ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amos Winter - Mechanical engineer
Amos Winter and his team at MIT built the Leveraged Freedom Chair, a cheap lever-powered wheelchair whose design and develop put the user first.

Why you should listen

Amos Winter wants to know: How do you redesign the wheelchair, an essential aid for millions, to be even better, more affordable, adaptable for the developing world, and able to face any type of terrain or weather? The answer is: the Leveraged Freedom Chair. Integrating science, engineering and user-driven design, Winter has developed a wheelchair that uses arm-powered levers that yield surprisingly simple, highly effective mechanical results. Even better, cheap parts means the chair costs under $200 and can be repaired easily, even in rural communities where resources are scarce.

More profile about the speaker
Amos Winter | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxBoston 2012

Amos Winter: The cheap all-terrain wheelchair

Amos Winter: 廉价的全地形轮椅

Filmed:
1,273,454 views

你要怎么制造一台低于200美元而且可以穿越沙土泥地的轮椅? 麻雀理工学院工程师 Amos Winter 谈论这台廉价,容易制造,无障碍的全地形轮椅。Amos 分享了他的机械构造以及在开发过程中所学到的事。
- Mechanical engineer
Amos Winter and his team at MIT built the Leveraged Freedom Chair, a cheap lever-powered wheelchair whose design and develop put the user first. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
Living活的 with a physical物理 disability失能 isn't easy简单
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对残疾人而言,在世界上任何一个地方
00:19
anywhere随地 in the world世界,
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生活都很不容易
00:22
but if you live生活 in a country国家 like the United联合的 States状态,
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但如果他们生活在像美国这样的国家
00:24
there's certain某些 appurtenances附属物 available可得到 to you that do make life easier更轻松.
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至少可以得到很多切实的让生活更便利的辅助
00:27
So if you're in a building建造, you can take an elevator电梯.
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比如在建筑物里,你可以乘电梯
00:30
If you're crossing路口 the street, you have sidewalk人行道 cutouts切口.
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过马路时,你可以走专门的人行道
00:32
And if you have to travel旅行 some distance距离 farther更远
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如果你想要去很远的地方
00:35
than you can do under your own拥有 power功率, there's accessible无障碍 vehicles汽车,
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你可以坐现成的车
00:38
and if you can't afford给予 one of those,
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即使你付不起费用
00:40
there's accessible无障碍 public上市 transportation运输.
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你依然可以选择公共交通
00:42
But in the developing发展 world世界, things are quite相当 different不同.
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然而在发展中国家,情况就非常不同
00:45
There's 40 million百万 people who need a wheelchair轮椅 but don't have one,
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有4千万人急需轮椅,却得不到
00:48
and the majority多数 of these people live生活 in rural乡村 areas,
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这些人大多数住在乡村
00:51
where the only connections连接 to community社区, to employment雇用, to education教育,
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他们只能在崎岖的路上
00:55
are by traveling旅行 long distances距离 on rough terrain地形
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通过自己的努力行走很长的距离
00:58
often经常 under their own拥有 power功率.
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才有机会进入社区,获得工作,接受教育
01:00
And the devices设备 usually平时 available可得到 to these people
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更糟糕的是,这些人的代步工具并不合适当地的环境
01:03
are not made制作 for that context上下文, break打破 down quickly很快,
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它们容易损坏
01:05
and are hard to repair修理.
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而且难以修复
01:08
I started开始 looking at wheelchairs轮椅 in developing发展 countries国家 in 2005,
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从2005年起,我开始关注了发展中国家的轮椅问题
01:12
when I spent花费 the summer夏季 assessing评估 the state of technology技术 in Tanzania坦桑尼亚,
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我花了一个夏天在坦桑尼亚考察科技状况
01:16
and I talked to wheelchair轮椅 users用户, wheelchair轮椅 manufacturers制造商, disability失能 groups,
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我与轮椅使用者,轮椅制造商,残疾人团体进行了交谈
01:20
and what stood站在 out to me
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结果我发现
01:22
is that there wasn't a device设备 available可得到
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现有的工具
01:24
that was designed设计 for rural乡村 areas, that could go fast快速
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都不是专门农村地区设计的
01:26
and efficiently有效率的 on many许多 types类型 of terrain地形.
