ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Zittrain - Net watchdog
Jonathan Zittrain wants to make sure the electronic frontier stays open -- and he's looking to the Internet's millions of users for its salvation.

Why you should listen

The increasing proliferation of "tethered" devices, from iPhones to Xboxes, is only one of countless threats to the freewheeling Internet as we know it. There's also spam, malware, misguided legislation and a drift away from what Internet law expert Jonathan Zittrain calls "generativity" -- a system's receptivity to unanticipated (and innovative) change instigated by myriad users.

Harvard law professor Zittrain, as an investigator for the OpenNet initiative and co-founder of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has long studied the legal, technological and world-shaking aspects of quickly morphing virtual terrains. He performed the first large-scale tests of Internet filtering in China and Saudi Arabia in 2002. His initiatives include projects to fight malware (StopBadware) and ChillingEffects, a site designed to support open content by tracking legal threats to individual users.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Zittrain | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Jonathan Zittrain: The Web as random acts of kindness

強納生•席全:網路上的善行義舉

Filmed:
934,500 views

你覺得世界已變得愈來愈不友善了嗎?社會理論學家強納生•席全希望能有所改變。他提出現在的網路上,充斥著許多不為自身利益的善行義舉,也包含好奇與信任的舉動。
- Net watchdog
Jonathan Zittrain wants to make sure the electronic frontier stays open -- and he's looking to the Internet's millions of users for its salvation. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
My name名稱 is Jonathan喬納森 Zittrain斯特蘭,
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我是強納生·席全,
00:14
and in my recent最近 work I've been a bit of a pessimist悲觀主義者.
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我最近的工作讓我有點悲觀,
00:17
So I thought this morning早上 I would try to be the optimist樂天派,
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所以我今早決定要讓自己樂觀一點,
00:21
and give reason原因 to hope希望
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我想談談網路的現狀,
00:23
for the future未來 of the Internet互聯網
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好讓我們對網路的未來
00:25
by drawing畫畫 upon its present當下.
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能抱持一點希望。
00:28
Now, it may可能 seem似乎 like there is less hope希望 today今天 than there was before.
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現在的人好像沒以前那麼充滿希望,
00:32
People are less kind. There is less trust相信 around.
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不那麼友善、不那麼互信。
00:34
I don't know. As a simple簡單 example,
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這我可不確定。舉個簡單的例子
00:38
we could run a test測試 here.
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測驗一下。
00:40
How many許多 people have ever hitchhiked搭便車?
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搭過便車的人,請舉手?
00:47
I know. How many許多 people have hitchhiked搭便車
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我就知道。那麼,有多少人
00:50
within the past過去 10 years年份?
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過去十年內搭過便車的?
00:55
Right. So what has changed?
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沒錯。到底有了什麼改變呢?
00:58
It's not better public上市 transportation運輸.
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這可不是因為大眾運輸有了改善...
01:01
So that's one reason原因 to think that we might威力 be
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你們看,這就是讓我們相信
01:04
declensionistsdeclensionists, going in the wrong錯誤 direction方向.
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世風日下、人心不古的原因之一。
01:07
But I want to give you three examples例子
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但是我要告訴各位三個例子,
01:10
to try to say that the trend趨勢 line
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我要證明,整個趨勢其實還是
01:13
is in fact事實 in the other direction方向,
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往另一個方向發展的,
01:15
and it's the Internet互聯網 helping幫助 it along沿.
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而且網際網路一路上推波助瀾。
01:18
So example number one: the Internet互聯網 itself本身.
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第一個例子:網路本身。
01:21
These are three of the founders創始人 of the Internet互聯網.
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這三位是網際網路的創始人,
01:25
They were actually其實 high school學校 classmates同學 together一起
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他們原先是高中同學,
01:27
at the same相同 high school學校 in suburban郊區的 Los洛杉磯 Angles in the 1960s.
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1960年代就讀於洛杉磯市郊的同一所高中。
01:31
You might威力 have had a French法國 club俱樂部 or a Debate辯論 club俱樂部.
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高中時你可能會參加法文社或辯論社,
01:34
They had a "Let's build建立 a global全球 network網絡" club俱樂部,
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他們參加的則是
01:36
and it worked工作 out very well.
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「共同打造全球網路」社,結果還真不錯。
01:39
They are pictured合照 here for their 25th anniversary週年
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這張是新聞週刊回顧網際網路報導
01:42
Newsweek新聞周刊 retrospective回顧 on the Internet互聯網.
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為他們拍的慶祝25年週年照片。
01:45
And as you can tell,
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可以看出來,
01:47
they are basically基本上 goof混日子 balls.
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他們基本上是一群呆瓜。
01:50
They had one great limitation局限性
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試圖構作全球網路時,他們得克服
01:53
and one great freedom自由
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一個很大的障礙,
01:55
as they tried試著 to conceive構想 of a global全球 network網絡.
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但他們也有很大的創作自由。
01:58
The limitation局限性 was that they didn't have any money.
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障礙是他們沒有什麼錢,
02:02
No particular特定 amount of capital首都 to invest投資,
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實在沒有資本可以投入,
02:05
of the sort分類 that for a physical物理 network網絡
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沒有建造實體網路時
02:07
you might威力 need for trucks卡車 and people
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所需的卡車、工人
02:09
and a hub樞紐 to move移動 packages around overnight過夜.
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或轉運中心,隔夜就可以把貨物送到。
02:12
They had none沒有 of that.
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那些他們都沒有。
02:14
But they had an amazing驚人 freedom自由,
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可是他們有驚人的自由,
02:16
which哪一個 was they didn't have to make any money from it.
