TEDGlobal 2010
Elif Shafak: The politics of fiction
Elif Shafak: Politika fikcije
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Slušanjem priča širimo maštu; pričanje priča nam dopušta da preskočimo kulturološke zidove, doživimo drugačija iskustva, i osjetimo ono što drugi osjećaju. Elif Shafak se nadovezuje na ovu jednostavnu ideju i raspravlja o tome kako fikcija može nadjačati politički identitet.
Elif Shafak - Novelist
Elif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature. Full bio
Elif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm a storyteller.
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Ja sam pripovjedačica.
To je ono što radim u životu -
00:17
That's what I do in life -- telling stories,
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pripovjedam priče.
00:19
writing novels --
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pišem novele -
00:21
and today I would like to tell you a few stories
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i danas bih vam željela
ispričati par priča
ispričati par priča
00:23
about the art of storytelling
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o umjetnosti pripovjedanja
00:25
and also some supernatural creatures
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i također o natprirodnim stvorenjima
00:27
called the djinni.
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zvanim džini.
00:29
But before I go there, please allow me to share with you
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Ali prije nego dođem do toga,
dopustite mi da podijelim sa vama
00:32
glimpses of my personal story.
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posebne trenutke iz mog privatnog života.
00:34
I will do so with the help of words, of course,
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Naravno to ću uraditi pomoću riječi
ali također i geometrijskog
oblika - kruga
oblika - kruga
00:37
but also a geometrical shape, the circle,
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00:40
so throughout my talk,
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tako da ćete se kroz moju priču
00:42
you will come across several circles.
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susresti sa nekoliko krugova.
00:45
I was born in Strasbourg, France
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Rođena sam u Strasbourgu u Francuskoj
kao dijete turskih roditelja.
00:48
to Turkish parents.
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00:50
Shortly after, my parents got separated,
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Nedugo nakon mog rođenja
roditelji su mi se razveli,
roditelji su mi se razveli,
00:52
and I came to Turkey with my mom.
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i preselila sam se u Tursku sa majkom.
00:54
From then on, I was raised
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Od tada sam odgajana
00:56
as a single child by a single mother.
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kao jedino dijete samohrane majke.
00:58
Now in the early 1970s, in Ankara,
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U ranim 1970-im, u Ankari,
01:00
that was a bit unusual.
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to je bilo dosta neuobičajeno.
01:02
Our neighborhood was full of large families,
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U našem komšiluku
je bilo puno velikih porodica,
je bilo puno velikih porodica,
01:04
where fathers were the heads of households,
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gdje su očevi biti glave porodice,
tako da sam odrasla gledajući
svoju samohranu majku
svoju samohranu majku
01:07
so I grew up seeing my mother as a divorcee
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01:10
in a patriarchal environment.
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u patrijahalnom okruženju.
01:12
In fact, I grew up observing
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U stvari, odrasla sam posmatrajući
01:14
two different kinds of womanhood.
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dva različita svijeta žena.
01:16
On the one hand was my mother,
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Na jednoj strani je moja majka,
obrazovana, moderna, turska žena
zapadnjačkih i sekularnih shvatanja.
zapadnjačkih i sekularnih shvatanja.
01:18
a well-educated, secular, modern, westernized, Turkish woman.
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01:21
On the other hand was my grandmother,
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Na drugoj strani je moja nana,
01:23
who also took care of me
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koja se također brinula o meni,
01:25
and was more spiritual, less educated
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i koja je bila više spiritualna,
a manje obrazovana
a manje obrazovana
i zasigurno manje racionalna.
01:28
and definitely less rational.
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01:30
This was a woman who read coffee grounds to see the future
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Ona je bila žena koja je proricala
budućnost iz taloga kafe iz šolje
01:33
and melted lead into mysterious shapes
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i otapala olovo u mistične oblike
01:35
to fend off the evil eye.
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da stvori zaštitu od đavoljeg oka.
Puno ljudi je posjećivalo moju nanu.
01:38
Many people visited my grandmother,
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Ljudi sa problemima s aknama na licu,
01:40
people with severe acne on their faces
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01:42
or warts on their hands.
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ili bradavicama na rukama.
Svaki put, moja nana bi promumljala
neke riječi na arapskom,
neke riječi na arapskom,
01:45
Each time, my grandmother would utter some words in Arabic,
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01:48
take a red apple and stab it
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uzela crvenu jabuku i probola je
sa toliko trnja ruža
01:50
with as many rose thorns
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01:52
as the number of warts she wanted to remove.
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koliko bi bradavica željela ukloniti.
01:55
Then one by one, she would
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Onda bi jedan po jedan
01:57
encircle these thorns with dark ink.
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trn okružila tamnom tintom.
02:00
A week later, the patient would come back
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Sedmicu kasnije, bolesnik bi se vratio
02:02
for a follow-up examination.
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na kontrolu.
02:04
Now, I'm aware that I should not be saying such things
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Svjesna sam da ne bih
trebala reći ove stvari
trebala reći ove stvari
02:07
in front of an audience of scholars and scientists,
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pred publikom obrazovanih ljudi
i naučnika,
i naučnika,
02:10
but the truth is, of all the people
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ali istina je da su svi ovi ljudi
02:12
who visited my grandmother for their skin conditions,
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koji bi posjetili moju nanu
zbog problema sa kožom
zbog problema sa kožom
02:15
I did not see anyone go back
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nisam vidjela nikoga da bi otišao
02:17
unhappy or unhealed.
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nezadovoljan ili neizlječen.
02:20
I asked her how she did this. Was it the power of praying?
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Pitala sam je kako to radi.
Da li je to moć molitve?
Da li je to moć molitve?
02:23
In response she said, "Yes, praying is effective,
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Odgovorila bi mi "Da, molitva je efikasna,
02:26
but also beware of the power of circles."
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ali također moraš biti svjesna
moći koju krugovi imaju."
moći koju krugovi imaju."
