ABOUT THE SPEAKER
LaToya Ruby Frazier - Photographer
LaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism.

Why you should listen

TED Fellow LaToya Ruby Frazier uses photography, video and performance to address issues of industrialism, rustbelt revitalization, environmental justice, healthcare inequality, family and communal history. Some of her work, which features images of her mother and grandmother (Grandma Ruby) was published in her first book, The Notion of Family, which received the International Center for Photography Infinity Award.

She has exhibited her work widely in the United States and elsewhere, with solo exhibitions at the Brooklyn Museum, Seattle Art Museum, the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston and the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. She is an assistant professor of photography at the School of Art Institute of Chicago, having previously taught at Yale, Rutgers and Syracuse University.

LaToya received her BFA in applied media arts from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and her MFA in art photography from Syracuse University. She was the Guna S. Mundheim Fellow for visual arts at the American Academy in Berlin in 2013 and won a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 2014. She is also a 2015 MacArthur Fellow.

More profile about the speaker
LaToya Ruby Frazier | Speaker | TED.com
We the Future

LaToya Ruby Frazier: A creative solution for the water crisis in Flint, Michigan

拉托娅·鲁比·弗雷泽: 密歇根弗林特水资源危机的创造性解决方案

Filmed:
1,308,043 views

艺术家拉托娅·鲁比·弗雷泽(LaToya Ruby Frazier )在密歇根的弗林特市居住了五个月,为她的专题摄影《弗林特是家》记录受到城市水资源危机影响的居民生活。当危机一直持续,她意识到仅靠一系列的照片是无法给当地人们带去慰藉的。在这场鼓舞人心、令人惊喜的演讲中,她分享她用了怎样的创意,为弗林特人民带去了免费、洁净水资源。
- Photographer
LaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

