ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.

Why you should listen

By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.

Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.

Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.

Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
TED2008

Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives

Jonathan Haidt 讨论自由和保守主义的道德本质

Filmed:
3,635,704 views

心理学家 Jonathan Haidt 研究构成我们政治选择的五种道德基础。无论我们是左派、右派还是持平。在令人大开眼界的谈话中,告诉我们自由主义和保守主义在道德上的偏好。
- Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:19
Suppose假设 that two American美国 friends朋友 are traveling旅行 together一起 in Italy意大利.
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想象两个美国人到意大利旅游
00:22
They go to see Michelangelo's米开朗基罗 "David大卫,"
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一起去看米开朗基罗的名作“大卫”
00:24
and when they finally最后 come face面对 to face面对 with the statue雕像,
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当他们和巨大石雕面对面时
00:26
they both freeze冻结 dead in their tracks轨道.
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两个人都望着出神
00:28
The first guy -- we'll call him Adam亚当 --
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第一个人﹐我们就叫他亚当吧
00:30
is transfixed呆若木鸡 by the beauty美女 of the perfect完善 human人的 form形成.
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被完美的人体肌理震慑住了
00:33
The second第二 guy -- we'll call him Bill法案 --
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第二个人 我们就叫他比尔吧
00:35
is transfixed呆若木鸡 by embarrassment困窘, at staring凝视 at the thing there in the center中央.
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也吓傻了 - 被那两腿间的玩意儿
00:40
So here's这里的 my question for you:
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让我试问
00:42
which哪一个 one of these two guys was more likely容易 to have voted for George乔治 Bush衬套,
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这两个男人谁比较有可能把票投给小布什
00:46
which哪一个 for Al Gore血块?
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谁投给了高尔﹖
00:48
I don't need a show显示 of hands
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大家不用举手
00:49
because we all have the same相同 political政治 stereotypes定型.
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因为我们都有一样的刻板印象
00:52
We all know that it's Bill法案.
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我们都知道是比尔
00:54
And in this case案件, the stereotype铅板 corresponds对应 to reality现实.
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在这个例子里﹐刻板印象反映了事实
00:58
It really is a fact事实 that liberals自由主义者 are much higher更高 than conservatives保守派
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事实上﹐自由党员的确比保守党员
01:01
on a major重大的 personality个性 trait特征 called openness透明度 to experience经验.
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更容易接受新体验
01:04
People who are high in openness透明度 to experience经验
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那些喜欢接受新体验的人
01:06
just crave渴望 novelty新奇, variety品种, diversity多样, new ideas思路, travel旅行.
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渴望新鲜 多样性 新想法 旅行
01:10
People low on it like things that are familiar, that are safe安全 and dependable可信.
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较难接受新体验的人喜欢熟悉 安全 可靠的事物
01:15
If you know about this trait特征,
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如果你知道这些特性
01:17
you can understand理解 a lot of puzzles谜题 about human人的 behavior行为.
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你便能了解人类许多难解的行为
01:19
You can understand理解 why artists艺术家 are so different不同 from accountants会计师.
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了解为什么艺术家和会计师如此不同
01:22
You can actually其实 predict预测 what kinds of books图书 they like to read,
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你可以预测他们喜欢看的书
01:24
what kinds of places地方 they like to travel旅行 to,
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他们喜欢去的旅游点
01:26
and what kinds of food餐饮 they like to eat.
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甚至他们的饮食偏好
01:28
Once一旦 you understand理解 this trait特征, you can understand理解
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只要你了解这个特性﹐你便能理解
01:31
why anybody任何人 would eat at Applebee's阿普尔比的, but not anybody任何人 that you know.
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为什么这么多人喜欢去连锁餐厅吃饭 但你却一个都不认识
01:35
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:41
This trait特征 also tells告诉 us a lot about politics政治.
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这个特性也让我们理解政治
01:43
The main主要 researcher研究员 of this trait特征, Robert罗伯特 McCrae麦克雷 says that,
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研究这个性格特质的研究者 Robert McCrae 说
01:46
"Open打开 individuals个人 have an affinity亲和力 for liberal自由主义的, progressive进步, left-wing左翼 political政治 views意见" --
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“开放的人偏向自由 进步 左翼政治思想”
01:50
they like a society社会 which哪一个 is open打开 and changing改变 --
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他们喜欢一个开放 持续改变的社会
01:52
"whereas closed关闭 individuals个人 prefer比较喜欢 conservative保守, traditional传统, right-wing右翼 views意见."
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“封闭的人偏好保守 传统 右翼的观点。”
01:57
This trait特征 also tells告诉 us a lot about the kinds of groups people join加入.
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这个特质也让我们了解人们所参与的社团组织
02:01
So here's这里的 the description描述 of a group I found发现 on the Web卷筒纸.
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这是我在网络上找到的一个组织简介
02:03
What kinds of people would join加入 a global全球 community社区
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怎样的人会参加一个全球性的社群
02:05
welcoming欢迎 people from every一切 discipline学科 and culture文化,
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欢迎来自各种文化和学科的人
02:07
who seek寻求 a deeper更深 understanding理解 of the world世界,
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那些想更深刻理解世界的人
02:09
and who hope希望 to turn that understanding理解 into a better future未来 for us all?
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同时也是那些想以这些理解让世界变得更好的人
02:12
This is from some guy named命名 Ted摊晒.
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这是一个叫 TED 的男人写的
02:14
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:16
Well, let's see now, if openness透明度 predicts预测 who becomes liberal自由主义的,
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那么﹐如果开放性格偏向自由派
02:20
and openness透明度 predicts预测 who becomes a TEDsterTEDster,
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同时也预知了你会成为 TED 一员
02:22
then might威力 we predict预测 that most TEDstersTEDsters are liberal自由主义的?
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是否大部份的 TED 成员都是自由党呢﹖
02:25
Let's find out.