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也就是他們不必從這頂上賺什麼錢。
02:20
The Internet互聯網 has no business商業 plan計劃, never did.
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網際網路沒有營運計畫,從來沒有,
02:24
No CEOCEO,
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沒有CEO,
02:26
no firm公司 responsible主管, singly, for building建造 it.
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也沒有單獨的一家公司負責打造網際網路。
02:30
Instead代替, it's folks鄉親 getting得到 together一起
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不過是一些人聚在一起,
02:32
to do something for fun開玩笑,
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為了好玩而做這件事而已,
02:35
rather than because they were told to,
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既沒有人要他們做這件事,
02:37
or because they were expecting期待 to make a mint薄荷 off of it.
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也不是他們當時想靠這個發財。
02:41
That ethos社會思潮 led to a network網絡 architecture建築,
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那樣的特質導致一種網路架構,
02:44
a structure結構體 that was unlike不像
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這種架構前所未有,
02:46
other digital數字 networks網絡 then or since以來.
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其後的其它數位網路也無法比擬。
02:50
So unusual異常, in fact事實,
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真的很特別,
02:52
that it was said that it's not clear明確 the Internet互聯網 could work.
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那時大家也搞不懂網際網路是否行得通。
02:56
As late晚了 as 1992, IBMIBM was known已知 to say
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直到1992年,IBM還宣稱
02:59
you couldn't不能 possibly或者 build建立 a corporate企業 network網絡
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利用網際網路協定根本不可能
03:02
using運用 Internet互聯網 Protocol協議.
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打造出公司網路。
03:05
And even some Internet互聯網 engineers工程師 today今天 say
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甚至今天還有些
03:07
the whole整個 thing is a pilot飛行員 project項目 and the jury陪審團 is still out.
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網路工程師說這只是個試行計畫,還沒有定論。
03:11
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:12
That's why the mascot吉祥物 of Internet互聯網 engineering工程,
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因此有人說,若要幫網際網路選定吉祥物的話,
03:16
if it had one, is said to be the bumblebee熊蜂.
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絕對非大黃蜂莫屬。
03:19
Because the fur-to-wingspan毛皮到翼展 ratio of the bumblebee熊蜂
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因為大黃蜂翅膀小,身體又太大得不成比例,
03:22
is far too large for it to be able能夠 to fly.
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根本飛不起來才對。
03:24
And yet然而, mysteriously神秘, somehow不知何故 the bee蜜蜂 flies蒼蠅.
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但很奇怪的是,這些蜜蜂還是飛了起來。
03:29
I'm pleased滿意 to say that, thanks謝謝 to massive大規模的 government政府 funding資金,
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我很高興在此宣布,感謝政府的大力資助,
03:32
about three years年份 ago we finally最後 figured想通 out
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我們三年前終於瞭解
03:35
how bees蜜蜂 fly.
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蜜蜂到底是怎麼飛起來的。
03:37
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:39
It's very complicated複雜, but it turns out they
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道理很複雜,但說穿了
03:41
flap拍打 their wings翅膀 very quickly很快.
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就是翅膀拍得很快。
03:44
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:47
So what is this bizarre奇異的 architecture建築 configuration組態
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究竟是什麼怪異的架構,
03:51
that makes品牌 the network網絡 sing and be so unusual異常?
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讓網路合唱得如此美妙與特別呢?
03:54
Well, to move移動 data數據 around
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嗯,要從一個地方
03:56
from one place地點 to another另一個 -- again, it's not like a package courier信使.
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傳送資料到另一個地方,這並不像包裹快遞,
03:59
It's more like a mosh狂舞 pit.
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反倒比較像魔秀舞池。
04:02
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:03
Imagine想像, you being存在 part部分 of a network網絡
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假設你是某網路的成員,
04:05
where, you're maybe at a sporting運動的 event事件,
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你們在某個運動比賽場合,
04:08
and you're sitting坐在 in rows like this,
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像這樣坐成一排,
04:10
and somebody asks for a beer啤酒,
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有人點了啤酒,
04:12
and it gets得到 handed at the aisle走道.
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那要從走道傳進去給他,
04:15
And your neighborly睦鄰的 duty義務
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你坐在鄰近就有義務
04:17
is to pass通過 the beer啤酒 along沿,
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把啤酒傳過去,
04:19
at risk風險 to your own擁有 trousers長褲,
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冒著弄髒自己褲子的風險
04:22
to get it to the destination目的地.
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也要把啤酒傳到。
04:24
No one pays支付 you to do this.
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沒有人付錢要你這麼做,
04:26
It's just part部分 of your neighborly睦鄰的 duty義務.
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你坐在鄰近就有這個義務。
04:29
And, in a way, that's exactly究竟 how packets move移動 around the Internet互聯網,
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某個程度上來說,這正是網路傳遞封包的方式,
04:33
sometimes有時 in as many許多 as 25 or 30 hops酒花,
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有時得經過25到30個節點,
04:35
with the intervening介入 entities實體
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附上協調性的信息,
04:37
that are passing通過 the data數據 around
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幫忙把資料傳遞下去,
04:39
having no particular特定 contractual合同 or legal法律 obligation義務
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與原始送件人或收件人之間,
04:43
to the original原版的 sender寄件人
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並沒有特定的合約
04:45
or to the receiver接收器.
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或法律上的義務。
04:48
Now, of course課程, in a mosh狂舞 pit it's hard to specify指定 a destination目的地.
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當然,在魔秀舞池裡很難料定目的地,
04:52
You need a lot of trust相信,
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需要很大的信任,
04:54
but it's not like, "I'm trying to get to Pensacola彭薩科拉, please."
