TEDxLondon
James Logan: How we're using dogs to sniff out malaria
詹姆斯·洛根: 怎样用狗嗅出疟疾
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如果我们可以通过身体发出的气味来诊断世上最致命的疾病，这会怎样呢？生物学家詹姆斯 洛根（James Logan）用精彩讲解，并且通过一条可以闻出疟疾病原的狗，芙蕾雅，来向我们生动展示了，如果我们能利用动物探测出和感染相关的化学物质，人类诊断疾病的方式将被改变。
James Logan - Biologist, medical entomologist
Professor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history. Full bio
Professor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Malaria is still one of the biggest
killers on the planet.
killers on the planet.
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疟疾仍然是人类在
地球上最大的杀手之一。
地球上最大的杀手之一。
00:18
Despite us making significant progress
in the last 20 years,
in the last 20 years,
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尽管在过去20年里，我们在
疟疾研究领域取得了卓越的进步，
疟疾研究领域取得了卓越的进步，
00:23
half the world's population
is still at risk from this disease.
is still at risk from this disease.
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全球仍然有近一半的人
正面临疟疾的威胁。
正面临疟疾的威胁。
00:28
In fact, every two minutes,
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事实上，每2分钟
00:30
a child under the age of two
dies from malaria.
dies from malaria.
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就有一名小于2岁的儿童死于疟疾。
00:34
Our progress has undoubtedly stalled.
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我们的进展停滞不前。
00:38
Now we face many challenges
when it comes to tackling malaria,
when it comes to tackling malaria,
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在应对疟疾方面，
我们依然面临很多挑战。
我们依然面临很多挑战。
00:43
but one of the problems that we have
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其中一个难题是
00:45
is actually finding people who are
infected with malaria in the first place.
infected with malaria in the first place.
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要第一时间找到疟疾病原
携带者很不容易。
携带者很不容易。
00:50
So, for example, if people have
some level of immunity to the disease,
some level of immunity to the disease,
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比如，如果有人对疟疾
有一定程度的免疫力，
有一定程度的免疫力，
00:54
then they can develop an infection
and become infectious and still pass it on
and become infectious and still pass it on
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他们会被疟疾感染，
在感染后把病毒传给其他人，
在感染后把病毒传给其他人，
00:59
but not actually develop any symptoms,
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但是他们本身并不会
表现出疟疾感染征兆。
表现出疟疾感染征兆。
01:01
and that can be a big problem,
because how do you find those people?
because how do you find those people?
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这会造成很大的问题，
因为，要怎样才能找到这群人呢？
因为，要怎样才能找到这群人呢？
01:04
It's like looking
for a needle in a haystack.
for a needle in a haystack.
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这就好像大海捞针那么难。
01:07
Now scientists have been trying
to solve this problem for some years,
to solve this problem for some years,
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这些年，科学家一直致力于
寻找解决这个问题的方法，
寻找解决这个问题的方法，
01:12
but what I want to talk to you about today
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但是我今天要告诉大家，
01:14
is that the solution to this problem
may have been right under our noses
may have been right under our noses
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解决问题的办法可能一直就在
01:19
this whole time.
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我们眼皮底下。
01:20
Now that was a bit of a heavy start,
with lots of really important statistics,
with lots of really important statistics,
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这个开头有些沉重，
有很多非常重要的数据，
有很多非常重要的数据，
01:24
so I want us all
to just relax a little bit
to just relax a little bit
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下面我希望大家放松一下，
01:26
and that'll help me to relax
a little bit as well.
a little bit as well.
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也帮我稍微放松一下。
01:29
So why don't we just all take
a nice deep breath in ...
a nice deep breath in ...
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让我们一起深呼吸...
01:32
Wow. (Laughs)
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哇 。（笑声）
01:33
And sigh,
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然后呼气。
01:34
and, whoo, going to get blown away there.
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接下来要讲的可能会
让大家大吃一惊。
让大家大吃一惊。
01:37
OK, now I want you to do it again,
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好，现在我要大家再配合我一次，
01:39
but this time, I want you to do it
just through your nose,
just through your nose,
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不过这次，我要让你只用你的鼻子，
01:42
and I want you to really sense
the environment around you.
the environment around you.
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我希望各位用鼻子
好好感知一下周围的环境。
好好感知一下周围的环境。
01:46
And in fact, I want you to really smell
the person who's sitting next to you.
the person who's sitting next to you.
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事实上， 我希望各位用鼻子
闻闻坐在你身边的那位，
闻闻坐在你身边的那位，
尽管你们互不认识，没关系。
01:50
Even if you don't know them, I don't care.
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凑过身子去闻闻他们的腋下
01:52
Lean in, get your nose
right into their armpit,
right into their armpit,
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来吧，别像英国人（那么死板)，
01:54
come on, stop being so British about it,
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01:56
get your nose into the armpit,
have a good old sniff,
have a good old sniff,
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把鼻子凑到腋窝下，好好闻闻，
01:59
see what you can smell.
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看你闻到了什么。
02:01
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:05
Now each and every one of us
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我们每一个人
02:07
would have had a very different
sensory experience there.
sensory experience there.
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都有不同的感官体验。
02:10
Some of us would have smelled
something rather pleasant,
something rather pleasant,
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有些人可能闻到了令人愉快的气味，
可能是某人的香水味道。
02:13
perhaps somebody's perfume.
