ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ellen 't Hoen - Medicine law expert
The founder of the Medicines Patent Pool, Ellen 't Hoen works (and makes change) at the place where profit and health collide: patented drugs.

Why you should listen

Ellen ’t Hoen is an independent medicines law and policy consultant. In 2009, she founded the Medicines Patent Pool at WHO/UNITAID, to accelerate the availability of low-cost HIV treatments, especially antiretroviral medicines, in developing countries through patent licensing. In June 2012 she stepped down from the MPP, but remains involved in supporting it.

She is a research fellow at the IS HIV/AIDS Academy of the University of Amsterdam and authored the book The Global Politics of Pharmaceutical Monopoly Power. Drug patents, access, innovation and the application of the WTO Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health. It's available as a free download .

Before founding MPP, from 1999 until 2009 she was the Director of Policy and Advocacy at Médecins sans Frontières’ (MSF) Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines. She won several awards for her work on the effects of exposure to the drug (DES) in the 1980s and 1990s, including the prestigious Harriet Freezerring award in 1989. She is a member of the World Health Organization’s Expert Advisory Panel on Drug Policies and Management and a member of the advisory board of Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM).

More about this speaker

Website: http://www.medicinespatentpool.org/
Twitter: @ellenthoen, @medspatentpool

More profile about the speaker
Ellen 't Hoen | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxZurich 2012