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不能簡單說:「請送我到潘薩科拉,謝謝。」
04:57
So the Internet互聯網 needs需求 addressing解決 and directions方向.
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網際網路上需要地址和方向,
05:01
It turns out there is no one overall總體 map地圖 of the Internet互聯網.
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可是網路世界並沒有涵蓋整個領域的地圖,
05:05
Instead代替, again, it is as if we are all sitting坐在 together一起 in a theater劇院,
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反倒比較像大家都坐在戲院裡,
05:08
but we can only see amidst煙雨 the fog多霧路段
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只因為煙霧迷漫,我們只能看到
05:11
the people immediately立即 around us.
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緊鄰我們的幾個人,
05:13
So what do we do to figure數字 out who is where?
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那要怎麼知道誰在哪裡呢?
05:16
We turn to the person on the right,
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我們轉向右邊的人,
05:18
and we tell that person what we see on our left,
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告訴他我們在左邊看到的是什麼,
05:21
and vice versa反之亦然.
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他也反過來依樣畫葫蘆,
05:23
And they can lather泡沫, rinse沖洗, repeat重複. And before you know it,
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大家告訴大家之後,
05:25
you have a general一般 sense of where everything is.
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大家就大略知道戲院裡的狀況了。
05:28
This is how Internet互聯網 addressing解決 and routing路由 actually其實 work.
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這就是網路找尋路徑的方法。
05:33
This is a system系統 that relies依賴 on kindness善良 and trust相信,
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這個系統依賴的是大家的友善和信任,
05:37
which哪一個 also makes品牌 it very delicate精巧 and vulnerable弱勢.
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但也因此,網路是很嬌嫩脆弱的。
05:40
In rare罕見 but striking引人注目 instances實例,
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在某些少見的特殊情況下,
05:42
a single lie謊言 told by just one entity實體
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只要有那麼個成員在這個蜂巢裡
05:45
in this honeycomb蜂窩
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撒了個小謊,
05:47
can lead to real真實 trouble麻煩.
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就可能造成大麻煩。
05:49
So, for example, last year,
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舉例來說,去年(2008),
05:52
the government政府 of Pakistan巴基斯坦
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巴基斯坦政府
05:54
asked its Internet互聯網 service服務 providers供應商 there
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要求當地的網路服務業者,不要讓
05:57
to prevent避免 citizens公民 of Pakistan巴基斯坦 from seeing眼看 YouTubeYouTube的.
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巴基斯坦人民看到YouTube,因為政府當局
06:01
There was a video視頻 there that the government政府 did not like
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不樂見那裡的某支影片,
06:03
and they wanted to make sure it was blocked受阻.
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所以想確保封鎖它。
06:05
This is a common共同 occurrence發生. Governments政府 everywhere到處
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這種事很常見,
06:07
are often經常 trying to block
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到處總有政府試圖
06:09
and filter過濾 and censor審查 content內容 on the Internet互聯網.
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封鎖、過濾、檢查網路內容。
06:12
Well this one ISPISP in Pakistan巴基斯坦
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好啦,這家巴基斯坦ISP
06:14
chose選擇 to effectuate招致 the block for its subscribers用戶
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選用了一個相當不尋常的方式
06:17
in a rather unusual異常 way.
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來達到封鎖用戶的目的,
06:20
It advertised廣告 --
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它宣稱--
06:22
the way that you might威力 be asked, if you were part部分 of the Internet互聯網,
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你若是網路的成員,有時別人會要你回報
06:25
to declare宣布 what you see near you -- it advertised廣告
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你看到鄰近有些什麼--它宣稱
06:27
that near it, in fact事實, it had suddenly突然 awakened驚醒 to find
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在它附近有...--不對--它突然發現
06:32
that it was YouTubeYouTube的.
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自己就是YouTube,
06:34
"That's right," it said, "I am YouTubeYouTube的."
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它說:「沒錯,我就是YouTube。」
06:37
Which哪一個 meant意味著 that packets of data數據
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從那一刻起,用戶們傳送
06:39
from subscribers用戶 going to YouTubeYouTube的
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給YouTube的封包,
06:41
stopped停止 at the ISPISP, since以來 they thought they were already已經 there,
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全都被那家ISP給擋了下來,
06:44
and the ISPISP threw them away unopened未開封
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那家ISP不拆包就丟包了,
06:46
because the point was to block it.
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因為目的只是封鎖而已。
06:48
But it didn't stop there.
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但這件事並非到此為止,
06:50
You see, that announcement公告
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只要一點選YouTube,
06:52
went one click點擊 out,
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那個公告就會傳出去,
06:54
which哪一個 got reverberated迴盪, one click點擊 out.
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每次點選都會把消息擴散出去。
06:57
And it turns out that as you look
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要是我們從事後
06:59
at the postmortem事後 of this event事件,
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來看這件事,
07:01
you have at one moment時刻
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前一分鐘
07:03
perfectly完美 working加工 YouTubeYouTube的.
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YouTube還好好的,
07:05
Then, at moment時刻 number two,
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下一分鐘,
07:07
you have the fake announcement公告 go out.
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那份假的公告傳了出去,
07:10
And within two minutes分鐘,
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兩分鐘之後,
07:12
it reverberates宛轉 around
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到處都在傳播這個假公告,
07:14
and YouTubeYouTube的 is blocked受阻 everywhere到處 in the world世界.
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全世界的人都無法使用YouTube了。
07:17
If you were sitting坐在 in Oxford牛津, England英國, trying to get to YouTubeYouTube的,
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假如你在英國牛津,想連上YouTube,
07:20
your packets were going to Pakistan巴基斯坦
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你的封包
07:22
and they weren't coming未來 back.
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就會被導向巴基斯坦,一去不復返。
07:25
Now just think about that.