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让我们试试
02:26
I'm going to ask you to raise提高 your hand, whether是否 you are liberal自由主义的, left of center中央 --
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请你举起手﹐不管你是自由党﹐中间偏左
02:30
on social社会 issues问题, we're talking about, primarily主要 --
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在我们所讨论的议题上
02:32
or conservative保守, and I'll give a third第三 option选项,
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或是保守党﹐还有一个第三选项
02:34
because I know there are a number of libertarians自由主义者 in the audience听众.
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因为我知道观众中还有一些相信自由至上的放任自由主义者
02:36
So, right now, please raise提高 your hand --
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现在﹐举起你的手来
02:38
down in the simulcast同播 rooms客房, too,
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在联播台里的人也是
02:39
let's let everybody每个人 see who's谁是 here --
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让每个人看看都是谁
02:41
please raise提高 your hand if you would say that you are liberal自由主义的 or left of center中央.
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如果你是自由党或中间偏左﹐请举起手来
02:44
Please raise提高 your hand high right now. OK.
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请把你的手举高﹐好
02:48
Please raise提高 your hand if you'd say you're libertarian自由主义者.
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请举手如果你是放任自由主义者
02:51
OK, about a -- two dozen.
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好 差不多有二十多人
02:53
And please raise提高 your hand if you'd say you are right of center中央 or conservative保守.
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如果你觉得你是中间偏右或保守党﹐请举手
02:56
One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.
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1 2 3 4 5 - 大概8 到10人
03:02
OK. This is a bit of a problem问题.
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好。这就是问题。
03:05
Because if our goal目标 is to understand理解 the world世界,
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如果我们的目标是了解世界
03:08
to seek寻求 a deeper更深 understanding理解 of the world世界,
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深刻的进一步了解世界
03:10
our general一般 lack缺乏 of moral道德 diversity多样 here is going to make it harder更难.
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但缺乏道德多样性让了解世界变得更难
03:13
Because when people all share分享 values, when people all share分享 morals,
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因为当每个人都分享一样的价值观和道德观
03:17
they become成为 a team球队, and once一旦 you engage从事 the psychology心理学 of teams球队,
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便成为一个团队﹐一旦进入团队心理
03:20
it shuts启闭 down open-minded思想开明的 thinking思维.
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原本开放的思想就会闭塞
03:25
When the liberal自由主义的 team球队 loses失去, as it did in 2004,
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当自由队在2004年败选
03:29
and as it almost几乎 did in 2000, we comfort安慰 ourselves我们自己.
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就像在2000年一样﹐我们自我安慰
03:33
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:35
We try to explain说明 why half of America美国 voted for the other team球队.
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我们尝试自我解释为什么有一半美国人投给另外一队
03:39
We think they must必须 be blinded失明 by religion宗教, or by simple简单 stupidity糊涂事.
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我们想 他们一定是被宗教蒙蔽 或是纯粹愚蠢
03:44
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:47
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
03:55
So, if you think that half of America美国 votes Republican共和党人
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如果你认为投给共和党的另一半美国人
04:01
because they are blinded失明 in this way,
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是因为他们被蒙蔽了
04:04
then my message信息 to you is that you're trapped被困 in a moral道德 matrix矩阵,
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我想告诉你的是你被道德母体限制住了
04:07
in a particular特定 moral道德 matrix矩阵.
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某一种特别的道德母体
04:08
And by the matrix矩阵, I mean literally按照字面 the matrix矩阵, like the movie电影 "The Matrix矩阵."
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所谓的道德母体﹐就像“黑客任务”里面的大计算机一样
04:12
But I'm here today今天 to give you a choice选择.
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但今日我让你有个选择
04:14
You can either take the blue蓝色 pill and stick to your comforting欣慰的 delusions妄想,
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你可以选择蓝色药丸然后保持在舒适的幻觉中
04:18
or you can take the red pill,
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或是选择红色药丸﹐
04:20
learn学习 some moral道德 psychology心理学 and step outside the moral道德 matrix矩阵.
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了解道德心理学﹐跨越你的道德母体
04:23
Now, because I know --
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因为我知道 --
04:25
(Applause掌声) --
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(掌声)
04:28
OK, I assume承担 that answers答案 my question.
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我想这已经回答了我的问题
04:30
I was going to ask you which哪一个 one you picked采摘的, but no need.
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我本来想问你们要选哪一个﹐我想不需要了
04:32
You're all high in openness透明度 to experience经验, and besides除了,
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你们都很爱接受新体验﹐更何况
04:34
it looks容貌 like it might威力 even taste味道 good, and you're all epicures美食家.
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这看起来很可能很可口 能满足你们的美食主义
04:37
So anyway无论如何, let's go with the red pill.
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总而言之﹐让我们选择红色药丸
04:39
Let's study研究 some moral道德 psychology心理学 and see where it takes us.
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让我们学习一些道德心理学﹐看看我们能了解什么
04:41
Let's start开始 at the beginning开始.
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让我们从头开始
04:43
What is morality道德 and where does it come from?
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道德是什么﹖它从哪里来﹖
04:45
The worst最差 idea理念 in all of psychology心理学
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心理学中最糟的想法
04:47
is the idea理念 that the mind心神 is a blank空白 slate石板 at birth分娩.
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便是我们像一张白纸一样出生
04:50
Developmental发展的 psychology心理学 has shown显示
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发展心理学告诉我们
04:52
that kids孩子 come into the world世界 already已经 knowing会心 so much
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婴儿来到世界上时已经知道许多
04:54
about the physical物理 and social社会 worlds世界,
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有关世界和社会
04:56
and programmed程序 to make it really easy简单 for them to learn学习 certain某些 things
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让他们变得更易学习
05:00
and hard to learn学习 others其他.
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却很难向他人学习
05:01
The best最好 definition定义 of innateness天赋 I've ever seen看到 --
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有关这些与生俱来的天赋
05:03
this just clarifies澄清 so many许多 things for me --
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有个人说的很好
05:05
is from the brain scientist科学家 Gary加里 Marcus马库斯.
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脑科学家 Gary Marcus
05:07
He says, "The initial初始 organization组织 of the brain does not depend依靠 that much on experience经验.
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他说“脑的初始组织不是来自经验
05:12
Nature性质 provides提供 a first draft草案, which哪一个 experience经验 then revises修改.
