TED@IBM
Joshua Smith: New nanotech to detect cancer early
约书亚·史密斯: 探测癌症早期的纳米科技
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如果每家每户都有一个癌症早期探测系统会怎样？研究员约书亚·史密斯正在研发纳米生物科技“癌症警报”，通过检验生物标记外泌体来追寻疾病轨迹。在这个思想前卫的演讲中，他向我们分享了革命性的癌症探测方法以及挽救生命的梦想。
Joshua Smith - Cancer fighter
Motivated by his wife's bout with cancer, IBM's Joshua Smith applies his engineering expertise to early diagnosis. Full bio
Motivated by his wife's bout with cancer, IBM's Joshua Smith applies his engineering expertise to early diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
"You have cancer."
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“你患上了癌症。”
00:20
Sadly, about 40 percent of us will hear
those three words within our lifetime,
those three words within our lifetime,
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不幸的是，大约有百分之四十的人
在他们的一生中会听到这几个字，
在他们的一生中会听到这几个字，
00:25
and half will not survive.
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这些人中的一半最终不治身亡。
00:28
This means that two out of five
of your closest friends and relatives
of your closest friends and relatives
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这意味你的亲朋好友中 ，
五个有两个
五个有两个
00:32
will be diagnosed
with some form of cancer,
with some form of cancer,
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会被诊断出某种癌症，
其中一个会死去。
00:35
and one will die.
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00:39
Beyond the physical hardships,
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除了身体上的痛苦之外，
00:40
roughly one-third
of cancer survivors here in the US
of cancer survivors here in the US
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美国差不多三分之一的癌症幸存者
会因为治疗负债累累，
00:43
will go into debt from treatment.
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他们申报破产的几率
00:45
And they're at least two and a half times
more likely to declare bankruptcy
more likely to declare bankruptcy
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是没有得过癌症的人的2.5倍。
00:49
than those without cancer.
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00:51
This disease is pervasive.
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这种疾病随处可见。
00:54
It's emotionally draining
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它使人承受感情上的痛苦，
00:55
and, for many,
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对很多人来说，
会对财政状况带来毁灭性的影响。
00:56
financially destructive.
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00:59
But a cancer diagnosis
doesn't have to be a death sentence.
doesn't have to be a death sentence.
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但是被诊断为癌症
并不是死亡判决书。
并不是死亡判决书。
01:03
Finding cancer early,
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越早发现，
01:05
closer its genesis,
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越靠近它的发生和起源，
01:07
is one of the critical factors
to improving treatment options,
to improving treatment options,
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就有越多治疗手段可以采取，
减少精神冲击，
01:10
reducing its emotional impact
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并且最小化经济负担。
01:12
and minimizing financial burdens.
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01:15
Most importantly,
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最重要的是，
01:16
finding cancer early --
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尽早发现癌症——
01:18
which is one of the primary
aims of my research --
aims of my research --
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这就是我研究的根本目标——
极大增加了存活下来的可能。
01:21
greatly enhances your odds of survival.
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01:24
If we just look at the case
of breast cancer for example,
of breast cancer for example,
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如果拿乳腺癌来举例，
01:26
we find that those who are diagnosed
and treated at stage one
and treated at stage one
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我们发现在第一阶段
诊断并治疗的患者，
诊断并治疗的患者，
几乎全部都能继续生活五年以上——
01:30
have a five-year survival rate
of nearly 100 percent --
of nearly 100 percent --
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01:34
odds that decrease to just 22 percent
if treated at stage four.
if treated at stage four.
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如果停留到第四阶段才开始治疗，
该事件的几率就只有22%。
该事件的几率就只有22%。
01:40
And similar trends are found
for colorectal and ovarian cancer.
for colorectal and ovarian cancer.
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在结肠癌和卵巢癌中也存在相似的规律。
01:46
Now, we're all aware
that an early diagnosis that is accurate
that an early diagnosis that is accurate
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现在，我们都知道，
在早期得到准确的检测结果
在早期得到准确的检测结果
是存活的决定性因素。
01:51
is critical for survival.
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01:55
The problem is that many
cancer diagnostic tools are invasive,
cancer diagnostic tools are invasive,
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问题在于，很多检验癌症的工具
会对患者带来很大伤害，
会对患者带来很大伤害，
01:59
costly,
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价格昂贵，
经常不准确，
02:00
often inaccurate
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并且它们耗时很久。
02:01
and they can take an agonizing
amount of time to get the results back.
amount of time to get the results back.