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現在請想想,
07:27
One of the most popular流行 websites網站 in the world世界,
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這是最受歡迎的網站之一,
07:29
run by the most powerful強大 company公司 in the world世界,
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也是最有權勢的公司所經營的,
07:31
and there was nothing that YouTubeYouTube的 or Google谷歌
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但Google或YouTube卻無任何特權
07:35
were particularly尤其 privileged特權 to do about it.
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可以處理這種情況。
07:38
And yet然而, somehow不知何故, within about two hours小時,
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但不知怎的,不到二個小時,
07:42
the problem問題 was fixed固定.
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問題解決了。
07:44
How did this happen發生?
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到底怎麼回事?
07:46
Well, for a big clue線索, we turn to NANOGNANOG.
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嗯,NANOG可以提供一點線索,
07:49
The North American美國 Network網絡 Operators運營商 Group,
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NANOG就是北美網路營運商會。
07:52
a group of people who,
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有一群人在外頭
07:54
on a beautiful美麗 day outside,
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天氣不錯的日子裡,
07:56
enter輸入 into a windowless無窗 room房間,
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關在沒有窗戶的房間裡,
07:58
at their terminals終端
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用他們的電腦
08:00
reading email電子郵件 and messages消息
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讀取像這種標準字體大小寫的
08:03
in fixed固定 proportion比例 font字形, like this,
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郵件和訊息,
08:07
and they talk about networks網絡.
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他們談的是網路。
08:09
And some of them are mid-level中級 employees僱員 at Internet互聯網 service服務 providers供應商
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他們有些人是世界
08:11
around the world世界.
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各地ISP的中階員工,
08:13
And here is the message信息 where one of them says,
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其中有人寫下這則訊息:
08:15
"Looks容貌 like we've我們已經 got a live生活 one. We have a hijacking劫持 of YouTubeYouTube的!
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「看來有麻煩,有人挾持了YouTube!
08:18
This is not a drill鑽頭. It's not just the cluelessness稀里糊塗
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這不是演習,也不是YouTube工程師的愚蠢,
08:21
of YouTubeYouTube的 engineers工程師. I promise諾言.
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我保證不是。
08:23
Something is up in Pakistan巴基斯坦."
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問題出在巴基斯坦!」
08:25
And they came來了 together一起 to help find the problem問題 and fix固定 it.
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然後他們集合起來找問題,把它修復。
08:29
So it's kind of like if your house catches漁獲 on fire.
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這就像是你家失火了,
08:32
The bad news新聞 is there is no fire brigade.
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糟糕的是附近沒有救火隊,
08:36
The good news新聞 is random隨機 people apparate幻影 from nowhere無處,
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但幸好有幾個不認識的人不期然出現,
08:39
put out the fire and leave離開 without expecting期待 payment付款 or praise讚美.
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幫你滅了火,然後分文不取就離開了。
08:43
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
08:48
I was trying to think of the right model模型 to describe描述
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我在想,要用什麼模式來形容
08:50
this form形成 of random隨機 acts行為 of kindness善良
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這些電腦怪客
08:52
by geeky令人討厭 strangers陌生人.
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隨機的善行義舉呢?
08:54
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:59
You know, it's just like the hail冰雹 goes out
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就好像有人一招手,
09:02
and people are ready準備 to help.
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就有人前來幫忙一樣。
09:04
And it turns out this model模型 is everywhere到處, once一旦 you start開始 looking for it.
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我發現只要開始找尋,到處都有這種善行義舉。
09:08
Example number two: Wikipedia維基百科.
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我們來看第二個例子:維基百科。
09:11
If a man named命名 Jimbo神保 came來了 up to you in 2001
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如果2001年有個名叫金寶的人來找你
09:14
and said, "I've got a great idea理念! We start開始 with seven articles用品
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說:「我有個好主意!我們設定七個主題,
09:17
that anybody任何人 can edit編輯 anything, at any time,
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人人都可以隨時上來編寫,
09:19
and we'll get a great encyclopedia百科全書! Eh?"
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這不就可編寫出很棒的百科全書了嗎?」
09:22
Right. Dumbest最愚蠢 idea理念 ever.
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沒錯,這是有史以來最笨的主意。
09:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
09:27
In fact事實, Wikipedia維基百科 is an idea理念 so profoundly深深 stupid
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其實,維基百科這個主意簡直笨到極點,
09:32
that even Jimbo神保 never had it.
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就連金寶也不這麼想。
09:35
Jimbo's吉博的 idea理念 was for NupediaNupedia.
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金寶的主意是「新百科全書」,
09:37
It was going to be totally完全 traditional傳統. He would pay工資 people money
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完全傳統方式、付錢請人寫。
09:39
because he was feeling感覺 like a good guy,
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他覺得自己是個好人,
09:41
and the money would go to the people
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付錢請人寫,
09:43
and they would write the articles用品.
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就會寫出文章。
09:45
The wiki維基 was introduced介紹
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維基的概念來自於
09:47
so others其他 could make suggestions建議 on edits編輯 --
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讓別人提出編寫建議,
09:49
as almost幾乎 an afterthought事後, a back room房間.
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好比補充作業或加蓋密室,
09:51
And then it turns out the back room房間 grew成長
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但後來密室卻越蓋越大,
09:54
to encompass環繞 the entire整個 project項目.
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涵蓋了整個工程。
09:56
And today今天, Wikipedia維基百科 is so ubiquitous普及
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今天,維基百科已經普及到
09:59
that you can now find it on Chinese中文 restaurant餐廳 menus菜單.
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連中國餐廳的菜單上也找得到它。
10:03
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:09
I am not making製造 this up.