02:29
From her, I learned, amongst many other things,
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Između ostalog od nje sam naučila
02:32
one very precious lesson --
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jednu vrijednu lekciju -
02:34
that if you want to destroy something in this life,
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ako želiš nešto uništiti u životu,
02:36
be it an acne, a blemish
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bila to akna, nedostatak,
02:38
or the human soul,
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ili ljudska duša,
sve što trebaš uraditi
je da to okružiš zidovima.
je da to okružiš zidovima.
02:40
all you need to do is to surround it with thick walls.
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Ono će se osušiti unutra.
02:43
It will dry up inside.
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Trenutno svi živimo u društvenim
i kulturalnim krugovima u nekom smislu.
i kulturalnim krugovima u nekom smislu.
02:45
Now we all live in some kind of a social and cultural circle.
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02:48
We all do.
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Svi mi.
Rođeni smo u određenoj porodici,
naciji ili klasi.
naciji ili klasi.
02:50
We're born into a certain family, nation, class.
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Ali ako nemamo nikakvog dodira
02:53
But if we have no connection whatsoever
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sa svijetom izvan našeg,
koji uzimamo zdravo za gotovo,
koji uzimamo zdravo za gotovo,
02:56
with the worlds beyond the one we take for granted,
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02:58
then we too run the risk
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onda također postoji rizik
03:00
of drying up inside.
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da ćemo presušiti.
03:02
Our imagination might shrink;
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Naša imaginacija će se sasušiti,
03:04
our hearts might dwindle,
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srca će nam splasnuti,
03:06
and our humanness might wither
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i naša ljudskost može uvenuti,
03:08
if we stay for too long
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u našim kulturalnim čahurama.
03:10
inside our cultural cocoons.
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03:12
Our friends, neighbors, colleagues, family --
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Naši prijatelji, komšije,
kolege, porodice -
kolege, porodice -
ako bi svi ti ljudi unutar
naših krugova bili slični nama
naših krugova bili slični nama
03:15
if all the people in our inner circle resemble us,
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03:17
it means we are surrounded
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to znači da smo okruženi
03:19
with our mirror image.
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slikom nas samih.
03:21
Now one other thing women like my grandma do in Turkey
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Još jedna stvar koju žene
kao moja nana rade u Turskoj
kao moja nana rade u Turskoj
je prekrivanje ogledala baršunom,
03:24
is to cover mirrors with velvet
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03:26
or to hang them on the walls with their backs facing out.
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ili vješanje ogledala na zidove
tako da im se vidi poleđina.
tako da im se vidi poleđina.
03:29
It's an old Eastern tradition
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To je stara istočna tradicija
03:31
based on the knowledge that it's not healthy
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zasnovana na vjerovanjima da nije zdravo
03:33
for a human being to spend too much time
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za čovjeka da provodi previše vremena
gledajući u svoju refleksiju.
03:36
staring at his own reflection.
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03:38
Ironically, [living in] communities of the like-minded
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Ironično, društva istomišljenika
03:41
is one of the greatest dangers
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su jedna od najvećih opasnosti
03:43
of today's globalized world.
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današnjeg društva.
03:45
And it's happening everywhere,
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I to se dešava svuda,
03:47
among liberals and conservatives,
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među liberalim i konzervativnim ljudima,
03:49
agnostics and believers, the rich and the poor,
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agnosticima i vjernicima,
bogatim i siromašnim,
bogatim i siromašnim,
03:51
East and West alike.
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na Istoku i Zapadu.
03:53
We tend to form clusters
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Težimo da stvorimo grupe
03:55
based on similarity,
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zasnovane na sličnostima,
i onda stvaramo stereotipe
03:57
and then we produce stereotypes
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o drugim grupama ljudi.
03:59
about other clusters of people.
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Po mom mišljenu,
jedan od načina prevazilaženja
jedan od načina prevazilaženja
04:01
In my opinion, one way of transcending
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04:03
these cultural ghettos
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ovih kulturalnih geta
04:05
is through the art of storytelling.
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je kroz umjetnost pripovjedanja.
04:07
Stories cannot demolish frontiers,
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Priče ne mogu uništiti granice,
04:10
but they can punch holes in our mental walls.
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ali mogu probiti rupe
u našim mentalnim zidovima.
u našim mentalnim zidovima.
I kroz te rupe možemo dobiti uvid u druge,
04:13
And through those holes, we can get a glimpse of the other,
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04:16
and sometimes even like what we see.
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i ponekad nam se može dopasti
ono što vidimo.
ono što vidimo.
04:19
I started writing fiction at the age of eight.
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Počela sam pisati fikciju
kad mi je bilo osam godina.
kad mi je bilo osam godina.
Moja majka se vratila kući jedan dan
04:22
My mother came home one day with a turquoise notebook
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noseći tirkiznu svesku
i pitala me da li bih željela
da vodim privatni dnevnik.
da vodim privatni dnevnik.
04:25
and asked me if I'd be interested in keeping a personal journal.
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04:28
In retrospect, I think she was slightly worried
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Gledajući iz ovog ugla
mislim da je bila blago zabrinuta
04:30
about my sanity.
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za moje mentalno zdravlje.
04:32
I was constantly telling stories at home, which was good,
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Stalno sam kod kuće pričala priče,
što je bilo dobro,
što je bilo dobro,
04:35
except I told this to imaginary friends around me,
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osim što sam ih pričala
svojim imaginarnim prijateljima,
svojim imaginarnim prijateljima,
04:37
which was not so good.
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što nije bilo tako dobro.
04:39
I was an introverted child,
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Bila sam introvertno dijete,
04:41
to the point of communicating with colored crayons
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toliko da sam komunicirala sa bojicama
04:44
and apologizing to objects
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i izvinjavala se objektima,
04:46
when I bumped into them,
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kad bi se sudarila s njima,
tako da je moja majka mislila
da bi bilo dobro
da bi bilo dobro
04:48
so my mother thought it might do me good
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04:50
to write down my day-to-day experiences
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da zapisujem svakodnevne doživljaje
04:52
and emotions.
