ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Logan - Biologist, medical entomologist
Professor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history.

Why you should listen

Professor James Logan's research group explores the complex interaction between arthropod vectors, and his groundbreaking research has led to the discovery of novel methods for the control of vectors that transmit pathogens that cause diseases such as malaria, Zika, dengue, trachoma and Lyme disease. His work extends into field evaluation of vector control tools in developing countries, and his recent research discovered that malaria infection causes changes in our body odor, making us more attractive to mosquitoes. He's now working on translating that to develop a novel, non-invasive diagnostic for malaria.

Logan is a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and has a first-class BSc honours degree in Zoology from the University of Aberdeen and an award-winning PhD, which he completed in 2005. He is also an entrepreneur, having spun out two companies from his University, and holds the position of Director and Founder of ARCTEC and Director and Founder of Vecotech Ltd. Logan regularly advises UK government departments on aspects of vector biology, invasive species and vector control.

More profile about the speaker
James Logan | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxLondon

James Logan: How we're using dogs to sniff out malaria

詹姆士‧洛根: 我們如何靠狗嗅出瘧疾

Filmed:
218,541 views

你相信我們能夠藉著身體散發出的味道,診斷一些世界上最致命疾病嗎?在這場生動的演講及現場示範中,生物學家詹姆士‧洛根介紹瘧疾偵測犬芙蕾雅出場,展現人類能靠動物驚人的嗅覺能力,偵測出感染瘧疾的化學訊息,藉此改變我們診斷瘧疾的方式。
- Biologist, medical entomologist
Professor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Malaria瘧疾 is still one of the biggest最大
killers殺手 on the planet行星.
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瘧疾依然是世界上最致命的疾病之一
儘管過去二十年
我們已有重大的進展
00:18
Despite儘管 us making製造 significant重大 progress進展
in the last 20 years年份,
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00:23
half the world's世界 population人口
is still at risk風險 from this disease疾病.
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全球一半以上的人口
仍然在瘧疾的威脅之中
事實上,每兩分鐘
00:28
In fact事實, every一切 two minutes分鐘,
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就有一個小於兩歲的孩童死於瘧疾
00:30
a child兒童 under the age年齡 of two
dies from malaria瘧疾.
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我們的進展停滯了
00:34
Our progress進展 has undoubtedly無疑 stalled停滯.
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00:38
Now we face面對 many許多 challenges挑戰
when it comes to tackling搶斷 malaria瘧疾,
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我們在討論對抗瘧疾的同時
也面臨到許多挑戰
但其中一個困難是
00:43
but one of the problems問題 that we have
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在一開始就找到感染瘧疾的人
00:45
is actually其實 finding發現 people who are
infected感染 with malaria瘧疾 in the first place地點.
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00:50
So, for example, if people have
some level水平 of immunity免疫 to the disease疾病,
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舉例來說,如果有些人對這種疾病
有一定程度的免疫力
00:54
then they can develop發展 an infection感染
and become成為 infectious傳染病 and still pass通過 it on
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那麼他們會被感染
並具有傳染性,然後傳染給別人
00:59
but not actually其實 develop發展 any symptoms症狀,
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但不見得會出現任何症狀
這是個大問題
因為要找到這些帶原者
01:01
and that can be a big problem問題,
because how do you find those people?
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就像是大海撈針般困難
01:04
It's like looking
for a needle in a haystack草垛.
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科學家數年來都在嘗試解決這個問題
01:07
Now scientists科學家們 have been trying
to solve解決 this problem問題 for some years年份,
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01:12
but what I want to talk to you about today今天
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但我今天想跟各位說的是
01:14
is that the solution to this problem問題
may可能 have been right under our noses鼻子
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這項問題的解決之道
或許早已在我們的眼前
01:19
this whole整個 time.
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01:20
Now that was a bit of a heavy start開始,
with lots of really important重要 statistics統計,
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這個有點沉重的開場
附帶許多重要且嚴肅的統計資料
01:24
so I want us all
to just relax放鬆 a little bit
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所以我希望所有人現在能放輕鬆
01:26
and that'll那會 help me to relax放鬆
a little bit as well.
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同時也讓我能夠稍微放鬆
01:29
So why don't we just all take
a nice不錯 deep breath呼吸 in ...
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讓我們大家好好深呼吸一下
01:32
Wow. (Laughs)
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哇!(笑聲)
01:33
And sigh,
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吐氣
01:34
and, whoo, going to get blown away there.
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好了,我覺得快被你們吹走了
01:37
OK, now I want you to do it again,
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好了,我現在希望你們再做一次
但是這次我希望你們只用鼻子呼吸
01:39
but this time, I want you to do it
just through通過 your nose鼻子,
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01:42
and I want you to really sense
the environment環境 around you.
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我希望各位能夠感受一下你周圍的環境
01:46
And in fact事實, I want you to really smell
the person who's誰是 sitting坐在 next下一個 to you.
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其實我希望你們聞一下
坐在你隔壁的那個人
不管你認不認識他,我不在乎!
01:50
Even if you don't know them, I don't care關心.
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請貼上去,讓你的鼻子
靠近對方的腋下
01:52
Lean in, get your nose鼻子
right into their armpit腋窩,
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你們少來了,別故作矜持
01:54
come on, stop being存在 so British英國的 about it,
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讓你的鼻子靠近腋下,好好聞一下
01:56
get your nose鼻子 into the armpit腋窩,
have a good old sniff吸氣,
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01:59
see what you can smell.