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自然提供了第一个版本﹐经验只能修改
05:15
Built-in内建的 doesn't mean unmalleableunmalleable;
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先建不代表不可塑﹔
05:17
it means手段 organized有组织的 in advance提前 of experience经验."
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而是组织先于经验。”
05:20
OK, so what's on the first draft草案 of the moral道德 mind心神?
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那么道德的第一个版本是什么﹖
05:22
To find out, my colleague同事, Craig克雷格 Joseph约瑟夫, and I
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我和同事 Craig Joseph
05:25
read through通过 the literature文学 on anthropology人类学,
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阅读了许多人类学的文献
05:27
on culture文化 variation变异 in morality道德
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有关不同文化的道德
05:29
and also on evolutionary发展的 psychology心理学, looking for matches火柴.
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同时也在进化心理学里找相同处
05:31
What are the sorts排序 of things that people talk about across横过 disciplines学科?
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跨领域的人谈论的时候他们都谈论什么
05:34
That you find across横过 cultures文化 and even across横过 species种类?
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跨文化和跨物种的人又谈论什么﹖
05:36
We found发现 five -- five best最好 matches火柴,
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我们总共找到五种
05:38
which哪一个 we call the five foundations基金会 of morality道德.
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我们称它们为五种道德基础
05:40
The first one is harm危害/care关心.
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第一种是伤害-照护
05:42
We're all mammals哺乳动物 here, we all have a lot of neural神经 and hormonal激素 programming程序设计
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我们都是哺乳类﹐我们都有许多神经和荷尔蒙程序
05:46
that makes品牌 us really bond with others其他, care关心 for others其他,
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让我们与他人联结﹐关怀他人
05:48
feel compassion同情 for others其他, especially特别 the weak and vulnerable弱势.
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同情他人﹐尤其那些脆弱容易受伤的人
05:51
It gives us very strong强大 feelings情怀 about those who cause原因 harm危害.
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让我们对那些造成伤害的人有强烈感觉
05:54
This moral道德 foundation基础 underliesunderlies about 70 percent百分
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这个道德基础含括了我在TED所听到的
05:57
of the moral道德 statements声明 I've heard听说 here at TEDTED.
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七成的道德陈述
05:59
The second第二 foundation基础 is fairness公平/reciprocity互惠.
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第二个道德基础是公平-相等
06:02
There's actually其实 ambiguous暧昧 evidence证据
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有一些模糊的证据
06:04
as to whether是否 you find reciprocity互惠 in other animals动物,
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证明你是否能在其它动物身上找到相互性
06:06
but the evidence证据 for people could not be clearer更清晰.
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但在人类身上的例子却再清楚不过了
06:08
This Norman诺曼 Rockwell罗克韦尔 painting绘画 is called "The Golden金色 Rule规则,"
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这幅 Norman Rockwell 的画叫做“金科玉律”
06:10
and we heard听说 about this from Karen卡伦 Armstrong阿姆斯特朗, of course课程,
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Karen Armstrong 也告诉我们
06:12
as the foundation基础 of so many许多 religions宗教.
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这是很多宗教的基础
06:15
That second第二 foundation基础 underliesunderlies the other 30 percent百分
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第二哥道德基础含括了我在TED所听到的
06:17
of the moral道德 statements声明 I've heard听说 here at TEDTED.
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另外三成的道德陈诉
06:19
The third第三 foundation基础 is in-group在组/loyalty忠诚.
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第三个基础是团队忠诚
06:21
You do find groups in the animal动物 kingdom王国 --
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你可以在动物里面找到群体
06:23
you do find cooperative合作社 groups --
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你可以找到合作团队
06:25
but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings兄弟姐妹.
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但这些组织通常不是很小或是牠们都是兄弟姐妹
06:28
It's only among其中 humans人类 that you find very large groups of people
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只有在人类的世界里你看到一大群人
06:31
who are able能够 to cooperate合作, join加入 together一起 into groups,
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彼此相处﹐一起合作
06:34
but in this case案件, groups that are united联合的 to fight斗争 other groups.
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但在这例子里﹐团队合作是为了和其它团队斗争
06:38
This probably大概 comes from our long history历史 of tribal部落的 living活的, of tribal部落的 psychology心理学.
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这大概是来自我们长时间的部落生态﹐部落心理
06:42
And this tribal部落的 psychology心理学 is so deeply pleasurable愉快的
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这种部落心态实在太愉快了
06:44
that even when we don't have tribes部落,
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就算我们已经不在部落里了
06:46
we go ahead and make them, because it's fun开玩笑.
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我们还是照样因为好玩
06:49
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
06:52
Sports体育 is to war战争 as pornography色情 is to sex性别.
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运动和战争就像A片和性的关系
06:55
We get to exercise行使 some ancient, ancient drives驱动器.
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我们借此发泄那些古老的欲望
06:58
The fourth第四 foundation基础 is authority权威/respect尊重.
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第四种道德基础是权威-尊敬
07:01
Here you see submissive服从的 gestures手势 from two members会员 of very closely密切 related有关 species种类.
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从这里你可以看到两种非常接近的物种的服从姿态
07:04
But authority权威 in humans人类 is not so closely密切 based基于 on power功率 and brutality残酷,
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但人类的权威不是以权力和暴力为基础
07:08
as it is in other primates灵长类动物.
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像其它动物
07:10
It's based基于 on more voluntary自主性 deference尊重,
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而是以自愿的服从﹐
07:12
and even elements分子 of love, at times.
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有时候甚至是爱的元素
07:14
The fifth第五 foundation基础 is purity纯度/sanctity尊严.
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第五种基础是纯洁- 神圣
07:16
This painting绘画 is called "The Allegory寓言 Of Chastity贞洁,"
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这幅画是“贞节的寓意”
07:19
but purity's纯度的 not just about suppressing抑制 female sexuality性欲.
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但纯洁不只是压抑女性性欲
07:22
It's about any kind of ideology思想, any kind of idea理念
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而是任何理想﹐任何想法
07:25
that tells告诉 you that you can attain达到 virtue美德
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告诉你只要控制你的身体
07:27
by controlling控制 what you do with your body身体,
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你便可以成善
07:28
by controlling控制 what you put into your body身体.
