ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Skylar Tibbits - Inventor
Skylar Tibbits, a TED Fellow, is an artist and computational architect working on "smart" components that can assemble themselves.

Why you should listen

Can we create objects that assemble themselves -- that zip together like a strand of DNA or that have the ability for transformation embedded into them? These are the questions that Skylar Tibbits investigates in his Self-Assembly Lab at MIT, a cross-disciplinary research space where designers, scientists and engineers come together to find ways for disordered parts to become ordered structures. 

A trained architect, designer and computer scientist, Tibbits teaches design studios at MIT’s Department of Architecture and co-teaches the seminar “How to Make (Almost) Anything” at MIT’s Media Lab. Before that, he worked at a number of design offices including Zaha Hadid Architects, Asymptote Architecture, SKIII Space Variations and Point b Design. His work has been shown at the Guggenheim Museum and the Beijing Biennale. 

Tibbits has collaborated with a number of influential people over the years, including Neil Gershenfeld and The Center for Bits and Atoms, Erik and Marty Demaine at MIT, Adam Bly at SEED Media Group and Marc Fornes of THEVERYMANY. In 2007, he and Marc Fornes co-curated Scriptedbypurpose, the first exhibition focused exclusively on scripted processes within design. Also in 2007, he founded SJET, a multifaceted practice and research platform for experimental computation and design. SJET crosses disciplines from architecture and design, fabrication, computer science and robotics.

More profile about the speaker
Skylar Tibbits | Speaker | TED.com
TED2013

Skylar Tibbits: The emergence of "4D printing"

