容的证据之后。
和内容的证据之后。
07:52
So yes, these companies have to play
a really important role in this process,
a really important role in this process,
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所以是的，这些公司必须
在这个过程中扮演重要角色，
在这个过程中扮演重要角色，
07:57
but they can't control it.
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但是他们无法控制它。
07:59
So what about governments?
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那么政府呢？
08:01
Many people believe
that global regulation is our last hope
that global regulation is our last hope
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很多人相信全球监管
是清理我们信息生态系统的
最后希望。
最后希望。
08:04
in terms of cleaning up
our information ecosystem.
our information ecosystem.
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08:07
But what I see are lawmakers
who are struggling to keep up to date
who are struggling to keep up to date
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但是我看见的是正在努力跟上
08:11
with the rapid changes in technology.
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技术迅速变革的立法者。
08:13
And worse, they're working in the dark,
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更糟的是，
他们在黑暗中摸索工作，
他们在黑暗中摸索工作，
08:15
because they don't have access to data
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因为他们没有获取数据的权限
08:17
to understand what's happening
on these platforms.
on these platforms.
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来了解这些平台上
正在发生些什么。
正在发生些什么。
08:20
And anyway, which governments
would we trust to do this?
would we trust to do this?
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更何况，我们会相信
哪个政府来做这件事呢？
哪个政府来做这件事呢？
08:23
We need a global response,
not a national one.
not a national one.
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我们需要全球的回应，
不是国家的。
不是国家的。
08:27
So the missing link is us.
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所以缺少的环节是我们。
08:29
It's those people who use
these technologies every day.
these technologies every day.
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是每天使用这些技术的那些人。
08:33
Can we design a new infrastructure
to support quality information?
to support quality information?
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我们能不能设计一个新的基础设施
来支持高质量信息？
来支持高质量信息？
08:38
Well, I believe we can,
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我相信我们可以，
08:39
and I've got a few ideas about
what we might be able to actually do.
what we might be able to actually do.
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我已经有了一些想法，
关于我们实际上可以做什么。
关于我们实际上可以做什么。
08:43
So firstly, if we're serious
about bringing the public into this,
about bringing the public into this,
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所以首先，如果认真考虑
让公众参与进来，
让公众参与进来，
08:46
can we take some inspiration
from Wikipedia?
from Wikipedia?
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我们可以从维基百科
汲取一些灵感吗？
汲取一些灵感吗？
08:48
They've shown us what's possible.
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他们已经向我们展示了可能的方法。
08:50
Yes, it's not perfect,
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是的，它并不完美，
08:51
but they've demonstrated
that with the right structures,
that with the right structures,
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但是他们已经用正确的结构，
全球的视野
和很高很高的透明度证明了
和很高很高的透明度证明了
08:54
with a global outlook
and lots and lots of transparency,
and lots and lots of transparency,
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你们可以建立一些
将赢得大多数人信任的东西。
将赢得大多数人信任的东西。
08:56
you can build something
that will earn the trust of most people.
that will earn the trust of most people.
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08:59
Because we have to find a way
to tap into the collective wisdom
to tap into the collective wisdom
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因为我们必须找到一种方法，
充分利用集体的智慧
充分利用集体的智慧
09:03
and experience of all users.
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和所有用户的经验。
09:05
This is particularly the case
for women, people of color
for women, people of color
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妇女，有色人种和
未能充分代表大众的群体
未能充分代表大众的群体
09:08
and underrepresented groups.
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尤其如此。
09:09
Because guess what?
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猜猜为什么？
09:10
They are experts when it comes
to hate and disinformation,
to hate and disinformation,
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他们是仇恨和虚假信息方面的专家，
09:13
because they have been the targets
of these campaigns for so long.
of these campaigns for so long.
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因为他们很久以来都是
这些信息运动的目标。
这些信息运动的目标。
09:17
And over the years,
they've been raising flags,
they've been raising flags,
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多年来，他们一直摇旗呐喊，
09:19
and they haven't been listened to.