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只要控制进入你身体的东西
07:30
And while the political政治 right may可能 moralize说教 sex性别 much more,
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右翼喜欢谈论性方面的道德
07:34
the political政治 left is really doing a lot of it with food餐饮.
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左翼喜欢用食物
07:36
Food餐饮 is becoming变得 extremely非常 moralized道德化 nowadays如今,
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今日食物变成一种道德指标
07:38
and a lot of it is ideas思路 about purity纯度,
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这些观点也来自纯洁
07:40
about what you're willing愿意 to touch触摸, or put into your body身体.
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有关你愿意触摸和放进身体的东西
07:43
I believe these are the five best最好 candidates候选人
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我相信这是五个最好的候选人
07:46
for what's written书面 on the first draft草案 of the moral道德 mind心神.
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在我们道德思想的初稿上
07:48
I think this is what we come with, at least最小
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我相信这是我们与生俱来的
07:49
a preparedness准备 to learn学习 all of these things.
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做好准备要来学习这些东西
07:52
But as my son儿子, Max马克斯, grows成长 up in a liberal自由主义的 college学院 town,
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但我的儿子 Max 在一个自由派的大学城里长大
07:56
how is this first draft草案 going to get revised修订?
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这个初稿将如何被改写﹖
07:58
And how will it end结束 up being存在 different不同
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和在我们南部六十里的乡下
08:00
from a kid孩子 born天生 60 miles英里 south of us in Lynchburg林奇堡, Virginia弗吉尼亚州?
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生下来的孩子 又会有什么不同﹖
08:03
To think about culture文化 variation变异, let's try a different不同 metaphor隐喻.
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当我们想到这些多样文化的时候﹐让我们试试其它隐喻
08:05
If there really are five systems系统 at work in the mind心神 --
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如果真的有着五种系统在我们想法里
08:08
five sources来源 of intuitions直觉 and emotions情绪 --
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五种情绪和直觉的来源
08:10
then we can think of the moral道德 mind心神
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我们可以把道德感
08:12
as being存在 like one of those audio音频 equalizers均衡器 that has five channels渠道,
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当做音响有五种频道的均衡器
08:14
where you can set it to a different不同 setting设置 on every一切 channel渠道.
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你可以在不同频道选择不同的程度
08:16
And my colleagues同事, Brian布赖恩 Nosek诺塞克 and Jesse杰西 Graham格雷厄姆, and I,
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我的同事 Brian Nosek, Jesse Graham 和我
08:19
made制作 a questionnaire调查问卷, which哪一个 we put up on the Web卷筒纸 at www万维网.YourMoralsYourMorals.org组织.
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做了一个问卷﹐放在www.YourMorals.org网站上
08:24
And so far, 30,000 people have taken采取 this questionnaire调查问卷, and you can too.
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目前为止已经有三万人填写了这个问卷﹐你也可以
08:29
Here are the results结果.
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结果在这里
08:30
Here are the results结果 from about 23,000 American美国 citizens公民.
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这里是两万三千个美国公民的结果
08:33
On the left, I've plotted绘制 the scores分数 for liberals自由主义者;
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左边是自由派的分数
08:35
on the right, those for conservatives保守派; in the middle中间, the moderates温和派.
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右边是保守派的﹐中间是中立
08:37
The blue蓝色 line线 shows节目 you people's人们 responses回复
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蓝线是你们的回应
08:39
on the average平均 of all the harm危害 questions问题.
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在所有有关伤害的问题上
08:41
So, as you see, people care关心 about harm危害 and care关心 issues问题.
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你可以看到﹐人们真的很关心伤害和照护的问题
08:44
They give high endorsement背书 of these sorts排序 of statements声明
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他们很支持这方面的陈述
08:46
all across横过 the board, but as you also see,
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在整个表上﹐但你也可以看到
08:48
liberals自由主义者 care关心 about it a little more than conservatives保守派 -- the line线 slopes连续下坡 down.
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自由派比保守派更在乎一些﹐线慢慢降了下来
08:51
Same相同 story故事 for fairness公平.
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公平也是一样
08:53
But look at the other three lines线.
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但看看其它三条线
08:55
For liberals自由主义者, the scores分数 are very low.
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自由派的分数非常低
08:57
Liberals自由主义者 are basically基本上 saying, "No, this is not morality道德.
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基本上自由派是说“这根本不是道德。
08:59
In-group在组, authority权威, purity纯度 -- this stuff东东 has nothing to do with morality道德. I reject拒绝 it."
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团体 权威 纯洁 - 这些东西和道德一点关系也没有。我拒绝。”
09:02
But as people get more conservative保守, the values rise上升.
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但当人越保守﹐这些价值便提升
09:04
We can say that liberals自由主义者 have a kind of a two-channel双通道,
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我们可以说自由派有一种 - 双频
09:07
or two-foundation两基金 morality道德.
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或是双基础的道德
09:08
Conservatives保守党 have more of a five-foundation五基础,
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保守派则是有五基础
09:10
or five-channel五通道 morality道德.
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或是五频的道德
09:12
We find this in every一切 country国家 we look at.
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我们在每个国家都看到一样的情形
09:13
Here's这里的 the data数据 for 1,100 Canadians加拿大人.
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这是一千多个加拿大人的数据
09:15
I'll just flip翻动 through通过 a few少数 other slides幻灯片.
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我会翻过一些其它的国家
09:17
The U.K., Australia澳大利亚, New Zealand新西兰, Western西 Europe欧洲, Eastern Europe欧洲,
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英国﹐澳洲 纽西兰 西欧 东欧
09:20
Latin拉丁 America美国, the Middle中间 East, East Asia亚洲 and South Asia亚洲.
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拉丁美洲 中东 中亚 和南亚
09:24
Notice注意 also that on all of these graphs,
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你可以看到在这些图表上
09:26
the slope is steeper陡峭的 on in-group在组, authority权威, purity纯度.