Skylar Tibbits: "4D 列印" 的出現

Filmed:
2,855,362 views

從 1970 年後期開始,3D 列印已逐漸發展成複雜的應用。TED 研究員 Skylar Tibbits 正逐步發展一項他稱為 4D 列印的技術,而這個第四維就是時間。這項嶄露頭角的技術,讓人們列印出可因時間變化而自行塑型和組裝的物體。讓我們想像有個列印出來的物體在眼前自行摺疊成立方體, 或是一根列印出來的水管,可測知到不同的需求而擴張或收縮。
- Inventor
Skylar Tibbits, a TED Fellow, is an artist and computational architect working on "smart" components that can assemble themselves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
This is me building建造 a prototype原型
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這是我組裝的原型
00:15
for six hours小時 straight直行.
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它花了我整整六個小時
00:18
This is slave奴隸 labor勞動 to my own擁有 project項目.
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根本就是件苦差事
00:21
This is what the DIYDIY and maker製作者 movements運動 really look like.
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這正是 DIY 組裝和工人實際作業的模樣
00:26
And this is an analogy比喻 for today's今天的 construction施工 and manufacturing製造業 world世界
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這也表現出現今建造業與製造業
00:31
with brute-force蠻力 assembly部件 techniques技術.
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仰賴著如蠻力般的組裝技術
00:34
And this is exactly究竟 why I started開始 studying研究
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而這正是我為何開始研究
00:37
how to program程序 physical物理 materials物料 to build建立 themselves他們自己.
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如何讓實體物質自我組裝
00:41
But there is another另一個 world世界.
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但其實還有個全然不同的領域
00:43
Today今天 at the micro- and nanoscales納米尺度,
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如今在微米、甚至是奈米的層級下
00:45
there's an unprecedented史無前例 revolution革命 happening事件.
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正進行著前所未有的革命
00:48
And this is the ability能力 to program程序 physical物理 and biological生物 materials物料
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而這也使我們有辦法設計物理及生物材料
00:52
to change更改 shape形狀, change更改 properties性能
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讓這些材料可以改變其形體與特性
00:54
and even compute計算 outside of silicon-based基於矽的 matter.
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甚至矽基以外的物質也有可能辦到
00:57
There's even a software軟件 called cadnanocadnano
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現在甚至還有一套名為 cadnano 的軟體
01:00
that allows允許 us to design設計 three-dimensional三維 shapes形狀
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讓我們能設計 3D 形體
01:03
like nano納米 robots機器人 or drug藥物 delivery交貨 systems系統
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像是奈米機器人或是藥物制放系統
01:06
and use DNA脫氧核糖核酸 to self-assemble自組裝 those functional實用 structures結構.
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又或是運用 DNA 去
自我組裝出具有功能的構造
01:10
But if we look at the human人的 scale規模,
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但如果應用在人類大小的層級中
01:12
there's massive大規模的 problems問題 that aren't being存在 addressed解決
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會有個很大的問題
01:15
by those nanoscale納米級 technologies技術.
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是奈米科技還未能解決的
01:18
If we look at construction施工 and manufacturing製造業,
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放眼建造業及製造業
01:20
there's major重大的 inefficiencies低效, energy能源 consumption消費
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盡是低效率、耗能
01:24
and excessive過多 labor勞動 techniques技術.
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和過度仰賴勞力的技術
01:26
In infrastructure基礎設施, let's just take one example.
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讓我們看個基礎設施的例子
01:29
Take piping管道.
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以水利運輸系統為例
01:30
In water pipes管道, we have fixed-capacity固定容量 water pipes管道
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以水管來說,都是固定容量、流速的管子
01:34
that have fixed固定 flow rates利率, except for expensive昂貴 pumps and valves閥門.
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外加昂貴的泵和水閥
01:38
We bury埋葬 them in the ground地面.
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我們把水管埋在地下
01:40
If anything changes變化 -- if the environment環境 changes變化,
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但如果有任何變動,像是環境變遷
01:42
the ground地面 moves移動, or demand需求 changes變化 --
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地殼移動、或是需求改變
01:45
we have to start開始 from scratch and take them out and replace更換 them.
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我們就得挖出所有管線,並換上新的水管
01:49
So I'd like to propose提出 that we can combine結合 those two worlds世界,
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因此我建議將兩者結合
01:53
that we can combine結合 the world世界 of the nanoscale納米級 programmable可編程的 adaptive自適應 materials物料
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將可編制的奈米級適性材料
01:58
and the built內置 environment環境.
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與人工環境做結合
01:59
And I don't mean automated自動化 machines.
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但我指的不是自動化設備
02:02
I don't just mean smart聰明 machines that replace更換 humans人類.
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也不是要用智能化設備來取代人力
02:04
But I mean programmable可編程的 materials物料 that build建立 themselves他們自己.
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我指的是讓可編制的材料去自我建構
02:08
And that's called self-assembly自組裝,
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這就叫做自我組裝
02:10
which哪一個 is a process處理 by which哪一個 disordered混亂的 parts部分 build建立 an ordered有序 structure結構體
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這個過程就是讓一堆混亂的零組件
組裝成一個有組織的架構
02:15
through通過 only local本地 interaction相互作用.
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僅僅藉由零組件的局部交互作用進行
02:17
So what do we need if we want to do this at the human人的 scale規模?
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如果我們打算運用在
人類層級中,還需要些什麼呢?
02:20
We need a few少數 simple簡單 ingredients配料.
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我們需要一些簡單的概念
02:22
The first ingredient成分 is materials物料 and geometry幾何,
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首要概念就是材料和幾何原理
02:25
and that needs需求 to be tightly緊緊 coupled耦合 with the energy能源 source資源.
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這些需要和能源緊密結合
02:28
And you can use passive被動 energy能源 --
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我們可以使用被動式能源
02:30
so heat, shaking發抖, pneumatics氣動, gravity重力, magnetics.
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像熱能、震動、氣動能、重力、磁力等
02:35
And then you need smartly巧妙 designed設計 interactions互動.
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然後我們需要巧妙地設計這當中的交互作用
02:38
And those interactions互動 allow允許 for error錯誤 correction更正,
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而這些交互作用還要能被錯誤修正
02:40
and they allow允許 the shapes形狀 to go from one state to another另一個 state.
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這些交互作用還可以讓物體
從一種形態轉換到另一種形態
02:44
So now I'm going to show顯示 you a number of projects項目 that we've我們已經 built內置,
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現在要展示的是
我們之前做的一些專案
02:47
from one-dimensional一維, two-dimensional二維, three-dimensional三維
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當中包括一維、二維、三維
02:51
and even four-dimensional四維 systems系統.
