ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Plotkin - Amazonian ethnobotanist
As fast as the rainforest is disappearing -- the people of the rainforest are disappearing even faster. Mark Plotkin works to preserve generations of knowledge.

Why you should listen

Mark Plotkin is an ethnobotanist, studying the traditional uses for plants in Central and South America forests. He works closely with shamans, community leaders who practice traditional healing techniques using plants and animals, learned over uncounted generations. But when forests are disrupted (by illegal logging, for instance), that knowledge risks being lost. Plotkin's work helps to collect and share shamanic learning, with a twofold goal: to preserve the rainforest by showing its value as a source of yet-to-be-discovered pharmaceuticals.
 
Plotkin pioneered his research working with the Trio Indians of southern Suriname, and has also worked with elder shamans from Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia and Brazil. He's the author of the best-selling book Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice. With his wife, Liliana Madrigal, he co-founded the Amazon Conservation Team, a group that helps indigenous people purchase and protect their sacred sites.

 

More profile about the speaker
Mark Plotkin | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2014

Mark Plotkin: What the people of the Amazon know that you don't

马克·普洛特金: 世人不知的亚马逊人智慧

Filmed:
1,613,699 views

“亚马逊热带雨林最伟大而最濒危的物种,不是美洲豹和美洲角雕,”马克·普洛特金说,“而是与世隔绝的人类部落。”在充满激情而让人警醒的讲话中,这位民族植物学家带领我们进入亚马逊热带雨林土著部落的世界,以及了解他们的萨满用于治疗的神奇草药。马克·普洛特列举了土著部落所面临的挑战和危险 — 和他们的智慧 — 并号召我们保护这个无可替代的知识宝库。
- Amazonian ethnobotanist
As fast as the rainforest is disappearing -- the people of the rainforest are disappearing even faster. Mark Plotkin works to preserve generations of knowledge. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Now, I'm an ethnobotanist民族植物学家.
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我是名民族植物学家。
00:13
That's a scientist科学家 who
works作品 in the rainforest雨林
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我在热带雨林工作,
00:16
to document文件 how people use local本地 plants植物.
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记录人们如何使用当地植物。
00:19
I've been doing this for a long time,
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我做这项工作很久了,
00:22
and I want to tell you,
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我可以告诉大家,
00:24
these people know these forests森林
and these medicinal药用 treasures珍品
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这些人对当地森林和里面医药珍宝的了解
00:27
better than we do and
better than we ever will.
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比我们多得多,永远多得多。
00:30
But also, these cultures文化,
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但是,这些文化,
00:32
these indigenous土著 cultures文化,
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这些土著文化,
00:34
are disappearing消失 much faster更快
than the forests森林 themselves他们自己.
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消失得比森林还快。
00:39
And the greatest最大 and
most endangered濒危 species种类
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在亚马逊热带雨林中,
00:41
in the Amazon亚马逊 Rainforest雨林
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最伟大而最濒危的物种
00:43
is not the jaguar美洲虎,
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不是美洲豹,
00:45
it's not the harpy哈比 eagle,
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也不是美洲角雕,
00:47
it's the isolated孤立 and uncontacted原始部落 tribes部落.
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而是与世隔绝的人类部落。
00:51
Now four years年份 ago, I injured受伤 my
foot脚丫子 in a climbing攀登 accident事故
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四年前,我在爬山时伤了脚,
00:54
and I went to the doctor医生.
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我去看医生。
00:56
She gave me heat,
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她给我进行热疗,
00:57
she gave me cold, aspirin阿司匹林,
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进行冰疗,用阿司匹林,
01:00
narcotic麻醉剂 painkillers止痛药, anti-inflammatories消炎药,
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用麻醉止痛剂,抗炎药,
01:03
cortisone可的松 shots镜头.
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注射可的松。
01:05
It didn't work.
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没有疗效。
01:07
Several一些 months个月 later后来,
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几个月后,
01:09
I was in the northeast东北 Amazon亚马逊,
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我在亚马逊东北部,
01:11
walked into a village,
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我走进一个村落,
01:13
and the shaman said, "You're limping跛行."
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萨满说,“你跛了。”
01:16
And I'll never forget忘记
this as long as I live生活.
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这一幕我一生都不会忘记。
01:18
He looked看着 me in the face面对 and he said,
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他看着我的脸,对我说,
01:20
"Take off your shoe and give
me your machete弯刀."
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“脱鞋,把你的砍刀给我。”
01:24
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:26
He walked over to a palm棕榈 tree
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他走向一棵棕榈树,
01:28
and carved off a fern蕨类,
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切下来一片蕨,
01:30
threw it in the fire,
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扔到火里,
01:31
applied应用的 it to my foot脚丫子,
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然后敷在我脚上,
01:33
threw it in a pot of water,
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然后又扔进了一壶水中,
01:34
and had me drink the tea.
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让我把那个当茶喝了。
01:37
The pain疼痛 disappeared消失 for seven months个月.