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在团体 权威 纯洁的差异更大
09:29
Which哪一个 shows节目 that within any country国家,
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这告诉我们在任何国家
09:31
the disagreement异议 isn't over harm危害 and fairness公平.
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歧见并不是来自伤害和公平
09:34
Everybody每个人 -- I mean, we debate辩论 over what's fair公平 --
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我们讨论什么是公平
09:36
but everybody每个人 agrees同意 that harm危害 and fairness公平 matter.
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但每个人都认同伤害和公平是要紧的
09:39
Moral道德 arguments参数 within cultures文化
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在文化中的道德讨论
09:41
are especially特别 about issues问题 of in-group在组, authority权威, purity纯度.
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通常都与团队 权威 纯洁有关
09:44
This effect影响 is so robust强大的 that we find it no matter how we ask the question.
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无论我们怎么提出问题﹐效果还是很明显。
09:47
In one recent最近 study研究,
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在最近的一项研究中
09:49
we asked people to suppose假设 you're about to get a dog.
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我们问人们﹕如果你们要买狗
09:51
You picked采摘的 a particular特定 breed品种,
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你选择了一种特别的品种
09:52
you learned学到了 some new information信息 about the breed品种.
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后来你知道有关这些品种的一些事
09:54
Suppose假设 you learn学习 that this particular特定 breed品种 is independent-minded独立思想,
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或许你学到这个特别的品种会独立思考
09:57
and relates涉及 to its owner所有者 as a friend朋友 and an equal等于?
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并且把主人当做平等的朋友
09:59
Well, if you are a liberal自由主义的, you say, "Hey, that's great!"
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如果你是自由派你会说“哇!那太好了!”
10:01
Because liberals自由主义者 like to say, "Fetch, please."
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因为自由派喜欢说“去接!”
10:03
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:08
But if you're conservative保守, that's not so attractive有吸引力.
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但如果你是保守派﹐这就不是太好
10:11
If you're conservative保守, and you learn学习 that a dog's小狗 extremely非常 loyal忠诚
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如果你是保守派﹐你知道这只狗对牠的家庭非常忠诚
10:14
to its home and family家庭, and doesn't warm up quickly很快 to strangers陌生人,
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不会很快地和陌生人混熟
10:16
for conservatives保守派, well, loyalty忠诚 is good -- dogs小狗 ought应该 to be loyal忠诚.
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对保守派来说 忠诚很好 狗就是要忠诚
10:19
But to a liberal自由主义的, it sounds声音 like this dog
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但对自由派来说﹐这听起来
10:21
is running赛跑 for the Republican共和党人 nomination提名.
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像是这只狗要参加共和党初选了
10:23
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:24
So, you might威力 say, OK,
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所以你可能说 好
10:26
there are these differences分歧 between之间 liberals自由主义者 and conservatives保守派,
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这就是保守派和自由派的差异
10:28
but what makes品牌 those three other foundations基金会 moral道德?
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但什么让其它三种基础也成为道德呢﹖
10:30
Aren't是不是 those just the foundations基金会 of xenophobia排外主义
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难道它们不是只是极权主义
10:32
and authoritarianism独裁主义 and Puritanism清教?
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排他主义和清教主义的基础吗﹖
10:34
What makes品牌 them moral道德?
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什么让它们变成道德﹖
10:35
The answer回答, I think, is contained in this incredible难以置信 triptych三联 from Hieronymus海欧纳莫斯 Bosch博世,
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答案﹐我想﹐就存在布殊这个三联图中
10:38
"The Garden花园 of Earthly俗世的 Delights美食."
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“世俗欲望的乐园。”
10:40
In the first panel面板, we see the moment时刻 of creation创建.
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在第一幅图里﹐我们看到创造世界时
10:43
All is ordered有序, all is beautiful美丽, all the people and animals动物
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一切都有秩序﹐一些都很美丽﹐所有的人和动物
10:47
are doing what they're supposed应该 to be doing, where they're supposed应该 to be.
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都在它们应该在的地方做他们应该做的事情
10:50
But then, given特定 the way of the world世界, things change更改.
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但因为世俗的一切 事情开始改变
10:53
We get every一切 person doing whatever随你 he wants,
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人们开始任意而为
10:55
with every一切 aperture光圈 of every一切 other person and every一切 other animal动物.
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和任何人和任何动物
10:58
Some of you might威力 recognize认识 this as the '60s.
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在座的某些人可能会发现这是60年代
11:00
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
11:01
But the '60s inevitably必将 gives way to the '70s,
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但60年代终究被70年代取代
11:05
where the cuttings插条 of the apertures hurt伤害 a little bit more.
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这些裂缝开始令人痛苦
11:09
Of course课程, Bosch博世 called this hell地狱.
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当然 布殊称这为地狱
11:11
So this triptych三联, these three panels面板
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在这个三联画中﹐三片图
11:14
portray写真 the timeless永恒 truth真相 that order订购 tends趋向 to decay衰变.
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描绘了秩序逐渐腐败的真实
11:19
The truth真相 of social社会 entropy.
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社会消减的事实
11:21
But lest免得 you think this is just some part部分 of the Christian基督教 imagination想像力
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你们可能只会想这只是基督徒的想象
11:24
where Christians基督徒 have this weird奇怪的 problem问题 with pleasure乐趣,
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因为基督徒老是要跟欢愉过不去
11:26
here's这里的 the same相同 story故事, the same相同 progression级数,
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这里有一个一样的故事 一样的演进
11:29
told in a paper that was published发表 in Nature性质 a few少数 years年份 ago,
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在自然杂志中刊登的一篇文章里
11:32
in which哪一个 Ernst恩斯特 Fehr费尔 and Simon西蒙 GachterGachter had people play a commons公地 dilemma困境.
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Ernst Fehr 和 Simon Gachter 要人们思考一个常见的难题
11:36
A game游戏 in which哪一个 you give people money,
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你给人们钱
11:38
and then, on each round回合 of the game游戏,
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然后在每一轮游戏结束前
11:40
they can put money into a common共同 pot,
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他们可以把钱放进一个共享壶里
11:42
and then the experimenter实验者 doubles双打 what's in there,
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实验者把里面的钱变双份
11:44
and then it's all divided分为 among其中 the players玩家.