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看看你能聞到什麼
(笑聲)
02:01
(Laughter笑聲)
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現在我們每一個人
02:05
Now each and every一切 one of us
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可能都曾有過非常不同的感官體驗
02:07
would have had a very different不同
sensory感覺的 experience經驗 there.
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02:10
Some of us would have smelled
something rather pleasant愉快,
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有些人可能聞過非常令人愉悅的東西
02:13
perhaps也許 somebody's某人的 perfume香水.
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或許是某人的香水
但有些人可能聞過不那麼討喜的味道
02:15
But some of us might威力 have smelled
something a little bit less pleasant愉快,
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或許是某人的口臭或是體味
02:18
perhaps也許 somebody's某人的
bad breath呼吸 or body身體 odor氣味.
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02:22
Maybe you even smelled your own擁有 body身體 odor氣味.
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或許你甚至聞過你自己的體味
02:25
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
但或許有一個好理由
02:27
But, you know, there's probably大概
a good reason原因
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02:29
that some of us
don't like certain某些 body身體 smells氣味.
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可以解釋我們有些人
不喜歡特定的體味
歷史上
02:33
Throughout始終 history歷史,
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there have been many許多 examples例子 of diseases疾病
being存在 associated相關 with a smell.
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有著許多案例顯示出
疾病與氣味的關聯
舉例來說,傷寒聞起來
就像是烤焦的麵包
02:40
So, for example, typhoid傷寒症 apparently顯然地
smells氣味 like baked烘烤的 brown棕色 bread麵包,
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這味道不錯吧?
02:45
and that's quite相當 a nice不錯 smell, isn't it,
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但接下來的例子會有點糟
02:47
but it starts啟動 to get a little bit worse更差.
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結核病聞起來像不新鮮的啤酒
02:49
TBTB smells氣味 like stale陳舊 beer啤酒,
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黃熱病聞起來像是在肉鋪裡一樣
像是生肉一樣的味道
02:51
and yellow黃色 fever發熱 smells氣味 like the inside
of a butcher屠夫 shop, like raw生的 meat.
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事實上,當你檢查
這類形容疾病的字詞
02:56
And in fact事實, when you look
at the sort分類 of words that are used
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02:59
to describe描述 diseases疾病,
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通常會找到這些詞彙:
03:01
you tend趨向 to find these words:
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腐臭、難聞、腐爛、刺鼻
03:03
"rotting腐爛," "foul犯規," "putrid腐爛" or "pungent潑辣."
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因此也沒什麼好驚訝
03:07
So it's no surprise, then,
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03:08
that smell and body身體 odor氣味
gets得到 a bit of bad reputation聲譽.
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畢竟有些味道和體味都不是那麼好聞
03:12
If I was to say to you, "You smell,"
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如果我跟你說:「你很臭」
03:15
now, you're going to take that
not exactly究竟 as a compliment讚揚, are you.
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你不會覺得這是稱讚,對吧?
但是你真的很臭
03:19
But you do smell.
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你也剛發現到自己確實很臭
03:21
You've just found發現 that out. You do smell.
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這是科學事實
03:22
It's a scientific科學 fact事實.
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03:25
And I'd quite相當 like
to turn that on its head.
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我真的很想翻轉這個事實
03:27
What if we could actually其實
think about smell in a positive way,
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要是我們用正面的方式
看待這些氣味呢?
要是我們能善用氣味呢?
03:30
put it to good use?
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03:31
What if we could detect檢測 the chemicals化學製品
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要是我們能夠偵測生病時
身體所散發出的化學物質
03:33
that are given特定 off
by our bodies身體 when we're ill生病,
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並利用這種方式診斷疾病呢?
03:36
and use that to diagnose診斷 people?
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03:39
Now we'd星期三 need to develop發展 good sensors傳感器
that would allow允許 us to do this,
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現在我們要開發出好的感測器
讓我們能夠做到這一點
03:42
but it turns out that the world's世界
best最好 sensors傳感器 actually其實 already已經 exist存在,
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但是,世界上最好的感測器
其實已經存在了
03:47
and they're called animals動物.
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這感測器就是「動物」
03:50
Now animals動物 are built內置 to smell.
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動物生來就是要聞
牠們每天都依靠著鼻子過活
03:52
They live生活 their everyday每天 lives生活
according根據 to their nose鼻子.
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03:56
They sense the environment環境,
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牠們偵測周遭環境
本質上來說,這行為能提供牠們
03:57
which哪一個 tells告訴 them
really important重要 information信息
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03:59
about how to stay alive, essentially實質上.
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重要的保命訊息
04:01
Just imagine想像 you're a mosquito蚊子
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想像你是一隻蚊子
04:03
and you've just flown飛行 in from outside
and you've entered進入 this room房間.
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你從室外飛進來,進入這個空間
正要進入到一個非常複雜的世界
04:07
Now you're going to be entering進入
a really complex複雜 world世界.
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被各處的氣味所轟炸
04:09
You're going to be bombarded炮轟
with smells氣味 from everywhere到處.
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我們發現自己是一頭臭野獸
04:12
We've我們已經 just found發現 out
that we're really smelly beasts獸類.
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04:15
Each one of us is producing生產
different不同 volatile揮發物 chemicals化學製品.