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整整七个月,我再也没疼过。
01:40
When it came来了 back, I went
to see the shaman again.
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复发后,我又去见萨满。
01:42
He gave me the same相同 treatment治疗,
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他对我进行同样的疗法,
01:44
and I've been cured治愈 for three years年份 now.
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现在我已经痊愈三年了。
01:47
Who would you rather be treated治疗 by?
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你想让谁给你治病?
01:50
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
01:53
Now, make no mistake错误Western西 medicine医学
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别误会 — 西医
01:55
is the most successful成功 system系统
of healing复原 ever devised设计,
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是人类发明的最成功的医疗体系,
01:58
but there's plenty丰富 of holes in it.
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但它也有缺陷。
02:01
Where's哪里 the cure治愈 for breast乳房 cancer癌症?
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乳腺癌的疗法在哪里?
02:03
Where's哪里 the cure治愈 for schizophrenia精神分裂症?
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神经分裂症的疗法在哪里?
02:05
Where's哪里 the cure治愈 for acid reflux回流?
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胃酸倒流的疗法在哪里?
02:07
Where's哪里 the cure治愈 for insomnia失眠?
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失眠症的疗法在哪里?
02:09
The fact事实 is that these people
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事实是,这些土著人
02:11
can sometimes有时, sometimes有时, sometimes有时
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在有些时候,能治疗
02:13
cure治愈 things we cannot不能.
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我们治不了的病。
02:15
Here you see a medicine医学 man
in the northeast东北 Amazon亚马逊
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这是一位亚马逊东北部的药师
02:17
treating治疗 leishmaniasis利什曼病,
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在治疗利什曼病。
02:19
a really nasty讨厌 protozoal原虫 disease疾病
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利什曼病是一种非常恶心的原虫疾病,
02:21
that afflicts折磨 12 million百万
people around the world世界.
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全世界超过一千两百万人受其困扰。
02:24
Western西 treatment治疗 are
injections注射 of antimony.
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西医的疗法是进行锑注射。
02:27
They're painful痛苦, they're expensive昂贵,
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这种疗法让人很痛苦,也很昂贵,
02:30
and they're probably大概
not good for your heart;
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而且这种疗法对病人的心脏也可能有副作用。
02:32
it's a heavy metal金属.
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锑是重金属。
02:33
This man cures治愈 it with three plants植物
from the Amazon亚马逊 Rainforest雨林.
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这名药师能用三种亚马逊雨林的草药来进行治疗。
02:37
This is the magic魔法 frog青蛙.
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这个是魔蛙。
02:39
My colleague同事, the late晚了
great Loren洛伦 McIntyre麦金太尔,
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我已故的同事洛伦·麦金太尔,
02:42
discoverer发现者 of the source资源
lake of the Amazon亚马逊,
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他发现了亚马逊的河源湖,
02:44
Laguna拉古纳 McIntyre麦金太尔 in the Peruvian秘鲁 Andes安第斯山脉,
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秘鲁安第斯的麦金太尔湖,
02:47
was lost丢失 on the Peru-Brazil秘鲁 - 巴西
border边境 about 30 years年份 ago.
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他30年前在秘鲁巴西边境迷路了。
02:50
He was rescued获救 by a group of
isolated孤立 Indians印度人 called the Matsés.
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他被一群叫做Matsés的与世隔绝的印第安人救了下来。
02:54
They beckoned招手 for him to follow跟随
them into the forest森林, which哪一个 he did.
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他们示意他跟随他们进入丛林,他照做了。
02:58
There, they took out palm棕榈 leaf baskets.
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在那里,他们拿出了棕榈树叶筐,
03:00
There, they took out these
green绿色 monkey frogs青蛙
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里面他们拿出了这种绿色的猴蛙 —
03:03
these are big suckers吸盘,
they're like this —
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个头都是大家伙,有这么 —
03:05
and they began开始 licking them.
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然后他们开始舔这种蛙。
03:07
It turns out, they're
highly高度 hallucinogenic致幻.
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这种蛙有高度的致幻作用。
03:10
McIntyre麦金太尔 wrote about this and it was read
by the editor编辑 of High Times magazine杂志.
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麦金太尔把这个写了出来,《鼎盛时期》杂志的编辑看了。
03:15
You see that ethnobotanistsethnobotanists have
friends朋友 in all sorts排序 of strange奇怪 cultures文化.
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从中你可以看出民族植物学家在各种奇怪的圈子都有朋友。
03:20
This guy decided决定 he would go down
to the Amazon亚马逊 and give it a whirl旋转,
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这名编辑决定自己去亚马逊爽一下,
03:23
or give it a lick, and
he did, and he wrote,
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舔一下,他真这样做了,他写到,
03:27
"My blood血液 pressure压力 went through通过 the roof屋顶,
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“我的血压爆表了,
03:29
I lost丢失 full充分 control控制 of
my bodily身体 functions功能,
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我对我的身体机能完全失去了控制。
03:32
I passed通过 out in a heap,
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我昏厥了,
03:33
I woke醒来 up in a hammock吊床 six hours小时 later后来,
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六个小时后我在一张吊床里醒来,
03:36
felt like God for two days."
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两天内都觉得自己跟神仙似的。”
03:38
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:39
An Italian意大利 chemist化学家 read this and said,
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一位意大利化学家读后说,
03:41
"I'm not really interested有兴趣 in the theological神学