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02:15
But some of us might have smelled
something a little bit less pleasant,
something a little bit less pleasant,
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但是我们中有些人可能
闻到的不是那么令人愉快的气味，
闻到的不是那么令人愉快的气味，
02:18
perhaps somebody's
bad breath or body odor.
bad breath or body odor.
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也许是某人的口臭或是身体异味。
02:22
Maybe you even smelled your own body odor.
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也许你闻到了自己的味道。
02:25
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:27
But, you know, there's probably
a good reason
a good reason
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但是，可能由于某个原因，
我们中的一些人不喜欢某种体味。
02:29
that some of us
don't like certain body smells.
don't like certain body smells.
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02:33
Throughout history,
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纵观历史，
02:36
there have been many examples of diseases
being associated with a smell.
being associated with a smell.
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诸多例子证明许多疾病
和某种气味有紧密联系。
和某种气味有紧密联系。
02:40
So, for example, typhoid apparently
smells like baked brown bread,
smells like baked brown bread,
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比如，伤寒闻起来明显
像靠烤黑面包的味道。
像靠烤黑面包的味道。
02:45
and that's quite a nice smell, isn't it,
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这个味道还不错，是吧？
02:47
but it starts to get a little bit worse.
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但是接下来的味道就没那么好了。
02:49
TB smells like stale beer,
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结核病闻起来像不新鲜的啤酒，
02:51
and yellow fever smells like the inside
of a butcher shop, like raw meat.
of a butcher shop, like raw meat.
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黄热病闻起来像肉铺里生肉的味道。
02:56
And in fact, when you look
at the sort of words that are used
at the sort of words that are used
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实际上， 当你看到各种
02:59
to describe diseases,
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用来描述疾病的文字，
03:01
you tend to find these words:
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你往往会看到这些字眼：
03:03
"rotting," "foul," "putrid" or "pungent."
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“霉烂，” 恶臭“，”腐烂“，或”刺鼻“。
03:07
So it's no surprise, then,
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所以也难怪，
03:08
that smell and body odor
gets a bit of bad reputation.
gets a bit of bad reputation.
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这些气味和体臭有不好的名声。
03:12
If I was to say to you, "You smell,"
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如果我说 ”你闻起来有股味道“，
03:15
now, you're going to take that
not exactly as a compliment, are you.
not exactly as a compliment, are you.
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你们不会把这当成表扬， 是吧？
03:19
But you do smell.
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但是你们闻起来确实有股味道。
03:21
You've just found that out. You do smell.
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你们刚才也发现了这点。
03:22
It's a scientific fact.
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这是一个科学事实。
03:25
And I'd quite like
to turn that on its head.
to turn that on its head.
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我很愿意颠覆这一切。
假如我们能对气味持有正面的态度，
03:27
What if we could actually
think about smell in a positive way,
think about smell in a positive way,
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好好利用它呢？
03:30
put it to good use?
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如果我们能发现
03:31
What if we could detect the chemicals
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生病时身体释放的化学物质，
03:33
that are given off
by our bodies when we're ill,
by our bodies when we're ill,
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03:36
and use that to diagnose people?
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并且用它来诊断病情会如何？
03:39
Now we'd need to develop good sensors
that would allow us to do this,
that would allow us to do this,
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我们需要去开发有用的传感器，
帮我们来做这个工作，
帮我们来做这个工作，
03:42
but it turns out that the world's
best sensors actually already exist,
best sensors actually already exist,
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然而事实上，最好的传感器
早已存在于这个世界，
早已存在于这个世界，
03:47
and they're called animals.
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它们就是动物。
03:50
Now animals are built to smell.
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动物天生嗅觉灵敏，
03:52
They live their everyday lives
according to their nose.
according to their nose.
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它们每天靠鼻子过日子。
03:56
They sense the environment,
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它们能感知周围的环境，
03:57
which tells them
really important information
really important information
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环境提供给它们重要的信息，
03:59
about how to stay alive, essentially.
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告诉它们生存的基本原理。
04:01
Just imagine you're a mosquito
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想象一下如果你是一只蚊子，
04:03
and you've just flown in from outside
and you've entered this room.
and you've entered this room.
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你刚刚从外面飞进这间屋子。
04:07
Now you're going to be entering
a really complex world.
a really complex world.
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现在你进入了一个很复杂的世界，
04:09
You're going to be bombarded
with smells from everywhere.
with smells from everywhere.
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你被周围各种味道包围。
04:12
We've just found out
that we're really smelly beasts.
that we're really smelly beasts.
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我们刚刚已经发现我们
是一群有异味的家伙。
是一群有异味的家伙。
04:15
Each one of us is producing
different volatile chemicals.
different volatile chemicals.
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我们每个人都在产生
不同的易挥发化学物质。
不同的易挥发化学物质。
04:17
It's not just one chemical, like BO --
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不只是一种化学物质，像体味——
04:19
lots and lots of chemicals.
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其中包含大量化学物质。
04:21
But it's not just you,
it's the seats you're sitting on,
it's the seats you're sitting on,
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不仅仅是你，还有你坐的椅子，
地毯，把地毯粘到地上的胶水，
04:23
the carpet, the glue that holds
the carpet to the floor,
the carpet to the floor,
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墙上的油漆，外面的树。
04:26
the paint on the walls, the trees outside.
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你周围的一切都在产生气味，
04:28
Everything around you
is producing an odor,
is producing an odor,
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04:31
and it's a really complex world
that the mosquito has to fly through,
that the mosquito has to fly through,
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蚊子要飞过的是
一个非常复杂的世界，
一个非常复杂的世界，
04:35
and it has to find you
within that really complex world.
within that really complex world.