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每個人都在產生
不同的揮發性化學物質
04:17
It's not just one chemical化學, like BOBO --
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不是只有體味一種
而是相當相當多的化學物質
04:19
lots and lots of chemicals化學製品.
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但不只有你
04:21
But it's not just you,
it's the seats you're sitting坐在 on,
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還包括你現在坐著的座椅
地毯、黏合地毯和地板的膠水
04:23
the carpet地毯, the glue that holds持有
the carpet地毯 to the floor地板,
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牆上的油漆,室外的樹木
04:26
the paint塗料 on the walls牆壁, the trees樹木 outside.
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你周遭的所有東西都在產生氣味
04:28
Everything around you
is producing生產 an odor氣味,
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04:31
and it's a really complex複雜 world世界
that the mosquito蚊子 has to fly through通過,
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這隻蚊子必須要飛越
這個相當複雜的世界
04:35
and it has to find you
within that really complex複雜 world世界.
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牠必須在這個
相當複雜的世界中找到你
04:39
And each and every一切 one of you will know --
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而每個人都知道──
04:41
Come on, hands up, who always
gets得到 bitten被咬 by mosquitoes蚊子?
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誰總是被蚊子叮?請舉手
誰從沒被叮過?請舉手
04:44
And who never gets得到 bitten被咬?
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04:45
There's always one or two really
annoying惱人的 people that never get bitten被咬.
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總是有那麼一兩位討厭鬼從沒被叮過
04:50
But the mosquito蚊子
has a really hard job工作 to find you,
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蚊子要找到你其實很難
這都跟你的氣味有關
04:52
and that's all to do
with the way you smell.
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有些人聞起來令人反感
就不會吸引到蚊子
04:55
People who don't attract吸引
mosquitoes蚊子 smell repellent驅蚊,
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04:58
and what we know is that --
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而且我們知道──
04:59
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:00
I should clarify澄清, repellent驅蚊 to mosquitoes蚊子,
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我應該澄清一下:是令「蚊子」反感
不是令「人」反感
05:04
not to people.
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05:05
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:06
And what we know now
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而我們知道的就是
氣味是由我們的基因所控制
05:07
is that that is actually其實
controlled受控 by our genes基因.
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但是蚊子能找到我們
05:11
But mosquitoes蚊子 are able能夠 to do that
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因為牠們擁有非常精準的嗅覺
05:13
because they have
a highly高度 sophisticated複雜的 sense of smell,
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而牠們能夠看清這團混雜的氣味
05:16
and they're able能夠 to see through通過
all the, sort分類 of, odor氣味 sludge污泥
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然後找到你或是哪個人
吸你的血飽餐一頓
05:19
to find you, that individual個人,
and bite you as a blood血液 meal膳食.
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05:24
But what would happen發生
if one of you was infected感染 with malaria瘧疾?
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但是,假設你們其中一人感染瘧疾
會發生什麼事情呢?
05:28
Well, let's just have a quick look
at the malaria瘧疾 life cycle週期.
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讓我們快速看一下瘧疾的生命週期
05:31
So it's quite相當 complex複雜,
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這相當的複雜
05:33
but basically基本上, what happens發生 is a mosquito蚊子
has to bite somebody to become成為 infected感染.
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但是基本上是這樣:
一隻蚊子叮咬某人後被感染
05:37
Once一旦 it bites咬傷 an infected感染 person,
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一旦蚊子叮咬到受感染的人
寄生蟲通過嘴部進入到腸道
05:39
the parasite寄生物 travels旅行
through通過 the mouth part部分 into the gut腸道
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05:42
and then bursts連發
through通過 the gut腸道, creates創建 cysts囊腫,
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接著猛力衝破腸道,形成囊胞
05:44
and then the parasites寄生蟲 replicate複製,
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然後寄生蟲繁殖,開始牠們的旅程
05:47
and then they make a journey旅程 from the gut腸道
all the way to the salivary唾液 glands腺體,
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一路從腸道到唾腺
05:51
where they are then injected注射
back into another另一個 person
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寄生蟲再從唾腺這裡
被注射到另一個人的身體
05:54
when the mosquito蚊子 bites咬傷,
because it injects內噴射 saliva唾液 as it bites咬傷.
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因為蚊子在叮咬時
會將唾液注射到人的身體中
05:57
Then, inside the human人的,
it goes through通過 a whole整個 other cycle週期,
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接著在人體中
寄生蟲會歷經另一個週期
06:00
a whole整個 other part部分 of the life cycle週期,
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整個生命週期中的另一個週期
然後寄生蟲經過了肝臟,改變型態
06:02
so it goes through通過
a liver stage階段, changes變化 shape形狀,
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然後再一次進入到血液中
06:04
and then comes out
into the bloodstream血液 again,
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最後這個人就會變得有傳染性
06:06
and eventually終於, that person
will become成為 infectious傳染病.
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我們瞭解到寄生蟲
06:09
Now, one thing we know
about the parasite寄生物 world世界
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非常擅長操控宿主
06:11
is that they are incredibly令人難以置信 good
at manipulating操縱 their hosts主機
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藉此提升牠們的傳播能力
06:15
to enhance提高 their own擁有 transmission傳輸,
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06:16
to make sure that they get passed通過 onwards向前.
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確保牠們能夠延續下來
如果這在瘧疾系統中發生
或許能夠說得通一件事情
06:19
If this was to happen發生
in the malaria瘧疾 system系統,
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06:21
it might威力 make sense
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這跟牠們所操控的氣味有關
06:22
that it would be something
to do with odor氣味 that they manipulate操作,
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06:25
because odor氣味 is the key.
