We the Future
LaToya Ruby Frazier: A creative solution for the water crisis in Flint, Michigan
拉托雅 · 魯比 · 弗拉澤爾: 用有創意的解決方案來處理密西根州弗林特市的水資源危機
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藝術家拉托雅 · 魯比 · 弗拉澤爾花了五個月的時間住在密西根州的弗林特，為她的相片特緝《弗林特是家人》記錄被水資源危機影響的生活。隨著這個危機一直拖下去，她了解到，光是一系列的照片還不足以救濟這些人。在這場鼓舞人心、讓人意外的演說中，她分享她用了什麼樣的創意，把免費乾淨的水帶給弗林特人。
LaToya Ruby Frazier - Photographer
LaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism. Full bio
LaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So, in 2016,
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2016 年，
00:17
I was commissioned
to produce a photo essay
to produce a photo essay
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我受委託要製作一本相片特輯，
00:19
about the water crisis in Flint, Michigan.
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內容是密西根州
弗林特的水資源危機。
弗林特的水資源危機。
00:23
And that's been going on since 2014.
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危機從 2014 年就開始了。
00:27
And I accepted the commission
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我接下了這個委託，
00:29
with the idea that I would photograph
three generations of women
three generations of women
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因為我認為我可以拍攝
三個世代的女性
三個世代的女性
00:33
dealing with the crisis on a daily basis.
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每天都在處理這項危機。
00:38
I was fortunate to meet two best friends,
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我很幸運能夠遇到兩位最棒的朋友、
00:41
artists, activists and poets
Amber Hasan and Shea Cobb,
Amber Hasan and Shea Cobb,
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藝術家、活動家，及詩人，
安柏哈山及希亞柯柏，
安柏哈山及希亞柯柏，
00:46
who took me around Flint.
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她們帶我到佛林特各處去看。
希亞柯柏是校車的司機，
00:49
As a school bus driver,
Shea Cobb became the central figure
Shea Cobb became the central figure
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她成了這本相片特緝的中心人物，
00:53
of the photo essay,
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00:54
along with her mother, Ms. Renée,
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另外還有她的母親，瑞妮女士，
及她的八歲女兒，吉昂。
及她的八歲女兒，吉昂。
00:56
and her eight-year-old daughter, Zion.
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00:59
I obsessively followed
Shea's school bus routes.
Shea's school bus routes.
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我著魔似地跟著希亞的校車路線。
01:03
And when Shea wasn't driving the bus,
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當希亞沒有在開車時，
01:06
she would be watching over Zion,
making sure she was studying.
making sure she was studying.
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她會去照顧吉昂，
確保她有在讀書。
確保她有在讀書。
01:11
I embedded myself in every
intimate facet of Shea's life.
intimate facet of Shea's life.
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我進入了希亞生活中的
每個親密面向。
每個親密面向。
01:16
When Shea took me to Zion's school,
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當希亞帶我去吉昂的學校，
01:19
and I saw the water fountains
covered with signs that said,
covered with signs that said,
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我看到飲水器上滿是標牌，寫著：
01:22
"Contaminated. Do not drink,"
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「受污染。不可飲用。」
01:25
I couldn't pick up
my camera to photograph it.
my camera to photograph it.
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我無法拿起相機把它拍下來。
01:29
It rocked me to the core
to see that in America,
to see that in America,
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我感到非常震撼，
竟然會在美國看到這種事，
竟然會在美國看到這種事，
01:33
we can go from fountains
that say "Whites" or "Blacks only,"
that say "Whites" or "Blacks only,"
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我們過去的飲水器可能會標示
「僅限白人」或「僅限黑人」，
「僅限白人」或「僅限黑人」，
01:37
to today seeing fountains that say,
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現在竟然會看到飲水器標示著
01:39
"Contaminated water. Do not drink."
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「受污染。不可飲用。」
01:42
And somehow, that's acceptable?