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甚至還有四維的系統
02:54
So in one-dimensional一維 systems系統 --
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在一維系統裡
02:56
this is a project項目 called the self-folding自摺頁 proteins蛋白質.
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這裡有個名為「自我摺疊的蛋白質」的專案
02:58
And the idea理念 is that you take the three-dimensional三維 structure結構體 of a protein蛋白 --
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概念就是利用蛋白質的 3D 結構
03:03
in this case案件 it's the crambincrambin protein蛋白 --
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這裡我們用「花菜蛋白」來說明
03:06
you take the backbone骨幹 -- so no cross-linking交聯, no environmental環境的 interactions互動 --
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以該蛋白主鏈來看
(沒有交叉鏈結也沒有環境交互作用干擾)
03:09
and you break打破 that down into a series系列 of components組件.
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把它分解成一系列的元素零件
03:13
And then we embed elastic.
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然後置入彈性這個特性
03:15
And when I throw this up into the air空氣 and catch抓住 it,
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當我把它丟到半空中,然後接住
03:17
it has the full充分 three-dimensional三維 structure結構體 of the protein蛋白, all of the intricacies錯綜複雜.
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它就有了花菜蛋白完整的
三維結構和蛋白質複雜的特性
03:22
And this gives us a tangible有形 model模型
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這項實體實驗表現出
03:24
of the three-dimensional三維 protein蛋白 and how it folds褶皺
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三維蛋白質和其摺疊的過程
03:28
and all of the intricacies錯綜複雜 of the geometry幾何.
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也表現出其中複雜的幾何特性
03:30
So we can study研究 this as a physical物理, intuitive直觀的 model模型.
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我們可以利用這樣的實際模型來做研究
03:34
And we're also translating翻譯 that into two-dimensional二維 systems系統 --
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以此類推應用在二維系統裡
03:36
so flat平面 sheets床單 that can self-fold自倍 into three-dimensional三維 structures結構.
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讓平版結構可以自我摺疊成三維立體的結構
03:41
In three dimensions尺寸, we did a project項目 last year at TEDGlobalTEDGlobal
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去年在 TED Global 展示了一個三維系統的專案
03:45
with Autodesk歐特克 and Arthur亞瑟 Olson奧爾森
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是我們和 Autodesk 及 Arthur Olson 一起合作完成
03:47
where we looked看著 at autonomous自主性 parts部分 --
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在這個案子我們研究獨立運作的組件
03:49
so individual個人 parts部分 not pre-connected預連接 that can come together一起 on their own擁有.
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如何能透過獨自的力量
從完全分離的狀況組接完成
03:53
And we built內置 500 of these glass玻璃 beakers燒杯.
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另外我們做了五百個用作示範的錐形瓶
03:56
They had different不同 molecular分子 structures結構 inside
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裡面代表不同的分子構造
03:58
and different不同 colors顏色 that could be mixed and matched匹配.
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這些構造還有不同的顏色
可以讓我們去搭配
04:01
And we gave them away to all the TEDstersTEDsters.
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然後我們把錐形瓶
給了所有的 TED 觀眾
04:03
And so these became成為 intuitive直觀的 models楷模
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這些模型幫助我們
04:05
to understand理解 how molecular分子 self-assembly自組裝 works作品 at the human人的 scale規模.
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以巨觀的角度理解
分子自我組成的方式
04:09
This is the polio脊髓灰質炎 virus病毒.
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這是小兒麻痺症病毒
(脊髓灰質炎病毒)
04:11
You shake it hard and it breaks休息 apart距離.
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經過劇烈搖晃之後會分裂
04:13
And then you shake it randomly隨機
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接著隨意搖晃瓶子
04:14
and it starts啟動 to error錯誤 correct正確 and built內置 the structure結構體 on its own擁有.
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病毒模型就會開始
修正錯誤並進行自我組裝
04:18
And this is demonstrating示範 that through通過 random隨機 energy能源,
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這證實了我們能以不定的能量
04:21
we can build建立 non-random非隨機 shapes形狀.
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組成規則的形狀
04:25
We even demonstrated證明 that we can do this at a much larger scale規模.
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我們甚至可以擴大
自我組裝的應用規模
04:29
Last year at TEDTED Long Beach海灘,
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例如去年的 TED Long Beach
04:31
we built內置 an installation安裝 that builds建立 installations安裝.
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我們製造了一個可以製造其他設備的裝置
04:34
The idea理念 was, could we self-assemble自組裝 furniture-scale家具規模 objects對象?
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我們的概念是:像家具般大小的物體
能不能自我組裝呢?
04:38
So we built內置 a large rotating旋轉 chamber,
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因此我們做了一間巨大的滾動室
04:40
and people would come up and spin the chamber faster更快 or slower比較慢,
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大家可以或快或慢
隨意地搖動它
04:43
adding加入 energy能源 to the system系統
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提供能量給這座滾動室
04:45
and getting得到 an intuitive直觀的 understanding理解 of how self-assembly自組裝 works作品
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進而理解自我組裝的過程
04:48
and how we could use this
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以及我們如何把自我組裝應用在
04:50
as a macroscale宏觀 construction施工 or manufacturing製造業 technique技術 for products製品.
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大規模建造業及製造業的生產技術
04:54
So remember記得, I said 4D.
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還記得我剛剛提到的四維
04:56
So today今天 for the first time, we're unveiling揭幕 a new project項目,
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今天我們要開啟一項嶄新的專案
05:00
which哪一個 is a collaboration合作 with StratasysStratasys公司,
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是和 Stratasys 公司合作開發
05:02
and it's called 4D printing印花.
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一項叫做 4D 輸出的技術
05:04
The idea理念 behind背後 4D printing印花
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4D 輸出的概念就是
05:05
is that you take multi-material多材料 3D printing印花 --
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我們選用各式的材料去做 3D 輸出
05:08
so you can deposit存款 multiple materials物料 --
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藉著放入各式不同的材料
05:11
and you add a new capability能力,
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再置入新的功能
05:13
which哪一個 is transformation轉型,
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也就是轉型
05:14
that right off the bed,
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造成根本改變
05:16
the parts部分 can transform轉變 from one shape形狀 to another另一個 shape形狀 directly on their own擁有.
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這些組件可以自己直接從一個型態轉型成另一個型態
05:20
And this is like robotics機器人 without wires電線 or motors馬達.
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這概念好比是不用接電線和馬達的機器人
05:24
So you completely全然 print打印 this part部分,
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你可以完整列印出這些零組件
05:25
and it can transform轉變 into something else其他.