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因為氣味是關鍵因素
06:27
Odor氣味 is the thing that links鏈接 us
between之間 mosquitoes蚊子.
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氣味是連結我們與蚊子之間的東西
06:29
That's how they find us.
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那是牠們找到我們的方式
06:31
This is what we call the malaria瘧疾
manipulation操作 hypothesis假設,
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我們稱之為瘧疾操控假說
這是我們過去幾年一直在努力的事情
06:34
and it's something that we've我們已經 been
working加工 on over the last few少數 years年份.
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06:39
So one of the first things
that we wanted to do in our study研究
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我們在研究中首先想要做的事情是
06:42
was to find out whether是否
an infection感染 with malaria瘧疾
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找出瘧疾感染是否會讓你
更容易吸引到蚊子
06:45
actually其實 makes品牌 you more attractive有吸引力
to mosquitoes蚊子 or not.
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06:48
So in Kenya肯尼亞, with our colleagues同事,
we designed設計 an experiment實驗
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所以我和同事在肯亞設計了一個實驗
參與實驗的肯亞孩童睡在帳篷中
06:52
where we had participants參與者,
children孩子 in Kenya肯尼亞, sleep睡覺 inside tents帳篷.
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06:56
The odor氣味 from the tent帳篷 was blown
into a chamber which哪一個 contained mosquitoes蚊子,
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從帳篷飄出的氣味送進一個小空間
這裡面有一些蚊子
07:00
and the mosquitoes蚊子 would
behaviorally行為上 respond響應.
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蚊子會做出反應
07:03
They would fly towards
or fly away from the odors氣味,
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牠們會接近或是遠離那個氣味
07:05
depending根據 on whether是否
they liked喜歡 them or not.
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這取決於牠們的喜好
07:08
Now some of the participants參與者
were infected感染 with malaria瘧疾,
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現在有些參與者感染了瘧疾
07:10
and some of them were uninfected未感染,
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有些則沒被感染
07:12
but importantly重要的,
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但重要的是,沒有一個孩子出現症狀
07:14
none沒有 of the children孩子
had any symptoms症狀 whatsoever任何.
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07:18
Now when we found發現 and saw the results結果,
it was really quite相當 staggering踉蹌.
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我們發現且看到這個結果時非常震驚
07:22
People who were infected感染 with malaria瘧疾
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感染瘧疾的人
07:24
were significantly顯著 more attractive有吸引力
than people who were uninfected未感染.
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比那些未感染的人更容易吸引蚊子
讓我解釋一下這個圖表
07:28
So let me explain說明 this graph圖形.
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07:30
We have "number of mosquitoes蚊子
attracted吸引 to the child兒童,"
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我們統計「被孩童吸引的蚊子數量」
我們有兩組數據:
分別為治療前與治療後
07:32
and we have two sets of data數據:
before treatment治療 and after treatment治療.
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在最左邊
07:35
On the far left-hand左手 side,
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長條柱代表未感染的人
07:37
that bar酒吧 represents代表
a group of people who are uninfected未感染,
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當我們轉移到右邊
這些代表已感染的人
07:40
and as we move移動
towards the right-hand右手 side,
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07:42
these people have become成為 infected感染
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而他們漸漸具有感染性
07:43
and they're moving移動 towards the stage階段
that they're infectious傳染病.
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07:46
So right at the stage階段
when people are infectious傳染病
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當人處在具有感染性的階段時
07:49
is when they are
significantly顯著 more attractive有吸引力.
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他們更容易吸引蚊子
07:52
In this study研究, then, what we did
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在這個研究中,我們治療孩童
07:54
is we obviously明顯 gave
the children孩子 treatment治療
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07:56
to clear明確 the parasites寄生蟲,
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替他們清除寄生蟲
然後再一次以他們做測試
07:57
and then we tested測試 them again,
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07:59
and what we found發現 was that highly高度
attractive有吸引力 trait特徵 that was there
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我們發現到孩童接受治療後
吸引蚊子的特性消失了
08:03
disappeared消失 after they had
cleared清除 the infection感染.
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08:06
So it wasn't just that the people
were more attractive有吸引力,
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所以並非只是人吸引蚊子
寄生蟲也用某種方式操控著宿主
08:08
it was that the parasite寄生物
was manipulating操縱 its host主辦 in some way
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08:12
to make it more attractive有吸引力 to mosquitoes蚊子,
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使宿主更吸引蚊子
像是燈塔一樣顯眼,吸引更多的蚊子
08:14
standing常設 out like a beacon烽火
to attract吸引 more mosquitoes蚊子
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08:17
so that it could continue繼續 its life cycle週期.
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這樣寄生蟲便能夠延續生命週期
接下來我們希望能找出
08:20
The next下一個 thing we wanted to do
was find out what it was
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蚊子到底聞到了什麼?
08:22
the mosquito蚊子 was actually其實 smelling.
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蚊子偵測到了什麼?
08:24
What was it detecting檢測?
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為了做這件事情
我們必須搜集參與者的體味
08:25
So to do that, we had to collect蒐集
the body身體 odor氣味 from the participants參與者,
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我們用袋子包住他們的腳
08:29
and we did this by wrapping包皮
bags包裝袋 around their feet,
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08:31
which哪一個 allowed允許 us to collect蒐集
the volatile揮發物 odors氣味 from their feet,
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這讓我們能夠搜集到從腳散發的氣味
腳對蚊子來說相當重要
08:34
and feet are really important重要
to mosquitoes蚊子.