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而這竟然是可以接受的？
01:47
The residents in Flint
have been forced to drink with,
have been forced to drink with,
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佛林特的居民被迫要拿瓶裝水
01:50
cook with and bathe with bottled water,
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來飲用、煮菜，和洗澡，
01:54
while paying the highest
water bills in the country
water bills in the country
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還要支付全國最貴的水費帳單，
01:57
for water that is infected
with deadly legionella bacteria.
with deadly legionella bacteria.
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得到的水卻受到
致命的軍團菌感染。
致命的軍團菌感染。
02:03
It was natural for me to go to Flint,
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我去佛林特是很自然的事，
02:05
because industrial pollution,
bacteria-contaminated water
bacteria-contaminated water
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因為工業污染、被細菌污染的水，
02:09
were all too familiar for me growing up
in my hometown, Braddock, Pennsylvania,
in my hometown, Braddock, Pennsylvania,
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對我這個在賓州布拉多克
長大的人來說實在太熟悉了，
長大的人來說實在太熟悉了，
02:15
where my mother and I battled cancer
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在布拉多克，我母親
和我曾經要對抗癌症
和我曾經要對抗癌症
02:19
and autoimmune disorders like lupus.
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以及自動免疫系統疾病，如狼瘡。
02:23
Our 14-year collaboration,
"The Notion of Family,"
"The Notion of Family,"
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我們十四年的合作成果，
《家庭的觀念》，
《家庭的觀念》，
立基在我們的掙扎上，
02:27
was created out of our struggle
to survive environmental racism,
to survive environmental racism,
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我們努力求生存，
對抗環境種族主義、
對抗環境種族主義、
02:32
healthcare inequity
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健康照護不平等，
02:34
and chemical emissions
that were being deregulated
that were being deregulated
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以及因為管制解除，
美國鋼鐵公司開始排放化學物質，
02:38
and released from the United States
Steel Corporation,
Steel Corporation,
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02:42
making Braddock the town with the highest
asthma and infant mortality rates
asthma and infant mortality rates
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讓布拉多克成為全國氣喘
和嬰兒死亡率最高的小鎮。
02:49
in the country.
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02:51
From the Monongahela River
to the Flint River,
to the Flint River,
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從莫農加希拉河到弗林特河，
02:54
in the words of W.E.B. Du Bois,
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借用 W.E.B. 杜波依斯的說法：
02:58
"The town, the whole valley,
has turned its back upon the river.
has turned its back upon the river.
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「小鎮，整個山谷，都背棄了這條河。
03:04
It has used it as a sewer, as a drain,
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小鎮把河當作下水道、排水溝、
03:06
as a place for throwing their waste."
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丟棄廢棄物的地方。」
03:11
General Motors has been cited
for dumping chemicals in the Flint River
for dumping chemicals in the Flint River
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數十年來，通用汽車都因為
將化學物質棄置在
弗林特河裡而被傳訊。
弗林特河裡而被傳訊。
03:15
for decades.
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03:18
When my photo essay "Flint is Family"
came out in August of 2016,
came out in August of 2016,
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當我的相片特輯《弗林特是家人》
在 2016 年八月推出時，
在 2016 年八月推出時，
03:23
it was released to remind America
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目的是要提醒美國，
03:25
that although Flint
was no longer headline news,
was no longer headline news,
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雖然弗林特已經不再是頭條新聞，
03:28
the water crisis was far from over.
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水資源危機卻還沒結束，還差得遠。
03:32
And, of course, I knew
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當然，我知道
03:33
it was going to take more
than a series of photographs on my part
than a series of photographs on my part
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光由我這裡推出一系列照片
03:37
to bring relief to the people
in Vehicle City.
in Vehicle City.
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不足以為這個汽車城的人減輕問題。
03:43
Shea and I bonded
over our mothers and grandmothers.
over our mothers and grandmothers.
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希亞和我是因為我們的
母親及祖母而產生連結，
母親及祖母而產生連結，
03:46
Amber and I bonded
over our battles with lupus.
over our battles with lupus.