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i emocije.
04:54
What she didn't know was that I thought my life was terribly boring,
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Ono što ona nije znala je da sam mislila
da je moj život
da je moj život
užasno dosadan
04:57
and the last thing I wanted to do
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i zadnja stvar koju bih željela da radim
04:59
was to write about myself.
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je da pišem o sebi.
05:01
Instead, I began to write about people other than me
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Umjesto toga,
počela sam da pišem o drugim ljudima
počela sam da pišem o drugim ljudima
i stvarima koje se nikada
u stvari nisu desile.
u stvari nisu desile.
05:04
and things that never really happened.
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05:06
And thus began my life-long passion
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I tako je započela moja doživotna strast
05:08
for writing fiction.
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za pisanjem fikcije.
05:10
So from the very beginning, fiction for me
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Od početka za mene je fikcija
bila manje autobiografska manifestacija
05:13
was less of an autobiographical manifestation
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nego što je bila transcedentalno putovanje
05:16
than a transcendental journey
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05:18
into other lives, other possibilities.
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u druge živote i mogućnosti.
05:20
And please bear with me:
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Molim vas budite strpljivi:
05:22
I'll draw a circle and come back to this point.
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sada ću napraviti krug
i kasnije ću se vratiti na ovu priču.
i kasnije ću se vratiti na ovu priču.
05:25
Now one other thing happened around this same time.
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Druga stvar se desila u ovo vrijeme.
05:27
My mother became a diplomat.
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Moja majka je postala diplomata.
05:29
So from this small, superstitious,
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Iz malog, sujevjernog,
05:31
middle-class neighborhood of my grandmother,
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srednjoklasnog komšiluka,
došla sam
05:34
I was zoomed into this
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do otmjene internationalne škole
u Madridu,
u Madridu,
05:36
posh, international school [in Madrid],
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gdje sam bila jedina Turkinja.
05:38
where I was the only Turk.
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Tad sam se prvi put susrela
05:40
It was here that I had my first encounter
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sa onim što nazivam
"strancem predstavnikom."
"strancem predstavnikom."
05:42
with what I call the "representative foreigner."
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U našem razredu
je bilo djece svih nacionalnosti,
je bilo djece svih nacionalnosti,
05:45
In our classroom, there were children from all nationalities,
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05:48
yet this diversity did not necessarily lead
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ali ipak ova različitost
nije uvijek stvarala
nije uvijek stvarala
05:51
to a cosmopolitan, egalitarian
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kozmopolitsku, egalitarnu
i demokratsku atmosferu u razredu.
i demokratsku atmosferu u razredu.
05:54
classroom democracy.
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U biti, stvorilo je atmosferu
u kojoj svako dijete
u kojoj svako dijete
05:56
Instead, it generated an atmosphere
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05:58
in which each child was seen --
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nije bilo posmartano kao individualac
06:00
not as an individual on his own,
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nego kao predstavnik nečeg većeg.
06:02
but as the representative of something larger.
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06:05
We were like a miniature United Nations, which was fun,
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Bili smo kao male Ujedinjene nacije,
što je bilo zanimljivo,
što je bilo zanimljivo,
06:08
except whenever something negative,
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sve dok se ne dogodi nešto negativno
06:10
with regards to a nation
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vezano za državu
06:12
or a religion, took place.
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ili religiju.
06:14
The child who represented it was mocked,
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Dijete kao predstavnik bi bilo ismijavano
06:17
ridiculed and bullied endlessly.
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i zlostavljano do beskraja.
Znam kako je to, jer tokom vremena
koje sam provela u toj školi,
koje sam provela u toj školi,
06:20
And I should know, because during the time I attended that school,
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06:23
a military takeover happened in my country,
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desio se vojni udar u mojoj državi
06:26
a gunman of my nationality nearly killed the Pope,
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i naoružani napadač
moje nacionalnosti je pokušao ubiti Papu,
moje nacionalnosti je pokušao ubiti Papu,
06:29
and Turkey got zero points in [the] Eurovision Song Contest.
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i Turska je dobila nula bodova
na Evroviziji.
na Evroviziji.
06:32
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:34
I skipped school often and dreamed of becoming a sailor
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Često nisam išla u školu,
i sanjala bih da ću postati mornar
i sanjala bih da ću postati mornar
06:36
during those days.
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u tim danima.
06:38
I also had my first taste
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Također, tamo sam prvi put iskusila
06:40
of cultural stereotypes there.
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kulturalne stereotipe.
06:42
The other children asked me about the movie
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Druga djeca bi me pitala o filmu
06:44
"Midnight Express," which I had not seen;
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"Ponoćni ekspres", koji nisam
ni pogledala.
ni pogledala.
06:46
they inquired how many cigarettes a day I smoked,
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Pitali bi me koliko cigareta dnevnom pušim
06:49
because they thought all Turks were heavy smokers,
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jer su mislili da su svi Turci
strastveni pušači,
strastveni pušači,
06:52
and they wondered at what age
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i zanimalo ih je s koliko godina
06:54
I would start covering my hair.
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ću početi pokrivati kosu.
06:56
I came to learn that these were
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Shvatila sam da su
ovo glavna tri stereotipa
vezana za moju državu:
vezana za moju državu:
06:58
the three main stereotypes about my country:
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07:00
politics, cigarettes
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politika, cigarete,
07:02
and the veil.
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i marama.
07:04
After Spain, we went to Jordan, Germany
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Poslije Španije, preselili smo
u Jordan, pa Njemačku
u Jordan, pa Njemačku
07:06
and Ankara again.
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i opet Ankaru.
07:08
Everywhere I went, I felt like
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Gdje god da sam bila, osjećala sam
07:10
my imagination was the only suitcase
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da mi je imaginacija jedini kofer
07:12
I could take with me.
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koji sam mogla ponijeti sa sobom.