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02:06
Still worse, when it comes
to some forms of cancer,
to some forms of cancer,
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更不好的是，对于某些癌症，
02:08
such as ovarian,
liver or pancreatic cancer,
liver or pancreatic cancer,
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比如说卵巢癌、肝癌和胰腺癌，
我们甚至缺少有效的检测手段，
02:13
good screening methods simply don't exist,
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02:16
meaning that often people wait
until physical symptoms surface,
until physical symptoms surface,
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这意味着人们只能等到病情表露时，
这同时也意味着病情已经进入晚期。
02:20
which are themselves already
indicators of late-stage progression.
indicators of late-stage progression.
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02:25
Like a tornado strike in an area
without an early warning system,
without an early warning system,
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就好像飓风来之前没有有效的预警，
02:29
there is no alarm to warn,
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癌症没有警告信号，
因为在你的生存几率被大幅降低的同时，
02:31
for the danger is already at your doorstep
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危险已经近在咫尺。
02:34
when your odds of survival
are greatly reduced.
are greatly reduced.
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02:39
Having the convenience and accessibility
of regular screening options
of regular screening options
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因此，我们必须要尽快研发出一种
02:43
that are affordable, noninvasive
and could provide results much sooner,
and could provide results much sooner,
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方便可行、能够负担且
不会造成伤害的常规检验方式，
不会造成伤害的常规检验方式，
这种检验方式就是我们对抗癌症的强大武器。
02:49
would provide us with a formidable
weapon in the fight against cancer.
weapon in the fight against cancer.
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02:54
An early warning would allow us
to get out ahead of the disease
to get out ahead of the disease
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提早发现能够使我们在治疗中抢占先机
02:57
instead of merely
following in its relentless wake.
following in its relentless wake.
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而非仅仅追赶它的步伐，
这就是我一直以来尝试去做的。
03:00
And this is exactly what I've been doing.
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在过去的三年中，
03:02
For the past three years,
I've been developing technologies
I've been developing technologies
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我一直在研发能够为诊疗师带来
03:05
that could ultimately aid clinicians
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早期、即时癌症诊疗的科技。
03:07
with rapid, early-stage
cancer diagnostics.
cancer diagnostics.
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03:10
And I've been fueled
by a deep scientific curiosity,
by a deep scientific curiosity,
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促使我坚持下去的是强烈的科学好奇心，
03:14
and a passion to change these statistics.
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以及改变现有数据的激情。
03:18
Last year however,
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去年，
03:20
this fight became much more personal
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当我的妻子被诊断出乳腺癌时，
03:24
when my wife was diagnosed
with breast cancer.
with breast cancer.
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这种奋斗增加了更多的个人因素。
03:27
It was an experience that added a strong
and unexpected emotional dimension
and unexpected emotional dimension
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这个经历为我的研究增加了
空前强烈的感情维度。
03:32
to these efforts.
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03:35
I know firsthand how life-altering
treatment can be,
treatment can be,
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我亲身经历了治疗手段对人生轨迹的改变，
03:39
and I'm keenly aware
of the emotional havoc
of the emotional havoc
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并且我十分清楚它带来的精神灾难，
03:42
that cancer can wreak on a family,
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癌症会使圆满的家庭经历浩劫，
对我们来说，还包括了两个年幼的女儿。
03:44
which in our case
included our two young daughters.
included our two young daughters.
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03:48
Because we found it early
during a routine mammogram,
during a routine mammogram,
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因为我们在定期乳房检查中及早发现，
03:51
we were able to focus
primarily on treatment options
primarily on treatment options
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我们能够采取各种治疗手段，
定位肿瘤，
03:55
for the localized tumor,
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又一次是使我意识到早期诊断的重要性。
03:56
reaffirming to me
how important an early diagnosis is.
how important an early diagnosis is.
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04:02
Unlike other forms of cancer,
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与其他癌症种类不同，
04:05
mammograms do offer an early-stage
screening option for breast cancer.
screening option for breast cancer.
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乳房X光为乳腺癌提供了一种早期的检查方式。
04:09
Still, not everyone has this done,
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但并非所有人都会接受检查，
或者她们在中年之前，
也就是推荐接受检查的时间，
也就是推荐接受检查的时间，
04:11
or they may develop breast cancer
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04:12
before the middle age recommendation
for having a mammogram.
for having a mammogram.