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安柏和我是因為
對抗狼瘡而產生連結。
對抗狼瘡而產生連結。
03:49
Together, we decided to remain
in each other's life
in each other's life
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我們一起決定要繼續
留在彼此的生命中，
留在彼此的生命中，
03:53
and continue our creative efforts.
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繼續做出有創意的貢獻。
2017 年，希亞和安柏
03:57
In 2017, Shea and Amber cofounded
artist collective The Sister Tour,
artist collective The Sister Tour,
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共同創辦了藝術家集團「姐妹之旅」，
04:03
whose mission is to provide
a safe space for Flint artists.
a safe space for Flint artists.
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旨在提供安全的空間
給弗林特的藝術家。
給弗林特的藝術家。
04:08
One year later,
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一年後，
04:09
I mounted my solo exhibition,
"Flint is Family,"
"Flint is Family,"
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我舉辦了我的個人展
《弗林特是家人》，
《弗林特是家人》，
04:13
here in New York City
at Gavin Brown's Enterprise
at Gavin Brown's Enterprise
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地點在紐約市西 127 街上的畫廊
「 Gavin Brown's Enterprise」。
04:16
on West 127th Street.
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04:20
As the audience approaches
the facade of the building,
the facade of the building,
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當觀眾接近建築物的正面，
04:23
they see a 30-foot billboard.
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他們會看到一個
三十英呎的廣告牌。
三十英呎的廣告牌。
04:25
The 30-foot billboard is made
of three large color negatives
of three large color negatives
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這個三十英呎的廣告牌是由
三張大型彩色底片做成的，
三張大型彩色底片做成的，
04:29
with the message "Water Is Life,"
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上面訊息是「水就是生命」，
04:31
spelled out in Nestle water bottles
by The Sister Tour.
by The Sister Tour.
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姐妹之旅用雀巢的水瓶
把這些字拼出來。
把這些字拼出來。
04:36
Nestle, the largest water-bottling
company in the world,
company in the world,
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雀巢是世界上最大的
瓶裝水製造公司，
瓶裝水製造公司，
04:40
pumps 400 gallons of water per minute
out of aquifers in Lake Michigan,
out of aquifers in Lake Michigan,
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每分鐘能從密西根湖的地下
蓄水層將四百加侖的水抽出，
蓄水層將四百加侖的水抽出，
04:45
nearly free of charge.
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幾乎完全不用花錢。
04:48
The company also extracts
millions of liters of water
millions of liters of water
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該公司也會從原住民保留區內
04:51
from First Nation reservations,
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抽取數百萬公升的水，
04:54
while they have no access
to clean water at all.
to clean water at all.
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而這些原住民根本
無法取得乾淨用水。
無法取得乾淨用水。
04:59
This is a fundraiser print
that I used to raise money
that I used to raise money
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這是個資金籌集的記號，
我用它來募資，
我用它來募資，
05:02
to send The Sister Tour
to different venues
to different venues
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讓姐妹之旅能夠前往不同的地點
05:05
to educate people on the ongoing crisis.
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針對當前危機進行教育。
05:09
I also continued to keep it
in the public eye
in the public eye
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我也讓它持續公開曝光，
05:12
by producing countdown flags
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製作倒數旗子，
05:14
that were raised on institutions
across the country.
across the country.
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立在全國各地的機構上。
05:18
This past June,
Amber emailed me with the news
Amber emailed me with the news
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去年六月，安柏寫信
告訴我一個消息，
告訴我一個消息，
05:21
that Michigan's attorney general
dropped all criminal charges
dropped all criminal charges
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密西根的首席檢察官
放棄弗林特水資源危機
調查案的所有控告，
調查案的所有控告，
05:25
in the Flint Water Crisis investigation,
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05:28
where eight state and city employees
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本來有八個州和市的員工
05:30
were facing charges
as serious as manslaughter.
as serious as manslaughter.
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要面臨控訴，嚴重到殺人罪都有。
05:35
I could no longer idly stand by
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我不能再袖手旁觀
05:38
and wait for the government to do its job.