07:14
Stories gave me a sense of center,
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Priče su mi pružile smisao za središte,
07:16
continuity and coherence,
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stalnost i dosljednost,
07:18
the three big Cs that I otherwise lacked.
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tri bitne stvari koje inače ne bih imala.
07:21
In my mid-twenties, I moved to Istanbul,
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Sredinom mojih dvadesetih
preselila sam se Istanbul
07:23
the city I adore.
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grad koji obožavam.
07:25
I lived in a very vibrant, diverse neighborhood
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Živjela sam u jako živahnom
i raznolikom naselju
07:28
where I wrote several of my novels.
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gdje sam napisala neke od svojih romana.
07:30
I was in Istanbul when the earthquake hit
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Bila sam u Istanbulu
kada se dogodio zemljotres
07:32
in 1999.
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1999.
07:34
When I ran out of the building at three in the morning,
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Kada sam istrčala iz zgrade u tri ujutru,
vidjela sam nešto što me je šokiralo.
07:37
I saw something that stopped me in my tracks.
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Vidjela sam lokalnog prodavca -
07:40
There was the local grocer there --
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mrzovoljni, stari čovjek
koji nije htio prodavati alkohol
koji nije htio prodavati alkohol
07:42
a grumpy, old man who didn't sell alcohol
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07:44
and didn't speak to marginals.
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i nije pričao s marginalcima.
07:46
He was sitting next to a transvestite
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Sada je sjedio sa transvestitom
sa dugom, crnom perikom
07:49
with a long black wig
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07:51
and mascara running down her cheeks.
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i maskarom koja se slijevala po obrazima.
07:53
I watched the man open a pack of cigarettes
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Vidjela sam čovjeka
kako otvara kutiju cigara
kako otvara kutiju cigara
07:55
with trembling hands
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dok mu drhte ruke
07:57
and offer one to her,
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i nudi joj jednu,
07:59
and that is the image of the night of the earthquake
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i to je slika od noći
kada se desio zemljotres
kada se desio zemljotres
08:01
in my mind today --
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koju još uvijek imam glavi -
08:03
a conservative grocer and a crying transvestite
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konzervativni prodavač
i rasplakani transvestit
i rasplakani transvestit
puše zajedno na pločniku.
08:06
smoking together on the sidewalk.
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08:08
In the face of death and destruction,
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U trenutku smrti i razaranja
08:11
our mundane differences evaporated,
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jedna svakodnevna razlika je nestala,
08:13
and we all became one
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i svi smo postali ujedinjeni
08:15
even if for a few hours.
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barem na par sati.
Ali također sam uvijek vjerovala da priče
mogu imati sličan utjecaj na nas.
mogu imati sličan utjecaj na nas.
08:17
But I've always believed that stories, too, have a similar effect on us.
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08:20
I'm not saying that fiction has the magnitude of an earthquake,
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Ne kažem da fikcija ima
jačinu zemljotresa
jačinu zemljotresa
08:23
but when we are reading a good novel,
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ali kada čitamo dobru novelu,
08:25
we leave our small, cozy apartments behind,
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ostavljamo mali, skučeni prostor iza nas,
izlazimo sami u noć
08:28
go out into the night alone
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i upoznajemo ljude kakve
do tad nismo znali,
do tad nismo znali,
08:30
and start getting to know people we had never met before
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i prema kojima smo možda čak
i stvarali predrasude.
i stvarali predrasude.
08:33
and perhaps had even been biased against.
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Nedugo nakon toga otišla sam
08:36
Shortly after, I went
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08:38
to a women's college in Boston, then Michigan.
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na ženski koledž u Bostonu,
a onda u Mičigen.
a onda u Mičigen.
08:41
I experienced this, not so much as a geographical shift,
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Doživjela sam, ne toliko promjenu lokacije
08:44
as a linguistic one.
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kao lingvističku promjenu.
08:46
I started writing fiction in English.
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Počela sam pisati fikciju na engleskom.
08:48
I'm not an immigrant, refugee or exile --
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Nisam imigrant, izbjeglica ili prognanik -
08:50
they ask me why I do this --
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pitaju me zašto ovo radim -
08:52
but the commute between languages
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ali smjena jezika
08:54
gives me the chance to recreate myself.
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mi je omogućila da se ponovo stvorim.
08:57
I love writing in Turkish,
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Volim pisati na turskom,
koji je za mene jako
poetičan i emocionalan,
poetičan i emocionalan,
08:59
which to me is very poetic and very emotional,
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i volim pisati na engleskom,
koji je za mene
koji je za mene
09:02
and I love writing in English, which to me
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jako proračunat i cerebralan.
09:04
is very mathematical and cerebral.
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09:06
So I feel connected to each language in a different way.
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Tako da sam osjetila povezanost
s oba jezika na različit način.
s oba jezika na različit način.
09:09
For me, like millions of other people
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Za mene, kao i za milione drugih ljudi
09:11
around the world today,
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širom svijeta,
engleski je prisvojen jezik.
09:13
English is an acquired language.
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09:15
When you're a latecomer to a language,
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Kada ga naučiš u kasnijoj dobi,
09:17
what happens is you live there
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desi se da živiš
sa stalnom
09:20
with a continuous
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frustracijom.
09:22
and perpetual frustration.
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09:24
As latecomers, we always want to say more, you know,
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Uvijek želimo reći više,
09:26
crack better jokes, say better things,
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smisliti bolje šale, i reći bolje stvari
ali uvijek kažemo manje
09:29
but we end up saying less
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zato što imamo rupu u mislima i jeziku.
09:31
because there's a gap between the mind and the tongue.
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09:33
And that gap is very intimidating.
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I ta rupa je zastrašujuća.
Ali ako uspijemo da se ne preplašimo,
09:36
But if we manage not to be frightened by it,
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ona također može djelovati stimulirajuće
09:38
it's also stimulating.
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To sam otkrila u Bostonu -
09:40
And this is what I discovered in Boston --
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frustracije su jako stimulirajuće.
09:42
that frustration was very stimulating.