aspects方面 of the green绿色 monkey frog青蛙.
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“我对这种绿猴蛙魔幻的一面没太大兴趣,
03:45
What's this about the
change更改 in blood血液 pressure压力?"
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可这个血压变化是怎么回事?”
03:48
Now, this is an Italian意大利 chemist化学家
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现在,这名意大利化学家
03:50
who's谁是 working加工 on a new treatment治疗
for high blood血液 pressure压力
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正在研究新的治疗高血压的方法,
03:53
based基于 on peptides in the skin皮肤
of the green绿色 monkey frog青蛙,
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用的就是绿猴蛙皮肤中的肽,
03:56
and other scientists科学家们 are looking
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而其他科学家也正在研究用这个肽来
03:58
at a cure治愈 for drug-resistant耐药性 Staph金黄色葡萄球菌 aureus金黄色葡萄球菌.
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治疗耐药性的金黄色葡萄球菌。
04:02
How ironic具有讽刺意味 if these isolated孤立
Indians印度人 and their magic魔法 frog青蛙
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如果这些隔绝的印第安人和他们的魔蛙
04:05
prove证明 to be one of the cures治愈.
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是答案的话,那该有多讽刺。
04:07
Here's这里的 an ayahuasca死藤水 shaman
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这里是一位亚马逊西北部的死藤水萨满,
04:10
in the northwest西北 Amazon亚马逊, in
the middle中间 of a yage雅格 ceremony仪式.
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在卡皮木仪式中。
04:12
I took him to Los洛杉矶 Angeles洛杉矶 to
meet遇到 a foundation基础 officer
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我带他去洛杉矶见一位基金会工作人员,
04:15
looking for support支持 for monies款项
to protect保护 their culture文化.
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寻求资金来保护他们的文化。
04:19
This fellow同伴 looked看着 at the
medicine医学 man, and he said,
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这个工作人员看了看这位药师,说,
04:22
"You didn't go to
medical school学校, did you?"
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“你没上过医学院吧?”
04:25
The shaman said, "No, I did not."
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萨满回答,“没有。”
04:27
He said, "Well, then what can
you know about healing复原?"
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他说,“那么,对治病你能懂什么?”
04:29
The shaman looked看着 at him and he said,
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萨满看着他,说,
04:31
"You know what? If you have
an infection感染, go to a doctor医生.
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“你知道么?如果你有感染,那你去看医生。
04:35
But many许多 human人的 afflictions苦难 are diseases疾病
of the heart, the mind心神 and the spirit精神.
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但很多人类疾病是心灵,头脑,和灵魂的病。
04:41
Western西 medicine医学 can't
touch触摸 those. I cure治愈 them."
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西医治不了。我能。”
04:46
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
04:50
But all is not rosy红润 in learning学习 from
nature性质 about new medicines药品.
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但是从自然中提炼新药物也并不是那么美好。
04:54
This is a viper毒蛇 from Brazil巴西,
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这是条巴西毒蛇,
04:56
the venom毒液 of which哪一个 was studied研究 at
the UniversidadeUNIVERSIDADE de São Paulo圣保罗 here.
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毒液经圣保罗大学研究,
04:59
It was later后来 developed发达
into ACE高手 inhibitors抑制剂.
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后来发展成ACE抑制剂。
05:03
This is a frontline前线 treatment治疗
for hypertension高血压.
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治疗高血压的尖端药物。
05:05
Hypertension高血压 causes原因 over 10 percent百分
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地球上人类每天超过10%的死亡
05:08
of all deaths死亡 on the planet行星 every一切 day.
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是因为高血压。
05:10
This is a $4 billion十亿 industry行业
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这是个价值40亿美元的行业,
05:12
based基于 on venom毒液 from a Brazilian巴西人 snake,
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用的就是巴西蛇的毒液,
05:14
and the Brazilians巴西人 did not get a nickel.
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但巴西人却一分钱也没得到。
05:18
This is not an acceptable接受
way of doing business商业.
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这样的做法是不可接受的。
05:23
The rainforest雨林 has been called the
greatest最大 expression表达 of life on Earth地球.
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热带雨林被称作地球上最伟大的生态体系。
05:26
There's a saying in Suriname苏里南
that I dearly深深地 love:
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苏里南有一句谚语我很喜欢:
05:29
"The rainforests热带雨林 hold保持 answers答案
to questions问题 we have yet然而 to ask."
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“热带雨林中有我们还未知晓的问题的答案。”
05:34
But as you all know,
it's rapidly急速 disappearing消失.
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但是正如大家都知道的,热带雨林正在快速消失。
05:37
Here in Brazil巴西, in the Amazon亚马逊,
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在巴西是这样,在亚马逊是这样,
05:39
around the world世界.
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在全世界也是。
05:41
I took this picture图片 from a small plane平面
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我从一架小飞机上拍了这张照片,
05:43
flying飞行 over the eastern border边境
of the Xingu鑫谷 indigenous土著 reserve保留
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当时正在飞过Xingu土著保护区的东部边境,
05:46
in the state of Mato马托格罗索 Grosso格罗索
to the northwest西北 of here.
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是从马托格罗索州到这里的西北部。
05:49
The top最佳 half of the picture图片,
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照片的上半部分,
05:51
you see where the Indians印度人 live生活.
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你能看到是印第安人的居住地。
05:52
The line线 through通过 the middle中间
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中间的线
05:54
is the eastern border边境 of the reserve保留.
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是保护区的东部边界。
