ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Roth - Biochemist, cell biologist
Mark Roth's research has reawakened an unusual notion from the annals of science: reversible metabolic hibernation. Yes, putting living organisms into suspended animation -- and bringing them back safely.

Why you should listen

As a cell biologist in cancer research, Mark Roth studies genes, chromosomes and autoimmune disease. But he's best known for his research into suspended animation. Already, Roth has managed a world first: putting a vertebrate -- a zebrafish embryo -- into an oxygen-deprived state for several hours, then restoring it to completely normal development. He's been able to reduce the core temperature of mice to 10 degrees Celsius, and then revive them, harmlessly.

This MacArthur "genius" grant winner may spur the next big leap for lifesaving medical systems with techniques that buy time for critically ill trauma patients -- people in desperate need of organ transplants, for example -- whether in emergency rooms or on battlefields. DARPA is a major supporter of this work. At TED2008, geologist Peter Ward was passionate enough about Mark Roth's work to devote several of his own 18 minutes to talking about it ...

More profile about the speaker
Mark Roth | Speaker | TED.com
TED2010

Mark Roth: Suspended animation is within our grasp

Mark Roth: "暫停生命"即將全然理解與實現

Filmed:
793,455 views

Mark Roth 研究"暫停生命": 就是暫時關閉生命程序又能恢復再啟動; 這是項研究並非科幻小說. 而是善加利用微量成分毒氣,讓嚴重創傷與心臟疾病患者可獲得生命暫時的拖延直到能得到妥善施救.
- Biochemist, cell biologist
Mark Roth's research has reawakened an unusual notion from the annals of science: reversible metabolic hibernation. Yes, putting living organisms into suspended animation -- and bringing them back safely. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
I'm going to talk to you today今天 about my work on suspended暫停 animation動畫.
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今天我想跟大家談談我在"暫停生命"的研究
00:19
Now, usually平時 when I mention提到 suspended暫停 animation動畫,
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通常, 當我提到"暫停生命"時
00:22
people will flash me the Vulcan火神 sign標誌 and laugh.
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人們多是像我比出向外星人致敬的手勢並大笑
00:25
But now, I'm not talking about gorkinggorking people out
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我並不是要將人類瞬間
00:29
to fly to Mars火星 or even Pandora潘多拉,
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傳輸到火星或其他地方
00:32
as much fun開玩笑 as that may可能 be.
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即使那會是多麼有趣
00:34
I'm talking about
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而我在說的概念
00:37
the concept概念 of using運用 suspended暫停 animation動畫
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是利用暫停生命
00:40
to help people out in trauma外傷.
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幫助人們能脫離傷害
00:43
So what do I mean
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所以到底什麼是我的本意
00:45
when I say "suspended暫停 animation動畫"?
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當我說"暫停生命"呢?
00:48
It is the process處理 by which哪一個
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那是一種程序能使
00:51
animals動物 de-animate去動畫,
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動物暫時不動
00:55
appear出現 dead
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就像死亡
00:57
and then can wake喚醒 up again without being存在 harmed傷害.
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但又能無害地被救醒
01:00
OK, so here is the sort分類 of big idea理念:
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好吧!這就是大致上的概念
01:04
If you look out at nature性質,
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在自然界中
01:07
you find that
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能找到的
01:09
as you tend趨向 to see suspended暫停 animation動畫,
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關於暫停生命
01:12
you tend趨向 to see immortality不朽.
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就似乎是"不死"
01:16
And so, what I'm going to tell you about
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所以 我打的比方就是
01:19
is a way to tell a person who's誰是 in trauma外傷 --
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在極度創傷中的人們
01:24
find a way to de-animate去動畫 them a bit
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能暫停一下他們的生命
01:27
so they're a little more immortal不朽
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例如 心臟病發時
01:29
when they have that heart attack攻擊.
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他們可以稍稍的"不死"
01:31
An example of an organism生物 or two
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一兩個關於有機生命體
01:34
that happens發生 to be quite相當 immortal不朽
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能有著不死的能力
01:37
would be plant seeds種子
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就是植物種子
01:39
or bacterial細菌 spores孢子.
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或是細菌孢子
01:41
These creatures生物 are
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它們都是些
01:43
some of the most immortal不朽 life forms形式 on our planet行星,
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地球上能"不死"的代表
01:46
and they tend趨向 to spend most of their time
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他們絕大部分時間是處於
01:49
in suspended暫停 animation動畫.
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暫停生命的狀態
01:52
Bacterial細菌 spores孢子 are thought now by scientists科學家們
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細菌孢子已被科學家認為
01:55
to exist存在 as individual個人 cells細胞
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能以個別細胞單獨存在
01:57
that are alive, but in suspended暫停 animation動畫
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它們以假死的狀態活著
02:00
for as long as 250 million百萬 years年份.
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長達2億5千萬年之久
02:03
To suggest建議 that this all, sort分類 of, about little, tiny creatures生物,
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若質疑這些例子多是小細胞
02:08
I want to bring帶來 it close to home.