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U to doba moja nana,
09:45
At this stage, my grandmother,
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09:46
who had been watching the course of my life
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koja je promatrala tok mog života,
09:48
with increasing anxiety,
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sa rastućom anksioznošću,
09:50
started to include in her daily prayers
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počela je da se dnevno moli
09:52
that I urgently get married
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da se ubrzo udam
09:54
so that I could settle down once and for all.
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da bih se smirila jednom za uvijek.
I zbog toga što je Bog voli,
ja sam se udala.
ja sam se udala.
09:57
And because God loves her, I did get married.
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(Smijeh)
10:00
(Laughter)
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10:02
But instead of settling down,
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Ali umjesto da se smirim,
10:04
I went to Arizona.
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otišla sam u Arizonu.
10:06
And since my husband is in Istanbul,
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Pošto mi je muž u Istanbulu,
10:08
I started commuting between Arizona and Istanbul --
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počela sam putovati između Arizone
i Istanbula -
i Istanbula -
10:11
the two places on the surface of earth
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dva mjesta na zemlji
10:13
that couldn't be more different.
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koja ne mogu biti više različita.
10:15
I guess one part of me has always been a nomad,
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Pretpostavljam da sam dijelom
uvijek bila nomad,
uvijek bila nomad,
10:18
physically and spiritually.
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fizički i spiritualno.
10:20
Stories accompany me,
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Priče mi prave društvo,
drže dijelove i sjećanja zajedno
10:22
keeping my pieces and memories together,
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10:24
like an existential glue.
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poput egzistencijalnog ljepila.
10:26
Yet as much as I love stories,
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Ipak koliko god voljela priče,
10:28
recently, I've also begun to think
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u skorije vrijeme sam počela razmišljati
kako gube svoju magiju
10:31
that they lose their magic
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ako se na priče počne gledati
kao na nešto više nego priče.
kao na nešto više nego priče.
10:33
if and when a story is seen as more than a story.
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10:36
And this is a subject that I would love
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I voljela bih da svi
10:38
to think about together.
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razmislimo o ovome.
Kada je moj prvi roman na engleskom
izašla u Americi,
izašla u Americi,
10:40
When my first novel written in English came out in America,
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dobila sam zanimljivu primjedbu
od jednog književnog kritičara.
od jednog književnog kritičara.
10:43
I heard an interesting remark from a literary critic.
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rekao je
10:46
"I liked your book," he said, "but I wish you had written it differently."
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"Sviđa mi se tvoja knjiga, ali bih volio
da si je napisala drugačije."
da si je napisala drugačije."
10:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:53
I asked him what he meant by that.
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Pitala sam ga kako to misli.
Rekao je "Pa vidi, toliko je
10:55
He said, "Well, look at it. There's so many
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Španaca, Amerikanaca,
Latino Amerikanaca u knjizi,
Latino Amerikanaca u knjizi,
10:57
Spanish, American, Hispanic characters in it,
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10:59
but there's only one Turkish character and it's a man."
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a samo jedan lik iz Turske
i on je muškarac."
Radnja romana se dešava
11:02
Now the novel took place on a university campus in Boston,
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na kampusu u Bostonu,
11:05
so to me, it was normal
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tako da mi je bilo normalno
11:07
that there be more international characters in it
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da će biti više internacionalnih likova
11:09
than Turkish characters,
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nego Turaka,
11:11
but I understood what my critic was looking for.
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ali sam razumjela šta je mislio
sa kritikom.
sa kritikom.
11:13
And I also understood that I
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I razumjela sam da ću ga opet razočarati.
11:15
would keep disappointing him.
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11:17
He wanted to see the manifestation of my identity.
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On je želio da vidi ispoljavanje
mog identiteta.
mog identiteta.
11:20
He was looking for a Turkish woman in the book
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Htio je da vidi Turkinju u knjizi,
kao što sam ja.
11:23
because I happened to be one.
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11:25
We often talk about how stories change the world,
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Često kažemo kako priče mogu
promijeniti svijet,
promijeniti svijet,
ali isto tako trebamo da vidimo
kako svijet politike identiteta
kako svijet politike identiteta
11:28
but we should also see how the world of identity politics
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11:31
affects the way stories
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utječe na način na koji priče
11:33
are being circulated,
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kruže,
11:35
read and reviewed.
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čitaju se i recenziraju.
11:37
Many authors feel this pressure,
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Puno pisaca osjeća pritisak,
11:39
but non-Western authors feel it more heavily.
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ali nezapadnjački pisci to osjete više.
11:42
If you're a woman writer from the Muslim world, like me,
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Ako ste književnica
iz muslimanskog svijeta kao ja,
11:45
then you are expected to write
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od vas se očekuje da pišete
11:47
the stories of Muslim women
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priče o muslimanskim ženama,
i po mogućnosti, da to budu nesretne priče
11:49
and, preferably, the unhappy stories
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11:51
of unhappy Muslim women.
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o nesretnim muslimankama.
11:53
You're expected to write
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Očekuje se da pišete
informativne, dirljive
11:55
informative, poignant and characteristic stories
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i karakteristične priče
11:58
and leave the experimental and avant-garde
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i ostavite eksperimentalne i avangardne
12:00
to your Western colleagues.
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vašim kolegama sa Zapada.
12:02
What I experienced as a child in that school in Madrid
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Ono što sam iskusila u školi u Madridu,
12:05
is happening in the literary world today.
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sada se dešava u književnosti.
12:08
Writers are not seen
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Pisci više ne predstavljaju
12:10
as creative individuals on their own,
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kreativne individualce,
12:12
but as the representatives
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nego ih se posmatra kao predstavnike
12:14
of their respective cultures:
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svojih kultura:
12:16
a few authors from China, a few from Turkey,
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nekoliko pisaca iz Kine, Turske,
Nigerije.
12:19
a few from Nigeria.
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Svi misle da mi imamo nešto različito,
12:21
We're all thought to have something very distinctive,
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12:23
if not peculiar.