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這可不是我捏造的!
10:11
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:13
I have a theory理論 I can explain說明 later後來.
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關於這點我有個理論,稍後再作解釋。
10:16
Suffice滿足 it to say for now that I prefer比較喜歡 my Wikipedia維基百科
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現在我只說我的最愛是
10:18
stir-fried煸炒 with pimentos甘椒.
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青椒炒維基就夠了。
10:20
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:22
But now, Wikipedia維基百科 doesn't just spontaneously自發 work.
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不過,維基並非自發性的作品而已。
10:25
How does it really work? It turns out
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究竟怎麼運作的呢?
10:27
there is a back room房間 that is kind of windowless無窗,
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打個隱喻說,我發現
10:29
metaphorically比喻 speaking請講.
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維基有個沒窗戶的密室,
10:31
And there are a bunch of people who, on a sunny晴朗 day,
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有那麼一群人
10:33
would rather be inside
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即使外頭陽光普照也寧可待在房間裡
10:36
and monitoring監控 this, the administrator's管理員 notice注意 board,
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盯著管理員的公布欄看,
10:38
itself本身 a wiki維基 page that anyone任何人 can edit編輯.
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那是人人都可以編輯的維基頁面,
10:41
And you just bring帶來 your problems問題 to the page.
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可以把問題放到那個頁面上。
10:44
It's reminiscent讓人聯想起 of the description描述 of history歷史
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這讓人想起一句老話:
10:47
as "one damn該死的 thing after another另一個," right?
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「壞事接踵而來」對不對?
10:50
Number one: "Tendentious傾向性的 editing編輯 by user用戶 AndyvphilAndyvphil."
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第一件:「安地夫菲爾的編輯有傾向性」。
10:54
Apologies道歉, AndyvphilAndyvphil, if you're here today今天.
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安地夫菲爾,如果你在現場的話,對不起啦,
10:57
I'm not taking服用 sides雙方.
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我沒有偏袒誰的意思。
10:59
"Anon不久 attacking進攻 me for reverting回复."
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還有「只因我撤回修改,阿儂就攻擊我」。
11:02
Here is my favorite喜愛: "A long story故事."
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這是我最喜歡的:「說來話長」。
11:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
11:05
It turns out there are more people checking檢查 this page for problems問題
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結果,越來越多人在那個頁面上找問題,
11:09
and wanting希望 to solve解決 them
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想辦法解決問題,
11:11
than there are problems問題 arising產生 on the page.
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那個頁面上就越來越少問題。
11:14
And that's what keeps保持 Wikipedia維基百科 afloat浮著.
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那就是讓維基百科飄浮不沉的原因。
11:17
At all times, Wikipedia維基百科 is approximately
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任何時刻,維基百科都面臨著
11:20
45 minutes分鐘 away from utter說出 destruction毀壞. Right?
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45分鐘後就會解體的危機,不是嗎?
11:25
There are spambots反垃圾郵件插件 crawling爬行 it, trying to turn every一切 article文章
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惡意程式隨時伺機出手,
11:27
into an ad廣告 for a Rolex勞力士 watch.
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要把每一篇文章變成勞力士廣告。
11:29
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
11:30
It's this thin geeky令人討厭 line
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但就靠這群電腦狂熱份子單薄的力量,
11:33
that keeps保持 it going.
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使得維基能夠運作下去。
11:35
Not because it's a job工作,
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這既不是一份工作,
11:37
not because it's a career事業,
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也不是一個職業生涯,
11:39
but because it's a calling調用.
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而是一種使命的召喚。
11:41
It's something they feel impelled推動 to do
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這是他們覺得非做不可的事,
11:44
because they care關心 about it.
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因為他們在乎。
11:46
They even gather收集 together一起 in such這樣 groups
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他們甚至組成幾個小團體,
11:48
as the Counter-Vandalism反惡意破壞 Unit單元 --
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其中一個叫「反破壞小組」,
11:50
"Civility禮貌, Maturity到期, Responsibility責任" --
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口號是:「文明、成熟、負責任」,
11:53
to just clean清潔 up the pages網頁.
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這個小組專門清理頁面。
11:55
It does make you wonder奇蹟 if there were, for instance,
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這不禁讓人納悶,要是有一天週末
11:58
a massive大規模的, extremely非常 popular流行 Star Trek跋涉 convention慣例 one weekend週末,
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舉行極受歡迎的星際大戰迷的大型集會,
12:02
who would be minding自掃門前雪 the store商店?
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那還有誰來顧店?
12:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
12:09
So what we see --
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我們所看到的...
12:11
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
12:14
what we see in this phenomenon現象
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我們在這個現象中看到的,
12:18
is something that the crazed瘋狂, late晚了 traffic交通 engineer工程師
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正如同醉心於交通的工程師漢斯·蒙德曼
12:22
Hans漢斯 MondermanMonderman discovered發現 in the Netherlands荷蘭,
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最近在荷蘭以及
12:24
and here in South Kensington肯辛頓, that sometimes有時
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南肯辛頓所發現的一樣,
12:26
if you remove去掉 some of the external外部 rules規則 and signs跡象 and everything else其他,
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他說,有時如果拿掉某些外加的交通規則和標誌等等,
12:31
you can actually其實 end結束 up
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結果就會是
12:33
with a safer更安全 environment環境 in which哪一個 people can function功能,
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人人都有了更安全的環境,
12:36
and one in which哪一個 they are more human人的 with each other.
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因為大家會以更人性的方式對待彼此。
12:39
They're realizing實現 that they
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大家會體認到必須
12:41
have to take responsibility責任 for what they do.