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我也能帶些更貼近的例子
02:10
In the immortal不朽 germ病菌 line
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在人類身體"不死"
02:13
of human人的 beings眾生 --
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的例子中 就是
02:15
that is, the eggs that sit in the ovaries卵巢 --
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卵子於卵巢中
02:18
they actually其實 sit there in a state of suspended暫停 animation動畫
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會處於一不死的狀態
02:22
for up to 50 years年份 in the life of each woman女人.
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長達50年之久
02:26
So then there's also my favorite喜愛 example
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也有我最喜歡
02:29
of suspended暫停 animation動畫.
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關於"暫停生命"的例子
02:31
This is Sea-Monkeys海猴子.
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就是豐年蝦
02:33
Those of you with children孩子,
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有小孩的
02:35
you know about them.
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你們一定知道這東西
02:37
You go to the pet寵物 store商店 or the toy玩具 store商店,
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到寵物或是玩具痁
02:39
and you can buy購買 these things.
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可以買到這些
02:41
You just open打開 the bag, and you just dump傾倒 them
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打開包裝帶 將它們倒入
02:43
into the plastic塑料 aquarium水族館,
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壓克力水族缸
02:45
and in about a week or so, you'll你會 have little shrimps swimming游泳的 around.
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大約一週後 就會看到小蝦子四處游動
02:48
Well, I wasn't so interested有興趣 in the swimming游泳的.
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我對游泳並不關心
02:51
I was interested有興趣 in what was going on in the bag,
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我只對袋子的狀態有興趣
02:54
the bag on the toy玩具 store商店 shelf
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一直待在販售架上的包裝袋
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where those shrimp satSAT
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卻是讓蝦子
02:58
in suspended暫停 animation動畫 indefinitely無限期.
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處於無限期的暫停生命狀態
03:01
So these ideas思路 of suspended暫停 animation動畫
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所以 有關"暫停生命"
03:06
are not just about cells細胞 and weird奇怪的, little organisms生物.
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並不只僅限於細胞 或是小型有機生命體
03:09
Occasionally偶爾, human人的 beings眾生
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甚至 包含人類自己
03:11
are briefly簡要地 de-animated德動畫,
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都有可能短暫的暫停生命
03:13
and the stories故事 of people who are briefly簡要地 de-animated德動畫
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在那些許多有關人類能短暫停止生命的故事中
03:16
that interest利益 me the most
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我最感興趣的是那些
03:18
are those having to do with the cold.
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與低環境溫度有關的
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Ten years年份 ago, there was a skier滑雪者 in Norway挪威
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例如 10年前 挪威的滑雪者
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that was trapped被困 in an icy冷冰冰 waterfall瀑布,
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被困在結冰的瀑布中
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and she was there for two hours小時 before they extracted提取 her.
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她待在其中兩個小時 才被救出
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She was extremely非常 cold,
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她是完全的冰封
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and she had no heartbeat心跳 --
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沒有心跳脈搏
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for all intents意圖 and purposes目的 she was dead, frozen凍結的.
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就當時情況而言 她確實死了,被冰凍著
03:35
Seven hours小時 later後來,
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七個小時後
03:38
still without a heartbeat心跳,
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仍然 沒有心跳
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they brought her back to life, and she went on to be
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最後他們還是將她救回 而且她後來成為
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the head radiologist放射科醫生
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輻射治療之專家
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in the hospital醫院 that treated治療 her.
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就服務於那所救她的醫院
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A couple一對 of years年份 later後來 --
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就在意外發生的幾年後 --
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so I get really excited興奮 about these things --
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我一直對這些事感到興奮
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about a couple一對 of years年份 later後來,
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隔了幾年
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there was a 13-month-old個月大, she was from Canada加拿大.
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一個13個月大的加拿大女嬰
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Her father父親 had gone走了 out in the wintertime冬季; he was working加工 night shift轉移,
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她的父親需要於冬季值夜班出門
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and she followed其次 him outside in nothing but a diaper尿布.
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她卻跟著他 只穿了尿片
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And they found發現 her hours小時 later後來,
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數小時後 他們找到她
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frozen凍結的, lifeless死氣沉沉,
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結凍的無生命跡象
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and they brought her back to life.
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她最後被救回
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There was a 65-year-old-歲 woman女人
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另外 一個65歲的老婦人
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in Duluth德盧斯, Minnesota明尼蘇達 last year
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去年於明尼蘇達州
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that was found發現 frozen凍結的 and without a pulse脈衝
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冬季的一個早晨在她的院子
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in her front面前 yard one morning早上 in the winter冬季,
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被發現受凍且無心跳
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and they brought her back to life.
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醫院也把她救活回來
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The next下一個 day, she was doing so well, they wanted to run tests測試 on her.
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第二天 她的狀況出奇的好 醫院想多做些測試
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She got cranky胡思亂想的 and just went home.
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她十分不耐煩 就直接回家去了
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(Laughter笑聲)
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(觀眾笑)
04:23
So, these are miracles奇蹟, right?
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所以是有奇蹟的 對吧!
04:25
These are truly miraculous神奇 things that happen發生.
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這些都是無法置信的奇蹟發生
04:28
Doctors醫生 have a saying
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醫生有這樣的說法
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that, in fact事實, "You're not dead until直到 you're warm and dead."