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然後它們可以轉型成別的構造
05:28
We also worked工作 with Autodesk歐特克 on a software軟件 they're developing發展 called Project項目 Cyborg人造人.
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我們也和 Autodesk 合作一個
名為 Project Cyborg 的軟體
05:33
And this allows允許 us to simulate模擬 this self-assembly自組裝 behavior行為
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可以用來模擬自我組裝的形式
05:36
and try to optimize優化 which哪一個 parts部分 are folding摺頁 when.
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試著去操縱使各個組件在對的時間做摺疊
05:39
But most importantly重要的, we can use this same相同 software軟件
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最重要的是我們可以用這個軟體
05:42
for the design設計 of nanoscale納米級 self-assembly自組裝 systems系統
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來研製奈米級的自我組裝系統
05:45
and human人的 scale規模 self-assembly自組裝 systems系統.
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以及人體規格的自我組裝系統
05:48
These are parts部分 being存在 printed印刷的 with multi-material多材料 properties性能.
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這些要被列印的零組件原料
會有各式物質的特性
05:51
Here's這裡的 the first demonstration示範.
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這裡是第一個範例
05:53
A single strand dipped in water
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將一條單鍊浸入水中
05:55
that completely全然 self-folds自倍 on its own擁有
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它會自我摺疊
05:57
into the letters M I T.
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然後變成了 MIT
06:01
I'm biased.
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我這是老王賣瓜
06:03
This is another另一個 part部分, single strand, dipped in a bigger tank坦克
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另一個例子也是將一個
單鍊浸入更大的水箱中
06:06
that self-folds自倍 into a cube立方體, a three-dimensional三維 structure結構體, on its own擁有.
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它會自我摺疊成一個 3D 架構的立方體
06:11
So no human人的 interaction相互作用.
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完全沒有外力介入
06:13
And we think this is the first time
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這是第一次
06:15
that a program程序 and transformation轉型
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有人將編程設計與轉型的概念
06:17
has been embedded嵌入式 directly into the materials物料 themselves他們自己.
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直接置入到物質本身
06:20
And it also might威力 just be the manufacturing製造業 technique技術
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這也可以是一項製造技術
06:23
that allows允許 us to produce生產 more adaptive自適應 infrastructure基礎設施 in the future未來.
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讓我們在未來可以
建造出更適性的基礎建設
06:27
So I know you're probably大概 thinking思維,
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我想大家可能會想說
06:28
okay, that's cool, but how do we use any of this stuff東東 for the built內置 environment環境?
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好吧!這是滿酷的!
但我們如何應用它們呢?
06:33
So I've started開始 a lab實驗室 at MITMIT,
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因此我在麻省理工學院開啟了一個實驗室
06:35
and it's called the Self-Assembly自組裝 Lab實驗室.
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名為「自我組裝實驗室」
06:37
And we're dedicated專用 to trying to develop發展 programmable可編程的 materials物料
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我們致力於發展可被編製的材質
06:40
for the built內置 environment環境.
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以應用在人工環境上
06:41
And we think there's a few少數 key sectors行業
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我們認為這當中有幾項重點
06:43
that have fairly相當 near-term短期 applications應用.
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可以立即應用上的
06:45
One of those is in extreme極端 environments環境.
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其中一項就是在極端環境裡的應用
06:47
These are scenarios場景 where it's difficult to build建立,
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這些例子顯示出某些艱難的環境
06:50
our current當前 construction施工 techniques技術 don't work,
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是以我們目前的建造技術所無法克服的
06:52
it's too large, it's too dangerous危險, it's expensive昂貴, too many許多 parts部分.
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它可能太大、太危險、太昂貴、太多零件
06:56
And space空間 is a great example of that.
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外太空就是一個很好的例子
06:58
We're trying to design設計 new scenarios場景 for space空間
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我們想要設計一個應用於外太空的方案
07:01
that have fully充分 reconfigurable可重構 and self-assembly自組裝 structures結構
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是一個可重新編置且自我組裝的構造
07:04
that can go from highly高度 functional實用 systems系統 from one to another另一個.
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可以從一個功能系統轉為另一種功能的系統
07:08
Let's go back to infrastructure基礎設施.
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我們回到先前基礎建設的例子
07:10
In infrastructure基礎設施, we're working加工 with a company公司 out of Boston波士頓 called GeosyntecGeosyntec.
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我們和一家名為 Geosyntec 的波士頓公司合作
07:14
And we're developing發展 a new paradigm範例 for piping管道.
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一起開發一套全新的水力管線的配置
07:17
Imagine想像 if water pipes管道 could expand擴大 or contract合同
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試想如果我們可以讓水管擴張或收縮
07:20
to change更改 capacity容量 or change更改 flow rate,
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用以改變容量或流速
07:23
or maybe even undulate波動 like peristalticsperistaltics to move移動 the water themselves他們自己.
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或是讓水自行呈波浪型向前蠕動
07:27
So this isn't expensive昂貴 pumps or valves閥門.
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如此就和使用昂貴的泵和閥的系統是截然不同的
07:30
This is a completely全然 programmable可編程的 and adaptive自適應 pipe on its own擁有.
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而是是一套可編製跟適應環境的水管系統
07:34
So I want to remind提醒 you today今天
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所以我今天要告訴大家
07:36
of the harsh苛刻 realities現實 of assembly部件 in our world世界.
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在今日組裝上仍存在實際困難的環境裡
07:40
These are complex複雜 things built內置 with complex複雜 parts部分
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有著由複雜的零件所組成的複雜物品
07:43
that come together一起 in complex複雜 ways方法.
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用複雜的方式組織起來
07:46
So I would like to invite邀請 you from whatever隨你 industry行業 you're from
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所以不論你來自哪個行業領域
我希望大家能加入我們
07:49
to join加入 us in reinventing重塑 and reimaginingreimagining the world世界,
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和我們一起重新創造、重新想像這個世界
07:53
how things come together一起 from the nanoscale納米級 to the human人的 scale規模,
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如何讓奈米層級的微等級
擴及到人類世界的尺度
07:57
so that we can go from a world世界 like this
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所以我們可以讓現在的世界
08:00
to a world世界 that's more like this.
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變成這樣的世界(圖)
08:12
Thank you.
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謝謝
08:14
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Javie Chen
Reviewed by Hermia Tsai