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等著政府盡責了。
05:42
Justice has been delayed,
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公義已經被拖延，
05:45
and justice has been denied.
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公義已經被否認。
05:48
It's been five years,
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已經五年了，
05:49
and we're still waiting on justice
for the men, women and children in Flint.
for the men, women and children in Flint.
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我們還在等弗林特的男人、
女人、孩子得到公義的對待。
女人、孩子得到公義的對待。
05:56
I asked Amber, "What can I do?"
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我問安柏：「我能做什麼？」
05:58
She told me about a man named Moses West
that she met in Puerto Rico,
that she met in Puerto Rico,
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她告訴我，她在波多黎各
認識了摩西 · 維斯特，
認識了摩西 · 維斯特，
他發明了兩萬六千磅的
06:04
who invented a 26,000-pound
atmospheric water generator.
atmospheric water generator.
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空氣製水機。
06:12
Amber took Moses to elected officials
in the city of Flint.
in the city of Flint.
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安柏帶摩西去見
弗林特市的民選官員。
弗林特市的民選官員。
06:17
None of them seemed interested in bringing
the machine for relief to Flint at all.
the machine for relief to Flint at all.
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他們似乎對於用這台機器
來解決弗林特的問題不感興趣。
來解決弗林特的問題不感興趣。
06:24
Amber needed to get the machine
from a military base in Texas
from a military base in Texas
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安柏得要把這台機器
從德州的軍事基地
從德州的軍事基地
06:28
all the way to Flint.
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一路帶到弗林特。
06:31
Nobody in Flint had
that kind of money lying around.
that kind of money lying around.
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弗林特沒有人有那樣的閒錢。
06:35
And it was at that point that I decided
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那時，我下了決定，
06:39
to take the proceeds from my
solo exhibition "Flint is Family,"
solo exhibition "Flint is Family,"
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把我從《弗林特是家人》
個人展得到的收益
個人展得到的收益
06:43
along with the generous match grant
from the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation,
from the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation,
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和羅伯特 · 勞森伯格基金會的慷慨贊助
06:48
and sent it to Moses West.
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都交給摩西 · 維斯特。
06:52
This past July,
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去年七月，
06:54
Moses West and his atmospheric water
generator arrived to Flint, Michigan,
generator arrived to Flint, Michigan,
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摩西 · 維斯特和他的空氣製水機
抵達了密西根州的弗林特，
抵達了密西根州的弗林特，
06:59
on North Saginaw
between Marengo and Pulaski,
between Marengo and Pulaski,
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設置在北薩吉諾，
馬倫哥和普瓦斯基之間，
馬倫哥和普瓦斯基之間，
07:03
and is actually still there
right now, operating.
right now, operating.
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現在它仍然在那裡運作。
07:08
This community that sits
three miles from downtown
three miles from downtown
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這個社區離鬧區有三英里的距離，
07:12
has been stripped of its schools,
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已經被剝奪了學校，
07:15
access to healthy grocery stores
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沒有健康雜貨店，也沒有乾淨用水。
07:17
and clean water.
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07:19
Socially, it's viewed
as a violent, poor community.
as a violent, poor community.
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在社會面上，它被視為
是個暴力、貧窮的社區。
是個暴力、貧窮的社區。
07:22
But I see something completely different.
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但我看見的完全不同。
07:27
Moses, an officer, Ranger, veteran,
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摩西是個軍官、騎兵、退伍軍人，
07:32
was very clear about his
water rescue mission:
water rescue mission:
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他非常清楚他的這項
水資源拯救任務：
水資源拯救任務：
07:37
Bring relief of free, clean water
to the people in Flint.
to the people in Flint.
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把救濟用的免費、
乾淨用水帶給弗林特的人。
乾淨用水帶給弗林特的人。
07:42
Teach them how to use the machine,
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教導他們如何使用這台機器，
07:44
teach them how to take care of it,
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教導他們如何照顧它，
07:46
and most importantly,
take ownership of the machine.
take ownership of the machine.