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它不能在多种地形上高速高效地行进
01:29
So being存在 a mechanical机械 engineer工程师,
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因此,作为一个机械工程师
01:31
being存在 at MITMIT and having lots of resources资源 available可得到 to me,
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在麻省理工我拥有许多可用的资源
01:34
I thought I'd try to do something about it.
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我想我要尝试做点什么
01:36
Now when you're talking about trying to travel旅行
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当你们谈到在崎岖的路上
01:39
long distances距离 on rough terrain地形,
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长距离行进时
01:41
I immediately立即 thought of a mountain bike自行车,
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我立刻想到了山地自行车
01:43
and a mountain bike's自行车的 good at doing this
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山地自行车很擅长做这件事
01:45
because it has a gear齿轮 train培养,
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因为它有变速器
01:46
and you can shift转移 to a low gear齿轮 if you have to climb a hill爬坡道
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你可以调到低档来爬坡
01:49
or go through通过 mud or sand
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或者穿越泥浆和沙地
01:51
and you get a lot of torque扭矩 but a low speed速度.
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力矩变长,但是速度很慢
01:53
And if you want to go faster更快, say on pavement路面,
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如果你想骑得快一点,比如在人行道上
01:55
you can shift转移 to a high gear齿轮,
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你可以调到高档
01:56
and you get less torque扭矩, but higher更高 speeds速度.
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力矩变短,但速度加快
01:58
So the logical合乎逻辑 evolution演化 here
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顺着这个逻辑
02:00
is to just make a wheelchair轮椅 with mountain bike自行车 components组件,
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只需要在轮椅上加装山地车的零件
02:03
which哪一个 many许多 people have doneDONE.
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这件事很多人都做过
02:04
But these are two products制品 available可得到 in the U.S. that
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但美国市场上的两款产品
02:08
would be difficult to transfer转让 into developing发展 countries国家
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想进入发展中国家都很困难
02:10
because they're much, much too expensive昂贵.
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因为他们太贵了,太贵了
02:13
And the context上下文 I'm talking about is where
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我所说的背景是
02:15
you need to have a product产品 that is less than 200 dollars美元.
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你需要的是一个低于200美元的产品
02:19
And this ideal理想 product产品 would also be able能够 to go
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而且这个理想的产品还能够每天行驶五公里左右
02:21
about five kilometers公里 a day so you could get to your job工作, get to school学校,
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这样你才能去上班,上学
02:25
and do it on many许多, many许多 different不同 types类型 of terrain地形.
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以及在许多许多不同地形上使用它
02:27
But when you get home or want to go indoors在室内 at your work,
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但当你到家了或者工作时需要进入室内
02:30
it's got to be small enough足够 and maneuverable机动性 enough足够 to use inside.
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它足够小足够灵巧,从而能在室内使用
02:35
And furthermore此外, if you want it to last a long time out in rural乡村 areas,
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此外,如果你想在乡村长时间使用它
02:38
it has to be repairable using运用 the local本地 tools工具, materials物料 and knowledge知识
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那它必须是可修理的
02:42
in those contexts上下文.
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可以使用当地的工具,材料和知识来修理塔
02:45
So the real真实 crux症结 of the problem问题 here is,
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所以问题的关键在于
02:48
how do you make a system系统 that's a simple简单 device设备
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怎么制造一个系统
02:51
but gives you a large mechanical机械 advantage优点?
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既简单,又能带来很大的好处
02:53
How do you make a mountain bike自行车 for your arms武器
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怎样为自己的双臂制造一辆山地车
02:55
that doesn't have the mountain bike自行车 cost成本 and complexity复杂?
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却比真正的山地车便宜而且简单呢
02:58
So as is the case案件 with simple简单 solutions解决方案,
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答案常常就在眼前
03:00
oftentimes通常情况下 the answer回答 is right in front面前 of your face面对, and for us it was levers杠杆.
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那就是杠杆
03:04
We use levers杠杆 all the time, in tools工具, doorknobs门把手, bicycle自行车 parts部分.