在 2016 年,
00:13
So, in 2016,
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我受托制作一本专题摄影报道,
00:17
I was commissioned委托
to produce生产 a photo照片 essay文章
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内容关于密歇根州
弗林特市从 2014 年
00:19
about the water crisis危机 in Flint燧石, Michigan密歇根州.
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开始的水资源危机。
00:23
And that's been going on since以来 2014.
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我接受了委托,
00:27
And I accepted公认 the commission佣金
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00:29
with the idea理念 that I would photograph照片
three generations of women妇女
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想着我可以拍摄三个世代的女性
00:33
dealing交易 with the crisis危机 on a daily日常 basis基础.
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如何应对日常水资源危机。
我很有幸认识两位最棒的朋友:
00:38
I was fortunate幸运 to meet遇到 two best最好 friends朋友,
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艺术家、活动家和诗人
安珀·哈桑 和 谢伊·科布。
00:41
artists艺术家, activists活动家 and poets诗人
Amber琥珀色 Hasan哈桑 and Shea乳木果 Cobb科布,
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他们带我逛了弗林特。
00:46
who took me around Flint燧石.
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谢伊·科布是一名校车司机,
00:49
As a school学校 bus总线 driver司机,
Shea乳木果 Cobb科布 became成为 the central中央 figure数字
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和她的母亲蕾妮女士
00:53
of the photo照片 essay文章,
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以及她 8 岁的女儿,锡安,
00:54
along沿 with her mother母亲, Ms女士. Renée,
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成为了专题摄影的中心人物。
00:56
and her eight-year-old八岁 daughter女儿, Zion锡安.
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我十分着迷地跟着谢伊的校车。
00:59
I obsessively痴迷 followed其次
Shea's谢亚 school学校 bus总线 routes路线.
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当谢伊不在开车的时候,
01:03
And when Shea乳木果 wasn't driving主动 the bus总线,
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她会照看锡安,确保她有在学习。
01:06
she would be watching观看 over Zion锡安,
making制造 sure she was studying研究.
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我全身心融入并感受
谢伊生活的方方面面。
01:11
I embedded嵌入式 myself in every一切
intimate亲密 facet of Shea's谢亚 life.
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01:16
When Shea乳木果 took me to Zion's锡安的 school学校,
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当谢伊带着我去锡安的学校时,
我看到饮水处挂着许多标志,
01:19
and I saw the water fountains喷泉
covered覆盖 with signs迹象 that said,
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上面写着:“受污染,不可饮用”。
01:22
"Contaminated污染. Do not drink,"
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我无法拿起相机记录这个场景。
01:25
I couldn't不能 pick up
my camera相机 to photograph照片 it.
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我感到非常震惊,
竟然会在美国看到这种事,
01:29
It rocked震撼 me to the core核心
to see that in America美国,
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那些饮水处的标示从
“仅限白人”或“仅限黑人”,
01:33
we can go from fountains喷泉
that say "Whites白人" or "Blacks黑人 only,"
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到现在所见的那个标志,
01:37
to today今天 seeing眼看 fountains喷泉 that say,
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“受污染,不可饮用”。
01:39
"Contaminated污染 water. Do not drink."
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而这竟然是可以接受的?
01:42
And somehow不知何故, that's acceptable接受?
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当弗林特的居民正使用着
被致命军团菌感染的水
01:47
The residents居民 in Flint燧石
have been forced被迫 to drink with,
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支付着国家高昂的水费的同时,
01:50
cook厨师 with and bathe洗澡 with bottled瓶装 water,
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他们却不得不被迫饮用瓶装水,
01:54
while paying付款 the highest最高
water bills票据 in the country国家
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和用瓶装水来烧饭、洗澡。
01:57
for water that is infected感染
with deadly致命 legionella军团菌 bacteria.
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我去弗林特没觉得不适应,
02:03
It was natural自然 for me to go to Flint燧石,
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02:05
because industrial产业 pollution污染,
bacteria-contaminated细菌污染 water
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因为工业污染、被细菌污染的水,
对我来说再熟悉不过了,
因为我成长的家乡也是如此——
02:09
were all too familiar for me growing生长 up
in my hometown家乡, Braddock布拉多克, Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚,
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02:15
where my mother母亲 and I battled作战 cancer癌症
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宾夕法尼亚布拉多克,
在那里,我和我母亲一起
对抗癌症和自身免疫性疾病,
例如狼疮。
02:19
and autoimmune自身免疫性 disorders障碍 like lupus狼疮.
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我们 14 年的合作成果《家庭观》,
02:23
Our 14-year-年 collaboration合作,
"The Notion概念 of Family家庭,"
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02:27
was created创建 out of our struggle斗争
to survive生存 environmental环境的 racism种族主义,
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是建立在我们的挣扎之上,
我们努力求生存,对抗环境种族主义、
医疗保健不平等,
02:32
healthcare卫生保健 inequity不公平
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以及那些对美国钢铁公司
02:34