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為自己所做所為負責。
12:43
And Wikipedia維基百科 has embraced擁抱 this.
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維基抱持的就是這種理念。
12:46
Some of you may可能 remember記得 Star Wars戰爭 Kid小子,
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你們有些人可能還記得這位星際大戰小子,
12:49
the poor較差的 teenager青少年 who filmed拍攝 himself他自己 with a golf高爾夫球 ball retriever獵犬,
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那位青少年把高爾夫取球桿當成光劍,
12:53
acting演戲 as if it were a light saber軍刀.
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給自己拍了一段影片。
12:55
The film電影, without his permission允許 or even knowledge知識 at first,
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這影片未經他允許,他甚至一開始也不知情,
12:58
found發現 its way onto the Internet互聯網.
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就流傳到網路上,
13:00
Hugely巨大 viral病毒 video視頻. Extremely非常 popular流行.
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很快散佈出去,廣受大家喜愛,
13:03
Totally完全 mortifying屈辱 to him.
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但卻讓這個小男孩羞得要死。
13:06
Now, it being存在 encyclopedic廣博的 and all,
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維基既然稱作百科,
13:08
Wikipedia維基百科 had to do an article文章 about Star Wars戰爭 Kid小子.
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那就得製作有關星際大戰小子的頁面。
13:11
Every一切 article文章 on Wikipedia維基百科 has a corresponding相應 discussion討論 page,
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維基的每一篇都有其討論頁,
13:13
and on the discussion討論 page
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星際大戰小子的討論頁裡,
13:15
they had extensive廣泛 argument論據 among其中 the Wikipedians維基
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大家熱烈討論的是
13:18
as to whether是否 to have his real真實 name名稱
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要不要把他的真實姓名
13:22
featured精選 in the article文章.
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披露在文章裡。
13:24
You could see arguments參數 on both sides雙方.
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正反二面的意見都有,
13:26
Here is just a snapshot快照 of some of them.
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這裡看到的只是一部分。
13:28
They eventually終於 decided決定 --
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最後他們決定,
13:30
not unanimously一致 by any means手段 --
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雖非全體一致通過,
13:32
not to include包括 his real真實 name名稱,
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但是決定不披露。
13:34
despite儘管 the fact事實 that nearly幾乎 all media媒體 reports報告 did.
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儘管幾乎所有的媒體報導都披露了,
13:37
They just didn't think it was the right thing to do.
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他們還是覺得不該披露。
13:40
It was an act法案 of kindness善良.
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這是一種善行義舉。
13:42
And to this day, the page for Star Wars戰爭 Kid小子
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直到今天,星際大戰小子
13:44
has a warning警告 right at the top最佳
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頁面頂端仍留有一段警語,
13:46
that says you are not to put his real真實 name名稱 on the page.
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告訴大家不得在頁面上披露其真實姓名,
13:49
If you do, it will be removed去除 immediately立即,
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違者立即刪除。
13:51
removed去除 by people who may可能 have disagreed不同意 with the original原版的 decision決定,
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刪除令的執行者原本或許並不贊同這個決定,
13:55
but respect尊重 the outcome結果
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但他尊重大家的決議,
13:58
and work to make it stay
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所以遵照決議執行,
14:00
because they believe in something bigger than their own擁有 opinion意見.
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因為他們認為還有比個人意見更重要的東西。
14:04
As a lawyer律師, I've got to say these guys are inventing發明了 the law
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身為律師,我得說這群人是在制定
14:07
and stare decisis先例 and stuff東東 like that as they go along沿.
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自己的法律、慣例等等這類東西。
14:11
Now, this isn't just limited有限 to Wikipedia維基百科.
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這種現象也並不只出現在維基百科裡,
14:14
We see it on blogs博客 all over the place地點.
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到處的網誌也如此,
14:16
I mean, this is a 2005 Business商業 Week cover.
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請看,這是2005年商業週刊的封面,
14:19
Wow. Blogs博客 are going to change更改 your business商業.
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哇!網誌會改變你的企業!
14:21
I know they look silly愚蠢. And sure they look silly愚蠢.
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我知道這看起來很蠢,也還真的很蠢,
14:24
They start開始 off on all sorts排序 of goofy高飛 projects項目.
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他們報導各種很蠢的網誌,
14:26
This is my favorite喜愛 goofy高飛 blog博客:
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這是我最愛的蠢網誌:
14:28
CatsthatlooklikehitlerCatsthatlooklikehitler.comCOM.
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catsthatlooklikehitler.com(長得像希特勒的貓)。
14:31
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
14:32
You send發送 in a picture圖片 of your cat
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如果你的貓長得像希特勒,
14:35
if it looks容貌 like Hitler希特勒.
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可以把照片寄去。
14:37
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
14:44
Yeah, I know. Number four, it's like, can you imagine想像
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是啦,我懂,第四張嘛!
14:46
coming未來 home to that cat everyday每天?
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你能想像天天回家看到那隻貓嗎?
14:48
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
14:49
But then, you can see the same相同 kind of whimsy怪念頭
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但是,你也會看到這種搞怪點子
14:53
applied應用的 to people.
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適用在人的身上。
14:55
So this is a blog博客 devoted忠誠 to unfortunate不幸的 portraiture畫像.
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這個網誌專門蒐集拍壞了的人像,
14:59
This one says, "Bucolic牧歌 meadow草地 with split-rail分軌 fence籬笆.
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這張的標題是:「有圍籬的鄉村草地...
15:02
Is that an animal動物 carcass胴體 behind背後 her?"
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她後面有一具動物屍體嗎?」
15:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
15:05
You're like, "You know? I think that's an animal動物 carcass胴體
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你們好像在說:「我覺得
15:07
behind背後 her."