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我们一直在利用杠杆,工具,门把手,自行车部件
03:09
And that moment时刻 of inspiration灵感, that key invention发明 moment时刻,
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灵感和关键发明来临的那一刻
03:12
was when I was sitting坐在 in front面前 of my design设计 notebook笔记本
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我正坐在我的设计手册前
03:14
and I started开始 thinking思维 about somebody grabbing a lever杠杆,
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我设想有人在拉一根杠杆
03:17
and if they grab near the end结束 of the lever杠杆,
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如果他们在靠近杠杆末端的地方拉
03:19
they can get an effectively有效 long lever杠杆
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他们就可以获得一个有效的长杠杆
03:21
and produce生产 a lot of torque扭矩 as they push back and forth向前,
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从而在来回推动时产生一个长力矩
03:24
and effectively有效 get a low gear齿轮.
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以及一个低速齿轮
03:26
And as they slide滑动 their hand down the lever杠杆,
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当他们把手顺着杠杆滑下去
03:28
they can push with a smaller effective有效 lever杠杆 length长度,
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他们推的杠杆长度变短
03:31
but push through通过 a bigger angle角度 every一切 stroke行程,
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但是每次推动的角度更大
03:33
which哪一个 makes品牌 a faster更快 rotational旋转 speed速度, and gives you an effective有效 high gear齿轮.
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这产生一个更高的旋转速度和一个高速齿轮
03:37
So what's exciting扣人心弦 about this system系统
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这个系统令人兴奋之处在于
03:39
is that it's really, really mechanically机械 simple简单,
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它的机械结构真的,真的非常简单
03:41
and you could make it using运用 technology技术
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你可以用通行了几百年的技术
03:43
that's been around for hundreds数以百计 of years年份.
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来制造它
03:45
So seeing眼看 this in practice实践,
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看实际运行状况
03:47
this is the Leveraged杠杆 Freedom自由 Chair椅子 that,
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这就是杠杆化自由轮椅
03:49
after a few少数 years年份 of development发展,
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经过几年的研究实验后
03:51
we're now going into production生产 with,
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我们即将要生产的新一代轮椅
03:53
and this is a full-time全职 wheelchair轮椅 user用户 --
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这是一位需要一直使用轮椅的危地马拉人,
03:55
he's paralyzed -- in Guatemala危地马拉,
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他已经瘫痪了
03:57
and you see he's able能够 to traverse横过 pretty漂亮 rough terrain地形.
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你可以看到他能够穿越相当崎岖的路面
04:01
Again, the key innovation革新 of this technology技术 is that when he wants to go fast快速,
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这项科技的核心创新点在于
04:05
he just grabs争夺 the levers杠杆 near the pivots支点 and goes through通过 a big angle角度 every一切 stroke行程,
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当他想走的快点,他可以握住靠近抽心的位置作大角度的推动
04:09
and as the going gets得到 tougher强硬, he just slides幻灯片 his hands up the levers杠杆,
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当进入较糟的路面,他只需要握住握杠的上部
04:12
creates创建 more torque扭矩, and kind of bench-presses台式机 his way
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就可以推动较大的扭力
04:14
out of trouble麻烦 through通过 the rough terrain地形.
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让他自己推离不平地地形
04:17
Now the big, important重要 point here is that
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这种设计最大的重点在于
04:20
the person is the complex复杂 machine in this system系统.
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操作者是整个系统中的复杂机器
04:23
It's the person that's sliding滑动 his hands up and down the levers杠杆,
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使用者移动他自己的手来精密控制轮椅
04:26
so the mechanism机制 itself本身 can be very simple简单
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因此机制本身很简单
04:29
and composed of bicycle自行车 parts部分 you can get anywhere随地 in the world世界.
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而自行车的零件在世界任何一个地方都可以得到
04:32
Because those bicycle自行车 parts部分
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因为自行车零件
04:33
are so ubiquitously无处不在 available可得到, they're super-cheap超低价.
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非常常见,所以他们的造价很便宜
04:36
They're made制作 by the gazillionsgazillions in China中国 and India印度,
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中国和印度的许许多多的工人都可以制造这些零件
04:38
and we can source资源 them anywhere随地 in the world世界,
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我们可以在世界上任何地方买到需要的零件
04:40
build建立 the chair椅子 anywhere随地, and most importantly重要的 repair修理 it,
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在任何地方制造轮椅,并且最重要的是
04:42
even out in a village with a local本地 bicycle自行车 mechanic机械
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我们可以在任何地方修理它们。这一点,即使是居住在乡村里
04:45
who has local本地 tools工具, knowledge知识 and parts部分 available可得到.