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唯有當你是死時有體溫, 才是確實死去
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And it's true真正. It's true真正.
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這真的是這樣 真的
04:36
In the New England英國 Journal日誌 of Medicine醫學,
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在新英格蘭醫學期刊上
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there was a study研究 published發表 that showed顯示
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有研究顯示
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that with appropriate適當 rewarming复溫,
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經過適當的回溫
04:42
people who had suffered遭遇 without a heartbeat心跳 for three hours小時
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即使經過三小時的無心跳
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could be brought back to life without any neurologic神經 problems問題.
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是可能被救復活 也無神經功能上的損傷
04:48
That's over 50 percent百分.
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有超過50%的成功率
04:50
So what I was trying to do is think of a way
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所以 我想做的事
04:53
that we could study研究
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是能研究
04:55
suspended暫停 animation動畫
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暫時停止生命
04:57
to think about a way
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設計一套程序
04:59
to reproduce複製, maybe,
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或是重新呈現
05:01
what happened發生 to the skier滑雪者.
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在那位滑雪者身上發生的事
05:03
Well, I have to tell you something very odd,
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恩,我得告訴你們一些奇怪的事情
05:05
and that is that being存在 exposed裸露 to low oxygen
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就是 處於缺氧環境下
05:08
does not always kill.
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也不一定致命死亡
05:11
So, in this room房間, there's 20 percent百分 oxygen or so,
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在這個屋內 氧氣含量約為20%
05:14
and if we reduce減少 the oxygen concentration濃度,
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如果我們降低氧氣含量
05:16
we will all be dead.
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我們會缺氧而死
05:18
And, in fact事實, the animals動物 we were working加工 with in the lab實驗室 --
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事實上 實驗室中的動物實驗
05:21
these little garden花園 worms蠕蟲, nematodes線蟲 --
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如這些庭園中的蚯蚓 線蟲
05:23
they were also dead when we exposed裸露 them to low oxygen.
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當我們將它放在低氧狀態,它們一樣死亡
05:26
And here's這裡的 the thing that should freak怪物 you out.
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然後接下來是會嚇到你的事
05:28
And that is that, when we lower降低 the oxygen concentration濃度 further進一步
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就是,當我們再繼續降低氧氣比例
05:31
by 100 times, to 10 parts部分 per million百萬,
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100倍以下 也就是 10ppm時
05:35
they were not dead,
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它們不會死
05:37
they were in suspended暫停 animation動畫,
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反而是處於一暫時停止生命的狀態
05:39
and we could bring帶來 them back to life without any harm危害.
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我們能回復它們的生命 而無任何傷害
05:43
And this precise精確 oxygen concentration濃度,
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而這奇特地含氧濃度
05:45
10 parts部分 per million百萬,
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10ppm
05:47
that caused造成 suspended暫停 animation動畫,
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能促使它們暫停生命
05:49
is conserved保守.
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是 屢試不爽的
05:51
We can see it in a variety品種 of different不同 organisms生物.
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我們也見到多種生物有如此特性
05:53
One of the creatures生物 we see it in
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其中一種就是
05:55
is a fish.
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魚類
05:57
And we can turn its heartbeat心跳 on and off by going in and out
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我們能啟動或停止它的心跳
06:00
of suspended暫停 animation動畫 like you would a light switch開關.
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就像是利用電源開關式地進進出出"暫停生命"的狀態
06:03
So this was pretty漂亮 shocking觸目驚心 to me,
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這就是非常令我感到震驚的
06:08
that we could do this.
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我們居然能夠做到如此程度
06:10
And so I was wondering想知道, when we were trying
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因此我在想,我們何時可以
06:12
to reproduce複製 the work with the skier滑雪者,
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複製那滑雪者的情況
06:14
that we noticed注意到 that, of course課程,
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我們留意到
06:17
she had no oxygen consumption消費,
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她確實是處於缺氧狀態
06:19
and so maybe she was in a similar類似 state of suspended暫停 animation動畫.
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所以她也就暫時 處於一類似暫停生命的狀態
06:22
But, of course課程, she was also extremely非常 cold.
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同時 她也處於極低溫狀態
06:24
So we wondered想知道 what would happen發生
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也就聯想到
06:26
if we took our suspended暫停 animals動物 and exposed裸露 them to the cold.
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將我們的實驗動物 也置於低溫
06:28
And so, what we found發現 out
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所以 我們發現
06:30
was that, if you take animals動物
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若我們將動物
06:32
that are animated動畫 like you and I,
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或就是你我一般的動物
06:34
and you make them cold -- that is, these were the garden花園 worms蠕蟲 --
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直接處於低溫狀態 就像 庭園蚯蚓
06:37
now they're dead.
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它們會死去
06:39
But if you have them in suspended暫停 animation動畫,
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但程序若是 將他們先處於 暫停生命狀態
06:41
and move移動 them into the cold, they're all alive.
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再移動到低溫狀態 它們全都能活下來
06:44
And there's the very important重要 thing there:
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這是重要的一點:
06:46
If you want to survive生存 the cold,
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若想要存活於低溫狀態
06:48
you ought應該 to be suspended暫停. Right?