05:56
Top最佳 half Indians印度人, bottom底部 half white白色 guys.
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上半部分印第安人,下半部分白人。
06:00
Top最佳 half wonder奇迹 drugs毒品,
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上半部分是奇妙的医药,
06:02
bottom底部 half just a bunch
of skinny-ass瘦屁股 cows奶牛.
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下半部分就是一群脑残。
06:05
Top最佳 half carbon sequestered隔离
in the forest森林 where it belongs属于,
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上半部分碳被储存在他们所属的森林中,
06:09
bottom底部 half carbon in the atmosphere大气层
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下半部分碳排放到大气中,
06:12
where it's driving主动 climate气候 change更改.
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导致气候变化。
06:14
In fact事实, the number two cause原因
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事实上,大气碳排放的
06:17
of carbon being存在 released发布
into the atmosphere大气层
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第二个原因就是
06:19
is forest森林 destruction毁坏.
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森林破坏。
06:22
But in talking about destruction毁坏,
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说到破坏,
06:24
it's important重要 to keep in mind心神
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很重要的是要记得
06:26
that the Amazon亚马逊 is the mightiest最强大的
landscape景观 of all.
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亚马逊是最神奇的景观。
06:30
It's a place地点 of beauty美女 and wonder奇迹.
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壮丽的地方,神奇的地方。
06:32
The biggest最大 anteater食蚁兽 in the world世界
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世界上最大的食蚁兽
06:35
lives生活 in the rain forest森林,
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就生活在热带雨林,
06:37
tips提示 the scale规模 at 90 pounds英镑.
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重达90磅。
06:39
The goliath巨人 bird-eating鸟为食 spider蜘蛛
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巨型的捕鸟蛛,
06:41
is the world's世界 largest最大 spider蜘蛛.
147
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世界上最大的蜘蛛,
06:43
It's found发现 in the Amazon亚马逊 as well.
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也是在亚马逊。
06:45
The harpy哈比 eagle wingspan翼展
is over seven feet.
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美洲角雕翼展超过7英尺,
06:49
And the black黑色 cayman鳄鱼
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还有黑鳄鱼 —
06:52
these monsters怪物 can tip小费 the
scale规模 at over half a ton.
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这些巨兽体重超过半吨。
06:55
They're known已知 to be man-eaters人食.
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他们据称能食人。
06:58
The anaconda森蚺, the largest最大 snake,
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还有水蟒,最大的蛇类,
07:01
the capybara水豚, the largest最大 rodent啮齿动物.
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水豚,最大的啮齿类。
07:04
A specimen标本 from here in Brazil巴西
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巴西的一个标本
07:06
tipped the scale规模 at 201 pounds英镑.
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重达201磅。
07:09
Let's visit访问 where these creatures生物 live生活,
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让我们来看看这些生物的家园,
07:12
the northeast东北 Amazon亚马逊,
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亚马逊东北部,
07:13
home to the AkuriyoAkuriyo tribe部落.
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Akuriyo部落的所在地。
07:15
Uncontacted原始部落 peoples人们 hold保持 a
mystical神秘 and iconic标志性的 role角色
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与世隔绝的部落在我们的想象中
07:21
in our imagination想像力.
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是神秘而有代表性的。
07:23
These are the people who
know nature性质 best最好.
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他们是最了解自然的人。
07:25
These are the people who truly live生活
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他们是真正与自然
07:27
in total harmony和谐 with nature性质.
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和谐相处的人。
07:30
By our standards标准, some would
dismiss解雇 these people as primitive原始.
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用我们的标准来看,有人会觉得他们原始。
07:33
"They don't know how to make fire,
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“他们不会生火。
07:35
or they didn't when they
were first contacted联系."
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起码刚跟外界接触时,他们不会。”
07:37
But they know the forest森林 far
better than we do.
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但他们对森林的了解远远多于我们。
07:40
The AkuriyosAkuriyos have 35 words for honey蜜糖,
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Akuriyos人有35种词汇形容蜂蜜,
07:43
and other Indians印度人 look up to them
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其他印第安人将他们视为
07:45
as being存在 the true真正 masters主人
of the emerald realm领域.
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热带雨林中真正的大师。
07:49
Here you see the face面对 of my friend朋友 PohnayPohnay.
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这是我的朋友博奈。
07:52
When I was a teenager青少年 rocking摇摆 out
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当我还年轻,在家乡新奥尔良
07:53
to the Rolling滚动 Stones石头 in my
hometown家乡 of New Orleans奥尔良,
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听滚石乐队的歌时,
07:56
PohnayPohnay was a forest森林 nomad游牧
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博奈就已经在森林游牧,
07:58
roaming漫游 the jungles丛林 of
the northeast东北 Amazon亚马逊
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漫步在亚马逊东北部的丛林中,
08:01
in a small band, looking for game游戏,
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和小群落一起,打猎,
08:04
looking for medicinal药用 plants植物,
178
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寻找草药,
08:06
looking for a wife妻子,
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从别的小游牧群落中
08:08
in other small nomadic游牧 bands.