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并且蚊子要在
这复杂的世界里找到你。
这复杂的世界里找到你。
04:39
And each and every one of you will know --
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你们每一位都会知道...
04:41
Come on, hands up, who always
gets bitten by mosquitoes?
gets bitten by mosquitoes?
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来，请举手，谁总被蚊子叮？
04:44
And who never gets bitten?
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还有谁从没被蚊子叮过？
04:45
There's always one or two really
annoying people that never get bitten.
annoying people that never get bitten.
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总有一两个讨厌的家伙
从没有被蚊子咬过。
从没有被蚊子咬过。
04:50
But the mosquito
has a really hard job to find you,
has a really hard job to find you,
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可蚊子找到你可不是一件容易的事，
04:52
and that's all to do
with the way you smell.
with the way you smell.
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这都和你散发出的气味有关。
04:55
People who don't attract
mosquitoes smell repellent,
mosquitoes smell repellent,
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不招蚊子叮咬的人闻起来很讨厌，
04:58
and what we know is that --
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我们知道的是——
04:59
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
我应该澄清一下，
我是说蚊子讨厌的味道，
我是说蚊子讨厌的味道，
05:00
I should clarify, repellent to mosquitoes,
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05:04
not to people.
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不是我们人类讨厌的味道。
05:05
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:06
And what we know now
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我们现在知道，
05:07
is that that is actually
controlled by our genes.
controlled by our genes.
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这是由我们的基因决定的。
05:11
But mosquitoes are able to do that
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但是蚊子能够辨别这些气味，
05:13
because they have
a highly sophisticated sense of smell,
a highly sophisticated sense of smell,
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因为它们有高度灵敏的嗅觉，
05:16
and they're able to see through
all the, sort of, odor sludge
all the, sort of, odor sludge
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它们能穿过各种臭气污泥，
05:19
to find you, that individual,
and bite you as a blood meal.
and bite you as a blood meal.
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找到你并且吸食你的血。
05:24
But what would happen
if one of you was infected with malaria?
if one of you was infected with malaria?
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但是如果我们中有一个人
感染了疟疾，那会发生什么呢？
感染了疟疾，那会发生什么呢？
05:28
Well, let's just have a quick look
at the malaria life cycle.
at the malaria life cycle.
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让我们快速看看疟疾的生命周期。
05:31
So it's quite complex,
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这挺复杂的，
05:33
but basically, what happens is a mosquito
has to bite somebody to become infected.
has to bite somebody to become infected.
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基本上是这样：蚊子要
通过叮咬人导致感染。
通过叮咬人导致感染。
05:37
Once it bites an infected person,
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一旦它叮咬了感染疟疾的人,
05:39
the parasite travels
through the mouth part into the gut
through the mouth part into the gut
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寄生虫会通过它的嘴进入肠道，
05:42
and then bursts
through the gut, creates cysts,
through the gut, creates cysts,
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然后冲破肠道并产生囊肿，
05:44
and then the parasites replicate,
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接着寄生虫完成自我复制，
05:47
and then they make a journey from the gut
all the way to the salivary glands,
all the way to the salivary glands,
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然后从肠胃进入唾液腺，
05:51
where they are then injected
back into another person
back into another person
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当蚊子叮咬人类时，
会从唾液腺通过唾液
会从唾液腺通过唾液
05:54
when the mosquito bites,
because it injects saliva as it bites.
because it injects saliva as it bites.
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把疟原虫注入人体。
05:57
Then, inside the human,
it goes through a whole other cycle,
it goes through a whole other cycle,
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在人体，疟原虫开始了另一个周期，
06:00
a whole other part of the life cycle,
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一个全新的生命周期。
病原经过肝脏， 发育变化，
06:02
so it goes through
a liver stage, changes shape,
a liver stage, changes shape,
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然后再进入血液循环，
06:04
and then comes out
into the bloodstream again,
into the bloodstream again,
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最终这个人开始具有传染性。
06:06
and eventually, that person
will become infectious.
will become infectious.
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06:09
Now, one thing we know
about the parasite world
about the parasite world
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关于寄生虫的世界，
有一点我们是知道的，
有一点我们是知道的，
06:11
is that they are incredibly good
at manipulating their hosts
at manipulating their hosts
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那就是它们非常善于
通过操纵它们的宿主
通过操纵它们的宿主
06:15
to enhance their own transmission,
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来增加疾病的传播，
06:16
to make sure that they get passed onwards.
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以确保疟原虫继续传播下去。
06:19
If this was to happen
in the malaria system,
in the malaria system,
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如果这发生在疟疾传播的体系，
06:21
it might make sense
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不难理解，
06:22
that it would be something
to do with odor that they manipulate,
to do with odor that they manipulate,
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这和它们操作的气味有关，
06:25
because odor is the key.
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因为气味是关键。
06:27
Odor is the thing that links us
between mosquitoes.
between mosquitoes.
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气味把蚊子和我们连接在了一起，
蚊子通过气味找到我们。
06:29
That's how they find us.
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06:31
This is what we call the malaria
manipulation hypothesis,
manipulation hypothesis,
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这就是我们所说的蚊子操纵假设，
06:34
and it's something that we've been
working on over the last few years.
working on over the last few years.
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也是我们近些年致力研究的课题。
06:39
So one of the first things
that we wanted to do in our study
that we wanted to do in our study
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我们研究的第一个课题
06:42
was to find out whether
an infection with malaria
an infection with malaria
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是去发现是否感染疟疾
06:45
actually makes you more attractive
to mosquitoes or not.
to mosquitoes or not.
