ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Behncke - Primatologist
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play?

Why you should listen

Isabel Behncke (MSc University College London, MPhil, Cambridge University; PhD, Oxford University) is a New York- and Oxford-based behavioural and evolutionary scientist working on the nature of social animals … including humans. She’s from the mountains of Chile and loves wild things.

After walking 3000+ km in the jungles of Congo observing the social behaviour of bonobo apes -- our closest living relatives -- in field research, Dr. Behncke now applies an evolutionary lens to questions that lie at the core of social life and creativity: Why do we go to festivals? Why does trust require risk taking? Why do adults need to play in order to not just feel alive, but also maintain health, creativity and social bonds? Why do cities need to be not just ‘smart’ but also enjoyable? And crucially why is it that the more digital we get, the more understanding of evolution we need?

She enjoys consulting and engagement in different forms, has spoken at WIRED, the G20, House of Lords, United Nations, twice at the main TED event, and around the fire in Patagonia. She also has been part of numerous radio programmes, including NPR and BBC Radio 4. She has been featured in a number of television documentaries (BBC and National Geographic) and independent cinema (e.g., ‘Bounce: How the Ball taught the World to Play’).

More profile about the speaker
Isabel Behncke | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Isabel Behncke: Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans

Isabel Behncke: 從倭黑猩猩到人類,看演化所賦予的玩樂

Filmed:
980,169 views

透過一段從未見過的影片,靈長目動物學家 Isabel Behncke 展示倭黑猩猩的社會是如何持續地從玩樂中學習:不管是自娛、共同玩耍、甚至包含性行為的前戲。玩樂似乎在倭黑猩猩的社會中扮演了解決問題以及避免衝突的一個重要角色。倘若它在我們近親中發揮了如此作用,為什麽我們不能呢?
- Primatologist
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play? Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I just came來了 back from a community社區
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我剛從一個社群回來
00:17
that holds持有 the secret秘密 to human人的 survival生存.
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牠們掌握著人類生存的秘密。
00:21
It's a place地點 where women婦女 run the show顯示,
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在這個地方,女性主導一切,
00:24
have sex性別 to say hello你好,
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要做愛就打聲招呼,
00:26
and play rules規則 the day --
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玩樂是一整天要做的事
00:28
where fun開玩笑 is serious嚴重 business商業.
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快樂玩耍是個正經事。
00:31
And no, this isn't Burning燃燒 Man
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不是,這不是指欲火焚燒的男人
00:33
or San Francisco弗朗西斯科.
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也不是指舊金山。
00:35
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:37
Ladies女士們 and gentlemen紳士, meet遇到 your cousins表兄弟.
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女士先生,見見你的近親
00:40
This is the world世界 of wild野生 bonobos倭黑猩猩
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這就是野生倭黑猩猩的世界
00:43
in the jungles叢林 of Congo剛果.
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座落于剛果的叢林裡
00:45
Bonobos倭黑猩猩 are, together一起 with chimpanzees黑猩猩,
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倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩是
00:48
your living活的 closest最近的 relative相對的.
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我們大家生活裡最密切相關的近親
00:51
That means手段 we all share分享 a common共同 ancestor祖先,
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這意思是我們都共同擁有一個祖先,
00:54
an evolutionary發展的 grandmother祖母,
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一個進化了的祖母,
00:56
who lived生活 around six million百萬 years年份 ago.
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她生活在大約6百萬年前。
01:00
Now, chimpanzees黑猩猩 are well-known知名
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現在,黑猩猩因
01:02
for their aggression侵略.
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他們的好勇鬥狠而聞名於世
01:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:07
But unfortunately不幸,
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但不幸的是,
01:09
we have made製作 too much of an emphasis重點
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我們已經過分強調
01:11
of this aspect方面
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這方面
01:13
in our narratives敘事 of human人的 evolution演化.
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在人類進化的歷史中所起的作用
01:16
But bonobos倭黑猩猩 show顯示 us
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但是倭黑猩猩顯示給我們的是
01:18
the other side of the coin硬幣.
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這硬幣的另一面
01:20
While chimpanzees黑猩猩
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當黑猩猩
01:22
are dominated佔主導地位 by big, scary害怕 guys,
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被又大又嚇人的雄黑猩猩統領時,
01:25
bonobo倭黑猩猩 society社會
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倭黑猩猩社群
01:27
is run by empowered授權 females女性.
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是由雌倭黑猩猩所領導。
01:31
These guys have really worked工作 something out,
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這些倭黑猩猩能相安無事地生活在一起,
01:34
since以來 this leads引線 to a highly高度 tolerant寬容 society社會
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由此形成了一個高度包容性的社會
01:37
where fatal致命 violence暴力
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在這社群,致命的暴力行為
01:39
has not been observed觀察到的 yet然而.
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還沒有被觀察到
01:42
But unfortunately不幸,
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但不幸的是,
01:44
bonobos倭黑猩猩 are the least最小 understood了解
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倭黑猩猩是類人猿裡最難被瞭解的
01:46
of the great apes類人猿.
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一種。
01:48
They live生活 in the depths深處 of the Congolese剛果 jungle叢林,
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牠們生活在剛果叢林的深處,
01:51
and it has been very difficult to study研究 them.
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所以對牠們的研究非常困難。
01:54
The Congo剛果 is a paradox悖論 --
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剛果是個似是而非的矛盾體--
01:57
a land土地 of extraordinary非凡 biodiversity生物多樣性 and beauty美女,