Ellen 't Hoen: Pool medical patents, save lives

艾伦霍恩:拯救生命,共享药品专利

Filmed:
427,822 views

申请新药品的专利权为开发所需的巨额花费提供了资金,但同时也将发展中国家需要先进治疗的患者拒之门外,其成本是巨大的。艾伦霍恩就此谈论一个行之有效的解决办法:药品专利库。(摄制于TEDx苏黎世)
- Medicine law expert
The founder of the Medicines Patent Pool, Ellen 't Hoen works (and makes change) at the place where profit and health collide: patented drugs. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:17
In 2002, a group of treatment治疗 activists活动家 met会见
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2002年,一群医疗活动分子相聚在一起
00:21
to discuss讨论 the early development发展 of the airplane飞机.
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讨论飞机的早期发展问题。
00:25
The Wright赖特 Brothers兄弟, in the beginning开始 of the last century世纪,
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在上个世纪初,
00:30
had for the first time managed管理
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怀特兄弟第一次成为
00:32
to make one of those devices设备 fly.
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让飞行器上天的人
00:34
They also had taken采取 out numerous众多 patents专利
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他们当然也获得了众多
00:37
on essential必要 parts部分 of the airplane飞机.
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飞机主要部件的专利
00:39
They were not the only ones那些.
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不过他们并不是唯一的专利人
00:41
That was common共同 practice实践 in the industry行业,
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这是工业界的惯例
00:44
and those who held保持 patents专利 on airplanes飞机
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那些飞机专利的持有者
00:47
were defending卫冕 them fiercely激烈
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便极力维护
00:48
and suing起诉 competitors竞争对手 left and right.
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甚至投诉周围的竞争对手
00:51
This actually其实 wasn't so great for the development发展 of the aviation航空 industry行业,
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这一举动对航空工业的发展并没有好处
00:56
and this was at a time that in particular特定 the U.S. government政府
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而且当时正是美国政府
01:00
was interested有兴趣 in ramping斜坡 up
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意在扩大
01:02
the production生产 of military军事 airplanes飞机.
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军用飞机生产的时候
01:05
So there was a bit of a conflict冲突 there.
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所以冲突也就不可避免
01:07
The U.S. government政府 decided决定 to take action行动,
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美国政府随即采取行动
01:11
and forced被迫 those patent专利 holders持有人
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迫使那些专利持有者们
01:13
to make their patents专利 available可得到 to share分享 with others其他
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和他人共享专利
01:17
to enable启用 the production生产 of airplanes飞机.
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从而保障飞机的生产
01:23
So what has this
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那么我说的这件事情
01:26
got to do with this?
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与现在要提到的这个有什么关系呢?
01:30
In 2002, Nelson纳尔逊 OtwomaOtwoma, a Kenyan肯尼亚 social社会 scientist科学家,
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在2002年,一位叫尼尔森.奥特沃玛的肯尼亚社会学家
01:35
discovered发现 he had HIVHIV and needed需要 access访问 to treatment治疗.
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发现自己携带艾滋病病毒并需要治疗。
01:40
He was told that a cure治愈 did not exist存在.
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但被告知这种病不可医治。
01:44
AIDS艾滋病, he heard听说, was lethal致命,
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他听说艾滋病是致命的,也是无药可救的。
01:47
and treatment治疗 was not offered提供. This was at a time
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但当时的事实是
01:51
that treatment治疗 actually其实 existed存在 in rich丰富 countries国家.
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在发达国家,疗法是存在的。
01:53
AIDS艾滋病 had become成为 a chronic慢性 disease疾病.
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艾滋病被视为慢性疾病。
01:56
People in our countries国家 here in Europe欧洲, in North America美国,
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像在欧洲、北美的国家
02:00
were living活的 with HIVHIV, healthy健康 lives生活.
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艾滋病毒携带者同样可以健康地生活。
02:03
Not so for Nelson纳尔逊. He wasn't rich丰富 enough足够,
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但对尼尔森来说却不行,因为他不够富有,
02:06
and not so for his three-year-old三十岁 son儿子, who he discovered发现 a year later后来
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他3岁的儿子在一年后也被诊断携带艾滋病病毒,
02:10
also had HIVHIV.
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同样得不到医治。
02:13
Nelson纳尔逊 decided决定 to become成为 a treatment治疗 activist活动家
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尼尔森就此决定成为医疗活动分子
02:16
and join加入 up with other groups.
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并加入此类组织。
02:18
In 2002, they were facing面对 a different不同 battle战斗.
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他们在2002年遇到了不同的困境
02:25
Prices价格 for ARVs抗逆转录病毒药物, the drugs毒品 needed需要 to treat对待 HIVHIV,
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用于治疗艾滋病毒的抗逆转录病毒ARV的价格
02:30
cost成本 about 12,000 [dollars美元] per patient患者 per year.
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约为每个患者每年一万两千美元。
02:34
The patents专利 on those drugs毒品 were held保持
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持有这种药品专利的
02:36
by a number of Western西 pharmaceutical制药 companies公司
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若干西方医药公司
02:42
that were not necessarily一定 willing愿意
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却并不愿意
02:45
to make those patents专利 available可得到.
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分享其专利。
02:48
When you have a patent专利, you can exclude排除
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持有专利的公司,便可以把其它的任何公司
02:51
anyone任何人 else其他 from making制造, from producing生产 or making制造
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排除在以低廉价格
02:55
low-cost低成本 versions版本, for example,
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生产和制作
02:58
available可得到 of those medications药物治疗.
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这类的药品的范围之外
03:02
Clearly明确地 this led to patent专利 wars战争 breaking破坏 out
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当然这也就导致专利大战
03:06
all over the globe地球.
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在全球展开。
03:09
Luckily, those patents专利 did not exist存在 everywhere到处.
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幸运的是,此类专利并不是到处都有
03:13
There were countries国家 that did not recognize认识
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很多国家并不认可
03:15
pharmaceutical制药 product产品 patents专利, such这样 as India印度,
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制药产品专利,拿印度来说,
03:18
and Indian印度人 pharmaceutical制药 companies公司
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印度的制药公司
03:21
started开始 to produce生产 so-called所谓 generic通用 versions版本,
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已开始生产所谓的通用(非专利)配方,
03:25
low-cost低成本 copies副本 of antiretroviral抗逆转录病毒 medicines药品,
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也就是廉价的抗逆转录病毒药品的复制品
03:29
and make them available可得到 in the developing发展 world世界,
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以供发展中国家使用
03:32
and within a year the price价钱 had come down
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在一年之内,该药品的价格从
03:35
from 10,000 dollars美元 per patient患者 per year
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每个患者每年一万美元
03:39
to 350 dollars美元 per patient患者 per year,
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降到了350美元每个患者每年
03:41
and today今天 that same相同 triple三倍 pill cocktail鸡尾酒
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直至今天,同样的三联疗法
03:45
is available可得到 for 60 dollars美元 per patient患者 per year,