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一定要先處於暫停生命狀態
06:50
It's a really good thing.
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這是非常好的一點
06:53
And so, we were thinking思維 about that,
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所以 我們就想像
06:55
about this relationship關係 between之間 these things,
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連結所有可能因素
06:57
and thinking思維 about whether是否 or not that's what happened發生 to the skier滑雪者.
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猜想 那滑雪者所有與眾不同的情境
07:00
And so we wondered想知道: Might威力 there be some agent代理人
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所以我們猜測 可能有一機制
07:03
that is in us, something that we make ourselves我們自己,
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能夠自然地讓我們
07:05
that we might威力 be able能夠 to regulate調節 our own擁有 metabolic新陳代謝 flexibility靈活性
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有改變生命狀態的彈性
07:08
in such這樣 a way as to be able能夠 to survive生存
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讓我們能遇到低溫狀態還能存活下來的方式
07:10
when we got extremely非常 cold, and might威力 otherwise除此以外 pass通過 away?
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不然只有死亡一途
07:14
I thought it might威力 be interesting有趣 to sort分類 of hunt打獵 for such這樣 things.
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我對搜尋如此的機制感到興趣
07:17
You know?
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你知道嗎?
07:19
I should mention提到 briefly簡要地 here
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我該在此簡短聲明
07:22
that physiology生理 textbooks教科書 that you can read about
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生理學教科書
07:25
will tell you that this is a kind of heretical thing to suggest建議.
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只會稱這樣的企圖是邪教
07:28
We have, from the time we are slapped耳光 on the butt屁股
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我們從出生被打屁股時
07:31
until直到 we take our last dying垂死 breath呼吸 --
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直到死前的最後一口呼吸
07:33
that's when we're newborn新生 to when we're dead --
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那就是 從生到死
07:35
we cannot不能 reduce減少 our metabolic新陳代謝 rate
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我們都不能改變我們的代謝速率
07:37
below下面 what's called a standard標準,
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低於所謂的標準值
07:39
or basal基礎 metabolic新陳代謝 rate.
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或稱為基本的代謝速率
07:42
But I knew知道 that there were examples例子
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但我同時知道一些
07:44
of creatures生物, also mammals哺乳動物,
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生物實例 也是哺乳動物
07:46
that do reduce減少 their metabolic新陳代謝 rate
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能降低代謝速率
07:48
such這樣 as ground地面 squirrels松鼠 and bears,
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如松鼠 熊
07:50
they reduce減少 their metabolic新陳代謝 rate
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他們能降低代謝速率
07:52
in the wintertime冬季 when they hibernate過冬.
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於冬天休眠狀態
07:54
So I wondered想知道: Might威力 we be able能夠 to find some agent代理人 or trigger觸發
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所以 我希望能找到一些機制或觸發
07:57
that might威力 induce促使 such這樣 a state in us?
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能引起我們自然地進入此狀態
08:00
And so, we went looking for such這樣 things.
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於是我們四處找這樣的東西
08:03
And this was a period of time when we failed失敗 tremendously異常.
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那時就是我們遭遇極度失敗的階段
08:06
Ken Robinson羅賓遜 is here. He talked about the glories輝煌 of failure失敗.
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Ken Robinson 在這裡談到輝煌的失敗
08:08
Well, we had a lot of them.
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我們也有過好多的輝煌失敗
08:10
We tried試著 many許多 different不同 chemicals化學製品 and agents代理,
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我們試過很多的化學元素與機制
08:12
and we failed失敗 over and over again.
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而一直是失敗接著失敗
08:15
So, one time, I was at home
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直到有一天 我在家
08:17
watching觀看 television電視 on the couch長椅
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看電視
08:19
while my wife妻子 was putting our child兒童 to bed,
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而我太太正哄著孩子入睡
08:23
and I was watching觀看 a television電視 show顯示.
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我看著一個電視節目
08:25
It was a television電視 show顯示 --
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是個電視節目
08:27
it was a NOVANOVA show顯示 on PBSPBS --
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NOVA製作的PBS節目
08:30
about caves洞穴 in New Mexico墨西哥.
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有關於新墨西哥州的洞穴
08:32
And this particular特定 cave洞穴 was LechuguillaLechuguilla,
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那次特別介紹 Lechuguilla 洞穴
08:34
and this cave洞穴 is incredibly令人難以置信 toxic有毒的 to humans人類.
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這個洞穴對人類而言是有致命毒性
08:37
The researchers研究人員 had to suit適合 up just to enter輸入 it.
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研究人員需要穿著特殊裝備才能進入
08:39
It's filled填充 with this toxic有毒的 gas加油站,
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它充滿著致命毒氣
08:41
hydrogen sulfide硫化物.
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硫化氫
08:43
Now, hydrogen sulfide硫化物 is curiously好奇 present當下 in us.
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但是 硫化氫又能奇妙的存於我們的體內
08:47
We make it ourselves我們自己.
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我們會自然而然地製造硫化氫
08:49
The highest最高 concentration濃度 is in our brains大腦.
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最濃的地方是在我們的腦部
08:52
Yet然而, it was used
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硫化氫被用來做
08:54
as a chemical化學 warfare agent代理人 in World世界 War戰爭 I.