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她是一塊孕育非凡的生物多樣性和美麗的土地,
02:01
but also the heart of darkness黑暗 itself本身 --
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但她自身也是黑暗之心
02:04
the scene現場 of a violent暴力 conflict衝突
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暴力衝突的場景
02:07
that has raged肆虐 for decades幾十年
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已經持續了幾十年
02:09
and claimed聲稱 nearly幾乎 as many許多 lives生活
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奪去許多生命
02:12
as the First World世界 War戰爭.
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就如第一次世界大戰一樣。
02:16
Not surprisingly出奇,
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不足為奇的是,
02:18
this destruction毀壞 also endangers危害者 bonobo倭黑猩猩 survival生存.
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這種破壞也危及倭黑猩猩的生存。
02:22
Bushmeat叢林肉 trades交易 and forest森林 loss失利
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獵尋獸肉的買賣和叢林消失
02:25
means手段 we couldn't不能 fill a small stadium體育場
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意味著我們不能
02:28
with all the bonobos倭黑猩猩 that are left in the world世界 --
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給在世界上僅存的倭黑猩猩們提供一個小小的棲息地
02:30
and we're not even sure of that to be honest誠實.
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說實話,我們甚至都不能確定是否會有一個小的棲息地。
02:34
Yet然而, in this land土地 of violence暴力 and chaos混沌,
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然而,在這個充斥暴力和混亂的土地上
02:38
you can hear hidden laughter笑聲
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你能聽到隱約的笑聲
02:41
swaying搖曳 the trees樹木.
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搖曳在樹木中。
02:43
Who are these cousins表兄弟?
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這些近親是些什麼動物啊?
02:46
We know them as the "make love, not war戰爭" apes類人猿
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我們知道它們是"做愛,不作戰"的類人猿,
02:50
since以來 they have frequent頻繁, promiscuous淫亂
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因此牠們有頻繁的、隨性的性生活
02:52
and bisexual雙性戀 sex性別
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和雙性性交
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to manage管理 conflict衝突
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來處理衝突
02:56
and solve解決 social社會 issues問題.
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和解決社會問題。
02:58
Now, I'm not saying this is the solution
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我現在不是說這就是解決
03:00
to all of humanity's人類的 problems問題 --
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人類所有問題的方法
03:04
since以來 there's more to bonobo倭黑猩猩 life
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因為玩樂對於倭黑猩猩來說
03:06
than the Kama卡馬 Sutra佛經.
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比起欲經 ( Kama Sutra) 指涉地地更多。
03:08
Bonobos倭黑猩猩, like humans人類,
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倭黑猩猩就像人類,
03:10
love to play throughout始終 their entire整個 lives生活.
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牠們整個一生都愛玩樂
03:12
Play is not just child's孩子的 games遊戲.
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玩樂不僅僅是孩子的遊戲。
03:14
For us and them,
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對於我們人類和倭黑猩猩,
03:16
play is foundational基礎 for bonding結合 relationships關係
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玩樂是建立親密關係
03:19
and fostering培育 tolerance公差.
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和培養容忍性的基礎。
03:21
It's where we learn學習 to trust相信
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牠也讓我們學會信任
03:23
and where we learn學習 about the rules規則 of the game遊戲.
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和遊戲的規則
03:26
Play increases增加 creativity創造力
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玩樂增進了創造力
03:28
and resilience彈性,
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和適應力,
03:31
and it's all about the generation of diversity多樣 --
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這些都有關多樣性的產生
03:34
diversity多樣 of interactions互動,
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多樣性的相互作用,
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diversity多樣 of behaviors行為,
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多樣性的行為,
03:38
diversity多樣 of connections連接.
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和多樣性的聯繫。
03:41
And when you watch bonobo倭黑猩猩 play,
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當你看倭黑猩猩玩樂時,
03:43
you're seeing眼看 the very evolutionary發展的 roots
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你會看到非常進化的根源
03:46
of human人的 laughter笑聲, dance舞蹈
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有關人類的笑聲,跳舞
03:48
and ritual儀式.
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和儀式。
03:50
Play is the glue
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玩樂就是粘著劑
03:52
that binds結合 us together一起.
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使得我們相互聯繫在一起。
03:54
Now, I don't know how you play,
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現在我雖不知你是怎麼玩樂的,
03:57
but I want to show顯示 you a couple一對 of unique獨特 clips剪輯
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但我想給你們看兩段
03:59
fresh新鮮 from the wild野生.
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剛從野外拍攝到的特別剪輯
04:01
First, it's a ball game遊戲 bonobo-style倭黑猩猩式 --
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首先,這是一個倭黑猩猩式的球類遊戲
04:04
and I do not mean football足球.
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我不是指足球。
04:07
So here,
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在這,
04:09
we have a young年輕 female and a male
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兩隻年輕的一雌一雄倭黑猩猩
04:11
engaged訂婚 in a chase game遊戲.
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在玩追逐遊戲。
04:14
Have a look what she's doing.
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看看她在做什麼。
04:16
It might威力 be the evolutionary發展的 origin起源 of the phrase短語,
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這可能就是某個關於的進化起源的短語:
04:18
"she's got him by the balls."
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“她在玩弄他的蛋蛋。”
04:20
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:23
Only I think that he's rather loving愛心 it here, right?
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我只想到他相當喜歡這樣的方式,對吧。
04:27
Yeah.