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最重要的，是為它負責。
07:50
Tell everybody across the city
to bring all their containers
to bring all their containers
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告訴全市各地的人，
把他們的容器帶來，
把他們的容器帶來，
07:54
and come and take as much water
as they can stock up on,
as they can stock up on,
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能帶走多少水就帶走多少水，
07:58
especially before the winter season hits;
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特別是在冬季到來之前；
08:01
the machine doesn't extract moisture
in freezing temperatures.
in freezing temperatures.
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在冰凍的氣溫下，
這台機器無法取得濕氣。
這台機器無法取得濕氣。
08:05
This technology pulls air
through a high-volume air filter.
through a high-volume air filter.
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這項技術是從高量
空氣過濾器取得空氣，
空氣過濾器取得空氣，
08:11
It mechanically creates condensation,
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它會用機械式的方法造成凝結，
08:14
which produces 2,000 gallons
of water per day.
of water per day.
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每天能產出兩千加侖的水。
每天早上九點到晚上八點，
08:20
Residents are free
to walk up to the machine
to walk up to the machine
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08:22
anywhere between 9am and 8pm daily
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居民可以免費去用這台機器，
想要多少水就拿多少，
08:27
and take as much as they want,
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08:29
alleviating them from standing
in long lines for bottled water.
in long lines for bottled water.
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讓他們不用大排長龍
去取得瓶裝水。
去取得瓶裝水。
08:34
I've been at the machine,
interviewing people, asking them,
interviewing people, asking them,
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我在那台機器旁
進行訪談，我問他們：
進行訪談，我問他們：
08:37
"What does it mean to see Moses
and his machine in [your] community?"
and his machine in [your] community?"
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「在你的社區看到摩西
和他的機器，有什麼意涵？」
和他的機器，有什麼意涵？」
08:41
And, "What has it been like
living without access to clean water?"
living without access to clean water?"
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及「無法取得乾淨用水的
生活是什麼樣子的？」
生活是什麼樣子的？」
08:46
Alita told me,
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艾莉塔告訴我：
08:47
"It's a miracle that God gave Moses
the knowledge and technology
the knowledge and technology
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「這是個奇蹟，神給予
摩西這些知識和技術，
摩西這些知識和技術，
08:53
to provide us with pure drinking water."
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來提供我們純淨的飲用水。」
08:57
She also told me that
prior to the machine coming,
prior to the machine coming,
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她還告訴我，
在這台機器到來之前，
在這台機器到來之前，
09:00
she had severe headaches,
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她有嚴重的頭痛，
09:02
and the water made her
so sick to her stomach,
so sick to her stomach,
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水讓她連胃都很難過，
09:05
she couldn't eat.
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到無法進食的程度。
09:08
Tina told me that
the lead-contaminated water
the lead-contaminated water
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蒂娜告訴我，被鉛污染的水
09:11
made her hair fall out.
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讓她的頭髮掉光。
09:13
Usually, she's weak and very light-headed.
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通常，她都很虛弱且會頭昏眼花。
09:17
Since using the machine,
she's had energy and strength.
she's had energy and strength.
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從開始用那台機器之後，
她便有了能量和力氣。
她便有了能量和力氣。
09:24
David, he was overwhelmed with joy
that someone from Texas cared.
that someone from Texas cared.
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大衛，他實在太高興
德州會有人會在乎這件事。
德州會有人會在乎這件事。
09:30
When he tasted the water,
he thought to himself,
he thought to himself,
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當他嚐到水時，他心想：
09:32
"Now, this is the way
God intended water to be."
God intended water to be."
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「神創造的水應該是這樣子的。」
09:37
He brings three seven-gallon
containers to refill
containers to refill
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他帶了三個七加侖的容器來裝水，
09:41
to use at his barbecue stand.