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只有当地的工具,知识和零件的自行车修理师也可以办到
04:49
Now, when you want to use the LFCLFC indoors在室内,
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当你需要在室内使用时杠杆化自由轮椅时
04:52
all you have to do is pull the levers杠杆 out of the drivetrain动力传动系统,
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你只要把杠杆从传动系统中拔出来
04:56
stow垫木 them in the frame, and it converts转换 into a normal正常 wheelchair轮椅
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放在支架内,它就变成了普通轮椅
04:59
that you can use just like any other normal正常 wheelchair轮椅,
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于是你就可以把它当做普通轮椅来使用
05:01
and we sized大小 it like a normal正常 wheelchair轮椅,
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我们按照普通轮椅的尺寸来打造它
05:04
so it's narrow狭窄 enough足够 to fit适合 through通过 a standard标准 doorway门口,
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它的宽足以通过标准的走廊
05:08
it's low enough足够 to fit适合 under a table,
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它的高足以从桌子底下通过
05:11
and it's small and maneuverable机动性 enough足够 to fit适合 in a bathroom浴室
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它小而灵巧,足以在浴室中使用
05:15
and this is important重要 so the user用户 can get up close to a toilet厕所,
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这重要性在于让使用者可以靠近马桶
05:18
and be able能够 to transfer转让 off
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从轮椅坐过去
05:20
just like he could in a normal正常 wheelchair轮椅.
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就像他,在一般轮椅也能做到的
05:25
Now, there's three important重要 points that I want to stress强调
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我想强调三点
05:29
that I think really hit击中 home in this project项目.
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这三点触及到了这个项目的精髓
05:32
The first is that this product产品 works作品 well because
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第一点是项目成功的原因在于
05:35
we were effectively有效 able能够 to combine结合
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我们有效地把严谨的工程科学
05:37
rigorous严格 engineering工程 science科学 and analysis分析 with user-centered用户为中心的 design设计
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与以用户为中心的设计分析结合起来
05:42
focused重点 on the social社会 and usage用法 and economic经济 factors因素
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聚焦于社会,利用和经济因素
05:45
important重要 to wheelchair轮椅 users用户 in the developing发展 countries国家.
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这对发展中国家的轮椅使用者非常重要
05:48
So I'm an academic学术的 at MITMIT, and I'm a mechanical机械 engineer工程师,
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我是麻省理工学院的学者,我也是一个机械工程师
05:50
so I can do things like look at the type类型 of terrain地形 you want to travel旅行 on,
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我可以通过观察你所行进的路面的类型
05:54
and figure数字 out how much resistance抵抗性 it should impose强加,
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计算出它会产生多大的阻力
05:57
look at the parts部分 we have available可得到 and mix混合 and match比赛 them
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通过了解我们已有的零件,混合并拼凑它们
06:00
to figure数字 out what sort分类 of gear齿轮 trains火车 we can use,
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想出我们可以使用哪一种变速器
06:02
and then look at the power功率 and force you can get out of your upper body身体
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通过考虑上肢可以产生的能量和力气
06:05
to analyze分析 how fast快速 you should be able能够 to go in this chair椅子
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分析出当你把手臂在杠杆上面上下移动时
06:07
as you put your arms武器 up and down the levers杠杆.
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能以多快的速度行进
06:10
So as a wet-behind-the-ears湿背后的耳朵 student学生, excited兴奋,
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根据这些,我的菜鸟学生们很兴奋地
06:13
our team球队 made制作 a prototype原型,
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制造了一个样品
06:15
brought that prototype原型 to Tanzania坦桑尼亚, Kenya肯尼亚 and Vietnam越南 in 2008,
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在2008年把这个初样带到了坦桑尼亚,肯尼亚和越南
06:20
and found发现 it was terrible可怕
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发现它非常糟糕
06:22
because we didn't get enough足够 input输入 from users用户.