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是的。
04:29
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:31
So sex性別 play is common共同
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所以性遊戲
04:33
in both bonobos倭黑猩猩 and humans人類.
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在倭黑猩猩和人類兩者身上都是司空見慣的。
04:35
And this video視頻 is really interesting有趣
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這個影片真的很有趣
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because it shows節目 --
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因為它證明--
04:39
this video's視頻的 really interesting有趣
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這個影片真的很有趣
04:41
because it shows節目 the inventiveness創造力
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因為它證明了
04:43
of bringing使 unusual異常 elements分子 into play --
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把不尋常的因素帶進遊戲裡所產生的創造性
04:46
such這樣 as testicles睾丸 --
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例如睾丸--
04:49
and also how play both requires要求 trust相信
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遊戲如何能尋求信任
04:52
and fosters福斯特 trust相信 --
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和培養信任--
04:55
while at the same相同 time being存在 tremendous巨大 fun開玩笑.
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與此同時又樂趣無窮。
04:57
But play's劇中的 a shapeshifter變形者.
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但玩樂是一個變形的過程
04:59
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:02
Play's玩的 a shapeshifter變形者,
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玩樂是一個變形的過程,
05:04
and it can take many許多 forms形式,
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它可以變成許多玩樂遊戲,
05:06
some of which哪一個 are more quiet安靜,
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一些遊戲是較安靜的,
05:08
imaginative想像的, curious好奇 --
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富有想像力的,富有好奇心的--
05:10
maybe where wonder奇蹟 is discovered發現 anew重新.
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或許這玩樂的奇妙是發現新鮮事。
05:13
And I want you to see,
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我想讓大家看看,
05:15
this is Fuku, a young年輕 female,
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這是福酷,一個年輕雌倭黑猩猩,
05:17
and she is quietly悄悄 playing播放 with water.
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她正悄悄地玩耍水。
05:19
I think, like her,
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我認為,就像她,
05:21
we sometimes有時 play alone單獨,
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我們有時獨自玩耍,
05:23
and we explore探索 the boundaries邊界
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我們探索著
05:25
of our inner and our outer worlds世界.
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我們內心和我們外部世界的界限。
05:28
And it's that playful調皮 curiosity好奇心
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正是玩樂的新奇感
05:30
that drives驅動器 us to explore探索, drives驅動器 us to interact相互作用,
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驅使我們去探索,驅使我們去互動聯繫。
05:34
and then the unexpected意外 connections連接 we form形成
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然後我們所形成的這種意想不到的聯繫
05:37
are the real真實 hotbed溫床 for creativity創造力.
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是真正孕育創造力的溫床。
05:41
So these are just small tasters品酒師
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因此這些僅是淺嘗而已
05:44
into the insights見解 that bonobo倭黑猩猩 give us
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由倭黑猩猩帶給我們這種深刻的洞察力
05:46
to our past過去 and present當下.
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來探索我們的過去和現在。
05:49
But they also hold保持 a secret秘密 for our future未來,
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但牠們也對我們的未來保有一個秘密,
05:52
a future未來 where we need to adapt適應
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在未來我們需要適應
05:54
to an increasingly日益 challenging具有挑戰性的 world世界
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一個日益充滿挑戰性的世界
05:57
through通過 greater更大 creativity創造力
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通過史無前例的創造性
05:59
and greater更大 cooperation合作.
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和更多的合作來做到。
06:01
The secret秘密 is that play is the key
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這秘密是玩樂是
06:04
to these capacities能力.
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具備這些能力的關鍵。
06:06
In other words,
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換言之,
06:08
play is our adaptive自適應 wildcard通配符.
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玩樂是我們適應未來的萬能牌。
06:10
In order訂購 to adapt適應 successfully順利
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為了成功地適應
06:12
to a changing改變 world世界,
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一個變化中的世界,
06:14
we need to play.
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我們需要玩樂。
06:18
But will we make the most of our playfulness嬉鬧?
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但我們要盡可能地嬉戲玩樂嗎?
06:21
Play is not frivolous輕浮.
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玩樂不是無足輕重的;
06:23
Play's玩的 essential必要.
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玩樂是至關重要的。
06:25
For bonobos倭黑猩猩 and humans人類 alike一樣,
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對於倭黑猩猩和人類一樣,
06:28
life is not just red in tooth and claw.
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生活不僅僅是血紅的牙齒和利爪。
06:31
In times when it seems似乎 least最小 appropriate適當 to play,
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好似最不適宜去玩樂的時候,
06:34
it might威力 be the times when it is most urgent緊急.
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但它可能是最迫切需要玩樂的時候。
06:38
And so, my fellow同伴 primates靈長類動物,
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那麼,我的靈長類的同胞們,
06:41
let us embrace擁抱 this gift禮品 from evolution演化
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讓我們擁護這天賦進化的禮物
06:44
and play together一起,
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讓我們一起嬉戲玩樂,
06:46
as we rediscover重新發現 creativity創造力,
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由此我們重新發現創造力,
06:49
fellowship獎學金 and wonder奇蹟.
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情同手足的關係以及各種驚異。
06:51
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:53
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Geoff Chen
Reviewed by Sunny Kan Ngai Hang 簡毅恒