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她後面的確實是動物屍體。」
15:09
And it's one after the other.
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接下來這張照片,
15:11
But then you hit擊中 this one. Image圖片 removed去除 at request請求 of owner所有者.
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當你要點進去時,照片應當事人要求已刪除。
15:15
That's it. Image圖片 removed去除 at request請求 of owner所有者.
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沒錯,照片應當事人要求已刪除。
15:17
It turns out that somebody lampooned嘲諷 here
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這似乎有人寫信
15:19
wrote to the snarky令人感到諷刺的 guy that does the site現場,
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向愛搞怪的版主打槍,
15:22
not with a legal法律 threat威脅, not with an offer提供 of payment付款,
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既不威脅採取法律行動,也不說給錢了事,
15:25
but just said, "Hey, would you mind心神?"
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只簡單說:「喂,拜託啦。」
15:27
The person said, "No, that's fine."
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版主回說:「哦,沒事兒。」
15:29
I believe we can build建立 architectures架構 online線上
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我相信我們可以在網路上建立某種架構,
15:33
to make such這樣 human人的 requests要求
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讓我們更容易提出
15:36
that much easier更輕鬆 to do,
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這種人性化的要求,
15:38
to make it possible可能 for all of us to see
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讓我們每個人都能瞭解,
15:40
that the data數據 we encounter遭遇 online線上
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我們在網路上所看到的資料,
15:42
is just stuff東東 on which哪一個 to click點擊 and paste and copy複製 and forward前鋒
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我們每天所點選、複製、貼上、轉寄的資料,
15:46
that actually其實 represents代表 human人的 emotion情感
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其實背後都有每個人的情緒、
15:49
and endeavor努力 and impact碰撞,
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努力和衝擊,
15:51
and to be able能夠 to have an ethical合乎道德的 moment時刻
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而在我們決定要如何對待這些資料時,
15:53
where we decide決定 how we want to treat對待 it.
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每個人都能以道德的角度來想這件事。
15:56
I even think it can go into the real真實 world世界.
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我甚至覺得真實世界裡也可以採用這一套,
15:59
We can end結束 up, as we get in a world世界 with more censors檢查員 --
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這個世界有愈來愈多的監視器,
16:02
everywhere到處 there is something filming拍戲 you, maybe putting it online線上 --
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你隨時都可能被拍到,也許有人會把你的照片po上網,
16:05
to be able能夠 to have a little clip you could wear穿
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這時你可以穿上標語:
16:07
that says, "You know, I'd rather not."
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「這樣不好吧。」
16:09
And then have technology技術
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而透過科技,我們可以
16:12
that the person taking服用 the photo照片 will know later後來,
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讓拍下你的人知道,
16:14
this person requested要求 to be contacted聯繫
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拜託一點,
16:16
before this goes anywhere隨地 big,
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請在散佈照片之前,
16:18
if you don't mind心神.
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要和當事人聯絡。
16:20
And that person taking服用 the photo照片 can make a decision決定
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拍攝照片的人可以決定,
16:22
about how and whether是否 to respect尊重 it.
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要怎麼處理或要不要尊重。
16:26
In the real真實 world世界, we see filtering濾波 of this sort分類
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在真實世界裡,我們會看到像巴基斯坦
16:28
taking服用 place地點 in Pakistan巴基斯坦.
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這種過濾影片的事情發生,
16:30
And we now have means手段 that we can build建立, like this system系統,
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而我們也有能力建造一個像這樣的系統,
16:34
so that people can report報告 the filtering濾波 as they encounter遭遇 it.
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告知大家有這樣一個過濾系統的存在,
16:37
And it's no longer just a "I don't know. I couldn't不能 get there. I guess猜測 I'll move移動 on,"
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那時就不會只是想:「不知道耶,就是連不上,回頭再試好了。」
16:41
but suddenly突然 a collective集體 consciousness意識
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而是大家突然都警覺到,
16:43
about what is blocked受阻 and censored審查
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網路上有些什麼東西被封鎖了、
16:46
where online線上.
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被河蟹了。
16:48
In fact事實, talk about technology技術 imitating冒充 life
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若要說科技模倣我們的生活,
16:52
imitating冒充 tech高科技, or maybe it's the other way around.
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或模倣其他的科技,倒不如反過來想:
16:55
An NYUNYU researcher研究員 here took little cardboard紙板 robots機器人
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有一位紐約大學研究生做了一些紙板小機器人,
16:58
with smiley笑臉 faces面孔 on them,
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上面畫了笑臉,
17:00
and a motor發動機 that just drove開車 them forward前鋒
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機器人有馬達可讓他們前進,
17:03
and a flag sticking癥結 out the back
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後面的旗子上則標註了
17:05
with a desired期望 destination目的地.
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機器人想去哪裡,
17:07
It said, "Can you help me get there?"
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寫著:「可以幫忙我到那裡去嗎?」
17:09
Released發布 it on the streets街道 of Manhattan曼哈頓.
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然後把機器人放在曼哈頓的街上。
17:13
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
17:15
They'll他們會 fund基金 anything these days.
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這年頭什麼研究都有人贊助。
17:18
Here is the chart圖表 of over 43 people
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這張圖標示了有43位路人
17:20
helping幫助 to steer駕駛 the robot機器人 that could not steer駕駛
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幫忙找不到路的機器人,
17:23
and get it on its way, from one corner
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讓它找到路,
17:25
from one corner of Washington華盛頓 Square廣場 Park公園
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從華盛頓廣場公園的一個角落
17:27
to another另一個.
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走到另一個角落。
17:29
That leads引線 to example number three: hitchhiking搭便車.