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Skylar Tibbits - Inventor
Skylar Tibbits, a TED Fellow, is an artist and computational architect working on "smart" components that can assemble themselves.

Why you should listen

Can we create objects that assemble themselves -- that zip together like a strand of DNA or that have the ability for transformation embedded into them? These are the questions that Skylar Tibbits investigates in his Self-Assembly Lab at MIT, a cross-disciplinary research space where designers, scientists and engineers come together to find ways for disordered parts to become ordered structures. 

A trained architect, designer and computer scientist, Tibbits teaches design studios at MIT’s Department of Architecture and co-teaches the seminar “How to Make (Almost) Anything” at MIT’s Media Lab. Before that, he worked at a number of design offices including Zaha Hadid Architects, Asymptote Architecture, SKIII Space Variations and Point b Design. His work has been shown at the Guggenheim Museum and the Beijing Biennale. 

Tibbits has collaborated with a number of influential people over the years, including Neil Gershenfeld and The Center for Bits and Atoms, Erik and Marty Demaine at MIT, Adam Bly at SEED Media Group and Marc Fornes of THEVERYMANY. In 2007, he and Marc Fornes co-curated Scriptedbypurpose, the first exhibition focused exclusively on scripted processes within design. Also in 2007, he founded SJET, a multifaceted practice and research platform for experimental computation and design. SJET crosses disciplines from architecture and design, fabrication, computer science and robotics.

More profile about the speaker
Skylar Tibbits | Speaker | TED.com