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第一次世界大戰的化學武器
08:59
It's an extraordinarily異常 toxic有毒的 thing.
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是個對人類毒性極高的氣體
09:01
In fact事實, in chemical化學 accidents事故,
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在化學意外事故中
09:03
hydrogen sulfide硫化物 is known已知 to --
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硫化氫被用來做一直被認為
09:07
if you breathe呼吸 too much of it, you collapse坍方 to the ground地面,
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若吸入過多 會倒地不起
09:11
you appear出現 dead,
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呈現死亡狀態
09:13
but if you were brought out into room房間 air空氣, you can be reanimated復活 without harm危害,
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但實際上若能再帶回正常空氣 是能夠復活而無任何傷害
09:16
if they do that quickly很快.
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一切都要快速進行
09:18
So, I thought, "Wow, I have to get some of this."
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所以 哇! 我想弄些那氣體
09:22
(Laughter笑聲)
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(觀眾笑)
09:24
Now, it's post-9/11 America美國,
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那時是 911恐怖攻擊之後的美國
09:30
and when you go into the research研究 institute研究所,
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所以 當你走進一研究單位
09:33
and you say, "Hi你好.
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說: "嗨!
09:35
I'd like to buy購買 some concentrated集中,
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我想買些高濃度的
09:37
compressed壓縮 gas加油站 cylinders汽缸
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壓縮氣體鋼瓶
09:39
of a lethal致命 gas加油站
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而且是致命氣體
09:41
because I have these ideas思路, see,
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就只因為我有這些想法
09:43
about wanting希望 to suspend暫停 people.
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想要暫停人們的生命
09:45
It's really going to be OK."
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而且 一定會成功的"
09:47
So that's kind of a tough強硬 day,
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可想而知 那時是相當難進行的
09:49
but I said, "There really is
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但我強調 有著強烈
09:52
some basis基礎 for thinking思維 why you might威力 want to do this."
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的基本動機促使我們要做這樣研究
09:56
As I said, this agent代理人 is in us,
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因為 那樣的機制(毒物)是存在體內的
09:58
and, in fact事實, here's這裡的 a curious好奇 thing,
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更奇怪的是
10:00
it binds結合 to the very place地點 inside of your cells細胞
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硫化氫被用來做 在我們的細胞內
10:03
where oxygen binds結合, and where you burn燒傷 it,
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與氧氣 是同樣的鍵結方式
10:05
and that you do this burning燃燒 to live生活.
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這樣的鍵結氧化燃燒 使細胞存活
10:07
And so we thought, like in a game遊戲 of musical音樂 chairs椅子,
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所以 我們聯想到 "搶椅子遊戲"
10:10
might威力 we be able能夠 to give a person
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我們是否可以給人
10:15
some hydrogen sulfide硫化物,
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一些 硫化氫
10:17
and might威力 it be able能夠 to occupy佔據 that place地點
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它 能取代 鍵結
10:19
like in a game遊戲 of musical音樂 chairs椅子 where oxygen might威力 bind捆綁?
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就像搶椅子遊戲般 取代氧氣鍵結
10:22
And because you can't bind捆綁 the oxygen,
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因為細胞 不能連結氧氣
10:24
maybe you wouldn't不會 consume消耗 it,
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所以 不用氧化燃燒
10:26
and then maybe it would reduce減少 your demand需求 for oxygen.
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也就降同時降低對氧氣的需求
10:29
I mean, who knows知道?
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我猜想的
10:31
So -- (Laughter笑聲)
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所以 (笑)
10:34
So, there's the bit about the dopamine多巴胺
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有些像多巴胺
10:37
and being存在 a little bit, what do you call it, delusional妄想,
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或有些像是妄想
10:40
and you might威力 suggest建議 that was it.
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都是可被質疑的
10:42
And so, we wanted to find out
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所以,我們要證實
10:44
might威力 we be able能夠 to use
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或許利用
10:47
hydrogen sulfide硫化物 in the presence存在 of cold,
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硫化氫再加上低溫環境
10:50
and we wanted to see whether是否 we could
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是不是能夠
10:52
reproduce複製 this skier滑雪者 in a mammal哺乳動物.
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於哺乳動物身上 再複製那滑雪者的情況
10:55
Now, mammals哺乳動物 are warm-blooded溫血的 creatures生物,
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哺乳動物是溫血動物
10:59
and when we get cold, we shake and we shiver發抖, right?
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遇到低溫 我們會發抖打顫
11:02
We try to keep our core核心 temperature溫度 at 37 degrees
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會儘量保持體內溫度於37度C
11:05
by actually其實 burning燃燒 more oxygen.
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卻是藉由燃燒更多的 氧氣
11:10
So, it was interesting有趣 for us
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對我們有趣的是
11:12
when we applied應用的 hydrogen sulfide硫化物
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當我們使用硫化氫
11:15
to a mouse老鼠 when it was also cold
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在一低溫的老鼠身上
11:19
because what happened發生 is the core核心 temperature溫度
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老鼠體溫下降
11:21
of the mouse老鼠 got cold.
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如環境溫度
11:23
It stopped停止 moving移動.