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售价仅为每个患者每年60美元
03:48
and of course课程 that started开始 to have an enormous巨大 effect影响
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这当然对于众多
03:51
on the number of people who could afford给予 access访问
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可以买得起此类药品的人
03:54
to those medicines药品.
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意义深重。
03:56
Treatment治疗 programs程式 became成为 possible可能,
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治疗方案从此得以实施
03:58
funding资金 became成为 available可得到, and the number of people
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基金到位,使用抗逆转录病毒药品的人数
04:01
on antiretroviral抗逆转录病毒 drugs毒品 started开始 to increase增加 very rapidly急速.
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也迅速增加
04:08
Today今天, eight million百万 people
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今天,已有八百万人
04:11
have access访问 to antiretroviral抗逆转录病毒 drugs毒品.
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可以使用抗逆转录病毒药物
04:14
Thirty-four三十四 million百万 are infected感染 with HIVHIV.
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现有三十四万人感染艾滋病病毒
04:18
Never has this number been so high,
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这一数据史无前例
04:20
but actually其实 this is good news新闻,
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不过这也是好消息
04:21
because what it means手段 is people stop dying垂死.
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因为它表明患者的死亡率下降了
04:24
People who have access访问 to these drugs毒品 stop dying垂死.
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买得起这类药品的人不再被判处死刑
04:26
And there's something else其他.
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更好的是
04:27
They also stop passing通过 on the virus病毒.
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他们可以杜绝病毒的传播
04:30
This is fairly相当 recent最近 science科学 that has shown显示 that.
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这是最新的科学研究显示的
04:34
What that means手段 is we have the tools工具
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这意味着我们掌握了
04:36
to break打破 the back of this epidemic疫情.
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防止这种传染性疾病的方法
04:40
So what's the problem问题?
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那还有哪些问题存在呢?
04:45
Well, things have changed.
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今非昔比啊
04:47
First of all, the rules规则 have changed.
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首先,规定改变了
04:51
Today今天, all countries国家 are obliged有义务的 to provide提供
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各个国家都有责任向制药公司提供
04:57
patents专利 for pharmaceuticals药品 that last at least最小 20 years年份.
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至少20年的专利使用权
05:02
This is as a result结果 of the intellectual知识分子 property属性 rules规则
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这是世界贸易组织对知识产权规则
05:05
of the World世界 Trade贸易 Organization组织.
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改变的结果
05:07
So what India印度 did is no longer possible可能.
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因此印度的做法也就不再成为可能
05:10
Second第二, the practice实践 of patent-holding专利持有 companies公司 have changed.
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其次,专利持有公司的惯例也得到改变
05:15
Here you see the patent专利 practices做法
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在这里你可以看到在世界贸易组织知识产权规则之前
05:20
before the World世界 Trade贸易 Organization's组织 rules规则, before '95,
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95年之前
05:24
before antiretroviral抗逆转录病毒 drugs毒品.
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抗逆转录病毒药品出现之前的数据
05:26
This is what you see today今天,
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这是今天的数据
05:29
and this is in developing发展 countries国家, so what that means手段 is,
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这是发展中国家的数据,也就是说
05:32
unless除非 we do something deliberate商榷
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除非我们刻意去做
05:34
and unless除非 we do something now,
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除非我们现在就改变
05:36
we will very soon不久 be faced面对 with another另一个 drug药物 price价钱 crisis危机,
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我们不久就会面临又一个药品价格危机
05:42
because new drugs毒品 are developed发达,
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因为新药得以研发
05:44
new drugs毒品 go to market市场, but these medicines药品 are patented专利
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投入市场,而药品的专利
05:47
in a much wider更宽的 range范围 of countries国家.
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在更广泛的国家范围得以注册
05:50
So unless除非 we act法案, unless除非 we do something today今天,
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如果我们当下不采取措施
05:55
we will soon不久 be faced面对 [with] what some have termed被称为
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我们将很快面临人们所说的
05:59
the treatment治疗 time bomb炸弹.
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医疗定时炸弹
06:02
It isn't only the number of drugs毒品 that are patented专利.
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我说的不仅是专利药品的数量
06:07
There's something else其他 that can really scare
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还有很多因素会使
06:10
generic通用 manufacturers制造商 away.
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通用(非专利)药品制造商望而却步
06:11
This shows节目 you a patent专利 landscape景观.
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这是一个专利的分布图
06:15
This is the landscape景观 of one medicine医学.
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它仅代表一种药品
06:19
So you can imagine想像 that if you are a generic通用 company公司
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假想你是一个通用药品制造商
06:22
about to decide决定 whether是否 to invest投资
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要决定是否投资
06:24
in the development发展 of this product产品, unless除非 you know
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开发该药品
06:27
that the licenses许可证 to these patents专利
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除非你有把握
06:29
are actually其实 going to be available可得到,
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得到其专利许可证
06:32
you will probably大概 choose选择 to do something else其他.
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你可能会三思而后行
06:35
Again, deliberate商榷 action行动 is needed需要.
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所以我强调,我们需要行动
06:39
So surely一定
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所以假如
06:41
if a patent专利 pool could be established既定
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我们真的可以建立一个专利库
06:45
to ramp舷梯 up the production生产 of military军事 airplanes飞机,
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来扩大军用飞机的生产
06:49
we should be able能够 to do something similar类似
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我们同样可以
06:53
to tackle滑车 the HIVHIV/AIDS艾滋病 epidemic疫情.
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解决艾滋病病毒/艾滋病的传播
06:56
And we did.
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而且我们做到了
06:58
In 2010, UNITAIDUNITAID established既定 the Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool
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2010年,国际药品采购机制成立了艾滋病病毒
07:04
for HIVHIV.
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医药专利库
07:07
And this is how it works作品:
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它是这样运作的:
07:09
Patent专利 holders持有人, inventors发明家
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专利持有者,发明者
07:13
that develop发展 new medicines药品
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对其发明的新药
07:16
patent专利 those inventions发明,
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申请专利保护
07:19
but make those patents专利 available可得到
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但将这些药品专利
07:21
to the Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool. The Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool