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因为我们没有得到足够的使用者的反馈
06:25
So because we tested测试 it with wheelchair轮椅 users用户,
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所以我们与轮椅使用者,轮椅制造商
06:28
with wheelchair轮椅 manufacturers制造商, we got that feedback反馈 from them,
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一起进行测试,收集他们的建议
06:31
not just articulating关节 their problems问题, but articulating关节 their solutions解决方案,
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不仅仅是采集他们的问题,而是采集了他们认为好的解决方法
06:34
and worked工作 together一起 to go back to the drawing画画 board and make a new design设计,
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然后我们回来重新画了设计图
06:38
which哪一个 we brought back to East Africa非洲 in '09
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09年,我的团队把经过修改的样品带到了东非
06:40
that worked工作 a lot better than a normal正常 wheelchair轮椅 on rough terrain地形,
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新一代样品在崎岖路面上的行进效果比普通轮椅要好得多
06:43
but it still didn't work well indoors在室内 because it was too big,
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但在室内行进效果仍然不好
06:45
it was heavy, it was hard to move移动 around,
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因为它太大,太重,难以转动
06:47
so again with that user用户 feedback反馈, we went back to the drawing画画 board,
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得到了使用者的回馈,我们再次回到了试图板上
06:51
came来了 up with a better design设计, 20 pounds英镑 lighter打火机,
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想出了一个更好的设计。新设计比之前轻了20磅
06:53
as narrow狭窄 as a regular定期 wheelchair轮椅, tested测试 that in a field领域 trial审讯 in Guatemala危地马拉,
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跟常规轮椅一样窄。我们在危地马拉进行了一次路面测试
06:57
and that advanced高级 the product产品 to the point
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这项产品
06:59
where we have now that it's going into production生产.
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进展到了现在我们能开始量产的状态
07:02
Now also being存在 engineering工程 scientists科学家们,
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同时作为工程科学家
07:05
we were able能够 to quantify量化 the performance性能 benefits好处 of the Leveraged杠杆 Freedom自由 Chair椅子,
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我们可以量化杠杆化自由轮椅的表现
07:08
so here are some shots镜头 of our trial审讯 in Guatemala危地马拉
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这是几张我们在瓜地马拉做试验的照片
07:11
where we tested测试 the LFCLFC on village terrain地形,
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我们在农村里测试杠杆是轮椅
07:15
and tested测试 people's人们 biomechanical生物力学 outputs输出,
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也测量人们的生物力学产出
07:16
their oxygen consumption消费, how fast快速 they go,
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氧气消耗量,进行速度
07:19
how much power功率 they're putting out,
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及他们推动轮椅所消耗的力量
07:20
both in their regular定期 wheelchairs轮椅 and using运用 the LFCLFC,
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与一般轮椅以及杠杆式轮椅比较
07:23
and we found发现 that the LFCLFC is about 80 percent百分 faster更快
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我们发现在这些环境里
07:26
going on these terrains地形 than a normal正常 wheelchair轮椅.
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杠杆式轮椅比起一般轮椅快了百分之八十
07:28
It's also about 40 percent百分 more efficient高效 than a regular定期 wheelchair轮椅,
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比起一般的轮椅,也多了百分之四十的效率
07:32
and because of the mechanical机械 advantage优点 you get from the levers杠杆,
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也由于杠杆的机械特性
07:34
you can produce生产 50 percent百分 higher更高 torque扭矩
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你可以多产生百分之五十的扭力
07:36
and really muscle肌肉 your way through通过 the really, really rough terrain地形.
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让你可以走过非常崎岖的道路
07:40
Now the second第二 lesson that we learned学到了 in this is that
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第二,我们学到了
07:44
the constraints限制 on this design设计 really push the innovation革新,
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设计上的限制也推动了创新
07:46
because we had to hit击中 such这样 a low price价钱 point,
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因为我们必须降低价格
07:49
because we had to make a device设备 that could travel旅行
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因为我们要做出一样可以适应很多地形
07:51
on many许多, many许多 types类型 of terrain地形 but still be usable可用 indoors在室内,
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能在室内使用
07:54
and be simple简单 enough足够 to repair修理,
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设计简单易于修理的轮椅
07:56
we ended结束 up with a fundamentally从根本上 new product产品,
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我们最后发明了全新的产品
07:58
a new product产品 that is an innovation革新
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一样新产品
08:01
in a space空间 that really hasn't有没有 changed in a hundred years年份.