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寻找配偶。
08:10
But it's people like these
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正是他们这种人有
08:12
that know things that we don't,
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我们不知道的智慧,
08:14
and they have lots of
lessons教训 to teach us.
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他们有很多东西能教给我们。
08:18
However然而, if you go into most of
the forests森林 of the Amazon亚马逊,
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但是,如果你去亚马逊森林的大多数地方,
08:22
there are no indigenous土著 peoples人们.
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你见不到土著部落。
08:24
This is what you find:
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你能看到的是,
08:25
rock carvings雕刻 which哪一个 indigenous土著 peoples人们,
187
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与世隔绝的土著部落磨斧头时
08:29
uncontacted原始部落 peoples人们, used to sharpen削尖
the edge边缘 of the stone axe斧头.
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在石头上留下的痕迹。
08:33
These cultures文化 that once一旦 danced跳舞,
189
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这些曾经跳舞,
08:35
made制作 love, sang to the gods,
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繁衍,赞颂神明,
08:38
worshipped崇拜 the forest森林,
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崇拜森林的群落,
08:39
all that's left is an imprint版本说明 in stone,
as you see here.
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现在只留在岩石的痕迹中,就像这张图里的这样。
08:43
Let's move移动 to the western西 Amazon亚马逊,
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我们再去看看西亚马逊,
08:46
which哪一个 is really the epicenter震中
of isolated孤立 peoples人们.
194
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那里是与世隔绝的部落的中心。
08:49
Each of these dots represents代表
195
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2038
这里每一个点都代表着
08:51
a small, uncontacted原始部落 tribe部落,
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一个小的,未曾联系过的部落,
08:53
and the big reveal揭示 today今天 is we believe
there are 14 or 15 isolated孤立 groups
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现在我们认为单单在哥伦比亚亚马逊
08:58
in the Colombian哥伦比亚 Amazon亚马逊 alone单独.
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就有14或15个隔绝部落。
09:01
Why are these people isolated孤立?
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为什么这些人与世隔绝?
09:04
They know we exist存在, they
know there's an outside world世界.
200
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他们知道我们存在,他们知道有外界世界。
09:06
This is a form形成 of resistance抵抗性.
201
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2020
这是一种反抗。
09:08
They have chosen选择 to remain isolated孤立,
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他们选择保持隔绝,
09:10
and I think it is their
human人的 right to remain so.
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我觉得他们有权利这样做。
09:14
Why are these the tribes部落
that hide隐藏 from man?
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为什么这些部落会躲着人?
09:16
Here's这里的 why.
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这是为什么。
09:17
Obviously明显, some of this
was set off in 1492.
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很显然,部分是起源于1492年。
09:21
But at the turn of the last century世纪
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但是在上世纪开始出现
09:23
was the rubber橡胶 trade贸易.
208
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橡胶贸易。
09:25
The demand需求 for natural自然 rubber橡胶,
209
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1650
对天然橡胶的需求,
09:26
which哪一个 came来了 from the Amazon亚马逊,
210
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1906
而天然橡胶来自亚马逊,
09:28
set off the botanical植物
equivalent当量 of a gold rush.
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促成了植物界的淘金热潮。
09:31
Rubber橡胶 for bicycle自行车 tires轮胎,
212
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橡胶用于自行车胎,
09:33
rubber橡胶 for automobile汽车 tires轮胎,
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橡胶用于汽车轮胎,
09:35
rubber橡胶 for zeppelins飞艇.
214
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1751
橡胶用于齐柏林飞艇。
09:37
It was a mad race种族 to get that rubber橡胶,
215
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橡胶被人们疯抢,
09:40
and the man on the left, Julio胡里奥 Arana阿拉纳,
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2678
而左边这个人,朱利奥·阿拉纳,
09:42
is one of the true真正 thugs打手 of the story故事.
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是这个故事中最混蛋的恶棍。
09:45
His people, his company公司,
218
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他的人,他的公司,
09:47
and other companies公司 like them
219
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2102
还有其他的类似公司,
09:49
killed杀害, massacred屠杀, tortured折磨,
butchered屠杀 Indians印度人
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谋杀,屠杀,虐待,屠宰了Witoto等印第安部落,
09:52
like the WitotosWitotos you see on the
right hand side of the slide滑动.
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幻灯片右边就是。
09:57
Even today今天, when people
come out of the forest森林,
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即便在今天,当土著部落走出丛林,
10:00
the story故事 seldom很少 has a happy快乐 ending结尾.
223
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故事也往往没有好的结局。
10:02
These are NukaksNukaks. They
were contacted联系 in the '80s.
224
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这些是Nukak人。外界80年代时与他们联络。
10:05
Within a year, everybody每个人 over 40 was dead.
225
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1年之内,40岁以上的都死了。
10:09
And remember记得, these
are preliterate史前 societies社会.
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要记得,他们是尚无文字的社会。
10:12
The elders长老 are the libraries图书馆.
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1780
长者就是图书馆。
10:13
Every一切 time a shaman dies,
228
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1778
每次一位萨满死去,
10:15
it's as if a library图书馆 has burned down.
229