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牠們很喜歡腳的氣味
08:36
They really love the smell of feet.
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(笑聲)
08:38
(Laughter笑聲)
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特別是臭腳丫
08:39
Especially特別 cheesy俊俏的 feet.
Anybody任何人 got cheesy俊俏的 feet back there?
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這裡有人有腳臭嗎?
08:42
Mosquitoes蚊子 love that smell.
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蚊子特別愛這個味道
我們把焦點放在腳上
搜集這些體味
08:44
So we focused重點 on the feet,
and we collected the body身體 odor氣味.
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蚊子與嗅覺——牠們的嗅覺感官
08:47
Now when it comes to mosquitoes蚊子
and olfaction嗅覺, their sense of smell,
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都相當複雜
08:51
it's very complex複雜.
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08:52
It would be really nice不錯 if there was
just one chemical化學 that they detected檢測,
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如果牠們只偵測到一種化學物質
那事情就容易多了
但是沒有那麼簡單
08:55
but it's not that simple簡單.
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牠們必須偵測許多
濃度正確的化學物質
08:57
They have to detect檢測 a number of chemicals化學製品
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08:59
in the right concentration濃度,
the right ratios,
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對的比例、對的化學組合
09:02
the right combinations組合 of chemicals化學製品.
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所以你可以想像,這就像作曲一樣
09:05
So you can sort分類 of think about it
like a musical音樂 composition組成.
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各位知道,當你彈錯一個音符
或是彈奏得太大聲或太柔和
09:09
So, you know, if you get the note注意 wrong錯誤
or you play it too loud or too soft柔軟的,
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09:12
it doesn't sound聲音 right.
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聽起來就不太對勁
或者像是食譜,當你用錯了食材
09:14
Or a recipe食譜: if you get
an ingredient成分 wrong錯誤
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09:16
or you cook廚師 it too long or too little,
it doesn't taste味道 right.
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或是你煮太久或煮太少
味道嘗起來就不太對勁
09:20
Well, smell is the same相同.
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氣味也是如此
它由一組正確組合的化學物質構成
09:21
It's made製作 up of a suite套房 of chemicals化學製品
in the right combination組合.
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我們實驗室的機器
09:25
Now our machines in the lab實驗室
are not particularly尤其 good
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都無法挑出這類的氣味訊號
這事情相當的複雜
09:28
at picking選擇 out this sort分類 of signal信號 --
it's quite相當 complex複雜.
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但是動物做得到
09:31
But animals動物 can,
and what we do in my laboratory實驗室
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我們在實驗室中做的事情
就是將微電極接上蚊子的觸角
09:35
is we connect microelectrodes微 電極
to the antennae天線 of a mosquito蚊子.
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09:40
Imagine想像 how fiddly菲德利 that is.
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想像一下這事多麼微小又困難
09:41
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
09:43
But what we also do is connect them
to individual個人 cells細胞 within the antennae天線,
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我們也將微電極連接上觸角的細胞
09:47
which哪一個 is incredible難以置信.
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這事有點不可思議
你在做這個實驗的時候
絕對不想打噴嚏
09:48
You don't want to sneeze噴嚏
when you're doing this,
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09:50
that's for sure.
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這樣做讓我們能夠測量觸角中
09:52
But what this does is it allows允許 us
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09:54
to measure測量 the electrical電動 response響應
of the smell receptors受體 in the antennae天線,
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嗅覺受器的電流反應
如此一來,我們就知道
蚊子聞到了什麼
09:57
and so we can see
what a mosquito蚊子 is smelling.
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10:00
So I'm going to show顯示 you
what this looks容貌 like.
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給各位看一下這個過程
這是昆蟲的細胞
10:03
Here's這裡的 an insect's昆蟲 cell細胞,
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我按下按鈕後,它會在一秒內反應
10:04
and it will respond響應 in a second第二
when I press this button按鍵,
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你會看到它對這個回應相當緩慢
10:07
and you'll你會 see it sort分類 of taking服用 over
with this response響應.
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氣味會被吹到這個細胞上
10:10
An odor氣味 will be blown over the cell細胞,
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10:11
and it will go a bit crazy,
sort分類 of blow打擊 a raspberry覆盆子,
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接著會變得有些瘋狂
它會發出一串呸呸聲
10:14
and then it will go back to its resting休息
potential潛在 when we stop the odor氣味.
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當我們停止發出氣味時
它會恢復到靜止電位
10:17
(Rapid快速 crackling劈裡啪啦)
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(快速爆裂聲)
(低頻率爆裂聲)
10:24
(Low-pitch低間距 crackling劈裡啪啦)
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(快速爆裂聲)
10:31
(Rapid快速 crackling劈裡啪啦)
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10:37
OK, there we go,
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好了,就放到這裡
所以你現在可以回家跟別人說
你看到昆蟲在聞東西
10:38
so you can go home now and say
that you've seen看到 an insect昆蟲 smelling
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10:42
and even hearing聽力 an insect昆蟲 smelling --
it's a weird奇怪的 concept概念, isn't it?
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甚至聽到昆蟲在聞東西
這是個奇怪的概念,對吧?
但是這個方法真的很有效
10:45
But this works作品 really well,
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10:47
and this allows允許 us to see
what the insect昆蟲 is detecting檢測.