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会让你更加吸引蚊子。
06:48
So in Kenya, with our colleagues,
we designed an experiment
we designed an experiment
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于是在肯尼亚，
我和同事们设计了个实验，
我和同事们设计了个实验，
06:52
where we had participants,
children in Kenya, sleep inside tents.
children in Kenya, sleep inside tents.
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我们让实验参与者，
肯尼亚的孩子在帐篷里睡觉。
肯尼亚的孩子在帐篷里睡觉。
06:56
The odor from the tent was blown
into a chamber which contained mosquitoes,
into a chamber which contained mosquitoes,
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帐篷里的味道被吹到
装有蚊子的实验间，
装有蚊子的实验间，
07:00
and the mosquitoes would
behaviorally respond.
behaviorally respond.
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蚊子做出相应的行为反应。
07:03
They would fly towards
or fly away from the odors,
or fly away from the odors,
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它们要么飞向气味，要么远离气味，
07:05
depending on whether
they liked them or not.
they liked them or not.
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基于蚊子对气味喜欢与否。
07:08
Now some of the participants
were infected with malaria,
were infected with malaria,
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这些参与者中
有的是疟疾病毒感染者，
有的是疟疾病毒感染者，
07:10
and some of them were uninfected,
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有的是非感染者，
07:12
but importantly,
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但重要的是，
07:14
none of the children
had any symptoms whatsoever.
had any symptoms whatsoever.
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这些参与实验的孩子
都丝毫没有疟疾症状。
都丝毫没有疟疾症状。
07:18
Now when we found and saw the results,
it was really quite staggering.
it was really quite staggering.
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我们发现，实验的结果
是相当令人震惊的。
是相当令人震惊的。
07:22
People who were infected with malaria
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被疟疾病毒感染的人
07:24
were significantly more attractive
than people who were uninfected.
than people who were uninfected.
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明显比没有被感染的人更吸引蚊虫。
07:28
So let me explain this graph.
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我来解析一下这个统计图。
07:30
We have "number of mosquitoes
attracted to the child,"
attracted to the child,"
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纵轴是"被孩子吸引的蚊子数量"。
我们有两套数据，
接受治疗之前和之后的数据。
接受治疗之前和之后的数据。
07:32
and we have two sets of data:
before treatment and after treatment.
before treatment and after treatment.
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07:35
On the far left-hand side,
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在图上最左边，
直条代表没有被感染的孩子
07:37
that bar represents
a group of people who are uninfected,
a group of people who are uninfected,
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07:40
and as we move
towards the right-hand side,
towards the right-hand side,
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沿着右边，
这些代表被病毒感染的孩子，
07:42
these people have become infected
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07:43
and they're moving towards the stage
that they're infectious.
that they're infectious.
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按照被疟疾病毒感染的阶段排列。
07:46
So right at the stage
when people are infectious
when people are infectious
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当孩子正处于被感染阶段时，
07:49
is when they are
significantly more attractive.
significantly more attractive.
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他们对蚊虫有相对显著的吸引力。
07:52
In this study, then, what we did
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在这个实验中， 我们做的
07:54
is we obviously gave
the children treatment
the children treatment
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显然是给孩子进行治疗，
07:56
to clear the parasites,
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去除寄生虫，
07:57
and then we tested them again,
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然后我们再给他们做检查，
07:59
and what we found was that highly
attractive trait that was there
attractive trait that was there
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我们发现曾高度吸引蚊虫的特征
08:03
disappeared after they had
cleared the infection.
cleared the infection.
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在孩子接受治疗后消失了。
08:06
So it wasn't just that the people
were more attractive,
were more attractive,
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原来不是这些人吸引蚊虫，
而是寄生在他们身体里的
疟原虫通过操纵宿主
疟原虫通过操纵宿主
08:08
it was that the parasite
was manipulating its host in some way
was manipulating its host in some way
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08:12
to make it more attractive to mosquitoes,
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而吸引蚊虫，
08:14
standing out like a beacon
to attract more mosquitoes
to attract more mosquitoes
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它们像信号灯一样吸引更多的蚊虫，
08:17
so that it could continue its life cycle.
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于是病毒可以继续循环传播下去。
08:20
The next thing we wanted to do
was find out what it was
was find out what it was
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接下来我们要去找的是
蚊子到底闻到了什么。
08:22
the mosquito was actually smelling.
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它们察觉到了什么？
08:24
What was it detecting?
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08:25
So to do that, we had to collect
the body odor from the participants,
the body odor from the participants,
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于是我们从实验参与者
身上搜集体味，
身上搜集体味，
08:29
and we did this by wrapping
bags around their feet,
bags around their feet,
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用袋子裹在他们脚上
08:31
which allowed us to collect
the volatile odors from their feet,
the volatile odors from their feet,
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来采集他们的脚散发的气味，
脚对蚊子很重要。
08:34
and feet are really important
to mosquitoes.
to mosquitoes.
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它们非常喜欢脚的气味。
08:36
They really love the smell of feet.
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08:38
(Laughter)
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(笑声）
08:39
Especially cheesy feet.
Anybody got cheesy feet back there?
Anybody got cheesy feet back there?
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特别是干酪味脚气，
你们中有谁有这种脚气吗？
你们中有谁有这种脚气吗？
08:42
Mosquitoes love that smell.