and chemical化学 emissions排放
that were being存在 deregulated放松 管制
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化学物质排放管制的松懈。
02:38
and released发布 from the United联合的 States状态
Steel Corporation公司,
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让布拉多克小镇有着整个国家
02:42
making制造 Braddock布拉多克 the town with the highest最高
asthma哮喘 and infant婴儿 mortality死亡 rates利率
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最高的哮喘和婴儿死亡率。
02:49
in the country国家.
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02:51
From the Monongahela莫农加希拉 River
to the Flint燧石 River,
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从莫农加希拉河到弗林特河,
用杜波依斯(W.E.B. Du Bois)的话来说,
02:54
in the words of W.E.B. Du Bois布瓦,
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“这个小镇,整个峡谷,
已经背弃了这条河流,
02:58
"The town, the whole整个 valley,
has turned转身 its back upon the river.
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把它当作了下水道,排水沟,
03:04
It has used it as a sewer下水道, as a drain排水,
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成为了一个丢垃圾的地方。”
03:06
as a place地点 for throwing投掷 their waste浪费."
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数十年来,通用汽车都因为
在弗林特河倾倒化学药品
03:11
General一般 Motors汽车 has been cited引用
for dumping倾销 chemicals化学制品 in the Flint燧石 River
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而被传讯。
03:15
for decades几十年.
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当我的专题摄影《弗林特是家》
在 2016 年 8 月发行时,
03:18
When my photo照片 essay文章 "Flint燧石 is Family家庭"
came来了 out in August八月 of 2016,
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它的目的是为了提醒美国
03:23
it was released发布 to remind提醒 America美国
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尽管弗林特不再是新闻头条,
03:25
that although虽然 Flint燧石
was no longer headline标题 news新闻,
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水资源危机却还是没有结束。
03:28
the water crisis危机 was far from over.
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当然,我知道,
03:32
And, of course课程, I knew知道
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光是在我这里推出一个摄影合集,
03:33
it was going to take more
than a series系列 of photographs照片 on my part部分
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还不足以给这座汽车城
的人们带来慰藉。
03:37
to bring带来 relief浮雕 to the people
in Vehicle车辆 City.
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谢伊和我是因为我们的
母亲和祖母而产生的连结,
03:43
Shea乳木果 and I bonded保税
over our mothers母亲 and grandmothers祖母.
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03:46
Amber琥珀色 and I bonded保税
over our battles战斗 with lupus狼疮.
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而安珀和我是因
共同对抗狼疮建立了友谊。
我们一起决定留在彼此的生活中,
03:49
Together一起, we decided决定 to remain
in each other's其他 life
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并继续我们具有创造性的努力。
03:53
and continue继续 our creative创作的 efforts努力.
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在 2017 年,谢伊和安珀共同创办了
艺术家集团“姐妹之旅(The Sister Tour)”,
03:57
In 2017, Shea乳木果 and Amber琥珀色 cofounded共同创立
artist艺术家 collective集体 The Sister妹妹 Tour游览,
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旨在为弗林特艺术家们
提供安全的空间。
04:03
whose谁的 mission任务 is to provide提供
a safe安全 space空间 for Flint燧石 artists艺术家.
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一年后,
04:08
One year later后来,
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我在纽约西 127 街上的
04:09
I mounted安装 my solo独奏 exhibition展览,
"Flint燧石 is Family家庭,"
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加文布朗画廊中,
04:13
here in New York纽约 City
at Gavin加文 Brown's布朗 Enterprise企业
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筹备了个人展《弗林特是家》。
04:16
on West西 127th Street.
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当观众走近建筑立面时,
04:20
As the audience听众 approaches方法
the facade正面 of the building建造,
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他们会看到
一个 30 英尺的广告牌,
04:23
they see a 30-foot-脚丫子 billboard广告牌.
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由三个大型彩色底片组成的,
04:25
The 30-foot-脚丫子 billboard广告牌 is made制作
of three large color颜色 negatives底片
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广告牌上有着由“姐妹之旅”
04:29
with the message信息 "Water Is Life,"
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04:31
spelled拼写 out in Nestle贴近 water bottles瓶子
by The Sister妹妹 Tour游览.
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用雀巢水瓶拼写出的
“水是生命”的信息。
雀巢,世界上最大的瓶装水公司,
04:36
Nestle贴近, the largest最大 water-bottling水瓶
company公司 in the world世界,
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从密歇根湖的蓄水层
每分钟抽取 400 加仑的水,
04:40
pumps 400 gallons加仑 of water per minute分钟
out of aquifers含水层 in Lake Michigan密歇根州,
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几乎不用花钱。
04:45
nearly几乎 free自由 of charge收费.
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雀巢也从原住民保留区内
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The company公司 also extracts提取物
millions百万 of liters of water
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抽取上百万升的水,
04:51
from First Nation国家 reservations预订,
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尽管他们已经无法
获取干净的水资源。
04:54
while they have no access访问