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就已经患上乳腺癌。
04:17
So, there's still
a lot of room for improvement,
a lot of room for improvement,
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所以，我们还有很大前进的空间，
04:19
even for cancers
that do have screening options,
that do have screening options,
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即便是那些有检查方式的癌症，
另外，这对发现当今未知的诊断手法
也有极大的作用。
也有极大的作用。
04:22
and, of course, considerable benefits
for those that don't.
for those that don't.
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04:25
A key challenge then
for cancer researchers
for cancer researchers
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对癌症研究者最重要的挑战在于
04:28
is to develop methods
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找到一种可行的，
04:29
that make regular screening
for many types of cancers
for many types of cancers
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能够用于
多种癌症检查的途径。
04:33
much more accessible.
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04:35
Imagine a scenario
where during your regular checkup,
where during your regular checkup,
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想象一下，在常规体检中，
04:39
your doctor can take
a simple, noninvasive urine sample,
a simple, noninvasive urine sample,
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医生能够简单地取一份尿液样本，
或者其他一份活细胞样本，
04:42
or other liquid biopsy,
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04:44
and present you with the results
before you even leave the doctor's office.
before you even leave the doctor's office.
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在你离开诊所之前就能够给你结果。
04:48
Such a technology could
dramatically reduce the number of people
dramatically reduce the number of people
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这样一种科技能够极大程度上减少
04:52
who slip through the net
of an early-stage cancer diagnosis.
of an early-stage cancer diagnosis.
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错过早期诊断的人数。
04:56
My research team
of engineers and biochemists
of engineers and biochemists
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我研究队伍中的工程师和生化学家，
04:59
is working on exactly this challenge.
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就在向该目标努力。
05:02
We're working on ways to frequently
activate an early-stage cancer alarm
activate an early-stage cancer alarm
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我们想要找到一种能够频繁触发
早期癌症诊断的方式，
早期癌症诊断的方式，
05:07
by enabling regular screenings
that would start when a person is healthy
that would start when a person is healthy
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在人们仍处于健康状态时
就开始定期检查，
就开始定期检查，
所以一旦产生癌症征兆，
人们就可以马上采取行动，
人们就可以马上采取行动，
05:11
so that action could be taken
to stop cancer the moment it emerges,
to stop cancer the moment it emerges,
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而不是等到过了初期治疗阶段。
05:16
and before it can progress
beyond its infancy.
beyond its infancy.
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05:20
The silver bullet in this case
are tiny vesicles,
are tiny vesicles,
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这里的杀手锏是一种极小的囊泡，
05:23
little escape pods regularly shed
by cells called exosomes.
by cells called exosomes.
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是一种名为外泌体的
由细胞发散的茧状物。
由细胞发散的茧状物。
05:28
Exosomes are important biomarkers
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外泌体作为重要的生物标记
05:31
that provide an early-warning system
for the development of cancer.
for the development of cancer.
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在癌症发展过程中起到了早期警告作用。
05:35
And because they're abundantly present
in just about every bodily fluid,
in just about every bodily fluid,
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因为它们在体液中大量存在，
05:39
including blood, urine and saliva,
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包括血液、尿液和唾液，
它们可以被用于
不对人体造成伤害的活组织检查。
不对人体造成伤害的活组织检查。
05:41
they're extremely attractive
for noninvasive liquid biopsies.
for noninvasive liquid biopsies.
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05:47
There's just one problem.
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但是有一个问题。
05:48
An automated system for rapidly sorting
these important biomarkers
these important biomarkers
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能够将生物标记快速分类的
自动机制当下并不存在。
05:52
is not currently available.
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05:55
We've created a technology
that we call nano-DLD
that we call nano-DLD
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我们称这个科技为nano-DLD，
它的功能是：
05:59
that is capable of precisely this:
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06:01
automated exosome isolation
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通过自动的将外泌体分离，
实现快速癌症诊断。
06:04
to aid rapid cancer diagnostics.
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06:08
Exosomes are the newest
early-warning weapon, if you will,
early-warning weapon, if you will,
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外泌体是出现在活体细胞中
06:11
to emerge on the liquid biopsy front.
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最新发现的早期预警武器。
它们十分微小。
06:13
And they're really, really small.
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它们的直径仅仅是30到150纳米。
06:16
They measure just 30 to 150
nanometers in diameter.
nanometers in diameter.
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06:20
This is so tiny
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它们太小，
06:21
that you could fit about a million
of them into a single red blood cell.
of them into a single red blood cell.