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蚊子喜欢这个气味。
08:44
So we focused on the feet,
and we collected the body odor.
and we collected the body odor.
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除了采集脚的气味，
我们还采集了体味。
我们还采集了体味。
08:47
Now when it comes to mosquitoes
and olfaction, their sense of smell,
and olfaction, their sense of smell,
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蚊子和它们的嗅觉
08:51
it's very complex.
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是比较复杂的。
如果它们只是分辨一种
化学物质，问题就简单多了，
化学物质，问题就简单多了，
08:52
It would be really nice if there was
just one chemical that they detected,
just one chemical that they detected,
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但是事实并非如此。
08:55
but it's not that simple.
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08:57
They have to detect a number of chemicals
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它们需要分辨出好几种化学物质，
08:59
in the right concentration,
the right ratios,
the right ratios,
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这些物质有着正确的
化学浓度，适当的比例
化学浓度，适当的比例
09:02
the right combinations of chemicals.
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和正确的化学成分组合。
09:05
So you can sort of think about it
like a musical composition.
like a musical composition.
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在某种程度上，
你可以把这想象成一份乐谱。
你可以把这想象成一份乐谱。
09:09
So, you know, if you get the note wrong
or you play it too loud or too soft,
or you play it too loud or too soft,
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如果一个音符出错，
或者你演奏得太大声或者太小声，
或者你演奏得太大声或者太小声，
09:12
it doesn't sound right.
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听起来就不对劲。
09:14
Or a recipe: if you get
an ingredient wrong
an ingredient wrong
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或者像菜谱，如果放错一个原料，
09:16
or you cook it too long or too little,
it doesn't taste right.
it doesn't taste right.
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或者煮得时间太长或太短，
味道就不对了。
味道就不对了。
09:20
Well, smell is the same.
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气味是同样的道理。
09:21
It's made up of a suite of chemicals
in the right combination.
in the right combination.
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它是各种化学物质恰当混合产生的。
09:25
Now our machines in the lab
are not particularly good
are not particularly good
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我们实验室里的机器
在识别气味发出的信号方面
在识别气味发出的信号方面
09:28
at picking out this sort of signal --
it's quite complex.
it's quite complex.
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表现还不够——
这个过程挺复杂的。
这个过程挺复杂的。
09:31
But animals can,
and what we do in my laboratory
and what we do in my laboratory
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但是动物能做到， 在实验室里，
09:35
is we connect microelectrodes
to the antennae of a mosquito.
to the antennae of a mosquito.
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我们将电极连接到蚊子的触角，
09:40
Imagine how fiddly that is.
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想象一下这有多么不容易。
09:41
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:43
But what we also do is connect them
to individual cells within the antennae,
to individual cells within the antennae,
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我们把电极和蚊子触角里
的细胞连接在一起，
的细胞连接在一起，
09:47
which is incredible.
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这很难以置信。
09:48
You don't want to sneeze
when you're doing this,
when you're doing this,
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你可不想在
做这个实验的时候打喷嚏，
做这个实验的时候打喷嚏，
这是毫无疑问的。
09:50
that's for sure.
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09:52
But what this does is it allows us
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这个办法能够能让我们
测量蚊子触角上的
嗅觉感受器的回应，
嗅觉感受器的回应，
09:54
to measure the electrical response
of the smell receptors in the antennae,
of the smell receptors in the antennae,
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09:57
and so we can see
what a mosquito is smelling.
what a mosquito is smelling.
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于是我们就能看见它们正在嗅什么。
让我给大家展示一下
这是怎么回事。
这是怎么回事。
10:00
So I'm going to show you
what this looks like.
what this looks like.
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这是昆虫的一个细胞，
10:03
Here's an insect's cell,
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我一按按钮，它马上回应，
10:04
and it will respond in a second
when I press this button,
when I press this button,
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10:07
and you'll see it sort of taking over
with this response.
with this response.
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你们要看到的是蚊子的反应。
10:10
An odor will be blown over the cell,
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一股气味被吹向细胞，
有点像朝一颗覆盆子果实吹气，
10:11
and it will go a bit crazy,
sort of blow a raspberry,
sort of blow a raspberry,
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10:14
and then it will go back to its resting
potential when we stop the odor.
potential when we stop the odor.
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当我们停止释放气味时，
就不会再出现任何回应。
就不会再出现任何回应。
10:17
(Rapid crackling)
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（发出咔嗒声）
10:24
(Low-pitch crackling)
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（低沉的噼啪作响声）
10:31
(Rapid crackling)
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（快速的噼啪作响声）
10:37
OK, there we go,
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好了，
10:38
so you can go home now and say
that you've seen an insect smelling
that you've seen an insect smelling
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你们回家之后可以说
亲眼看见了昆虫闻气味的过程，
亲眼看见了昆虫闻气味的过程，
10:42
and even hearing an insect smelling --
it's a weird concept, isn't it?
it's a weird concept, isn't it?
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甚至听见了昆虫闻气味的过程——
挺奇怪的概念，不是吗？
挺奇怪的概念，不是吗？
10:45
But this works really well,
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这个方法很不错，
能让我们看见昆虫闻到了什么。
10:47
and this allows us to see
what the insect is detecting.
what the insect is detecting.