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3389
就好像一个图书馆被烧毁。
10:19
They have been forced被迫 off their lands土地.
230
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他们被逼迫离开自己的土地。
10:21
The drug药物 traffickers人贩子 have
taken采取 over the NukakNukak lands土地,
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毒贩们霸占了Nukak部落的土地。
10:25
and the NukaksNukaks live生活 as beggars乞丐
232
613761
1978
他们在哥伦比亚东部的公园中
10:27
in public上市 parks公园 in eastern Colombia哥伦比亚.
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当起了乞丐。
10:30
From the NukakNukak lands土地, I want to
take you to the southwest西南,
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从Nukak部落的土地,我带你去西南部,
10:33
to the most spectacular壮观
landscape景观 in the world世界:
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来到世界最壮丽的景观:
10:36
ChiribiqueteChiribiquete National国民 Park公园.
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2073
奇里维克特国家公园。
10:38
It was surrounded包围 by three isolated孤立 tribes部落
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它四周环绕着三个与世隔绝的部落,
10:40
and thanks谢谢 to the Colombian哥伦比亚 government政府
and Colombian哥伦比亚 colleagues同事,
238
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在哥伦比亚政府和哥伦比亚同僚的努力下,
10:43
it has now expanded扩大.
239
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1946
国家公园范围现在扩大了。
10:45
It's bigger than the state of Maryland马里兰.
240
633717
1977
它比马里兰州的面积还大。
10:47
It is a treasure宝藏 trove宝库
of botanical植物 diversity多样.
241
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3441
它是植物多样化的宝库。
10:51
It was first explored探讨 botanically植物学 in 1943
242
639135
2955
奇里维克特山最早在1943年进行了植物学探索,
10:54
by my mentor导师, Richard理查德 Schultes舒尔斯特,
243
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探索由我的导师,理查德·舒尔特斯进行。
10:55
seen看到 here atop在顶上 the Bell Mountain,
244
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这里看到的是他在贝尔山的顶端,
10:58
the sacred神圣 mountains of the KarijonasKarijonas.
245
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贝尔山是Karijona部落的圣山。
11:01
And let me show显示 you
what it looks容貌 like today今天.
246
649185
2291
让我带你看看现在那里是什么样。
11:03
Flying飞行 over ChiribiqueteChiribiquete,
247
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飞跃奇里维克特山,
11:05
realize实现 that these lost丢失 world世界
mountains are still lost丢失.
248
653405
2578
这些与世隔绝的山仍旧是与世隔绝的。
11:07
No scientist科学家 has been atop在顶上 them.
249
655983
1805
没有科学家登顶过。
11:09
In fact事实, nobody没有人 has been
atop在顶上 the Bell Mountain
250
657788
2193
事实上,自舒尔特斯1943年以来,
11:11
since以来 Schultes舒尔斯特 in '43.
251
659981
1959
再也没有人登顶过贝尔山。
11:13
And we'll end结束 up here
with the Bell Mountain
252
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2872
我们前面就是贝尔山,
11:16
just to the east of the picture图片.
253
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2258
就在画面东部。
11:19
Let me show显示 you what it looks容貌 like today今天.
254
667070
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让我带你们看看它现在的样子。
11:21
Not only is this a treasure宝藏
trove宝库 of botanical植物 diversity多样,
255
669760
3177
它不仅仅是植物多样化的宝库,
11:24
not only is it home to
three isolated孤立 tribes部落,
256
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2778
也不仅仅是三个与世隔绝部落的家园,
11:27
but it's the greatest最大 treasure宝藏 trove宝库
257
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1788
它还是世界上最伟大的
11:29
of pre-Colombian前哥伦比亚 art艺术 in the world世界:
258
677503
3325
前哥伦布时期的艺术宝库,
11:32
over 200,000 paintings绘画.
259
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2539
拥有超过20万幅画作。
11:35
The Dutch荷兰人 scientist科学家 Thomas托马斯 van面包车 derDER HammenHammen
260
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荷兰科学家托马斯·范德哈门
11:38
described描述 this as the Sistine西斯廷 Chapel教堂
of the Amazon亚马逊 Rainforest雨林.
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686011
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称其为亚马逊热带雨林的西斯廷圣母院。
11:43
But move移动 from ChiribiqueteChiribiquete
down to the southeast东南,
262
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2574
从奇里维克特山向东南方去,
11:46
again in the Colombian哥伦比亚 Amazon亚马逊.
263
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回到哥伦比亚亚马逊。
11:48
Remember记得, the Colombian哥伦比亚 Amazon亚马逊
is bigger than New England英国.
264
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请记得,哥伦比亚亚马逊比新英格兰面积还广。
11:50
The Amazon's亚马逊 a big forest森林,
265
698964
1617
亚马逊是一大片森林,
11:52
and Brazil's巴西 got a big part部分 of it,
266
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巴西有很大一部分,
11:54
but not all of it.
267
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但不是全部。
11:55
Moving移动 down to these two national国民 parks公园,
268
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来到这两个国家公园,
11:57
CahuinariCahuinari and Pur陈建é
269
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2149
位于哥伦比亚亚马逊的
11:59
in the Colombian哥伦比亚 Amazon亚马逊
270
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1346
卡维纳里河国家公园和普伦国家公园 —
12:00
that's the Brazilian巴西人
border边境 to the right —
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右边是巴西边境 —
12:03
it's home to several一些 groups
272
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是许多与世隔绝的部落
12:05
of isolated孤立 and uncontacted原始部落 peoples人们.
273
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的家园。
12:07
To the trained熟练 eye, you
can look at the roofs屋顶
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如果你有能力,你能看出
12:09
of these malocasmalocas, these longhouses长屋,
275
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2091
这些是长屋的房顶,
12:11
and see that there's cultural文化 diversity多样.
276
719807
1921
看出那里的文化多样性。
12:13
These are, in fact事实, different不同 tribes部落.
277
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这些其实是不同的部落。
12:15
As isolated孤立 as these areas are,
278
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尽管这些地方如此隔绝,
12:18
let me show显示 you how the