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它不再活動
11:25
It appeared出現 dead.
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呈現死亡
11:27
Its oxygen consumption消費 rate
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而氧氣的消耗量
11:29
fell下跌 by tenfold十倍.
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也降低十倍
11:31
And here's這裡的 the really important重要 point.
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重要的事是這個
11:34
I told you hydrogen sulfide硫化物 is in us.
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剛剛提到硫化氫是存在人體內
11:37
It's rapidly急速 metabolized代謝,
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快速的代謝
11:39
and all you have to do after six hours小時 of being存在
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而處於暫停生命狀態六小時後
11:41
in this state of de-animation德動畫
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所要做的
11:43
is simply只是 put the thing out in room房間 air空氣,
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僅只是恢復到正常室內空氣
11:45
and it warms變暖 up, and it's none沒有 the worse更差 for wear穿.
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它會恢復體內溫度
11:48
Now, this was cosmic宇宙的.
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這是件大事
11:51
Really. Because we had found發現 a way
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因為我們已找到
11:55
to de-animate去動畫 a mammal哺乳動物,
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如何暫停哺乳動物的生命
11:58
and it didn't hurt傷害 it.
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也不至於 傷害它
12:01
Now, we'd星期三 found發現 a way to reduce減少
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我們已經找到降低
12:04
its oxygen consumption消費
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氧化消耗的速率
12:06
to rock-bottom最低點 levels水平, and it was fine.
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到其最低限度 也OK
12:09
Now, in this state of de-animation德動畫,
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在這 暫停生命狀態
12:12
it could not go out dancing跳舞,
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雖不能再活動
12:14
but it was not dead,
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但它並未死去
12:16
and it was not harmed傷害.
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一點都無其他傷害
12:18
So we started開始 to think: Is this the agent代理人
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所以我們開始思考:是不是這樣的機制
12:21
that might威力 have been present當下 in the skier滑雪者,
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也就是使滑雪者存活的原因
12:23
and might威力 have she had more of it than someone有人 else其他,
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還是她有著較常人還多的濃度
12:26
and might威力 that have been able能夠 to reduce減少
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也就使她能降低
12:29
her demand需求 for oxygen
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對氧的需求量
12:31
before she got so cold that
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一切都得在她失溫之前達成
12:33
she otherwise除此以外 would have died死亡,
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不然必死無疑
12:35
as we found發現 out with our worm experiments實驗?
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是根據我們的蟲蟲實驗?
12:39
So, we wondered想知道:
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我們在想:
12:42
Can we do anything useful有用
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我們是否能
12:44
with this capacity容量 to
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利用這些已知
12:46
control控制 metabolic新陳代謝 flexibility靈活性?
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來控制代謝的彈性呢?
12:48
And one of the things we wondered想知道 --
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其中一件我們想解決的事 ---
12:51
I'm sure some of you out there are economists經濟學家,
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我相信 你們當中一定有些是經濟學家
12:53
and you know all about supply供應 and demand需求.
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都明瞭 供給與需求
12:55
And when supply供應 is equal等於 to demand需求,
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當供給等於需求時
12:57
everything's一切的 fine,
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皆大歡喜
12:59
but when supply供應 falls下降,
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但當供給短缺 ---
13:01
in this case案件 of oxygen,
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在這裡就是 缺氧 ---
13:03
and demand需求 stays入住 high, you're dead.
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而需求依舊 那就死定了
13:06
So, what I just told you
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剛剛在說明的重點
13:08
is we can now reduce減少 demand需求.
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就是我們能降低對氧氣的需求
13:10
We ought應該 to be able能夠 to lower降低 supply供應
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我們必須降低供給
13:12
to unprecedented史無前例 low levels水平 without killing謀殺 the animal動物.
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達到前所未有的程度 又不致死
13:15
And with money we got from DARPADARPA,
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利用從DARPA所支持的研究經費
13:18
we could show顯示 just that.
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我們已能驗證這些
13:20
If you give mice老鼠 hydrogen sulfide硫化物,
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如果我們給老鼠硫化氫
13:23
you can lower降低 their demand需求 for oxygen,
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就能降低牠們對氧的需求
13:25
and you can put them into oxygen concentrations濃度
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放置在氧氣濃度低於
13:28
that are as low as 5,000 feet above以上 the top最佳 of Mt公噸. Everest珠峰,
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5000英呎以上的Everest高山
13:31
and they can sit there for hours小時, and there's no problem問題.
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牠們能停留數小時 沒有任何問題
13:34
Well this was really cool.
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這真的是非常棒
13:36
We also found發現 out that we could subject學科 animals動物
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我們也發現對於
13:38
to otherwise除此以外 lethal致命 blood血液 loss失利, and we could save保存 them
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嚴重失血的動物 我們也能救回它們
13:41
if we gave them hydrogen sulfide硫化物.
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還是利用硫化氫
13:44
So these proof證明 of concept概念 experiments實驗
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所以這些槪念式的實驗證明
13:47
led me to say "I should found發現 a company公司,
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讓我決定集資成立公司
13:50
and we should take this out to a wider更寬的 playing播放 field領域."