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10:49
Now using this method
with our malaria samples,
with our malaria samples,
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用同样的方法来处理疟疾样本
10:52
we were able to find out
what the mosquito was detecting,
what the mosquito was detecting,
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能让我们知道蚊子侦测到了什么。
10:55
and we found the malaria-associated
compounds, mainly aldehydes,
compounds, mainly aldehydes,
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我们发现和疟疾相关的一些
化学成分，主要是醛类化合物，
化学成分，主要是醛类化合物，
10:59
a group of compounds that smelled,
that signified the malaria signal here.
that signified the malaria signal here.
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这些化合物发出气味，
传达了疟疾在这里的信号。
传达了疟疾在这里的信号。
11:04
So now we know
what the smell of malaria is,
what the smell of malaria is,
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于是现在我们知道疟疾的气味了，
11:06
and we've used the mosquito as a biosensor
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并且我们用蚊子作生物传感器
11:09
to tell us what the smell
of malaria actually is.
of malaria actually is.
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告诉我们疟疾闻起来是什么味道。
11:13
Now I'd like to imagine
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想象一下，
11:14
that you could, I don't know,
put a harness on a little mosquito
put a harness on a little mosquito
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如果你能够给小小的蚊子带上挽具，
11:18
and put it on a lead and take it out
and see if we can sniff people
and see if we can sniff people
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把它放出去，给我们带路，在社区里的
11:23
in a community --
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居民身上嗅来嗅去——
11:24
that goes on in my head --
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2023
这时我脑子里出现的想法——
11:26
and see whether we could
actually find people with malaria,
actually find people with malaria,
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看看它是否能找出疟疾感染者，
11:29
but, of course,
that's not really possible.
that's not really possible.
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当然这是做不到的。
11:33
But there is an animal
that we can do that with.
that we can do that with.
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可是有一种动物可以
帮我们完成这样的任务。
帮我们完成这样的任务。
11:36
Now dogs have an incredible
sense of smell,
sense of smell,
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狗有高度灵敏的嗅觉，
11:38
but there's something
more special about them:
more special about them:
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更神奇的是，
11:40
they have an ability to learn.
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它们有学习的能力。
11:42
And most of you people will be
familiar with this concept at airports,
familiar with this concept at airports,
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你们大多数在机场
对这一幕比较熟悉，
对这一幕比较熟悉，
11:46
where dogs will go down a line
and sniff out your luggage or yourself
and sniff out your luggage or yourself
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狗走过一排人群去闻
你的行李箱或你，
你的行李箱或你，
11:49
for drugs and explosives
or even food as well.
or even food as well.
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看你有没有携带毒品，
易爆物或者食物。
易爆物或者食物。
11:53
So we wanted to know,
could we actually train dogs
could we actually train dogs
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于是我们想知道是否可以训练狗
11:56
to learn the smell of malaria?
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去学会识别疟疾的味道。
11:59
And so we've been working with a charity
called Medical Detection Dogs
called Medical Detection Dogs
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于是，我们和医疗侦测犬
慈善组织进行了合作，
慈善组织进行了合作，
12:04
to see whether we can train them
to learn the smell of malaria.
to learn the smell of malaria.
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想知道是否能训练狗
识别疟疾的气味。
识别疟疾的气味。
12:08
And we went out to the Gambia
and did some more odor collection
and did some more odor collection
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我们去冈比亚采集了
更多的气味样本，其中一部分
更多的气味样本，其中一部分
12:11
on children that were infected
and uninfected,
and uninfected,
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来自被疟疾感染的儿童，
而另一部分是未感染的儿童。
而另一部分是未感染的儿童。
12:13
but this time, we collected their odor
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但是这次我们采集气味是通过
12:15
by making them wear socks,
nylon stockings,
nylon stockings,
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让孩子们穿尼龙袜
12:18
to collect their body odor.
257
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1507
来采集他们的体味。
12:20
And we brought them back to the UK
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1747
我们把袜子带回英国，
12:22
and then we handed them to this charity
to run the experiment.
to run the experiment.
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送到医疗侦测犬机构去做实验。
12:27
Now I could show you a graph
and tell you about that experiment works,
and tell you about that experiment works,
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现在我可以给大家展示一个图，
看看实验是怎样进行的，
看看实验是怎样进行的，
12:31
but that'd be a bit dull, wouldn't it.
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不过这样比较枯燥，是吧？
12:34
Now, they do say never work
with children or animals live,
with children or animals live,
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人们经常说，别在现场
和小孩或者动物打交道，
和小孩或者动物打交道，
12:40
but we're going to break that rule today.
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可是今天我们要破一下例。
12:42
So please welcome onto the stage Freya ...
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下面有请，芙蕾雅...
12:46
(Applause)
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（掌声）
12:48
and her trainers Mark and Sarah.
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以及它的训练师，马克和莎拉。
12:53
(Applause)
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（掌声）
12:56
Of course, this is
the real star of the show.
the real star of the show.
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当然这才是今天的明星。
12:59
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
13:00
OK, so now what I'm going to ask is
if you can all just be a little bit quiet,
if you can all just be a little bit quiet,
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希望大家稍微保持安静，
13:05
not move around too much.
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不要过多走动。
13:06
This is a very, very strange
environment for Freya.
environment for Freya.
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因为这个环境对芙蕾雅很陌生，
13:09
She's having a good look at you guys now.
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它现在正在观察各位。
13:11
So let's stay as calm as possible.
That would be great.
That would be great.
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请各位配合一下，尽量保持安静。
13:14
So what we're going to do here
is basically, we're going to ask Freya
is basically, we're going to ask Freya
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接下来，我们要叫芙蕾雅
到这排奇怪的装置前，
13:18
to move down this line
of contraptions here,
of contraptions here,
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13:20
and in each one of these
contraptions, we have a pot,
contraptions, we have a pot,
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每一个装置有一个小容器，
13:22
and in the pot is a sock that has been
worn by a child in the Gambia.
worn by a child in the Gambia.