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以至于你能够在一个红细胞里放一百万个。
06:25
That's roughly the difference
between a golf ball
between a golf ball
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差不多是一个高尔夫球
06:28
and a fine grain piece of sand.
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和一粒沙子大小的区别。
06:30
Once thought to be little bins
for unwanted cellular waste,
for unwanted cellular waste,
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虽然它们曾经被认为是储存细胞废物的容器，
06:34
it has been found
that cells actually communicate
that cells actually communicate
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但有发现证明 ，
细胞通过
细胞通过
产生和吸收外泌体进行沟通交流，
06:37
by producing and absorbing these exosomes
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因为外泌体里面含有表面接收器，
06:40
which contain surface receptors,
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蛋白质和从产生细胞中收集的遗传信息。
06:43
proteins and other genetic material
collected from their cell of origin.
collected from their cell of origin.
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06:48
When absorbed by a neighboring cell,
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当被临近的细胞吸收之后，
06:51
exosomes release their contents
into the receiving cell,
into the receiving cell,
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外泌体会将内部物质释放出来，
造成大幅度的遗传信息改变——
06:55
and can set in motion
fundamental changes in gene expression --
fundamental changes in gene expression --
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有些是好的，
06:58
some good,
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有些是不好的，
06:59
and this is where cancer comes in,
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这就是癌症的成因。
07:01
some bad.
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因为它们被包裹在母细胞里，
07:02
Because they are clothed
in the material of the mother cell,
in the material of the mother cell,
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并且包含一份环境样本，
07:06
and contain a sample of its environment,
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它们为细胞的健康和起源
提供了一份参考信息。
提供了一份参考信息。
07:08
they provide a genetic snapshot
of that cell's health and its origin.
of that cell's health and its origin.
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07:15
All of these qualities
make exosomes invaluable messengers
make exosomes invaluable messengers
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这些特质使得它们
成为有效的信息来源，
成为有效的信息来源，
07:18
that potentially allow physicians
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让医生发现了
去从细胞层面检测健康水平的可能性。
07:20
to eavesdrop on your health
at the cellular level.
at the cellular level.
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07:24
To catch cancer early, however,
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但是要想尽早发现癌症，
07:25
you have to frequently
intercept these messages
intercept these messages
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你必须要频繁拦截查看这些信息，
看体内的致癌物质，
07:28
to determine when cancer-causing
troublemakers within your body
troublemakers within your body
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有没有打算发生癌变，
07:32
decide to start staging a coup,
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这也是为什么定期体检十分重要，
07:34
which is why regular
screening is so critical
screening is so critical
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以及为什么我们要发展
能够察觉癌症的科技。
能够察觉癌症的科技。
07:37
and why we're developing
technologies to make this possible.
technologies to make this possible.
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07:41
While the first exosome-based diagnostics
emerged on the market just this year,
emerged on the market just this year,
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第一个外泌体检验
仅仅是今年才在市场上出现，
仅仅是今年才在市场上出现，
它们还不是体检的主流选择。
07:46
they are not yet part
of mainstream healthcare options.
of mainstream healthcare options.
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07:51
In addition to their recent emergence,
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除了出现的时间过短以外，
07:53
another factor that's limiting
their widespread adoption
their widespread adoption
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另外一个影响普及的因素是
现在还没有发现合适的
自发分离系统，
自发分离系统，
07:56
is that currently, no automated
exosome isolation system exists
exosome isolation system exists
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来降低定期检查的价格。
08:00
to make regular screening
economically accessible.
economically accessible.
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08:04
The current gold standard
for exosome isolation
for exosome isolation
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当下外泌体分离的最佳途径，
08:07
includes ultracentrifugation,
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比如超速离心法，
这个过程需要昂贵的实验器材，
08:09
a process requiring
expensive laboratory equipment,
expensive laboratory equipment,
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经过专业培训的技术人才，
08:12
a trained lab tech
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以及差不多30个小时来
处理一份样本。
处理一份样本。
08:14
and about 30 hours of time
to process a sample.
to process a sample.
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08:18
We've come up with a different approach
for achieving automated exosome isolation
for achieving automated exosome isolation
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我们想到了一种不同的途径达到同样的目的，
利用一份样本，比如尿液。
08:23
from a sample such as urine.
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08:25
We use a chip-based, continuous flow
separation technique
separation technique
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我们使用芯片基础的流动分离技术，
08:29
called deterministic lateral displacement.
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这个技术名为确定性侧向位移。
通过这种技术我们达到了
08:32
And we have done with it
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半导体产业过去50年试图达到的目标。
08:34
what the semiconductor industry has done
so successfully for the past 50 years.
so successfully for the past 50 years.