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Behncke - Primatologist
Isabel Behncke applies an evolutionary lens to human questions like: Why do we play?

Why you should listen

Isabel Behncke (MSc University College London, MPhil, Cambridge University; PhD, Oxford University) is a New York- and Oxford-based behavioural and evolutionary scientist working on the nature of social animals … including humans. She’s from the mountains of Chile and loves wild things.

After walking 3000+ km in the jungles of Congo observing the social behaviour of bonobo apes -- our closest living relatives -- in field research, Dr. Behncke now applies an evolutionary lens to questions that lie at the core of social life and creativity: Why do we go to festivals? Why does trust require risk taking? Why do adults need to play in order to not just feel alive, but also maintain health, creativity and social bonds? Why do cities need to be not just ‘smart’ but also enjoyable? And crucially why is it that the more digital we get, the more understanding of evolution we need?

She enjoys consulting and engagement in different forms, has spoken at WIRED, the G20, House of Lords, United Nations, twice at the main TED event, and around the fire in Patagonia. She also has been part of numerous radio programmes, including NPR and BBC Radio 4. She has been featured in a number of television documentaries (BBC and National Geographic) and independent cinema (e.g., ‘Bounce: How the Ball taught the World to Play’).

More profile about the speaker
Isabel Behncke | Speaker | TED.com