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它讓我們看到昆蟲偵測到了什麼
10:49
Now using運用 this method方法
with our malaria瘧疾 samples樣本,
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現在我們將這種方法
運用在瘧疾的樣本上
10:52
we were able能夠 to find out
what the mosquito蚊子 was detecting檢測,
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我們能夠發現蚊子偵測到了什麼
10:55
and we found發現 the malaria-associated瘧疾相關
compounds化合物, mainly主要 aldehydes,
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我們發現一些與瘧疾相關的化合物
主要是醛類
這組很臭的化合物
也就是瘧疾的訊號
10:59
a group of compounds化合物 that smelled,
that signified所指 the malaria瘧疾 signal信號 here.
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11:04
So now we know
what the smell of malaria瘧疾 is,
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所以現在我們知道瘧疾的味道
而且我們把蚊子當作一個生物感測器
11:06
and we've我們已經 used the mosquito蚊子 as a biosensor生物傳感器
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11:09
to tell us what the smell
of malaria瘧疾 actually其實 is.
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讓我們瞭解到瘧疾
實際上聞起來的味道
11:13
Now I'd like to imagine想像
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現在我想像一下
11:14
that you could, I don't know,
put a harness馬俱 on a little mosquito蚊子
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各位可以放個馬具在一隻小蚊子身上
將小蚊子套上繩索,然後將牠帶出場
11:18
and put it on a lead and take it out
and see if we can sniff吸氣 people
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看看我們可否嗅出一群人
11:23
in a community社區 --
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11:24
that goes on in my head --
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我的腦海中想著這件事
11:26
and see whether是否 we could
actually其實 find people with malaria瘧疾,
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看看我們可否真的找到感染瘧疾的人
但是,這當然不可能是真的
11:29
but, of course課程,
that's not really possible可能.
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但是有一種動物可以
協助我們做到這件事
11:33
But there is an animal動物
that we can do that with.
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11:36
Now dogs小狗 have an incredible難以置信
sense of smell,
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狗有相當驚人的嗅覺能力
11:38
but there's something
more special特別 about them:
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但是牠們還有一些更特別的地方
11:40
they have an ability能力 to learn學習.
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牠們具有學習的能力
11:42
And most of you people will be
familiar with this concept概念 at airports機場,
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大多數人在機場
對這個概念相當熟悉
狗會沿著排隊人群走
嗅一下你或是你的行李
11:46
where dogs小狗 will go down a line
and sniff吸氣 out your luggage行李 or yourself你自己
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11:49
for drugs毒品 and explosives炸藥
or even food餐飲 as well.
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為了找出毒品、爆裂物或是食物
11:53
So we wanted to know,
could we actually其實 train培養 dogs小狗
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所以我們想知道:
能否訓練這些狗聞出瘧疾的味道?
11:56
to learn學習 the smell of malaria瘧疾?
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所以我們和一個慈善組織合作
11:59
And so we've我們已經 been working加工 with a charity慈善機構
called Medical Detection發現 Dogs小狗
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這組織稱為醫療偵查犬
(Medical Detection Dogs)
我們想知道是否可以透過訓練
讓狗聞出瘧疾的味道
12:04
to see whether是否 we can train培養 them
to learn學習 the smell of malaria瘧疾.
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接著我們到甘比亞搜集更多氣味
12:08
And we went out to the Gambia岡比亞
and did some more odor氣味 collection採集
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包括感染及未感染兒童的氣味
12:11
on children孩子 that were infected感染
and uninfected未感染,
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但這次我們搜集他們穿過的襪子味道
12:13
but this time, we collected their odor氣味
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12:15
by making製造 them wear穿 socks襪子,
nylon尼龍 stockings絲襪,
256
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用尼龍絲襪來搜集他們的體味
12:18
to collect蒐集 their body身體 odor氣味.
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12:20
And we brought them back to the UK聯合王國
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然後我們將這些味道帶回英國
12:22
and then we handed them to this charity慈善機構
to run the experiment實驗.
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交給這個慈善組織進行實驗
我現在可以讓你們看圖表
12:27
Now I could show顯示 you a graph圖形
and tell you about that experiment實驗 works作品,
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讓你們知道實驗進行得如何
但這可能會有點無聊,對吧?
12:31
but that'd那會 be a bit dull平淡, wouldn't不會 it.
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12:34
Now, they do say never work
with children孩子 or animals動物 live生活,
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確實有人說
別讓孩子和動物在現場示範
但是我們今天打破這項規則
12:40
but we're going to break打破 that rule規則 today今天.
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12:42
So please welcome歡迎 onto the stage階段 Freya弗雷亞 ...
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讓我們歡迎他們上台
歡迎芙蕾雅
(掌聲)
12:46
(Applause掌聲)
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12:48
and her trainers培訓師 Mark標記 and Sarah莎拉.
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還有牠的訓練員
馬克和莎拉
(掌聲)
12:53
(Applause掌聲)
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他們當然才是這場秀的主角
12:56
Of course課程, this is
the real真實 star of the show顯示.
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12:59
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
13:00
OK, so now what I'm going to ask is
if you can all just be a little bit quiet安靜,
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好啦,現在要麻煩大家保持安靜一下
13:05
not move移動 around too much.
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不要四處走動
13:06
This is a very, very strange奇怪
environment環境 for Freya弗雷亞.
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對芙蕾雅來說,這是相當陌生的環境
13:09
She's having a good look at you guys now.