to clean清洁 water at all.
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这是我曾经用来
筹集资金的活动图片,
04:59
This is a fundraiser募捐 print打印
that I used to raise提高 money
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05:02
to send发送 The Sister妹妹 Tour游览
to different不同 venues场馆
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资金用于把
“姐妹之旅”送往各地
05:05
to educate教育 people on the ongoing不断的 crisis危机.
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来教育人们关注
这个不断发酵的危机。
我也通过在国家各个机构前
05:09
I also continued继续 to keep it
in the public上市 eye
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挂起倒计时旗帜,
05:12
by producing生产 countdown倒数 flags
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将这事持续曝光在公众眼中。
05:14
that were raised上调 on institutions机构
across横过 the country国家.
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在刚过去的 6 月,
安珀写邮件告诉我一个新闻,
05:18
This past过去 June六月,
Amber琥珀色 emailed电子邮件 me with the news新闻
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消息称,密歇根总检察长
在弗林特水危机的调查中
05:21
that Michigan's密歇根州的 attorney律师 general一般
dropped下降 all criminal刑事 charges收费
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05:25
in the Flint燧石 Water Crisis危机 investigation调查,
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放弃了所有刑事指控。
在这调查中有 8 名州和市的
政府雇员本应面临着
05:28
where eight state and city employees雇员
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05:30
were facing面对 charges收费
as serious严重 as manslaughter误杀.
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严重到过失杀人罪同等的指控。
我无法再袖手旁观,
05:35
I could no longer idly空闲地 stand by
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等待政府去尽责了。
05:38
and wait for the government政府 to do its job工作.
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公正已经被拖延,
05:42
Justice正义 has been delayed延迟,
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而且,公正已经被否认。
05:45
and justice正义 has been denied否认.
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已经 5 年了,
05:48
It's been five years年份,
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然而我们依旧在等待弗林特的
男人、女人和孩子们获得公正。
05:49
and we're still waiting等候 on justice正义
for the men男人, women妇女 and children孩子 in Flint燧石.
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我曾问安珀,“我能做什么?”
05:56
I asked Amber琥珀色, "What can I do?"
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她告诉我,她在波多黎各
遇到一个名叫摩西·夭斯特的男人,
05:58
She told me about a man named命名 Moses摩西 West西
that she met会见 in Puerto波多黎各 Rico波多黎各,
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在大气水生成器的项目上
投资了 2.6 万英镑。
06:04
who invented发明 a 26,000-pound-磅
atmospheric大气的 water generator发电机.
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她带着摩西找到了
弗林特当地的公职人员。
06:12
Amber琥珀色 took Moses摩西 to elected当选 officials官员
in the city of Flint燧石.
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他们没有一个人对引进这样的机器
从而解决危机感兴趣。
06:17
None没有 of them seemed似乎 interested有兴趣 in bringing使
the machine for relief浮雕 to Flint燧石 at all.
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安珀需要从德州的
军事基地弄来这台机器,
06:24
Amber琥珀色 needed需要 to get the machine
from a military军事 base基础 in Texas德州
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一路带到弗林特。
06:28
all the way to Flint燧石.
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在弗林特,没人有足够的
经济能力为此支付。
06:31
Nobody没有人 in Flint燧石 had
that kind of money lying说谎 around.
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于是在那时,我决定
06:35
And it was at that point that I decided决定
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把我从个人展《弗林特是家》
得到的收益,
06:39
to take the proceeds收益 from my
solo独奏 exhibition展览 "Flint燧石 is Family家庭,"
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和来自罗伯特·劳森伯格基金会
慷慨提供的比赛奖金一起
06:43
along沿 with the generous慷慨 match比赛 grant发放
from the Robert罗伯特 Rauschenberg罗森伯格 Foundation基础,
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交给了摩西·夭斯特。
06:48
and sent发送 it to Moses摩西 West西.
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在刚过去的 7 月,
06:52
This past过去 July七月,
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摩西·夭斯特和他的大气水发生器
到达了密歇根弗林特市,
06:54
Moses摩西 West西 and his atmospheric大气的 water
generator发电机 arrived到达 to Flint燧石, Michigan密歇根州,
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被安置在马伦戈和普拉斯基
之间的北萨吉诺,
06:59
on North Saginaw萨吉诺
between之间 Marengo马伦戈 and Pulaski普拉斯基,
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这台机器现在依旧在那运作着。
07:03
and is actually其实 still there
right now, operating操作.
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这个距离市区 3 公里的社区
07:08
This community社区 that sits坐镇
three miles英里 from downtown市中心
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已经关闭了学校、
07:12
has been stripped剥离 of its schools学校,
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没有健康的杂货店,
07:15
access访问 to healthy健康 grocery杂货 stores商店
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也没有干净的水。
07:17
and clean清洁 water.
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在社会上,它被视为
暴力且贫穷的社区。
07:19
Socially社交上, it's viewed观看
as a violent暴力, poor较差的 community社区.
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但是我看见的景象却完全不同。