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里面装的是一只
冈比亚小孩子穿过的袜子。
冈比亚小孩子穿过的袜子。
13:26
Now three of the socks have been worn
by children who were uninfected,
by children who were uninfected,
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其中有三只袜子是
未被疟疾感染的孩子穿过的，
未被疟疾感染的孩子穿过的，
13:30
and just one of the socks was worn
by a child who was infected with malaria.
by a child who was infected with malaria.
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只有一只被疟疾感染的小孩穿过。
13:35
So just as you would see an airport,
imagine these were people,
imagine these were people,
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正如你们在飞机场看到的一样，
想象这些装置就是人群，
想象这些装置就是人群，
狗会走到那排装置前好好闻一闻。
13:38
and the dog is going to go down
and have a good sniff.
and have a good sniff.
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13:40
And let's see if you can see
when she senses the malaria,
when she senses the malaria,
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让我们看看它什么时候能嗅出疟疾，
13:44
and if she senses the malaria.
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如果它能嗅出疟疾的话。
13:46
This is a really tough test for her
in this very strange environment,
in this very strange environment,
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这是个非常有挑战性的任务，
因为环境对它而言是很陌生的。
因为环境对它而言是很陌生的。
现在我们把舞台交给马克。
13:49
so I'm going to hand it over now to Mark.
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14:08
(Laughs) Number three. OK.
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（笑声）第三号，好的。
14:10
(Applause)
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（掌声）
14:11
There we go.
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找到了。
14:12
I didn't know which pot that was in.
Mark didn't know.
Mark didn't know.
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连我都不知道感染了疟疾病原
的袜子在哪个容器里。
的袜子在哪个容器里。
14:15
This was a blind test, genuinely.
Sarah, was that correct?
Sarah, was that correct?
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这是个名副其实的盲测。
莎拉，它找对了吗？
莎拉，它找对了吗？
莎拉：找对了。
14:19
Sarah: Yes.
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847011
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正确，干得漂亮，
芙蕾雅 ，太精彩了!
芙蕾雅 ，太精彩了!
14:20
JL: That was correct. Well done, Freya.
That is fantastic. Whew.
That is fantastic. Whew.
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14:23
(Applause)
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（掌声）
14:26
That is really wonderful.
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太棒了。
14:28
Now Sarah is going to actually change
the pots around a little bit,
the pots around a little bit,
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现在莎拉要把容器位置稍作调整，
14:31
and she's going to take
the one with malaria away,
the one with malaria away,
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她要把装有疟疾病原袜子
的容器拿走，
的容器拿走，
14:34
and we're just going to have four pots
that are containing socks from children
that are containing socks from children
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那么四个罐子里装的袜子
14:38
that had no malaria,
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都没有疟疾病原。
14:40
so in theory, Freya should go
down the line and not stop at all.
down the line and not stop at all.
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3215
理论上，芙蕾雅应该
走过那一排而不会停留。
走过那一排而不会停留。
14:43
And this is really important,
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这非常重要，
因为我们也需要知道
谁没有感染病毒，
谁没有感染病毒，
14:44
because we also need to know
people who are not infected,
people who are not infected,
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芙蕾雅需要做到这点。
14:47
she needs to be able to do that.
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这个实验非常具有挑战性，
14:49
And this is a tough test.
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因为这些袜子已经
在冰箱里保存了好几年，
在冰箱里保存了好几年，
14:50
These socks have been in the freezer
for a couple of years now,
for a couple of years now,
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14:53
and this is a tiny bit of a sock as well.
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2820
而且袜子非常小。
14:56
So imagine if this was a whole person,
giving off a big signal.
giving off a big signal.
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想象一下如果是一个人，
他发出的信号会较强。
他发出的信号会较强。
14:59
So this is really incredible.
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所以这真的不可思议。
15:00
OK, over to you, Mark.
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好，交给你了，马克。
15:09
(Laughs)
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1151
（笑声）
15:10
(Applause)
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898713
1001
（掌声）
15:11
Brilliant. Fantastic.
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太精彩了！太棒了！
15:14
(Applause)
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（掌声）
15:16
Really super. Thank you so much, guys.
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超棒 ！非常感谢！
15:18
Big round of applause
for Freya, Mark and Sarah.
for Freya, Mark and Sarah.
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906657
2652
让我们把热烈的掌声
送给芙蕾雅，莎拉和马克。
送给芙蕾雅，莎拉和马克。
15:21
Well done, guys.
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干得漂亮！
15:22
(Applause)
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2874
（掌声）
15:25
What a good girl.
She's going to get a treat later.
She's going to get a treat later.
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3222
多好的小家伙，
待会儿它会得到奖励。
待会儿它会得到奖励。
15:28
Fantastic.
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1176
太棒了。
15:31
So you've just seen that
for your own eyes.
for your own eyes.
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2039
各位刚才亲眼目睹了这一切，
15:33
That was a real live demonstration.
I was quite nervous about it.
I was quite nervous about it.
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这个现场演示货真价实，
我刚才其实挺紧张的。
我刚才其实挺紧张的。
15:36
I'm so glad that it worked.