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ako ne i čudno.
12:25
The writer and commuter James Baldwin
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Pisac i putnik, James Baldwin,
12:28
gave an interview in 1984
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dao je intervju u 1984,
12:30
in which he was repeatedly asked about his homosexuality.
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u kojem je više puta pitan
o svojoj homoseksualnosti.
o svojoj homoseksualnosti.
12:33
When the interviewer tried to pigeonhole him
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Kada ga je novinar pokušao smjestiti u koš
12:35
as a gay writer,
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sa drugim gay piscima
12:37
Baldwin stopped and said,
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2000
Baldwin je odgovorio:
12:39
"But don't you see? There's nothing in me
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"Zar ne vidiš da u meni nema
12:41
that is not in everybody else,
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ništa drugačije nego u drugima,
i ništa u drugima što nema u meni."
12:43
and nothing in everybody else
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12:45
that is not in me."
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Kada politički identitet
pokuša da nas etiketira,
pokuša da nas etiketira,
12:47
When identity politics tries to put labels on us,
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naša sloboda imaginacije
je u opasnosti.
je u opasnosti.
12:50
it is our freedom of imagination that is in danger.
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12:53
There's a fuzzy category called
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Postoji jedna nejasna kategorija
zvana multikulturala kniževnost
12:55
multicultural literature
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u kojoj svi pisci izvan Zapada
12:57
in which all authors from outside the Western world
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ubačeni zajedno.
12:59
are lumped together.
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Nikad neću zaboraviti moje prvo iskustvo
13:01
I never forget my first multicultural reading,
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sa čitanjem multikulturalne književnosti
13:03
in Harvard Square about 10 years ago.
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na Harvard trgu pije desetak godina.
13:06
We were three writers, one from the Philippines,
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Bilo nas je troje, pisci sa Filipina,
Turske i Indonezije -
13:09
one Turkish and one Indonesian --
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13:11
like a joke, you know.
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kao u vicu, znate.
13:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:15
And the reason why we were brought together
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I razlog što su nas svrstali zajedno
13:17
was not because we shared an artistic style
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nije zato što smo dijelili umjetnički stil
13:19
or a literary taste.
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2000
ili ukus u književnosti.
13:21
It was only because of our passports.
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To su uradili samo zbog naših pasoša.
13:23
Multicultural writers are expected to tell real stories,
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3000
Očekuje se da multikulturalni pisci
pričaju istinite priče
13:26
not so much the imaginary.
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i da ne koriste previše imaginacije.
13:28
A function is attributed to fiction.
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Fikciji je dodijeljena funkcija.
13:31
In this way, not only the writers themselves,
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Na ovaj način
ne samo pisci
13:33
but also their fictional characters
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nego i njihovi likovi,
13:36
become the representatives of something larger.
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postaju reprezentativci nečeg većeg.
13:39
But I must quickly add
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I moram brzo da dodam
13:41
that this tendency to see a story
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da ova tendencija da se priča sagleda
13:43
as more than a story
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kao više nego priča
13:45
does not solely come from the West.
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nije prisutna samo na Zapadu.
13:47
It comes from everywhere.
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Prisutna je svugdje.
Ovo sam osjetila iz prve ruke
13:49
And I experienced this firsthand
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kada sam bila na suđenju 2005.
13:51
when I was put on trial in 2005
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zbog riječi koje je lik
iz mog romana rekao.
iz mog romana rekao.
13:54
for the words my fictional characters uttered in a novel.
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3000
Željela sam da napišem
13:57
I had intended to write
353
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2000
13:59
a constructive, multi-layered novel
354
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3000
konstruktivni, višeslojni roman
o armenskoj i turskoj porodici
14:02
about an Armenian and a Turkish family
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14:04
through the eyes of women.
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kroz oči žena.
14:06
My micro story became a macro issue
357
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3000
Moja mala priča je postala veliki problem
14:09
when I was prosecuted.
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kada sam optužena.
14:11
Some people criticized, others praised me
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2000
Neki su me kritikovali, drugi hvalili
14:13
for writing about the Turkish-Armenian conflict.
360
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3000
zbog toga što sam pisala
o tursko-armenskom sukobu.
o tursko-armenskom sukobu.
14:16
But there were times when I wanted to remind both sides
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Ali htjela sam podsjetiti obje strane
14:19
that this was fiction.
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da je ovo samo fikcija.
14:21
It was just a story.
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To je bila samo priča.
14:23
And when I say, "just a story,"
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Kada kažem "samo priča"
ne želim da obezvrijedim svoj rad.
14:25
I'm not trying to belittle my work.
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14:27
I want to love and celebrate fiction
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Želim da volim i slavim fikciju
14:29
for what it is,
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zbog onoga što ona jeste,
a ne kao sredstvo za neki cilj.
14:31
not as a means to an end.
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Pisci imaju pravo
na svoje političke stavove,
na svoje političke stavove,
14:33
Writers are entitled to their political opinions,
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14:35
and there are good political novels out there,
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i ima jako puno dobrih političkih romana,
14:38
but the language of fiction
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ali jezik fikcije
14:40
is not the language of daily politics.
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nije isti kao jezik svakodnevne politike.
14:42
Chekhov said,
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Chekhov je rekao:
14:44
"The solution to a problem
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"Rješenje za problem
i ispravan način postavljanja pitanja
14:46
and the correct way of posing the question
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su dvije potpuno različite stvari.
14:48
are two completely separate things.
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14:51
And only the latter is an artist's responsibility."
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I umjetnikova dužnost je samo ova druga."
Politički identitet na razdvaja.
Fikcija spaja.
Fikcija spaja.
14:55
Identity politics divides us. Fiction connects.
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14:58
One is interested in sweeping generalizations.
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Jednu interesuju generalizacije,
15:01
The other, in nuances.
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drugu nijanse.
15:03
One draws boundaries.
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Jedna pravi zidove.
15:05
The other recognizes no frontiers.
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Druga ne poznaje granice.