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我们将这种技术的维度
08:38
We shrunk the dimensions
of this technology
of this technology
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从微米降到了真正的纳米。
08:40
from the micron scale
to the true nanoscale.
to the true nanoscale.
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08:44
So how does it work?
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它的工作原理是什么呢？
08:46
In a nutshell,
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简单来说，
许多之间有纳米级空隙的极小柱子，
08:47
a set of tiny pillars
separated by nanoscopic gaps
separated by nanoscopic gaps
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组成一种能将
08:51
are arranged in such a way
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流体分离开的形式，
08:52
that the system divides
the fluid into streamlines,
the fluid into streamlines,
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在这种模式下 ，
与癌症相关的纳米粒子
与癌症相关的纳米粒子
08:55
with the larger cancer-related
nanoparticles being separated
nanoparticles being separated
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会在改道过程中与较小的健康粒子分开，
08:59
through a process of redirection
from the smaller, healthier ones,
from the smaller, healthier ones,
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比较之下，
09:03
which can in contrast
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健康的粒子会顺着流向，
09:04
move around the pillars
in a zigzag-type motion
in a zigzag-type motion
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在柱子周围沿着Z字形移动。
09:07
in the direction of fluid flow.
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09:10
The net result is a complete separation
of these two particle populations.
of these two particle populations.
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最后就得到完全分开的两种粒子。
09:15
You can visualize this separation process
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你能够直观地看到这个分离过程，
09:19
similar to traffic on a highway
that separates into two roads,
that separates into two roads,
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就好像高速路上的车分成两路一样，
一条路连到低高度的穿山隧道，
09:23
with one road going into
a low-clearance tunnel under a mountain,
a low-clearance tunnel under a mountain,
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另一条绕过山脉。
09:26
and the other road going around it.
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小车可以走隧道，
09:28
Here, smaller cars
can go through the tunnel
can go through the tunnel
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带有危险品的卡车
09:31
while larger trucks,
carrying potentially hazardous material,
carrying potentially hazardous material,
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就只能绕路。
09:34
are forced to take the detour route.
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09:37
Traffic is effectively separated
by size and contents
by size and contents
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通过区分大小和负载的物质种类，
在不影响车流的前提下
在不影响车流的前提下
09:41
without impeding its flow.
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交通就有效地被分离了。
把这缩小很多倍，
就得到我们的系统的工作原理。
就得到我们的系统的工作原理。
09:43
And this is exactly how our system works
on a much, much smaller scale.
on a much, much smaller scale.
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09:49
The idea here is that
the separation process for screening
the separation process for screening
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这里用到的理念是，
癌症检查用到的分离
癌症检查用到的分离
09:53
could be as simple as processing
a sample of urine, blood or saliva,
a sample of urine, blood or saliva,
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可以只是简单地分析尿液、血液或者唾液，
这是在很近的未来就有希望解决的问题。
09:57
which is a near-term possibility
within the next few years.
within the next few years.
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我们希望
最终能够用这种手段分离出
最终能够用这种手段分离出
10:00
Ultimately, it could be used
to isolate and detect target exosomes
to isolate and detect target exosomes
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与特定癌症相关的外泌体，
10:06
associated with
a particular type of cancer,
a particular type of cancer,
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并且在几分钟之内就生成检验结果。
10:09
sensing and reporting
their presence within minutes.
their presence within minutes.
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10:12
This would make rapid diagnostics
virtually painless.
virtually painless.
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这样就能够使快速检验完全无痛。
10:16
Broadly speaking,
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大体来说，
10:18
the ability to separate
and enrich biomarkers
and enrich biomarkers
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有了自动化的途径以及纳米层面的精准
分离的手段与对生物标记的使用，
10:20
with nanoscale precision
in an automated way,
in an automated way,
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10:24
opens the door to better understanding
diseases such as cancer,
diseases such as cancer,
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为我们打开了解癌症等疾病的大门，
10:27
with applications ranging
from sample preparation to diagnostics,
from sample preparation to diagnostics,
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这种技术有各种各样的应用，
从样品准备到诊断学，
从样品准备到诊断学，
从抗药性检测到治疗学。
10:31
and from drug resistance
monitoring to therapeutics.
monitoring to therapeutics.