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我們應該將此推廣到更大的場域
13:55
I founded成立 a company公司 called Ikaria伊卡里亞
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我成立了一家公司叫 Ikaria
13:57
with others'其他' help.
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得到其他人的相助
13:59
And this company公司, the first thing it did
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這家公司第一件事就是
14:01
was make a liquid液體 formulation公式 of hydrogen sulfide硫化物
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製成了液態狀的硫化氫
14:04
an injectable注射 form形成 that we could put in
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能由注射方式地注入體內
14:06
and send發送 it out to physician醫師 scientists科學家們 all over the world世界
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能安全地送到世界各處
14:09
who work on models楷模 of critical危急 care關心 medicine醫學,
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需要急救醫療用藥的醫生手中
14:11
and the results結果 are incredibly令人難以置信 positive.
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結果是非常的正面
14:13
In one model模型 of heart attack攻擊,
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在一心臟病發的研究
14:15
animals動物 given特定 hydrogen sulfide硫化物
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實驗動物被注射了硫化氫
14:17
showed顯示 a 70 percent百分 reduction減少 in heart damage損傷
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顯現降低了70%機率的心臟損害
14:19
compared相比 to those who got the standard標準 of care關心 that
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這是與按照一般救護的控制組比較
14:21
you and I would receive接收 if we were to have a heart attack攻擊 here today今天.
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這種心臟病發就是我們身邊所見到的那種
14:24
Same相同 is true真正 for organ器官 failure失敗,
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同樣說明也可延伸至其他器官衰竭
14:26
when you have loss失利 of function功能 owing虧欠的 to poor較差的 perfusion灌注 of kidney, of liver,
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例如腎衰竭, 肝功能衰竭
14:31
acute急性 respiratory呼吸 distress苦難 syndrome綜合徵
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急性呼吸功能衰竭
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and damage損傷 suffered遭遇 in cardiac-bypass心臟搭橋 surgery手術.
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以及由心導管手術造成的損傷
14:38
So, these are the thought leaders領導者 in trauma外傷 medicine醫學
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我們的療法也經由世界各地之頂尖創傷醫學專家
14:40
all over the world世界 saying this is true真正,
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驗證真實性
14:42
so it seems似乎 that exposure曝光 to hydrogen sulfide硫化物
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所以 各個研究顯示硫化氫
14:46
decreases降低 damage損傷 that you receive接收
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能降低因氧氣不足
14:48
from being存在 exposed裸露 to otherwise除此以外 lethal-low致命低 oxygen.
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所導致的致命性傷害
14:51
And I should say that the concentrations濃度 of hydrogen sulfide硫化物
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我也必須強調 要達到此種急救效益
14:54
required需要 to get this benefit效益
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硫化氫的濃度是
14:58
are low, incredibly令人難以置信 low.
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非常非常低的
15:00
In fact事實, so low that physicians醫師 will not have to lower降低 or dim暗淡
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事實上, 醫生根本不至於
15:03
the metabolism代謝 of people much at all
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降低傷患之代謝速率太多
15:05
to see the benefit效益 I just mentioned提到,
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就能達到前述的急救效益
15:07
which哪一個 is a wonderful精彩 thing, if you're thinking思維 about adopting採用 this.
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這是件好事, 能更加快大家採用這樣的技術
15:09
You don't want to be gorkinggorking people out
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你不必要完全暫停生命
15:11
just to save保存 them, it's really confusing撲朔迷離.
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就只為了一般性急救醫療,那會是非常惱人的
15:13
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
15:15
So, I want to say that we're in human人的 trials試驗.
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所以 我要結論的是 我們已進入人體臨床試驗了
15:19
Now, and so --
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現在 ...
15:21
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
15:27
Thank you. The Phase 1 safety安全 studies學習 are over,
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謝謝大家。安全性驗證已完成
15:30
and we're doing fine, we're now moved移動 on.
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一切順利,進入下一階段
15:32
We have to get to Phase 2 and Phase 3. It's going to take us a few少數 years年份.
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我們要陸續進到第二階與第三階 那會需要幾年的時間
15:35
This has all moved移動 very quickly很快,
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一切都是加速進行
15:37
and the mouse老鼠 experiments實驗
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老鼠實驗中的冬眠試驗
15:39
of hibernating冬眠 mice老鼠 happened發生 in 2005;
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是在2005年執行
15:42
the first human人的 studies學習 were doneDONE in 2008,
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第一個人體試驗是在2008年進行
15:44
and we should know in a couple一對 of years年份
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我們應該在一兩年
15:46
whether是否 it works作品 or not.
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便知道可行與否
15:48
And this all happened發生 really quickly很快
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一切進展都是非常快
15:50
because of a lot of help from a lot of people.
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因為有著來自各方的相助
15:52
I want to mention提到 that, first of all,
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最重要的我想感謝
15:54
my wife妻子, without whom this talk and my work would not be possible可能,
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我的太太, 沒有她這一切都不會實現的
15:57
so thank you very much.