15:07
Identity politics is made of solid bricks.
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Politički identitet je napravljen
od čvrstih cigli.
od čvrstih cigli.
15:10
Fiction is flowing water.
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Fikcija je tekuća voda.
U vijeme Osmanlija, postojali su
putnici pripovjedači zvani "meddah."
putnici pripovjedači zvani "meddah."
15:13
In the Ottoman times, there were itinerant storytellers called "meddah."
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15:16
They would go to coffee houses,
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Išli bi u kafane,
15:18
where they would tell a story in front of an audience,
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gdje bi pričali priče pred publikom,
15:20
often improvising.
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često imporovizirajući.
15:22
With each new person in the story,
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Za svaku osobu u priči,
meddah bi promjenio svoj glas,
15:24
the meddah would change his voice,
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oponašajući tog lika.
15:26
impersonating that character.
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Svi bi mogli ići i slušati -
15:28
Everybody could go and listen, you know --
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obični ljudi, ili čak sultani,
muslimani i nemuslimani.
muslimani i nemuslimani.
15:30
ordinary people, even the sultan, Muslims and non-Muslims.
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15:33
Stories cut across all boundaries,
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Priče prodiru kroz sve granice,
15:36
like "The Tales of Nasreddin Hodja,"
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kao priče o Nasretin Hodži,
15:38
which were very popular throughout the Middle East,
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koje su bile jako popularne
na Srednjem istoku,
na Srednjem istoku,
15:40
North Africa, the Balkans and Asia.
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Sjevernoj Africi, Balkanu i Aziji.
15:43
Today, stories continue
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U današnje vrijeme, priče
i dalje prevazilaze granice.
15:45
to transcend borders.
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Kada palestinski i izraelski poilitičari
govore,
govore,
15:47
When Palestinian and Israeli politicians talk,
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obično ni ne slušaju jedni druge,
15:50
they usually don't listen to each other,
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ali Palestinci
15:52
but a Palestinian reader
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još uvijek čitaju romane
izraelskih autora,
izraelskih autora,
15:54
still reads a novel by a Jewish author,
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15:56
and vice versa, connecting and empathizing
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i obrnuto, spajajući i suosjećajući
15:59
with the narrator.
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sa naratorom.
Književnost nas uzdiže.
16:01
Literature has to take us beyond.
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16:03
If it cannot take us there,
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Ako to ne uspijeva,
16:05
it is not good literature.
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onda to nije dobra književnost.
16:07
Books have saved the introverted,
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Knjige su spasile introvertno,
16:09
timid child that I was -- that I once was.
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stidljivo djete koje sam ja nekad bila.
16:12
But I'm also aware of the danger
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Ali sam također svjesna opasnosti
16:14
of fetishizing them.
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stvaranja fetiša prema knjigama.
16:16
When the poet and mystic, Rumi,
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Kada je Rumi, pisac i mistik,
16:18
met his spiritual companion, Shams of Tabriz,
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upoznao svog duhovnog prijatelja,
Šemsa iz Tabriza,
Šemsa iz Tabriza,
16:21
one of the first things the latter did
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jedna stvar koju je kasnije uradio,
16:23
was to toss Rumi's books into water
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bacio je Rumijeve knjige u vodu
16:25
and watch the letters dissolve.
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i gledao kako se slova rastapaju.
16:27
The Sufis say, "Knowledge that takes you not beyond yourself
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Sufije kažu: "Znanje koje vas ne uzdiže
je gore nego neznanje."
16:31
is far worse than ignorance."
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Problem s današnjim kulturalnim getima
16:34
The problem with today's cultural ghettos
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16:36
is not lack of knowledge --
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nije manjak znanja -
mi znamo puno jedni o drugima,
ili tako mislimo -
ili tako mislimo -
16:38
we know a lot about each other, or so we think --
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ali znanje koje nas ne uzdiže
16:41
but knowledge that takes us not beyond ourselves:
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16:44
it makes us elitist,
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stvara od nas elitiste,
distancirane i isključene.
16:46
distant and disconnected.
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Volim ovu metaforu:
16:48
There's a metaphor which I love:
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16:50
living like a drawing compass.
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živjeti poput šestara.
Kao što znate, jedna strana šestara
je statična, ukorjenjena u mjestu,
je statična, ukorjenjena u mjestu,
16:52
As you know, one leg of the compass is static, rooted in a place.
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16:55
Meanwhile, the other leg
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dok druga strana
pravi krug, stalno se pomjerajući.
16:57
draws a wide circle, constantly moving.
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16:59
Like that, my fiction as well.
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Isto kao moja fikcija.
17:01
One part of it is rooted in Istanbul,
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Jedna strana je ukorjenjena u Istanbulu,
17:03
with strong Turkish roots,
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sa snažnim turskim korjenima,
ali druga strana putuje svjetom,
17:06
but the other part travels the world,
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spaja se s drugim kulturama.
17:08
connecting to different cultures.
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17:10
In that sense, I like to think of my fiction
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U tom smislu,
volim misliti o svojoj fikciji
volim misliti o svojoj fikciji
17:12
as both local and universal,
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kao lokalnoj i univerzanloj,
kao odavde i bilo gjde drugo.
17:15
both from here and everywhere.
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17:17
Now those of you who have been to Istanbul
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Vi koji ste bili u Istanbulu
17:19
have probably seen Topkapi Palace,
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vjerovatno ste vidjeli Topkapi Saraj,
17:21
which was the residence of Ottoman sultans
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u kojoj su živjeli osmanski sultani
17:23
for more than 400 years.
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preko 400 godina.
U toj palači, odmah uz prostorije
17:26
In the palace, just outside the quarters
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17:28
of the favorite concubines,
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njihovih najdražih konkubina,
17:30
there's an area called The Gathering Place of the Djinn.
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postoji mjesto zvano
Mjesto gdje se sastaju Džini.
Mjesto gdje se sastaju Džini.
Ono je između građevina.
17:33
It's between buildings.