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但是从来没有被听见。
09:21
This has got to change.
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这必须改变。
09:22
So could we build a Wikipedia for trust?
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所以我们能否为信任
创建一个维基百科？
创建一个维基百科？
09:27
Could we find a way that users
can actually provide insights?
can actually provide insights?
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我们能否找到一种
用户可以真正提供见解的方法？
用户可以真正提供见解的方法？
09:31
They could offer insights around
difficult content-moderation decisions.
difficult content-moderation decisions.
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他们可以对有难度的
内容审核决定提出见解。
内容审核决定提出见解。
09:35
They could provide feedback
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当平台决定要推出新变更时，
09:36
when platforms decide
they want to roll out new changes.
they want to roll out new changes.
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他们可以提出反馈。
09:40
Second, people's experiences
with the information is personalized.
with the information is personalized.
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第二，人们对信息的体验
是个性化的。
是个性化的。
09:44
My Facebook news feed
is very different to yours.
is very different to yours.
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我脸书上的新闻推荐
与你们的非常不同。
与你们的非常不同。
09:47
Your YouTube recommendations
are very different to mine.
are very different to mine.
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你们的 YouTube 推荐
与我的也很不同。
与我的也很不同。
09:49
That makes it impossible for us
to actually examine
to actually examine
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这使得我们无法实际检查
09:52
what information people are seeing.
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大家看到的是什么信息。
09:54
So could we imagine
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那么，我们是否可以想象
09:56
developing some kind of centralized
open repository for anonymized data,
open repository for anonymized data,
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为匿名数据
开发某种集中式开放存储库，
开发某种集中式开放存储库，
10:01
with privacy and ethical
concerns built in?
concerns built in?
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并内置隐私和道德问题？
10:04
Because imagine what we would learn
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因为想象一下，
如果我们建立一个
如果我们建立一个
10:06
if we built out a global network
of concerned citizens
of concerned citizens
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由关心且忧虑的
公民组成的全球网络，
公民组成的全球网络，
10:09
who wanted to donate
their social data to science.
their social data to science.
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他们希望将其社交数据捐赠给科学，
那么我们将学到什么？
那么我们将学到什么？
10:13
Because we actually know very little
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因为我们实际上对
10:14
about the long-term consequences
of hate and disinformation
of hate and disinformation
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仇恨和虚假信息对
人们态度和行为产生的
人们态度和行为产生的
10:17
on people's attitudes and behaviors.
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长期后果知之甚少。
10:20
And what we do know,
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而我们知道的是，
10:21
most of that has been
carried out in the US,
carried out in the US,
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其中大部分是在美国进行的，
10:23
despite the fact that
this is a global problem.
this is a global problem.
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尽管这是一个全球性问题。
10:26
We need to work on that, too.
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我们也需要为此努力。
10:28
And third,
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第三点，
我们可以找到方法来连接个体吗？
10:29
can we find a way to connect the dots?
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10:31
No one sector, let alone nonprofit,
start-up or government,
start-up or government,
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没有一个部门可以解决这个问题，
更不用说非营利组织，初创企业
更不用说非营利组织，初创企业
10:35
is going to solve this.
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或政府部门了。
10:36
But there are very smart people
right around the world
right around the world
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但是世界各地有
那些非常聪明的人们
那些非常聪明的人们
10:39
working on these challenges,
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在应对这些挑战，
10:40
from newsrooms, civil society,
academia, activist groups.
academia, activist groups.
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包括新闻编辑部，民间社会组织，
学术界和维权组织。
学术界和维权组织。
10:44
And you can see some of them here.
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你们在这可以看见其中的一些。
10:46
Some are building out indicators
of content credibility.
of content credibility.
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有些正在建立内容可信度的指标。
10:49
Others are fact-checking,
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其他人在做事实核查，
10:50
so that false claims, videos and images
can be down-ranked by the platforms.
can be down-ranked by the platforms.