07:22
But I see something completely全然 different不同.
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摩西是一位军官、
突击队员,和退伍军人,
07:27
Moses摩西, an officer, Ranger游侠, veteran老将,
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对自己拯救水资源的使命非常清晰:
07:32
was very clear明确 about his
water rescue拯救 mission任务:
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给弗林特的人民
带来免费、干净的水。
07:37
Bring带来 relief浮雕 of free自由, clean清洁 water
to the people in Flint燧石.
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教会他们如何使用机器,
07:42
Teach them how to use the machine,
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教会他们如何维护机器,
07:44
teach them how to take care关心 of it,
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还有最重要的是,
主动为机器承担所有者的责任。
07:46
and most importantly重要的,
take ownership所有权 of the machine.
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告诉市里每一个人
带上他们的容器
07:50
Tell everybody每个人 across横过 the city
to bring带来 all their containers集装箱
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来这里灌水,
尽可能装满他们的容器,
07:54
and come and take as much water
as they can stock股票 up on,
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特别是在冬天来临之前。
07:58
especially特别 before the winter冬季 season季节 hits点击;
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这台机器不会在
冰冻的气温下抽取水分。
08:01
the machine doesn't extract提取 moisture湿气
in freezing冷冻 temperatures温度.
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它的技术核心是将空气
压入大容量空气过滤器,
08:05
This technology技术 pulls air空气
through通过 a high-volume高音量 air空气 filter过滤.
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水气自动冷凝,
08:11
It mechanically机械 creates创建 condensation缩合,
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每天产生 2 千加仑的水。
08:14
which哪一个 produces产生 2,000 gallons加仑
of water per day.
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居民可以在每天
早上 9 点到晚上 8 点
08:20
Residents居民 are free自由
to walk步行 up to the machine
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08:22
anywhere随地 between之间 9am and 8pm下午 daily日常
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前来使用机器,
08:27
and take as much as they want,
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并且随意取水,
08:29
alleviating缓解 them from standing常设
in long lines线 for bottled瓶装 water.
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而免于为领取瓶装水大排长龙。
我去到机器那里,
采访人们,问他们,
08:34
I've been at the machine,
interviewing面试 people, asking them,
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“摩西和他的机器的到来,
对你意味着什么?”
08:37
"What does it mean to see Moses摩西
and his machine in [your] community社区?"
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以及“没有干净水源的
生活是怎么样的?”
08:41
And, "What has it been like
living活的 without access访问 to clean清洁 water?"
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艾丽塔告诉我,
08:46
Alita阿利塔 told me,
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“这简直是一个奇迹,
上帝把摩西的知识和技术带给我们,
08:47
"It's a miracle奇迹 that God gave Moses摩西
the knowledge知识 and technology技术
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08:53
to provide提供 us with pure drinking water."
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给我们带来了可以喝的纯净水。”
她也告诉我,
在那台机器出现之前
08:57
She also told me that
prior to the machine coming未来,
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她有很严重的头疼,
09:00
she had severe严重 headaches头痛,
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那些污染的水,
使她的病痛从头扩散到了胃,
09:02
and the water made制作 her
so sick生病 to her stomach,
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她无法进食。
09:05
she couldn't不能 eat.
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蒂娜告诉我,铅污染的水
09:08
Tina蒂娜 told me that
the lead-contaminated铅污染 water
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让她脱发。
09:11
made制作 her hair头发 fall秋季 out.
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她很虚弱,经常感到头晕目眩。
09:13
Usually平时, she's weak and very light-headed.
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但是自从开始用那台机器后,
她的体质和气色都有了明显好转。
09:17
Since以来 using运用 the machine,
she's had energy能源 and strength强度.
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大卫实在太高兴德州
会有人在意这件事。
09:24
David大卫, he was overwhelmed不堪重负 with joy喜悦
that someone有人 from Texas德州 cared照顾.
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当他尝到机器供给的水时,他想:
09:30
When he tasted the water,
he thought to himself他自己,
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“这是神创造的水该有的样子。”
09:32
"Now, this is the way
God intended water to be."
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他带着 3 个曾经用于他烧烤小摊的
09:37
He brings带来 three seven-gallon七加仑
containers集装箱 to refill充值
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7 加仑容器来灌水。
09:41
to use at his barbecue烧烤 stand.
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通过创意和团结,
09:45
Through通过 creativity创造力 and solidarity团结,
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安珀·哈桑,谢伊·科布,
09:48
Amber琥珀色 Hasan哈桑, Shea乳木果 Cobb科布,
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图克洛·塞内加,姐妹之旅,
09:51
Tuklor图克洛尔 Senegal塞内加尔, The Sister妹妹 Tour游览,