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与药品专利库共享
07:24
then license执照 those out to whoever needs需求 access访问 to those patents专利.
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再把许可证发放给需要使用该专利的人
07:28
That can be generic通用 manufacturers制造商.
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比如通用药品制造商
07:29
It can also be not-for-profit不以营利为目的 drug药物 development发展 agencies机构,
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也可以是非营利性药品开发代理商
07:33
for example.
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等等
07:35
Those manufacturers制造商 can then sell those medicines药品
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这些制造商则将这些药品或治疗方案
07:37
at much lower降低 cost成本 to people who need access访问 to them,
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以更加低廉的价格
07:42
to treatment治疗 programs程式 that need access访问 to them.
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出售给任何需要的患者
07:45
They pay工资 royalties over the sales销售 to the patent专利 holders持有人,
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他们给专利持有者支付专利使用费
07:49
so they are remunerated报酬 for sharing分享 their intellectual知识分子 property属性.
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作为共享知识产权的报酬
07:59
There is one key difference区别
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这件事与飞机专利库的
08:03
with the airplane飞机 patent专利 pool.
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关键区别在于
08:07
The Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool is a voluntary自主性 mechanism机制.
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药品专利库是自发机制
08:12
The airplane飞机 patent专利 holders持有人 were not left a choice选择
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飞机专利持有者没有权利选择
08:15
whether是否 they'd他们会 license执照 their patents专利 or not.
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是否提供专利许可证
08:17
They were forced被迫 to do so.
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他们的行为是被迫的
08:19
That is something that the Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool cannot不能 do.
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这在药品专利库则不能实行的
08:23
It relies依赖 on the willingness愿意 of pharmaceutical制药 companies公司
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我们需要依赖制药公司的自发性
08:26
to license执照 their patents专利 and make them available可得到
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为他人提供并分享
08:30
for others其他 to use.
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他们的专利使用权
08:34
Today今天, Nelson纳尔逊 OtwomaOtwoma is healthy健康.
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今天,尼尔森恢复了健康
08:39
He has access访问 to antiretroviral抗逆转录病毒 drugs毒品.
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他可以买到抗逆转录病毒药物
08:43
His son儿子 will soon不久 be 14 years年份 old.
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他的儿子也很快年满14岁
08:47
Nelson纳尔逊 is a member会员 of the expert专家 advisory咨询 group
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尼尔森成为了一个药品专利库
08:50
of the Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool,
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专家咨询小组的成员
08:52
and he told me not so long ago,
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不久前他告诉我
08:54
"Ellen艾伦, we rely依靠 in Kenya肯尼亚 and in many许多 other countries国家
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“艾伦,在肯尼亚和其他很多国家
09:00
on the Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool to make sure
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我们依赖药品专利库,
09:03
that new medicines药品 also become成为 available可得到 to us,
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保障我们也能得到新的药品
09:09
that new medicines药品, without delay延迟, become成为 available可得到 to us."
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而且能在第一时间得到新的药品”
09:14
And this is no longer fantasy幻想.
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这已不再是幻想
09:17
Already已经, I'll give you an example.
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我这就给你举个例子吧
09:22
In August八月 of this year, the United联合的 States状态 drug药物 agency机构
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今年的八月,美国药品代理商
09:25
approved批准 a new four-in-one四位一体 AIDS艾滋病 medication药物治疗.
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通过了一种新的四合一的艾滋病药物
09:29
The company公司, Gilead吉利德, that holds持有 the patents专利,
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持有该专利的吉利德公司
09:32
has licensed领有牌照 the intellectual知识分子 property属性 to the Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool.
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就把知识产权共享给了药品专利库
09:36
The pool is already已经 working加工 today今天, two months个月 later后来,
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专利库已经开始工作,两个月后,
09:40
with generic通用 manufacturers制造商 to make sure that this product产品
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就会有仿制药品制作商保证
09:43
can go to market市场 at low cost成本
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将该产品以低价
09:46
where and when it is needed需要. This is unprecedented史无前例.
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及时并准确地推向需求市场
09:50
This has never been doneDONE before.
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这是前所未有的。
09:52
The rule规则 is about a 10-year-年 delay延迟 for a new product产品
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通常情况下,一种新药在发展中国家要等10年
09:55
to go to market市场 in developing发展 countries国家, if at all.
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才成为可能并最终上市
09:58
This has never been seen看到 before.
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这是前所未有的。
10:02
Nelson's纳尔逊 expectations期望 are very high,
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尼尔森的期望很高
10:06
and quite相当 rightly正当地 so. He and his son儿子 will need access访问
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这理所应当
10:10
to the next下一个 generation of antiretrovirals抗逆转录病毒药物
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他和儿子需要下一代的抗逆转录病毒药物
10:13
and the next下一个, throughout始终 their lifetime一生,
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再下一代,甚至一生
10:16
so that he and many许多 others其他 in Kenya肯尼亚 and other countries国家
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所以他和众多肯尼亚和其他国家的人
10:21
can continue继续 to live生活 healthy健康, active活性 lives生活.
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可以继续过健康积极的生活
10:26
Now we count计数 on the willingness愿意 of drug药物 companies公司
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我们当下需要依靠药品公司的自发行为
10:29
to make that happen发生. We count计数 on those companies公司
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实现这一愿望
10:31
that understand理解 that it is in the interest利益, not only in the interest利益
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我们期望这些公司意识到这不仅符合
10:35
of the global全球 good, but also in their own拥有 interest利益,
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全球福利的需要,也符合他们自己的利益
10:38
to move移动 from conflict冲突 to collaboration合作,
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通过药品专利库
10:44
and through通过 the Medicines药品 Patent专利 Pool they can make that happen发生.
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化冲突为合作
10:47
They can also choose选择 not to do that,
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当然他们也可以拒绝
10:50
but those that go down that road may可能 end结束 up
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不过拒绝的结果可能会导致类似
10:56
in a similar类似 situation情况 the Wright赖特 brothers兄弟 ended结束 up with
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怀特兄弟在上个世纪所面临的处境
10:59
early last century世纪, facing面对 forcible强制 measures措施
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那就是政府的强迫政策
11:03
by government政府. So they'd他们会 better jump now.
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所以我提议现在就加入吧
11:08
Thank you. (Applause掌声)
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谢谢(鼓掌)
Translated by Myra Wang
Reviewed by Cherish Xing