outside world世界 is crowding拥挤 in.
279
726340
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我来给你们看外界是如何进行侵蚀的。
12:22
Here we see trade贸易 and transport运输
increased增加 in Putumayo普图马约省.
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这里,我们能看到普图马约河的贸易和运输增长。
12:25
With the diminishmentdiminishment of
the Civil国内 War战争 in Colombia哥伦比亚,
281
733316
2440
随着哥伦比亚内战的结束,
12:27
the outside world世界 is showing展示 up.
282
735756
2612
外界开始侵入。
12:30
To the north, we have illegal非法 gold mining矿业,
283
738368
2752
北边,有非法的金矿,
12:33
also from the east, from Brazil巴西.
284
741120
1692
东边来自巴西的也有。
12:34
There's increased增加 hunting狩猎 and fishing钓鱼
for commercial广告 purposes目的.
285
742812
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商业目的的狩猎和捕鱼活动也越来越多。
12:38
We see illegal非法 logging记录
coming未来 from the south,
286
746452
3057
南边我们能看到非法采木,
12:41
and drug药物 runners亚军 are trying to
move移动 through通过 the park公园
287
749509
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毒贩子也想穿过国家公园
12:44
and get into Brazil巴西.
288
752164
2206
去巴西。
12:46
This, in the past过去, is why you didn't mess食堂
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这就是为什么在过去,你别惹
12:49
with isolated孤立 Indians印度人.
290
757128
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与世隔绝的印第安人。
12:50
And if it looks容貌 like this
picture图片 is out of focus焦点
291
758749
1864
如果这张照片看起来有点失焦,
12:52
because it was taken采取
in a hurry匆忙, here's这里的 why.
292
760613
3286
因为拍摄的时候匆匆忙忙,而这就是为什么。
12:55
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
12:58
This looks容貌 like — (Applause掌声)
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这看起来像 — (掌声)
13:04
This looks容貌 like a hangar机库
from the Brazilian巴西人 Amazon亚马逊.
295
772303
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这看起来像是在巴西亚马逊的机库。
13:06
This is an art艺术 exhibit展示 in Havana哈瓦那, Cuba古巴.
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774823
2743
这其实是古巴哈瓦那的艺术展,
13:09
A group called Los洛杉矶 CarpinterosCarpinteros.
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777566
1657
创作自一个叫做“Los Carpinteros”的组织。
13:11
This is their perception知觉 of why you
shouldn't不能 mess食堂 with uncontacted原始部落 Indians印度人.
298
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这是他们想象中的你为什么别惹与世隔绝的的印第安人。
13:15
But the world世界 is changing改变.
299
783574
1977
但是世界在变化。
13:17
These are Mashco-PirosMashco-Piros
on the Brazil-Peru巴西,秘鲁 border边境
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785551
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这些是Mashco-Piro人在巴西秘鲁边境,
13:20
who stumbled迷迷糊糊 out of the jungle丛林
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2141
他们逃出丛林
13:22
because they were essentially实质上 chased out
302
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1954
因为他们被驱赶出来,
13:24
by drug药物 runners亚军 and timber木材 people.
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2378
被毒贩和采木的人。
13:26
And in Peru秘鲁, there's
a very nasty讨厌 business商业.
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在秘鲁,有个很邪恶的行业
13:29
It's called human人的 safaris之旅.
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1820
叫人类游猎。
13:31
They will take you in to isolated孤立
groups to take their picture图片.
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他们带你去隔绝部落照相。
13:34
Of course课程, when you give them
clothes衣服, when you give them tools工具,
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当然,你给他们衣服,给他们工具,
13:37
you also give them diseases疾病.
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1898
你也带给他们疾病。
13:39
We call these "inhuman不人道 safaris之旅."
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我们管这个叫“反人类游猎”。
13:42
These are Indians印度人 again
on the Peru秘鲁 border边境,
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810068
2098
这又是印第安人,在秘鲁边境,
13:44
who were overflown溢流 by flights航班
sponsored赞助 by missionaries传教士.
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812166
3218
被传教士带着飞到这里。
13:47
They want to get in there
and turn them into Christians基督徒.
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2931
传教士想把他们变成基督徒。
13:50
We know how that turns out.
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2195
我们都知道这样做的结果。
13:52
What's to be doneDONE?
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1774
能做些什么?
13:54
Introduce介绍 technology技术
to the contacted联系 tribes部落,
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2426
传播科技给已经有联系的部落,
13:56
not the uncontacted原始部落 tribes部落,
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1902
不是隔绝的部落,
13:58
in a culturally文化 sensitive敏感 way.
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并在传播过程中照顾到他们的文化。
14:01
This is the perfect完善 marriage婚姻 of
ancient shamanic萨满教 wisdom智慧
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4146
这是古老的萨满智慧与
14:05
and 21stST century世纪 technology技术.
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2826
21世纪科技的完美联姻。
14:08
We've我们已经 doneDONE this now with over 30 tribes部落,
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3011
我们已经跟超过30个部落合作了。
14:11
mapped映射, managed管理 and increased增加 protection保护
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2924
我们测绘了,管理了,并加强保护了
14:14
of over 70 million百万 acres
of ancestral rainforest雨林.
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842652
3903
超过七千万英亩的古老热带雨林。
14:18
(Applause掌声)
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846555
5273
(掌声)
14:23
So this allows允许 the Indians印度人 to take control控制
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851828
3222
这能让印第安人掌控
14:27
of their environmental环境的
and cultural文化 destiny命运.
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3527
他们的环境和文化未来。
14:30
They also then set up guard守卫 houses房屋
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858577
1989
他们还设立了岗哨房,
14:32
to keep outsiders外人 out.