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所以非常謝謝大家
15:59
Also, the brilliant輝煌 scientists科學家們 who work at my lab實驗室
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以及曾在我實驗室努力的聰明科學家
16:02
and also others其他 on staff員工,
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與其他同事
16:04
the Fred弗雷德 Hutchinson哈欽森 Cancer癌症 Research研究 Center中央 in Seattle西雅圖, Washington華盛頓 --
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在華盛頓州西雅圖市的Fred Hutchinson 癌症研究中心
16:06
wonderful精彩 place地點 to work.
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那是個非常棒的工作環境
16:08
And also the wonderful精彩 scientists科學家們
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以及目前在 Ikaria 公司的科學家
16:10
and businesspeople生意人 at Ikaria伊卡里亞.
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與商業經營團隊
16:12
One thing those people did out there
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他們不同的經營手法
16:15
was take this technology技術 of hydrogen sulfide硫化物,
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讓這耗費巨資新創公司的
16:18
which哪一個 is this start-up啟動 company公司 that's burning燃燒 venture冒險 capital首都 very quickly很快,
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硫化氫技術
16:21
and they fused融合 it with another另一個 company公司
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能與另一公司技術結合
16:23
that sells塞爾斯 another另一個 toxic有毒的 gas加油站
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那家公司供應另一毒性氣體
16:25
that's more toxic有毒的 than hydrogen sulfide硫化物,
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那是比硫化氫還毒的氣體
16:29
and they give it to newborn新生 babies嬰兒 who would otherwise除此以外 die
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提供給面臨難產或猝死的新生兒
16:32
from a failure失敗 to be able能夠 to oxygenate氧合 their tissues組織 properly正確.
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以補救無法吸收氧氣的緊急情況
16:36
And this gas加油站 that is delivered交付 in over
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這種氣體已經提供給
16:39
a thousand critical危急 care關心 hospitals醫院 worldwide全世界,
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超過1000所緊急救護醫院
16:41
now is approved批准, on label標籤,
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合格驗證地
16:43
and saves節省 thousands數千 of babies嬰兒 a year
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每年救回數以千計的嬰兒
16:45
from certain某些 death死亡.
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免於某些猝死症狀
16:47
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
16:49
So it's really incredible難以置信
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這真的是太棒了
16:52
for me to be a part部分 of this.
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讓我與有榮焉
16:54
And I want to say that I think we're on the path路徑
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而我要強調的是 我們正在一個過程
16:56
of understanding理解 metabolic新陳代謝 flexibility靈活性
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是為了明瞭代謝彈性的
16:58
in a fundamental基本的 way,
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最基本機制
17:00
and that in the not too distant遙遠 future未來,
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且就在不遠的將來
17:04
an EMTEMT might威力 give an injection注射 of hydrogen sulfide硫化物,
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想像一個急救小組注入硫化氫
17:07
or some related有關 compound複合,
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或其他化合物
17:09
to a person suffering痛苦 severe嚴重 injuries受傷,
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到一嚴重創傷的病患
17:12
and that person might威力 de-animate去動畫 a bit,
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使他輕微地暫停生命
17:14
they might威力 become成為 a little more immortal不朽.
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他反而是不會死
17:18
Their metabolism代謝 will fall秋季
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他的代謝會降低
17:20
as though雖然 you were dimming調光 a switch開關 on a lamp at home.
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就像我們在家控制燈光明暗似的
17:26
And then, they will have the time, that will buy購買 them the time,
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能為他爭取到些時間
17:29
to be transported to the hospital醫院
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能轉往醫院
17:34
to get the care關心 they need.
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得到較完善的急救
17:38
And then, after they get that care關心 --
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當完成施救後
17:43
like the mouse老鼠, like the skier滑雪者,
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就像是那實驗老鼠,或是那滑雪者
17:45
like the 65-year-old-歲 woman女人 --
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或是那 65歲的老婦人
17:47
they'll他們會 wake喚醒 up.
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都會再度醒來
17:49
A miracle奇蹟?
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只是奇蹟?
17:51
We hope希望 not, or maybe we just hope希望
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希望不是,我們只希望
17:53
to make miracles奇蹟 a little more common共同.
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把奇蹟能控制得更頻繁些
17:55
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家
17:57
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by K. C. Peng
Reviewed by Allison Shu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Roth - Biochemist, cell biologist
Mark Roth's research has reawakened an unusual notion from the annals of science: reversible metabolic hibernation. Yes, putting living organisms into suspended animation -- and bringing them back safely.

Why you should listen

As a cell biologist in cancer research, Mark Roth studies genes, chromosomes and autoimmune disease. But he's best known for his research into suspended animation. Already, Roth has managed a world first: putting a vertebrate -- a zebrafish embryo -- into an oxygen-deprived state for several hours, then restoring it to completely normal development. He's been able to reduce the core temperature of mice to 10 degrees Celsius, and then revive them, harmlessly.

This MacArthur "genius" grant winner may spur the next big leap for lifesaving medical systems with techniques that buy time for critically ill trauma patients -- people in desperate need of organ transplants, for example -- whether in emergency rooms or on battlefields. DARPA is a major supporter of this work. At TED2008, geologist Peter Ward was passionate enough about Mark Roth's work to devote several of his own 18 minutes to talking about it ...

More profile about the speaker
Mark Roth | Speaker | TED.com