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這很像我們要談的第三個例子:搭便車。
17:33
I'm not so sure hitchhiking搭便車 is dead.
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我不認為現在已經沒有人在搭便車了。
17:36
Why? There is the CraigslistCraigslist的 rideshare順風車 board.
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為什麼?因為有克雷格共乘佈告欄啊...(Craigslist網站)
17:40
If it were called the CraigslistCraigslist的 hitchhiking搭便車 board,
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如果改成克雷格搭便車佈告欄,
17:43
tumbleweeds風滾草 would be blowing through通過 it.
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真情實相不就明白了?
17:45
But it's the rideshare順風車 board, and it's basically基本上 the same相同 thing.
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共乘這件事不就和搭便車一樣嗎?
17:48
Now why are people using運用 it?
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為什麼大家要用這個網站?
17:50
I don't know. Maybe they think that, uh, killers殺手 don't plan計劃 ahead?
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我不知道,也許大家想:殺人兇手總不會事先計畫吧?
17:53
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
17:59
No. I think the actual實際 answer回答 is
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不,我覺得真正的原因是,
18:01
that once一旦 you reframe重構 it,
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一旦有人重新架構這件事,
18:03
once一旦 you get out of one set of stale陳舊 expectations期望
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一旦人們對以往有過好時光
18:06
from a failed失敗 project項目 that had its day,
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而今卻玷上了污名的事,不再抱持
18:09
but now, for whatever隨你 reason原因, is tarnished玷污,
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其中有詐的疑慮時,
18:11
you can actually其實 rekindle重燃 the kind of human人的 kindness善良 and sharing分享
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人們就可能重新點燃人性的善良,
18:15
that something like this on CraigslistCraigslist的 represents代表.
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並且願意分享像克雷格網站上那樣的事情。
18:18
And then you can highlight突出 it
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你也可以把這種概念
18:20
into something like,
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延伸到另一件事上,
18:22
yes, CouchSurfingCouchSurfing.org組織.
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就是CouchSurfing.org(借宿沙發的網站),
18:25
CouchSurfingCouchSurfing: one guy's傢伙 idea理念
404
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借別人家的沙發睡。
18:28
to, at last, put together一起 people who are going somewhere某處 far away
405
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某個人突發奇想,把想去遠方旅行,
18:31
and would like to sleep睡覺 on a stranger's陌生人 couch長椅 for free自由,
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而希望免費睡在陌生人的沙發上的人集合起來,
18:36
with people who live生活 far away,
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再搭配另一群住在遠方的人,
18:38
and would like someone有人 they don't know to sleep睡覺 on their couch長椅 for free自由.
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而他們也願意讓陌生人在他們的沙發上免費住宿。
18:42
It's a brilliant輝煌 idea理念.
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這真是了不起的好點子!
18:46
It's a bee蜜蜂 that, yes, flies蒼蠅.
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就是那隻會飛的黃蜂!
18:48
Amazing驚人 how many許多 successful成功 couch長椅 surfingssurfings there have been.
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你想不到有多少人已經成功地借宿別人的沙發!
18:51
And if you're wondering想知道, no, there have been no known已知 fatalities死亡
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你可能想,到底有多少兇殺案是因為借宿沙發而發生的。
18:55
associated相關 with CouchSurfingCouchSurfing.
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沒有!
18:57
Although雖然, to be sure, the reputation聲譽 system系統, at the moment時刻,
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雖然這個網站上的評價系統目前要求
19:00
works作品 that you leave離開 your report報告 after the couch長椅 surfing衝浪 experience經驗,
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借宿人在離開後要再上網呈報評價,
19:03
so there may可能 be some selection選擇 bias偏壓 there.
416
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所以難免會有些失真...
19:06
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
19:10
So, my urging, my thought,
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所以我的想法是,我要呼籲,
19:14
is that the Internet互聯網 isn't just a pile of information信息.
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網際網路不只是一堆資料而已,
19:17
It's not a noun名詞. It's a verb動詞.
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不只是個名詞,而是個動詞。
19:20
And when you go on it,
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當你要上網時,
19:22
if you listen and see carefully小心 and closely密切 enough足夠,
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如果你仔細傾聽,靠得夠近觀察,
19:26
what you will discover發現
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你會發現
19:28
is that that information信息
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那些資料
19:30
is saying something to you.
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在對你說話,
19:32
What it's saying to you is what we heard聽說 yesterday昨天,
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他們說的是我們昨天就聽到的一句話,
19:34
Demosthenes德摩斯梯尼 was saying to us.
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也就是古希臘演說家德摩西尼說的一句話:
19:37
It's saying, "Let's march遊行." Thank you very much.
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「大家共同前進吧!」謝謝各位!
19:41
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Marie Wu
Reviewed by Wenjer Leuschel

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Zittrain - Net watchdog
Jonathan Zittrain wants to make sure the electronic frontier stays open -- and he's looking to the Internet's millions of users for its salvation.

Why you should listen

The increasing proliferation of "tethered" devices, from iPhones to Xboxes, is only one of countless threats to the freewheeling Internet as we know it. There's also spam, malware, misguided legislation and a drift away from what Internet law expert Jonathan Zittrain calls "generativity" -- a system's receptivity to unanticipated (and innovative) change instigated by myriad users.

Harvard law professor Zittrain, as an investigator for the OpenNet initiative and co-founder of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has long studied the legal, technological and world-shaking aspects of quickly morphing virtual terrains. He performed the first large-scale tests of Internet filtering in China and Saudi Arabia in 2002. His initiatives include projects to fight malware (StopBadware) and ChillingEffects, a site designed to support open content by tracking legal threats to individual users.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Zittrain | Speaker | TED.com