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ellen 't Hoen - Medicine law expert
The founder of the Medicines Patent Pool, Ellen 't Hoen works (and makes change) at the place where profit and health collide: patented drugs.

Why you should listen

Ellen ’t Hoen is an independent medicines law and policy consultant. In 2009, she founded the Medicines Patent Pool at WHO/UNITAID, to accelerate the availability of low-cost HIV treatments, especially antiretroviral medicines, in developing countries through patent licensing. In June 2012 she stepped down from the MPP, but remains involved in supporting it.

She is a research fellow at the IS HIV/AIDS Academy of the University of Amsterdam and authored the book The Global Politics of Pharmaceutical Monopoly Power. Drug patents, access, innovation and the application of the WTO Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health. It's available as a free download .

Before founding MPP, from 1999 until 2009 she was the Director of Policy and Advocacy at Médecins sans Frontières’ (MSF) Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines. She won several awards for her work on the effects of exposure to the drug (DES) in the 1980s and 1990s, including the prestigious Harriet Freezerring award in 1989. She is a member of the World Health Organization’s Expert Advisory Panel on Drug Policies and Management and a member of the advisory board of Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM).

More about this speaker

Website: http://www.medicinespatentpool.org/
Twitter: @ellenthoen, @medspatentpool

More profile about the speaker
Ellen 't Hoen | Speaker | TED.com