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然后再分给所有玩家
11:46
So it's a really nice不错 analog类似物 for all sorts排序 of environmental环境的 issues问题,
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这就像许多环境议题
11:49
where we're asking people to make a sacrifice牺牲
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我们要求人们做出牺牲
11:51
and they themselves他们自己 don't really benefit效益 from their own拥有 sacrifice牺牲.
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他们自己不会从牺牲中得到什么
11:53
But you really want everybody每个人 else其他 to sacrifice牺牲,
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但你总是要其它人牺牲
11:55
but everybody每个人 has a temptation诱惑 to a free自由 ride.
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但人总有搭便车的想法
11:57
And what happens发生 is that, at first, people start开始 off reasonably合理 cooperative合作社 --
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刚开始﹐人们较为合作
12:01
and this is all played发挥 anonymously匿名.
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这是无名制的 --
12:03
On the first round回合, people give about half of the money that they can.
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第一轮﹐人们给出一半的钱
12:06
But they quickly很快 see, "You know what, other people aren't doing so much though虽然.
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但他们很快知道”说真的﹐其它人没有做这么多。
12:09
I don't want to be a sucker吸盘. I'm not going to cooperate合作."
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我才不是笨蛋。我不要合作。“
12:11
And so cooperation合作 quickly很快 decays衰变 from reasonably合理 good, down to close to zero.
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于是合作关系很快的从还不错﹐落到几乎没有
12:15
But then -- and here's这里的 the trick --
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但是 - 诀窍在这
12:17
Fehr费尔 and GachterGachter said, on the seventh第七 round回合, they told people,
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Fehr 和 Gachter 在第七轮的时候和每个人说
12:19
"You know what? New rule规则.
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”好的﹐新规则
12:21
If you want to give some of your own拥有 money
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如果你要给一些钱
12:23
to punish惩治 people who aren't contributing贡献, you can do that."
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来惩罚那些没有贡献的人﹐你可以这样做。“
12:27
And as soon不久 as people heard听说 about the punishment惩罚 issue问题 going on,
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当人们听到惩罚的时候
12:30
cooperation合作 shoots up.
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马上变得合作
12:32
It shoots up and it keeps保持 going up.
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不但合作 而且继续加强
12:34
There's a lot of research研究 showing展示 that to solve解决 cooperative合作社 problems问题, it really helps帮助.
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有许多研究表示在解决合作问题上 这有明显的帮助
12:37
It's not enough足够 to just appeal上诉 to people's人们 good motives动机.
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只靠人们的好心并不够
12:39
It really helps帮助 to have some sort分类 of punishment惩罚.
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有些惩罚会更好
12:41
Even if it's just shame耻辱 or embarrassment困窘 or gossip八卦,
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就算只是羞辱或是被谈论
12:43
you need some sort分类 of punishment惩罚 to bring带来 people,
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你需要惩罚
12:46
when they're in large groups, to cooperate合作.
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让人们在大的群体里合作
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There's even some recent最近 research研究 suggesting提示 that religion宗教 --
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甚至有些最近的研究谈到宗教
12:51
priming God, making制造 people think about God --
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让人们想到神
12:53
often经常, in some situations情况, leads引线 to more cooperative合作社, more pro-social亲社会 behavior行为.
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往往让人们懂得合作 更符合社会期待
12:59
Some people think that religion宗教 is an adaptation适应
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某些人认为宗教是一种适应作用
13:01
evolved进化 both by cultural文化 and biological生物 evolution演化
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来自文化和生理进化
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to make groups to cohere粘着,
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让群体可以合作
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in part部分 for the purpose目的 of trusting信任的 each other,
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让人们何以互信
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and then being存在 more effective有效 at competing竞争 with other groups.
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在与他人竞争时能够更有效
13:09
I think that's probably大概 right,
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我想这大概是真的
13:10
although虽然 this is a controversial争论的 issue问题.
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虽然这是个争议性很大的话题
13:12
But I'm particularly尤其 interested有兴趣 in religion宗教,
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但我对宗教特别有兴趣
13:14
and the origin起源 of religion宗教, and in what it does to us and for us.
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宗教的来源﹐他为我们和对我们做了什么
13:17
Because I think that the greatest最大 wonder奇迹 in the world世界 is not the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷.
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因为我认为最大的奇景不是大峡谷
13:21
The Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷 is really simple简单.
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大峡谷很简单
13:23
It's just a lot of rock, and then a lot of water and wind, and a lot of time,
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很多石头 很多水和风 很多时间
13:26
and you get the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷.
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你就能得到大峡谷
13:28
It's not that complicated复杂.
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一点也不复杂
13:29
This is what's really complicated复杂,
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复杂的是
13:31
that there were people living活的 in places地方 like the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷,
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那些住在大峡谷这样的地方的人
13:33
cooperating合作 with each other, or on the savannahs大草原 of Africa非洲,
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彼此合作﹐或在非洲的撒哈拉沙漠
13:35
or on the frozen冻结的 shores海岸 of Alaska阿拉斯加州, and then some of these villages村庄
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或在阿拉斯加的冰岸﹐和那些村庄
13:38
grew成长 into the mighty威武 cities城市 of Babylon巴比伦, and Rome罗马, and Tenochtitlan特诺奇蒂特兰城.
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逐渐变成伟大城市像巴比伦﹐罗马 湖中之城提诺契特兰
13:42
How did this happen发生?
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这是怎么发生的﹖
13:43
This is an absolute绝对 miracle奇迹, much harder更难 to explain说明 than the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷.
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这完全是奇迹﹐比大峡谷更难解释
13:46
The answer回答, I think, is that they used every一切 tool工具 in the toolbox工具箱.
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答案﹐我想﹐是他们用了所有工具盒里面的工具
13:49
It took all of our moral道德 psychology心理学
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用了所有道德心理学
13:51
to create创建 these cooperative合作社 groups.