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过去一百从未出现的创新
08:03
And these are all merits优点 that are not just good in the developing发展 world世界.
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这些优点不只能套用在开发中国家
08:07
Why not in countries国家 like the U.S. too?
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也可以带到像美国这样的国家
08:09
So we teamed联手 up with Continuum连续,
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我们与Continuum合作
08:11
a local本地 product产品 design设计 firm公司 here in Boston波士顿
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这是一家在波士顿当地的制造商
08:13
to make the high-end高端 version, the developed发达 world世界 version,
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打造了一款高阶版本
08:16
that we'll probably大概 sell primarily主要 in the U.S. and Europe欧洲,
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我们会在美国及欧洲
08:19
but to higher-income高收入 buyers买家.
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贩卖给高收入的顾客
08:22
And the final最后 point I want to make is that I think
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最后我想说的
08:25
this project项目 worked工作 well because we engaged订婚
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这项计划能成功
08:28
all the stakeholders利益相关者 that buy购买 into this project项目 and are important重要 to consider考虑
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是因为我们结合了所有参与计划的人
08:32
in bringing使 the technology技术 from inception成立 of an idea理念
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将这项科技从概念
08:36
through通过 innovation革新, validation验证, commercialization商业化 and dissemination传播,
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到创新,验证,商用,推广
08:40
and that cycle周期 has to start开始 and end结束 with end结束 users用户.
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这链结于使用者紧密相扣
08:43
These are the people that define确定 the requirements要求 of the technology技术,
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他们有对这项科技的需求
08:46
and these are the people that have to give the thumbs-up竖起大拇指 at the end结束,
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最终他们举起了大拇指称赞
08:49
and say, "Yeah, it actually其实 works作品. It meets符合 our needs需求."
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而且说“这很好用,刚好符合我们的需求”
08:51
So people like me in the academic学术的 space空间,
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像我一样在学术界的人
08:53
we can do things like innovate创新 and analyze分析 and test测试,
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我们可以做一些像创新,分析,测试
08:57
create创建 data数据 and make bench-level板级 prototypes原型,
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建立资料,设计实验阶段的原型机种
09:00
but how do you get that bench-level板级 prototype原型 to commercialization商业化?
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但你要如何将原型机种带入到商业产品
09:02
So we need gap-fillers间隙填充剂 like Continuum连续 that can work on commercializing商业化,
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我们需要像Continuum可以帮助我们跨越屏障的公司
09:06
and we started开始 a whole整个 NGO非政府组织 to bring带来 our chair椅子 to market市场 --
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我们成立了一个非政府组织"Global Research Innovation Technology"
09:09
Global全球 Research研究 Innovation革新 Technology技术 --
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来将我们的轮椅带到市场上
09:11
and then we also teamed联手 up with a big manufacturer生产厂家 in India印度, Pinnacle巅峰 Industries工业,
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并于印度的大型制造商 Pinnacle Industries 合作
09:15
that's tooled极好的装备 up now to make 500 chairs椅子 a month
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每个月制造500台轮椅
09:17
and will make the first batch批量 of 200 next下一个 month,
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下个月
09:19
which哪一个 will be delivered交付 in India印度.
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第一批将在在印度推出
09:21
And then finally最后, to get this out to the people in scale规模,
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最终,为了把它大量地提供给人们
09:24
we teamed联手 up with the largest最大 disability失能 organization组织
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我们与全球最大的身障组织
09:26
in the world世界, Jaipur斋浦尔 Foot脚丫子.
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Jaipur Foot 一同合作
09:29
Now what's powerful强大 about this model模型
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这个模式的好处
09:31
is when you bring带来 together一起 all these stakeholders利益相关者
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是当你结合所有
09:34
that represent代表 each link链接 in the chain
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参与这个链结的人
09:36
from inception成立 of an idea理念
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从概念的发想
09:38
all the way to implementation履行 in the field领域,
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到现实中的实作
09:41
that's where the magic魔法 happens发生.