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10:35
Even before my wife's bout with cancer,
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在我妻子患上癌症之前，
10:37
it was a dream of mine to facilitate
the automation of this process --
the automation of this process --
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实现检验自动化就是我的梦想——
10:41
to make regular screening more accessible,
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希望能使得常规检查更加亲民，
10:44
similar to the way Henry Ford
made the automobile accessible
made the automobile accessible
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就像是亨利·福特
通过发展流水线，
10:47
to the general population
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让汽车能够进入平常百姓的生活。
10:49
through development of the assembly line.
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自动化是实现亲民的根本。
10:51
Automation is the key to accessibility.
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10:56
And in the spirit of the Hoover dream,
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就好像胡佛之梦的中心，
10:58
"a chicken in every pot
and a car in every garage,"
and a car in every garage,"
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“炖锅里有鸡肉，车库里有汽车，”
我们在发展的这项技术
11:01
we're developing a technology
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最终能够将早期癌症检测系统
11:02
that could ultimately place
an early-warning cancer detection system
an early-warning cancer detection system
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带给每个人。
11:06
in every home.
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11:08
This would allow
every man, woman and child
every man, woman and child
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这能够给男性、女性和小孩
11:10
the opportunity to be regularly tested
while they're still healthy,
while they're still healthy,
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在健康时就开始定期检测的机会，
在癌症的萌芽阶段及时采取措施。
11:14
catching cancer when it first emerges.
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11:17
It is my hope and dream
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我的希望和梦想，
11:18
to help people around the world
avoid the high costs --
avoid the high costs --
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就是帮助全世界的人
省去高昂的开支——
省去高昂的开支——
11:22
physical, financial and emotional --
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以及免去癌症患者所面对的——
我十分熟悉的
11:25
faced by today's cancer patients,
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物质、经济和精神灾难。
11:27
hardships that I'm well acquainted with.
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11:31
I'm also happy to report that because
we caught my wife's cancer early,
we caught my wife's cancer early,
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我还想高兴地告诉大家，
因为我们发现得早，
因为我们发现得早，
11:35
her treatment was successful,
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我妻子的癌症治疗十分有效，
万幸，她现在已经被完全治愈。
11:37
and she is now, thankfully, cancer-free.
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（掌声）
11:39
(Applause)
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11:48
It is an outcome that I would like to see
for everyone with a cancer diagnosis.
for everyone with a cancer diagnosis.
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对于每一个癌症患者，
我都希望能看到同样的结果。
我都希望能看到同样的结果。
11:53
With the work that my team
has already done
has already done
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对于我们正在进行的
11:55
on separation of nanoscale biomarkers
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快速、早期癌症诊疗的
纳米生物标记分离的研究结果，
11:58
for rapid, early-stage cancer diagnostics,
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在接下来十年中，
12:01
I am optimistic
that within the next decade,
that within the next decade,
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我相信这种技术一定会被实现，
12:03
this type of technology will be available,
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被用来保护我们的朋友、家人和子孙后代。
12:06
helping protect our friends,
our family and future generations.
our family and future generations.
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12:10
Even if we are so unlucky
as to be diagnosed with cancer,
as to be diagnosed with cancer,
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即便我们不幸被诊断出癌症，
12:14
that early-stage alarm
will provide a strong beacon of hope.
will provide a strong beacon of hope.
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早期诊断会带来更大治愈的希望。
12:18
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
12:19
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joshua Smith - Cancer fighterMotivated by his wife's bout with cancer, IBM's Joshua Smith applies his engineering expertise to early diagnosis.
Why you should listen
As a research scientist and technical team lead for IBM's Nanobiotechnology Program, Dr. Joshua Smith researches innovative healthcare technologies at the intersection of engineering and biology to better understand disease progression.
Smith's team recently developed a chip-based solution that can rapidly isolate biomarkers as small as 20 nanometers to help identify cancer development even before symptoms occur. He is a sought-after speaker on the subject of lab-on-a-chip applications for healthcare and his work has been highlighted by Forbes, CNN Money, IEEE Spectrum and Pharma Technology Focus, among other media outlets. As a Research Staff Member and IBM Master Inventor, Smith has co-authored more than a dozen peer-reviewed scientific publications and is a co-inventor of more than 30 issued patents.
Currently, Smith is focusing on the development of a suite of core capabilities to manipulate, separate and detect individual macromolecules, providing a technological backbone for automation in sample preparation, diagnostics and therapeutics. When not with his colleagues in the lab, Smith enjoys teaching tomorrow's researchers and engineers at Columbia University.
Joshua Smith | Speaker | TED.com