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创造了这些合作团队
13:53
Yes, you do need to be concerned关心 about harm危害,
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是﹐你需要想到伤害
13:55
you do need a psychology心理学 of justice正义.
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你需要想到正义
13:56
But it really helps帮助 to organize组织 a group if you can have sub-groups子组,
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但如果你有一些小团队﹐便很容易组织大团队
13:59
and if those sub-groups子组 have some internal内部 structure结构体,
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这些小团队中有一些内部组织
14:02
and if you have some ideology思想 that tells告诉 people
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如果你有一些理想可以告诉人
14:04
to suppress压制 their carnality肉欲, to pursue追求 higher更高, nobler高贵 ends结束.
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压制他们的欲望 去追求更高的 更荣耀的理想
14:08
And now we get to the crux症结 of the disagreement异议
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现在我们来到自由派和保守派
14:10
between之间 liberals自由主义者 and conservatives保守派.
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歧义的交会处
14:12
Because liberals自由主义者 reject拒绝 three of these foundations基金会.
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因为自由派拒绝其中三个基础
14:14
They say "No, let's celebrate庆祝 diversity多样, not common共同 in-group在组 membership."
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他们说”不﹐我们应该要支持多样性 不要搞一些小圈圈。“
14:17
They say, "Let's question authority权威."
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他们说”让我们质疑权威。“
14:19
And they say, "Keep your laws法律 off my body身体."
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他们说”不要给我这些法律。“
14:21
Liberals自由主义者 have very noble高贵 motives动机 for doing this.
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自由派这样做有着崇高的动机
14:24
Traditional传统 authority权威, traditional传统 morality道德 can be quite相当 repressive压制性,
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传统的权威﹐传统的道德 时常压制那些
14:27
and restrictive限制 to those at the bottom底部, to women妇女, to people that don't fit适合 in.
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在底层的人 女人 那些不符合社会标准的人
14:30
So liberals自由主义者 speak说话 for the weak and oppressed压迫.
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所以自由派为了那些受压迫的弱者说话
14:32
They want change更改 and justice正义, even at the risk风险 of chaos混沌.
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他们要改变 要正义 就算可能造成混乱
14:34
This guy's家伙 shirt衬衫 says, "Stop bitching婊子, start开始 a revolution革命."
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这个人的衣服上说”少放屁﹐去革命“
14:37
If you're high in openness透明度 to experience经验, revolution革命 is good,
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如果你很喜欢经历新事 革命是好的
14:39
it's change更改, it's fun开玩笑.
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它是改变 它很有趣
14:41
Conservatives保守党, on the other hand, speak说话 for institutions机构 and traditions传统.
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保守派﹐在另一边 为传统和制度发声
14:44
They want order订购, even at some cost成本 to those at the bottom底部.
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他们要秩序﹐就算有可能要牺牲底层的人
14:48
The great conservative保守 insight眼光 is that order订购 is really hard to achieve实现.
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保守派的心理是 秩序是非常难达成的
14:50
It's really precious珍贵, and it's really easy简单 to lose失去.
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很珍贵 很容易就失去了
14:53
So as Edmund埃德蒙 Burke伯克 said, "The restraints限制 on men男人,
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所以 Edmund Burke 说”人们的束缚
14:55
as well as their liberties自由, are to be reckoned估摸 among其中 their rights权利."
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和他们的自由﹐是在他们的权利上。“
14:58
This was after the chaos混沌 of the French法国 Revolution革命.
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这是在法国大革命的混乱后
15:00
So once一旦 you see this -- once一旦 you see
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只要你看清这一点
15:02
that liberals自由主义者 and conservatives保守派 both have something to contribute有助于,
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自由派和保守派都能有一些贡献
15:05
that they form形成 a balance平衡 on change更改 versus stability稳定性 --
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他们能在改变和稳定中找到平衡 --
15:08
then I think the way is open打开 to step outside the moral道德 matrix矩阵.
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我想重点是试着踏出我们的道德框架
15:11
This is the great insight眼光 that all the Asian亚洲 religions宗教 have attained实现.
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这是所有亚洲宗教都有的特性
15:16
Think about yin and yang.
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想想阴阳
15:18
Yin and yang aren't enemies敌人. Yin and yang don't hate讨厌 each other.
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阴阳不是敌人﹐阴阳不互相仇恨
15:20
Yin and yang are both necessary必要, like night and day,
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阴阳都是必须的﹐像日夜
15:22
for the functioning功能 of the world世界.
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让世界继续转动
15:24
You find the same相同 thing in Hinduism印度教.
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你在印度教中也能看到
15:26
There are many许多 high gods in Hinduism印度教.
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印度教有很多大神
15:28
Two of them are Vishnu毗湿奴, the preserver保护者, and Shiva湿婆, the destroyer驱逐舰.
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其中两位是守护神毗瑟挐﹐和破坏神湿婆
15:31
This image图片 actually其实 is both of those gods sharing分享 the same相同 body身体.
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这个图片是两个神使用同一个身体
15:34
You have the markings标记 of Vishnu毗湿奴 on the left,
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左边有毗瑟挐的特质
15:36
so we could think of Vishnu毗湿奴 as the conservative保守 god.
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你可以想他是保护神
15:39
You have the markings标记 of Shiva湿婆 on the right,
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右边有湿婆的特质
15:41
Shiva's湿婆的 the liberal自由主义的 god. And they work together一起.
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湿婆是个自由派 - 祂们一起合作
15:43
You find the same相同 thing in Buddhism佛教.
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你在佛教里也可以找到一样的例子
15:45
These two stanzas contain包含, I think, the deepest最深 insights见解
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这两个小句有深深的寓意
15:47
that have ever been attained实现 into moral道德 psychology心理学.
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或许是道德心理学从来没达到的境界
15:50
From the Zen master Seng-ts'an僧ts'an:
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来自禅宗的僧璨
15:52
"If you want the truth真相 to stand clear明确 before you, never be for or against反对.
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至道无难,唯嫌拣择。
15:56
The struggle斗争 between之间 for and against反对 is the mind's心灵的 worst最差 disease疾病."