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860566
2006
不让外人进入。
14:34
These are Indians印度人, trained熟练
as indigenous土著 park公园 rangers护林员,
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2639
这些是印第安人,经过受训成为巡山人,
14:37
patrolling巡逻 the borders国界
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1656
在边境巡逻,
14:38
and keeping保持 the outside world世界 at bay.
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3081
防止外部世界进入。
14:41
This is a picture图片 of actual实际 contact联系.
331
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2759
这是与部落接触时的照片。
14:44
These are ChitonahuaChitonahua Indians印度人
332
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1907
他们是Chitonahua印第安部落,
14:46
on the Brazil-Peru巴西,秘鲁 border边境.
333
874614
2003
位于巴西秘鲁边境。
14:48
They've他们已经 come out of the jungle丛林
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876617
1704
他们从丛林中走出,
14:50
asking for help.
335
878321
1741
寻求帮助。
14:52
They were shot射击 at,
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880062
1406
他们遭到枪击,
14:53
their malocasmalocas, their
longhouses长屋, were burned.
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881468
2737
他们的长屋被焚毁。
14:56
Some of them were massacred屠杀.
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884205
2503
他们有的人被屠杀。
14:58
Using运用 automatic自动 weapons武器 to
slaughter屠宰 uncontacted原始部落 peoples人们
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5786
使用自动化武器对付这些与世隔绝的部落
15:04
is the single most despicable卑鄙 and
disgusting讨厌 human人的 rights权利 abuse滥用
340
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4232
是我们地球上如今最可耻最可恶的
15:08
on our planet行星 today今天, and it has to stop.
341
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2945
反人类行径,这一行径必须停止。
15:11
(Applause掌声)
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6534
(掌声)
15:18
But let me conclude得出结论 by saying,
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2723
在结尾,请让我说,
15:20
this work can be spiritually灵性 rewarding奖励,
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908928
2864
这一工作对心灵是很有好处的,
15:23
but it's difficult and
it can be dangerous危险.
345
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2844
但也是困难的,还会是很危险的。
15:26
Two colleagues同事 of mine
passed通过 away recently最近
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2902
我的两个同事最近刚刚去世,
15:29
in the crash紧急 of a small plane平面.
347
917538
2365
死于小型飞机坠毁。
15:31
They were serving服务 the forest森林
348
919903
1778
他们在保护森林,
15:33
to protect保护 those uncontacted原始部落 tribes部落.
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2748
保卫这些隔绝的部落。
15:36
So the question is, in conclusion结论,
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924429
1937
那么在结尾,问题是,
15:38
is what the future未来 holds持有.
351
926366
1825
未来会怎么样。
15:40
These are the Uray乌拉伊 people in Brazil巴西.
352
928191
2097
这些是巴西的Uray部落。
15:42
What does the future未来 hold保持 for them,
353
930288
1681
他们的未来会怎样。
15:43
and what does the future未来 hold保持 for us?
354
931969
2671
我们的未来会怎样?
15:46
Let's think differently不同.
355
934640
2481
让我们换个想法。
15:49
Let's make a better world世界.
356
937121
1797
让我们一起建立一个更好的世界。
15:50
If the climate's气候的 going to change更改,
357
938918
1918
如果气候变化一定要发生,
15:52
let's have a climate气候 that changes变化 for
the better rather than the worse更差.
358
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4081
那就让气候变好,而不是变坏。
15:56
Let's live生活 on a planet行星
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3165
让我们所生活的星球上
16:00
full充分 of luxuriant莽莽 vegetation植被,
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2820
充满丰富的植被,
16:02
in which哪一个 isolated孤立 peoples人们
361
950904
2106
而隔绝的部落
16:05
can remain in isolation隔离,
362
953010
1859
能够保持隔绝,
16:06
can maintain保持 that mystery神秘
363
954869
1973
能够继续那份神秘,
16:08
and that knowledge知识
364
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1526
还有那些智慧,
16:10
if they so choose选择.
365
958368
1645
如果他们愿意这样。
16:12
Let's live生活 in a world世界
366
960013
2115
让我们所生活的世界里,
16:14
where the shamans巫师 live生活 in these forests森林
367
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2369
萨满生活在树林中,
16:16
and heal愈合 themselves他们自己 and us
368
964497
2944
用他们神秘的植物
16:19
with their mystical神秘 plants植物
369
967441
2737
和神圣的猴蛙,
16:22
and their sacred神圣 frogs青蛙.
370
970178
2057
治疗他们,还有我们。
16:24
Thanks谢谢 again.
371
972235
1847
谢谢。
16:26
(Applause掌声)
372
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3919
(掌声)
Translated by Yixiong Zhu
Reviewed by Psycho Decoder

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Plotkin - Amazonian ethnobotanist
As fast as the rainforest is disappearing -- the people of the rainforest are disappearing even faster. Mark Plotkin works to preserve generations of knowledge.

Why you should listen

Mark Plotkin is an ethnobotanist, studying the traditional uses for plants in Central and South America forests. He works closely with shamans, community leaders who practice traditional healing techniques using plants and animals, learned over uncounted generations. But when forests are disrupted (by illegal logging, for instance), that knowledge risks being lost. Plotkin's work helps to collect and share shamanic learning, with a twofold goal: to preserve the rainforest by showing its value as a source of yet-to-be-discovered pharmaceuticals.
 
Plotkin pioneered his research working with the Trio Indians of southern Suriname, and has also worked with elder shamans from Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia and Brazil. He's the author of the best-selling book Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice. With his wife, Liliana Madrigal, he co-founded the Amazon Conservation Team, a group that helps indigenous people purchase and protect their sacred sites.

 

More profile about the speaker
Mark Plotkin | Speaker | TED.com