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牠現在正仔細看大家
所以我們儘可能保持安靜
這樣會比較好
13:11
So let's stay as calm冷靜 as possible可能.
That would be great.
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接下來要做的事情是
13:14
So what we're going to do here
is basically基本上, we're going to ask Freya弗雷亞
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要芙蕾雅沿著這一排裝置走過去
13:18
to move移動 down this line
of contraptions玩意兒 here,
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每個裝置裡面都有一個罐子
13:20
and in each one of these
contraptions玩意兒, we have a pot,
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罐子中有甘比亞孩童穿過的襪子
13:22
and in the pot is a sock襪子 that has been
worn磨損的 by a child兒童 in the Gambia岡比亞.
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現在其中三隻襪子
是未感染孩童穿過的
13:26
Now three of the socks襪子 have been worn磨損的
by children孩子 who were uninfected未感染,
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只有一隻襪子
是感染瘧疾的孩童穿過的
13:30
and just one of the socks襪子 was worn磨損的
by a child兒童 who was infected感染 with malaria瘧疾.
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就像你在機場看到的
想像這些襪子就是人群
13:35
So just as you would see an airport飛機場,
imagine想像 these were people,
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然後狗要上前去聞一下
13:38
and the dog is going to go down
and have a good sniff吸氣.
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13:40
And let's see if you can see
when she senses感官 the malaria瘧疾,
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看看你們能不能看見牠察覺到瘧疾
還有牠能不能發現瘧疾就在那
13:44
and if she senses感官 the malaria瘧疾.
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在相當陌生的環境中
對狗來說是一項艱鉅的任務
13:46
This is a really tough強硬 test測試 for her
in this very strange奇怪 environment環境,
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所以現在我要把現場交給馬克
13:49
so I'm going to hand it over now to Mark標記.
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14:08
(Laughs) Number three. OK.
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(笑聲)
第三個,好的
(掌聲)
14:10
(Applause掌聲)
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完成了
14:11
There we go.
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14:12
I didn't know which哪一個 pot that was in.
Mark標記 didn't know.
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我不知道是在哪個罐子裡面
馬克也不知道
14:15
This was a blind test測試, genuinely真正的.
Sarah莎拉, was that correct正確?
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這是一個真實的盲測
莎拉,牠選到正確的嗎?
14:19
Sarah莎拉: Yes.
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莎拉:完全正確
詹姆士:正確,做得好,芙蕾雅!
14:20
JLJL: That was correct正確. Well doneDONE, Freya弗雷亞.
That is fantastic奇妙. Whew.
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真的太棒了
(掌聲)
14:23
(Applause掌聲)
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這真的太神奇了
14:26
That is really wonderful精彩.
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14:28
Now Sarah莎拉 is going to actually其實 change更改
the pots around a little bit,
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現在莎拉會交換罐子的位置
14:31
and she's going to take
the one with malaria瘧疾 away,
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然後拿走那個有瘧疾氣味的罐子
現在我們有四個罐子
14:34
and we're just going to have four pots
that are containing socks襪子 from children孩子
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裡面都是未感染兒童的襪子
14:38
that had no malaria瘧疾,
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理論上,芙蕾雅應該沿路走過來
14:40
so in theory理論, Freya弗雷亞 should go
down the line and not stop at all.
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而且毫不停留
這相當重要,因為我們也需要知道
14:43
And this is really important重要,
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14:44
because we also need to know
people who are not infected感染,
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誰沒有感染瘧疾
牠也需要能夠正確做到這件事情
14:47
she needs需求 to be able能夠 to do that.
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這真的是相當艱鉅的任務
14:49
And this is a tough強硬 test測試.
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這些襪子已經放在冷凍庫好幾年了
14:50
These socks襪子 have been in the freezer冰箱
for a couple一對 of years年份 now,
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而且這襪子那麼小一個
14:53
and this is a tiny bit of a sock襪子 as well.
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想像如果這是一整個人體
它們正散發出重要的訊息
14:56
So imagine想像 if this was a whole整個 person,
giving off a big signal信號.
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14:59
So this is really incredible難以置信.
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這真的是令人不可置信
15:00
OK, over to you, Mark標記.
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好了,交給你了馬克
(笑聲)
15:09
(Laughs)
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(掌聲)
15:10
(Applause掌聲)
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太厲害了!
15:11
Brilliant輝煌. Fantastic奇妙.
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太棒了!
(掌聲)
15:14
(Applause掌聲)
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15:16
Really super. Thank you so much, guys.
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真是超級厲害!
太感謝你們了
15:18
Big round回合 of applause掌聲
for Freya弗雷亞, Mark標記 and Sarah莎拉.
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讓我們給芙蕾雅、馬克、莎拉
一個熱烈的掌聲!
你們做得太好了
15:21
Well doneDONE, guys.
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15:22
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
15:25
What a good girl女孩.
She's going to get a treat對待 later後來.
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真是個好女孩
待會牠會被好好款待
15:28
Fantastic奇妙.
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太棒了
15:31
So you've just seen看到 that
for your own擁有 eyes眼睛.
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所以各位剛剛親眼見到
15:33
That was a real真實 live生活 demonstration示範.
I was quite相當 nervous緊張 about it.
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這是真實的現場示範
我對此相當緊張
但我很高興看到實驗最後成功了
15:36
I'm so glad高興 that it worked工作.