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违顺相争,是为心病。“
16:00
Now unfortunately不幸, it's a disease疾病
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很不幸的﹐这种心病
16:02
that has been caught抓住 by many许多 of the world's世界 leaders领导者.
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许多世界的伟大领袖都有
16:04
But before you feel superior优越 to George乔治 Bush衬套,
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但在你感觉自己比小布什好很多前
16:07
before you throw a stone, ask yourself你自己, do you accept接受 this?
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在你对他扔石头前﹐先自问﹕我接受吗﹖
16:11
Do you accept接受 stepping步进 out of the battle战斗 of good and evil邪恶?
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我能跨出善恶论吗﹖
16:14
Can you be not for or against反对 anything?
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我能不支持和反对任何事情吗
16:18
So, what's the point? What should you do?
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重点是什么 我该怎么做
16:21
Well, if you take the greatest最大 insights见解
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你可以在伟大的古代亚洲宗教和哲学里
16:23
from ancient Asian亚洲 philosophies哲学 and religions宗教,
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找到答案
16:25
and you combine结合 them with the latest最新 research研究 on moral道德 psychology心理学,
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将这些答案加上最新的道德心理学研究
16:27
I think you come to these conclusions结论:
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你会有这三个结论﹕
16:29
that our righteous正义 minds头脑 were designed设计 by evolution演化
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我们的脑子被进化所设计
16:33
to unite团结 us into teams球队, to divide划分 us against反对 other teams球队
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要我们成为一个团队 让我们和其它团队分开
16:36
and then to blind us to the truth真相.
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让我们无视真理
16:39
So what should you do? Am I telling告诉 you to not strive努力?
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你该怎么做﹖难道我要你放弃努力
16:43
Am I telling告诉 you to embrace拥抱 Seng-ts'an僧ts'an and stop,
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我是要你拥抱僧璨
16:46
stop with this struggle斗争 of for and against反对?
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然后停止这些支持和反对的想法吗﹖
16:49
No, absolutely绝对 not. I'm not saying that.
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绝对不是。这不是我要说的
16:51
This is an amazing惊人 group of people who are doing so much,
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有许多了不起的人做了许多事
16:54
using运用 so much of their talent天赋, their brilliance, their energy能源, their money,
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用他们的才能﹐他们的技能 他们的精力和金钱
16:58
to make the world世界 a better place地点, to fight斗争 --
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让世界变得更好﹐去争取
17:00
to fight斗争 wrongs冤屈, to solve解决 problems问题.
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打击错误﹐解决问题
17:04
But as we learned学到了 from Samantha萨曼莎 Power功率, in her story故事
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但就像我们在 Samantha Power 的故事里学到的
17:08
about Sergio塞尔吉奥 Vieira维埃拉 de Mello梅洛, you can't just go charging充电 in,
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像 Sergio Vieira de Mello﹐你不能直接杀进去
17:13
saying, "You're wrong错误, and I'm right."
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然后说”你错了 我对了“
17:15
Because, as we just heard听说, everybody每个人 thinks they are right.
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因为﹐就像我们刚刚听到的 每个人都以为自己是对的
17:19
A lot of the problems问题 we have to solve解决
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有太多我们需要解决的问题
17:21
are problems问题 that require要求 us to change更改 other people.
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是那些需要我们去改变他人的问题
17:24
And if you want to change更改 other people, a much better way to do it
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如果你想要改变他人﹐一个比较好的方法是
17:27
is to first understand理解 who we are -- understand理解 our moral道德 psychology心理学,
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先了解我们是谁 -- 了解我们自己的道德心理
17:31
understand理解 that we all think we're right -- and then step out,
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了解我们都认为自己是对的﹐然后跨出去
17:34
even if it's just for a moment时刻, step out -- check in with Seng-ts'an僧ts'an.
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就算只是一下子﹐跨出去 想想僧璨
17:38
Step out of the moral道德 matrix矩阵,
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跨出你的道德框架
17:40
just try to see it as a struggle斗争 playing播放 out,
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尝试当做这只是每个人认为自己是对的人
17:42
in which哪一个 everybody每个人 does think they're right,
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的一种拔河
17:44
and everybody每个人, at least最小, has some reasons原因 -- even if you disagree不同意 with them --
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每个人﹐就算你不认同他们 都有自己的理由
17:46
everybody每个人 has some reasons原因 for what they're doing.
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每个人做事都有自己的理由
17:48
Step out.
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跨出去
17:49
And if you do that, that's the essential必要 move移动 to cultivate培育 moral道德 humility谦逊,
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如果你这样做﹐你便可以培养道德谦逊
17:53
to get yourself你自己 out of this self-righteousness自以为是,
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让你自己离开这个自以为义
17:54
which哪一个 is the normal正常 human人的 condition条件.
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一种正常人类的心理
17:56
Think about the Dalai达赖 Lama喇嘛.
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想想达赖喇嘛
17:58
Think about the enormous巨大 moral道德 authority权威 of the Dalai达赖 Lama喇嘛 --
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想想达赖喇嘛巨大的道德权威
18:01
and it comes from his moral道德 humility谦逊.
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这是来自他的道德谦逊
18:05
So I think the point -- the point of my talk,
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我想我谈话的重点是
18:07
and I think the point of TEDTED --
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TED的重点是
18:10
is that this is a group that is passionately热情 engaged订婚
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这是一个热情的想要
18:13
in the pursuit追求 of changing改变 the world世界 for the better.
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让世界变得更好的团体
18:15
People here are passionately热情 engaged订婚
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人们热情的希望
18:18
in trying to make the world世界 a better place地点.
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让世界变得更好
18:20
But there is also a passionate多情 commitment承诺 to the truth真相.
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同时也有一种接近真理的希望
18:23
And so I think that the answer回答 is to use that passionate多情 commitment承诺
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我想答案是保持你的热情﹐寻找真理
18:27
to the truth真相 to try to turn it into a better future未来 for us all.
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然后把它变成更好的未来
18:31
Thank you.
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谢谢你。
18:32
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Coco Shen
Reviewed by Zachary Lin Zhao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.

Why you should listen

By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.

Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.

Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.

Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com