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要用在他的烤肉攤上。
09:45
Through creativity and solidarity,
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透過創意和團結，
09:48
Amber Hasan, Shea Cobb,
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安柏 · 哈山、希亞 · 柯柏、
09:51
Tuklor Senegal, The Sister Tour,
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圖克勒 · 山尼葛、姐妹之旅、
09:54
myself, the people of Flint,
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我自己、弗林特人、
09:57
Dexter Moon, Moses West
and his atmospheric water generator
and his atmospheric water generator
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戴克斯特 · 慕恩、摩西 · 維斯特，
以及他的空氣製水機
10:03
have been able to provide 120,000 gallons
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得以提供出十二萬加侖的
10:08
of free, clean water.
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免費乾淨用水。
10:10
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
10:17
The people in Flint deserve
access to clean water.
access to clean water.
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弗林特的人本來就應該
要能取得乾淨用水。
要能取得乾淨用水。
10:20
Water is life.
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水就是生命。
10:22
It is the spirit that binds us
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這個精神連結著我們，
10:25
from sickness, death and destruction.
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對抗疾病、死亡，和摧毀。
10:29
Imagine how many millions
of lives we could save
of lives we could save
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想像一下，我們還能拯救多少生命，
10:33
if Moses's machine were in places like
Newark, New Jersey,
Newark, New Jersey,
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只要我們能把摩西的機器
安裝在新澤西州的紐華克、
安裝在新澤西州的紐華克、
10:37
South Africa
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南非，和印度，
10:39
and India,
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10:40
with compassion instead of profit motives.
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且動機是同情而不是利潤。
10:45
I loaded my camera,
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我準備好我的相機，鎖定焦點，
10:47
I locked my focus,
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10:49
and I placed my finger
over the shutter release,
over the shutter release,
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我把我的手指放在快門按鈕上，
10:51
as Shea and Zion went to take
their first sip of clean water.
their first sip of clean water.
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等著希亞和吉昂
去品嚐第一口乾淨水。
去品嚐第一口乾淨水。
10:57
When the shutter released,
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按下快門時，
10:58
I was overcome with a deep sense
of joy and righteousness.
of joy and righteousness.
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我充滿了深刻的喜悅和正直感。
11:04
When I sent Shea some of the photographs,
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我把一些照片寄給希亞，她寫道：
11:07
she wrote,
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11:08
"Thank you again for the light
that you bring to my city."
that you bring to my city."
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「再次謝謝你把光帶到我的城市。」
11:13
I immediately replied,
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我馬上回覆：
11:15
"The light was already there within you."
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「光早就在你的內心了。」
11:21
It's been four years
since I've been photographing in Flint,
since I've been photographing in Flint,
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我在弗林特拍照是四年前的事，
11:25
and finally, I've been able
to render a poetic justice.
to render a poetic justice.
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終於，我讓正義得以伸張。
11:32
No matter how dark a situation may be,
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不論情況有多黑暗，
11:36
a camera can extract the light
and turn a negative into a positive.
and turn a negative into a positive.
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相機能都取得光線，
把底片（負面）變成正面。
把底片（負面）變成正面。
11:42
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:43
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
LaToya Ruby Frazier - PhotographerLaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism.
Why you should listen
TED Fellow LaToya Ruby Frazier uses photography, video and performance to address issues of industrialism, rustbelt revitalization, environmental justice, healthcare inequality, family and communal history. Some of her work, which features images of her mother and grandmother (Grandma Ruby) was published in her first book, The Notion of Family, which received the International Center for Photography Infinity Award.
She has exhibited her work widely in the United States and elsewhere, with solo exhibitions at the Brooklyn Museum, Seattle Art Museum, the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston and the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. She is an assistant professor of photography at the School of Art Institute of Chicago, having previously taught at Yale, Rutgers and Syracuse University.
LaToya received her BFA in applied media arts from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and her MFA in art photography from Syracuse University. She was the Guna S. Mundheim Fellow for visual arts at the American Academy in Berlin in 2013 and won a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 2014. She is also a 2015 MacArthur Fellow.
LaToya Ruby Frazier | Speaker | TED.com