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以至于虚假声明，视频和图像
可以被平台撤下。
可以被平台撤下。
10:53
A nonprofit I helped
to found, First Draft,
to found, First Draft,
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我协助建立的一个非营利组织，
名叫“初稿”（First Draft），
名叫“初稿”（First Draft），
10:56
is working with normally competitive
newsrooms around the world
newsrooms around the world
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正在与世界各地通常竞争激烈的
新闻编辑室合作，
新闻编辑室合作，
10:59
to help them build out investigative,
collaborative programs.
collaborative programs.
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以帮助他们建立调查性协作项目。
11:03
And Danny Hillis, a software architect,
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丹尼·希利斯， 一个软件设计师，
11:05
is designing a new system
called The Underlay,
called The Underlay,
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正在设计一个
叫做 The Underlay 的新系统，
叫做 The Underlay 的新系统，
11:07
which will be a record
of all public statements of fact
of all public statements of fact
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它将记录所有与其来源相连接的
11:10
connected to their sources,
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公开事实陈述，
11:12
so that people and algorithms
can better judge what is credible.
can better judge what is credible.
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以便人们和算法可以
更好地判断什么是可信的。
更好地判断什么是可信的。
11:16
And educators around the world
are testing different techniques
are testing different techniques
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而且世界各地的教育者
在测试不同的技术，
在测试不同的技术，
11:20
for finding ways to make people
critical of the content they consume.
critical of the content they consume.
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以找到能使人们对所看到内容
产生批判的方法。
产生批判的方法。
11:24
All of these efforts are wonderful,
but they're working in silos,
but they're working in silos,
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所有的这些努力都很棒，
但是他们埋头各自为战，
但是他们埋头各自为战，
11:27
and many of them are woefully underfunded.
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而且很多都严重资金不足。
11:30
There are also hundreds
of very smart people
of very smart people
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在这些公司内部
11:32
working inside these companies,
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也有成百上千的聪明人在努力，
11:34
but again, these efforts
can feel disjointed,
can feel disjointed,
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但是同样，
这些努力让人感到不够连贯，
这些努力让人感到不够连贯，
11:36
because they're actually developing
different solutions to the same problems.
different solutions to the same problems.
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因为他们正在为同样的问题
建立不同的解决方案。
建立不同的解决方案。
11:41
How can we find a way
to bring people together
to bring people together
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我们怎么能找到一种方法，
把这些人同时
把这些人同时
11:43
in one physical location
for days or weeks at a time,
for days or weeks at a time,
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聚集在同一个地点几天或几周，
11:46
so they can actually tackle
these problems together
these problems together
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这样他们可以真正从不同角度
11:49
but from their different perspectives?
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共同解决这些问题？
11:51
So can we do this?
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那么我们能做到吗？
11:52
Can we build out a coordinated,
ambitious response,
ambitious response,
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我们能否建立一种协调一致，
雄心勃勃的应对措施，
雄心勃勃的应对措施，
11:55
one that matches the scale
and the complexity of the problem?
and the complexity of the problem?
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使其与问题的规模和复杂性相匹配？
11:59
I really think we can.
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我真的认为我们可以。
12:01
Together, let's rebuild
our information commons.
our information commons.
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加入我们，重建我们的信息共享吧。
12:04
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:06
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Claire Wardle - Misinformation expertClaire Wardle is an expert on user-generated content and verification working to help improve the quality of information online.
Why you should listen
Claire Wardle is the executive director of First Draft, a nonprofit dedicated to educating journalists about reporting in an age of information disorder. Previously, she was a research fellow at the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School; the research director at the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia Journalism School; the head of social media for the UN Refugee Agency; and director of news services for Storyful. Wardle holds a PhD in communication and an MA in political science from the University of Pennsylvania.
Claire Wardle | Speaker | TED.com