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(笑聲)
15:37
(Laughter笑聲)
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15:39
But it is really incredible難以置信,
and when we do this,
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但是這真的很棒
而且當我們執行時
15:42
what we find is that these dogs小狗
can correctly正確地 tell us
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我們發現到
這些狗可以辨識出那些感染瘧疾的人
15:45
when somebody is infected感染 with malaria瘧疾
81 percent百分 of the time.
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正確率達 81%
這真的太不可思議了!
15:48
It's incredible難以置信.
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15:49
92 percent百分 of the time,
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有 92% 的機率
15:51
they can tell us correctly正確地
when somebody does not have an infection感染.
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牠們可以正確辨識出那些未感染的人
15:54
And those numbers數字
are actually其實 above以上 the criteria標準
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那些數字實際上
高於世界衛生組織的診斷標準
15:57
set by the World世界 Health健康 Organization組織
for a diagnostic診斷.
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16:01
So we really are looking
at deploying部署 dogs小狗 in countries國家,
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所以我們正在考慮
將狗部署在一些國家
特別是在進口港
16:04
and particularly尤其 at ports港口 of entry條目,
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去偵測那些感染瘧疾的人
16:06
to detect檢測 people who have malaria瘧疾.
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16:09
This could be a reality現實.
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這事情有可能成真
但是我們無法到處部署這些狗
16:12
But we can't deploy部署 dogs小狗 everywhere到處,
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16:14
and so what we're also looking to do
and working加工 on at the moment時刻
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所以我們目前考慮要執行的是
16:18
is the development發展 of technology技術,
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發展這項科技
可穿戴的科技
16:20
wearable穿戴式 tech高科技 that would
empower授權 the individual個人
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讓人能夠進行自我診斷
16:23
to allow允許 them to self-diagnose自我診斷.
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16:26
Imagine想像 a patch補丁 that you wear穿 on the skin皮膚
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想像一下貼在皮膚上的貼片
16:29
that would detect檢測 in your sweat
when you're infected感染 with malaria瘧疾
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可以偵測你的汗水
當你感染了瘧疾
貼片的顏色就會改變
16:32
and change更改 color顏色.
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16:33
Or something a little more
technical技術, perhaps也許:
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或是利用更有技術性的東西
當你感染瘧疾時
會警示你的一款智慧手錶
16:36
a smartwatch斯特沃特 that would alert警報 you
when you're infected感染 with malaria瘧疾.
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16:40
And if we can do this digitally數字,
and we can collect蒐集 data數據,
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如果我們利用數位的方式
那麼就可以搜集數據
你可以想像一下
我們可以搜集到全球的數據
16:43
imagine想像 the amount of data數據
that we can collect蒐集 on a global全球 scale規模.
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這可能會徹底改變
16:48
This could completely全然 revolutionize革命化
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我們追蹤疾病傳播的方式
16:50
the way that we track跟踪
the spread傳播 of diseases疾病,
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改變我們控管工作的重點
以及應對疾病爆發的方式
16:52
the way that we target目標 our control控制 efforts努力
and respond響應 to disease疾病 outbreaks爆發,
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最後達成消滅瘧疾的目標
16:57
ultimately最終 helping幫助 to lead
to the eradication根除 of malaria瘧疾,
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除了消滅瘧疾以外
17:01
and even beyond malaria瘧疾,
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17:02
for other diseases疾病
that we already已經 know have a smell.
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也能消除其他具有氣味的疾病
17:05
If we can harness馬俱 the power功率 of nature性質
to find out what those smells氣味 are,
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假如能夠善用大自然的力量
去發現那些氣味是什麼
17:09
we could do this and make this a reality現實.
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那麼這件事情就可以成真
17:12
Now, as scientists科學家們, we're tasked任務
with coming未來 up with new ideas思路,
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身為科學家,我們要想出新的點子
17:17
new concepts概念, new technologies技術
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新的概念、新的科技
去處理一些世界上的大問題
17:20
to tackle滑車 some of the world's世界
greatest最大 problems問題,
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17:24
but what never ceases停止 to amaze驚奇 me
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但經常讓我嘆為觀止的是
17:26
is that often經常 nature性質
has already已經 doneDONE this for us,
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自然界已經為我們準備好了
17:30
and the answer回答 ...
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而答案
17:32
is right under our nose鼻子.
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就在我們的眼前
謝謝大家
17:35
Thank you.
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17:36
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by LoHsien Huang
Reviewed by Yi-Ping Cho (Marssi)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Logan - Biologist, medical entomologist
Professor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history.

Why you should listen

Professor James Logan's research group explores the complex interaction between arthropod vectors, and his groundbreaking research has led to the discovery of novel methods for the control of vectors that transmit pathogens that cause diseases such as malaria, Zika, dengue, trachoma and Lyme disease. His work extends into field evaluation of vector control tools in developing countries, and his recent research discovered that malaria infection causes changes in our body odor, making us more attractive to mosquitoes. He's now working on translating that to develop a novel, non-invasive diagnostic for malaria.

Logan is a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and has a first-class BSc honours degree in Zoology from the University of Aberdeen and an award-winning PhD, which he completed in 2005. He is also an entrepreneur, having spun out two companies from his University, and holds the position of Director and Founder of ARCTEC and Director and Founder of Vecotech Ltd. Logan regularly advises UK government departments on aspects of vector biology, invasive species and vector control.

More profile about the speaker
James Logan | Speaker | TED.com