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很高兴一切顺利。
15:37
(Laughter)
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1563
（笑声）
15:39
But it is really incredible,
and when we do this,
and when we do this,
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但这真的不可思议，
15:42
what we find is that these dogs
can correctly tell us
can correctly tell us
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我们发现这些狗能准确告诉我们
15:45
when somebody is infected with malaria
81 percent of the time.
81 percent of the time.
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3239
谁是疟疾感染者， 正确率高达81%。
15:48
It's incredible.
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1171
难以置信。
15:49
92 percent of the time,
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1287
92% 的几率，
15:51
they can tell us correctly
when somebody does not have an infection.
when somebody does not have an infection.
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3325
狗能准确告诉我们
谁没有被疟疾感染。
谁没有被疟疾感染。
15:54
And those numbers
are actually above the criteria
are actually above the criteria
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2810
实际上这些数字高于
15:57
set by the World Health Organization
for a diagnostic.
for a diagnostic.
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3730
世界卫生组织设定的疾病诊断标准。
16:01
So we really are looking
at deploying dogs in countries,
at deploying dogs in countries,
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3765
我们期待有一天能用狗在各国，
16:04
and particularly at ports of entry,
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952954
1995
特别是入境处，
16:06
to detect people who have malaria.
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辨别出疟疾感染者。
16:09
This could be a reality.
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这是可以实现的。
16:12
But we can't deploy dogs everywhere,
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但是我们不能随处使用狗。
16:14
and so what we're also looking to do
and working on at the moment
and working on at the moment
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3652
所以目前我们在着手
16:18
is the development of technology,
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研发一种技术，
16:20
wearable tech that would
empower the individual
empower the individual
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3175
一种便携的技术，它能赋予
16:23
to allow them to self-diagnose.
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人们自我诊断的能力。
16:26
Imagine a patch that you wear on the skin
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2542
想象在你的皮肤上贴一块东西，
16:29
that would detect in your sweat
when you're infected with malaria
when you're infected with malaria
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3244
如果你被感染疟疾，
它可以从你的汗水中测出病毒，
它可以从你的汗水中测出病毒，
16:32
and change color.
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并随之变换颜色。
16:33
Or something a little more
technical, perhaps:
technical, perhaps:
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2253
或者技术性更强一些，
16:36
a smartwatch that would alert you
when you're infected with malaria.
when you're infected with malaria.
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4235
一款可以提醒你
感染了疟疾病毒的智能表。
感染了疟疾病毒的智能表。
16:40
And if we can do this digitally,
and we can collect data,
and we can collect data,
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如果这项技术可以数码化，
我们还可以从手机提取数据，
我们还可以从手机提取数据，
16:43
imagine the amount of data
that we can collect on a global scale.
that we can collect on a global scale.
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想象一下全球范围内
采集的数据量有多大。
采集的数据量有多大。
16:48
This could completely revolutionize
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1736
这将是一场革新，
16:50
the way that we track
the spread of diseases,
the spread of diseases,
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将彻底改变我们
追踪疾病传播的方法，
追踪疾病传播的方法，
16:52
the way that we target our control efforts
and respond to disease outbreaks,
and respond to disease outbreaks,
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改变我们锁定控制病毒的方法，
以及回应疾病爆发的方式，
以及回应疾病爆发的方式，
16:57
ultimately helping to lead
to the eradication of malaria,
to the eradication of malaria,
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最终彻底消灭疟疾。
17:01
and even beyond malaria,
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而且还不局限于疟疾，
17:02
for other diseases
that we already know have a smell.
that we already know have a smell.
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如果我们还知道
其他一些疾病也带有味道，
其他一些疾病也带有味道，
17:05
If we can harness the power of nature
to find out what those smells are,
to find out what those smells are,
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如果我们能利用大自然的力量
发现那些气味是什么，
发现那些气味是什么，
17:09
we could do this and make this a reality.
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就可以让这些疾病的诊断变为现实。
17:12
Now, as scientists, we're tasked
with coming up with new ideas,
with coming up with new ideas,
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作为科学家，我们的任务
是想出新的主意，
是想出新的主意，
17:17
new concepts, new technologies
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2408
新的概念和新的科技
17:20
to tackle some of the world's
greatest problems,
greatest problems,
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去解决世界上的难题。
17:24
but what never ceases to amaze me
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始终让我惊讶不已的是，
17:26
is that often nature
has already done this for us,
has already done this for us,
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大自然通常已经赋予了我们答案，
17:30
and the answer ...
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而且这答案
17:32
is right under our nose.
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就在我们眼前。
17:35
Thank you.
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1151
谢谢。
17:36
(Applause)
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（掌声）
Translated by Yujiao Wu
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Logan - Biologist, medical entomologistProfessor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history.
Why you should listen
Professor James Logan's research group explores the complex interaction between arthropod vectors, and his groundbreaking research has led to the discovery of novel methods for the control of vectors that transmit pathogens that cause diseases such as malaria, Zika, dengue, trachoma and Lyme disease. His work extends into field evaluation of vector control tools in developing countries, and his recent research discovered that malaria infection causes changes in our body odor, making us more attractive to mosquitoes. He's now working on translating that to develop a novel, non-invasive diagnostic for malaria.
Logan is a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and has a first-class BSc honours degree in Zoology from the University of Aberdeen and an award-winning PhD, which he completed in 2005. He is also an entrepreneur, having spun out two companies from his University, and holds the position of Director and Founder of ARCTEC and Director and Founder of Vecotech Ltd. Logan regularly advises UK government departments on aspects of vector biology, invasive species and vector control.
James Logan | Speaker | TED.com