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神奇的事发生了
09:42
That's where you can take a guy like me, an academic学术的,
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你可以找到一个像我一样
09:45
but analyze分析 and test测试 and create创建 a new technology技术
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做分析,测试,设计的人
09:48
and quantitatively数量上 determine确定 how much better the performance性能 is.
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并且量化它的性能有多好
09:52
You can connect with stakeholders利益相关者 like the manufacturers制造商
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同时也连结赚钱的制造商
09:54
and talk with them face-to-face面对面 and leverage杠杆作用 their
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跟他们面对面
09:56
local本地 knowledge知识 of manufacturing制造业 practices做法 and their clients客户
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整合他们的制造程序,客户
09:59
and combine结合 that knowledge知识 with our engineering工程 knowledge知识
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在与我们的工程知识结合
10:02
to create创建 something greater更大 than either of us could have doneDONE alone单独.
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做出一个比我们各自单独能做的还要好的东西
10:05
And then you can also engage从事 the end结束 user用户
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你也必须拉进使用者一起参与设计过程
10:08
in the design设计 process处理, and not just ask him what he needs需求,
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不只是问他们所需要的
10:11
but ask him how he thinks it can be achieved实现.
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也问他们认为什么是行得通的
10:14
And this picture图片 was taken采取 in India印度 in our last field领域 trial审讯,
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这是我们最后一次在印度做实验时拍的照片
10:17
where we had a 90-percent-百分 adoption采用 rate where people
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有九成的人从一般轮椅
10:19
switched交换的 to using运用 our Leveraged杠杆 Freedom自由 Chair椅子 over their normal正常 wheelchair轮椅,
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更换到使用我们的杠杆式轮椅
10:23
and this picture图片 specifically特别 is of Ashok阿肖克,
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特别是Ashok
10:26
and Ashok阿肖克 had a spinal injury when he fell下跌 out of a tree,
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Ashok 从树中掉下来后脊柱损伤瘫痪
10:29
and he had been working加工 at a tailor裁缝, but once一旦 he was injured受伤
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以前他是个裁缝师,自从受伤后
10:32
he wasn't able能够 to transport运输 himself他自己 from his house
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他没办法坐在一般轮椅上
10:35
over a kilometer公里 to his shop in his normal正常 wheelchair轮椅.
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从一公里远的家里移动到市集
10:37
The road was too rough.
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因为路程太颠簸了
10:39
But the day after he got an LFCLFC, he hopped跳上 in it,
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然而,拿到杠杆式轮椅的同一天
10:42
rode骑着车 that kilometer公里, opened打开 up his shop
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他就走过那一公里,开始营业了
10:44
and soon不久 after landed登陆 a contract合同 to make school学校 uniforms制服
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并且很快地拿到了学校制服的合约
10:46
and started开始 making制造 money, started开始 providing提供 for his family家庭 again.
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开始赚钱,再次养家活口
10:49
Ashok阿肖克: You also encouraged鼓励 me to work.
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Ashok: 你鼓励我去工作
10:51
I rested休息 for a day at home.
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我在家休息一天后
10:54
The next下一个 day I went to my shop.
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隔天我就去工作
10:59
Now everything is back to normal正常.
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现在一切都恢复正常了
11:02
Amos阿莫斯 Winter冬季: And thank you very much for having me today今天.
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Amos Winter: 感谢你们来听我演讲
11:06
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Minji Seo
Reviewed by Yingxue Sun

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amos Winter - Mechanical engineer
Amos Winter and his team at MIT built the Leveraged Freedom Chair, a cheap lever-powered wheelchair whose design and develop put the user first.

Why you should listen

Amos Winter wants to know: How do you redesign the wheelchair, an essential aid for millions, to be even better, more affordable, adaptable for the developing world, and able to face any type of terrain or weather? The answer is: the Leveraged Freedom Chair. Integrating science, engineering and user-driven design, Winter has developed a wheelchair that uses arm-powered levers that yield surprisingly simple, highly effective mechanical results. Even better, cheap parts means the chair costs under $200 and can be repaired easily, even in rural communities where resources are scarce.

More profile about the speaker
Amos Winter | Speaker | TED.com