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Intrigirana sam ovim konceptom.
17:35
I'm intrigued by this concept.
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Obično ne vjerujemo ovim mjestima
17:37
We usually distrust those areas
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koja se nalaze među drugim stvarima.
17:39
that fall in between things.
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17:41
We see them as the domain
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Smatramo ih područjima
gdje se nalaze nadnaravna bića
kao što su džini.
kao što su džini.
17:43
of supernatural creatures like the djinn,
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17:45
who are made of smokeless fire
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Oni se sastoje od vatre bez dima,
17:47
and are the symbol of elusiveness.
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i simbol su nedokučivosti.
17:49
But my point is perhaps
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Ali moja poenta je
da nedokučivo mjesto
17:51
that elusive space
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je ono što pisci i umjetnici
najviše trebaju.
najviše trebaju.
17:53
is what writers and artists need most.
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Kada pišem fikciju
17:56
When I write fiction
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ja gajim nedokučivost i promjenljivost.
17:58
I cherish elusiveness and changeability.
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18:00
I like not knowing what will happen 10 pages later.
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Volim da ne znam šta će se desiti nakon
deset stranica.
deset stranica.
18:03
I like it when my characters surprise me.
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Volim kada me moji likovi iznenade.
18:05
I might write about
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Možda ću da pišem
u jednom romanu o ženi muslimanki,
18:07
a Muslim woman in one novel,
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i to će vjerovatno biti sretna priča,
18:09
and perhaps it will be a very happy story,
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18:11
and in my next book, I might write
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i u sljedećoj knjizi možda ću pisati
o zgodnom gay profesoru u Norveškoj.
18:13
about a handsome, gay professor in Norway.
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Dok god dolazi od srca,
18:16
As long as it comes from our hearts,
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možemo da pišemo o bilo čemu.
18:18
we can write about anything and everything.
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18:21
Audre Lorde once said,
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Audre Lorde je jednom rekla:
18:23
"The white fathers taught us to say,
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"Bijeli očevi su nas naučili da kažemo,
'Mislim, dakle postojim.'"
18:26
'I think, therefore I am.'"
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Ona dodaje: "Osjećam, dakle slobodna sam."
18:28
She suggested, "I feel, therefore I am free."
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18:31
I think it was a wonderful paradigm shift.
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Mislim da je ovo divna promjena paradigme.
18:34
And yet, why is it that,
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I ipak, zašto
u današnje vrijeme na kursevima
kreativnog pisanja
kreativnog pisanja
18:36
in creative writing courses today,
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18:38
the very first thing we teach students is
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prva stvar koju nas nauče je
18:40
"write what you know"?
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"pišite o onome što znate"?
18:42
Perhaps that's not the right way to start at all.
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To nije dobar način da se počne.
18:45
Imaginative literature is not necessarily about
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Književnost nije obavezno
pisanje o nama ili onome što znamo
18:48
writing who we are or what we know
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18:51
or what our identity is about.
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ili predstavljanje našeg dentiteta.
Trebamo učiti mlade ljude da i nas same
18:54
We should teach young people and ourselves
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18:56
to expand our hearts
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da proširujemo naša srca
i pišemo o onome kako se osjećamo.
18:58
and write what we can feel.
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19:00
We should get out of our cultural ghetto
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Trebamo izaći iz svog kulturalnog geta
19:02
and go visit the next one and the next.
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i posjetiti druga.
Na kraju, priče su kao derviši koji plešu,
19:05
In the end, stories move like whirling dervishes,
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19:08
drawing circles beyond circles.
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prave krugove izvan krugova.
19:11
They connect all humanity,
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Oni spajaju humanost,
bez obzira na politički identitet,
19:13
regardless of identity politics,
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i to je dobra stvar.
19:15
and that is the good news.
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Željela bih da završim
sa starom sufijskom pjesmom:
sa starom sufijskom pjesmom:
19:17
And I would like to finish with an old Sufi poem:
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19:19
"Come, let us be friends for once;
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"Dođi, budimo prijatelji na trenutak
olakšajmo živote jedni drugom
19:22
let us make life easy on us;
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19:24
let us be lovers and loved ones;
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budimo ljubavnici i voljeni
19:26
the earth shall be left to no one."
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zemlja neće ostati nikome."
19:29
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
19:31
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elif Shafak - NovelistElif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature.
Why you should listen
Elif Shafak is an award-winning novelist and the most widely read female writer in Turkey. She is also a political commentator and an inspirational public speaker.
She writes in both Turkish and English and has published 15 books, 10 of which are novels, including the bestselling The Bastard of Istanbul, The Forty Rules of Love and her most recent, Three Daughters of Eve. Her books have been published in 48 languages. She is published by Penguin in the UK and represented by Curtis Brown globally.
Shafak is a TEDGlobal speaker, a member of Weforum Global Agenda Council on Creative Economy in Davos and a founding member of ECFR (European Council on Foreign Relations). She has been awarded the title of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in 2010 by the French government.
She has been featured in and contributes to major newspapers and periodicals around the world, including the Financial Times, The Guardian, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Der Spiegel and La Repubblica.
Shafak has an academic background and has taught at various universities in Turkey, UK and USA. She holds a degree in International Relations, a masters degree in gender and women's studies and a PhD in political science. She is known as a women's rights, minority rights and LGBT rights advocate.
Shafak has been longlisted for the Orange Prize, MAN Asian Prize, the Baileys Prize and the IMPAC Dublin Award, and shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize and RSL Ondaatje Prize. She sat on the judging panel for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize (2013); Sunday Times Short Story Award (2014, 2015), 10th Women of the Future Awards (2015); FT/Oppenheimer Funds Emerging Voices Awards (2015, 2016); Baileys Women’s Prize for Fiction (2016) and Man Booker International Prize (2017).
As a public speaker, Shafak is represented by The London Speaker Bureau and Chartwell Speakers and Penguin Speakers Bureau. She lives in London.
Elif Shafak | Speaker | TED.com