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我,弗林特的人们,
09:54
myself, the people of Flint燧石,
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德克斯特·莫,摩西·夭斯特
和他的空气制水机
09:57
Dexter德 克 斯 特 Moon月亮, Moses摩西 West西
and his atmospheric大气的 water generator发电机
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已为人们带来了 12 万加仑
10:03
have been able能够 to provide提供 120,000 gallons加仑
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免费、干净的水。
10:08
of free自由, clean清洁 water.
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10:10
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
弗林特的人们值得拥有干净的水。
10:17
The people in Flint燧石 deserve值得
access访问 to clean清洁 water.
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10:20
Water is life.
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水是生命。
是一种精神,
10:22
It is the spirit精神 that binds结合 us
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从疾病、死亡和毁灭中
连系你我的精神。
10:25
from sickness疾病, death死亡 and destruction毁坏.
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想象一下我们能拯救多少人的生命?
10:29
Imagine想像 how many许多 millions百万
of lives生活 we could save保存
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如果摩西的机器能够
在纽瓦克、新泽西州、
10:33
if Moses's摩西的 machine were in places地方 like
Newark纽瓦克, New Jersey新泽西,
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南非,
10:37
South Africa非洲
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和印度出现,
10:39
and India印度,
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而且是出于怜悯,而非利润驱动。
10:40
with compassion同情 instead代替 of profit利润 motives动机.
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10:45
I loaded my camera相机,
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我装载好相机,
我锁定聚焦点,
10:47
I locked锁定 my focus焦点,
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把手指放在释放快门的地方,
10:49
and I placed放置 my finger手指
over the shutter快门 release发布,
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当谢伊和锡安第一次
去尝试喝那干净的水的刹那,
10:51
as Shea乳木果 and Zion锡安 went to take
their first sip of clean清洁 water.
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我按下了快门。
10:57
When the shutter快门 released发布,
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我被深刻的喜悦和正义感所征服。
10:58
I was overcome克服 with a deep sense
of joy喜悦 and righteousness.
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当我把一些照片寄给谢伊后,
11:04
When I sent发送 Shea乳木果 some of the photographs照片,
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她写道,
11:07
she wrote,
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“再次谢谢你,感谢你
为我的城市带来光明。”
11:08
"Thank you again for the light
that you bring带来 to my city."
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我马上回复道,
11:13
I immediately立即 replied回答,
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“光明已经属于你们。”
11:15
"The light was already已经 there within you."
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距离我在弗林特拍摄已经 4 年了,
11:21
It's been four years年份
since以来 I've been photographing拍摄 in Flint燧石,
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终于我让正义得以伸张。
11:25
and finally最后, I've been able能够
to render给予 a poetic诗意 justice正义.
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不论我们身处的境地有多黑暗,
11:32
No matter how dark黑暗 a situation情况 may可能 be,
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相机都可以收集光明,
并带给我们积极的景象。
11:36
a camera相机 can extract提取 the light
and turn a negative into a positive.
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谢谢。
11:42
Thank you.
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(掌声)
11:43
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by Jiasi Hao
Reviewed by Yanyan Hong

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
LaToya Ruby Frazier - Photographer
LaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism.

Why you should listen

TED Fellow LaToya Ruby Frazier uses photography, video and performance to address issues of industrialism, rustbelt revitalization, environmental justice, healthcare inequality, family and communal history. Some of her work, which features images of her mother and grandmother (Grandma Ruby) was published in her first book, The Notion of Family, which received the International Center for Photography Infinity Award.

She has exhibited her work widely in the United States and elsewhere, with solo exhibitions at the Brooklyn Museum, Seattle Art Museum, the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston and the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. She is an assistant professor of photography at the School of Art Institute of Chicago, having previously taught at Yale, Rutgers and Syracuse University.

LaToya received her BFA in applied media arts from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and her MFA in art photography from Syracuse University. She was the Guna S. Mundheim Fellow for visual arts at the American Academy in Berlin in 2013 and won a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 2014. She is also a 2015 MacArthur Fellow.

More profile about the speaker
LaToya Ruby Frazier | Speaker | TED.com