TED2010
Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk
Šeril Hajaši (Cheryl Hayashi): Veličanstvena paukova svila
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Šeril Hajaši proučava paukovu svilu, jedan od najjačih prirodnih materijala. Svaka vrsta pauka može da proizvede čak do sedam različitih vrsta svile. Kako to uspevaju? Hajaši objašnjava na nivou DNK - zatim nam prikazuje koliko je ovaj veoma jak i veoma fleksibilan materijal inspirativan.
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientist
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm here to spread the word about the
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Želim da vam pokažem
00:18
magnificence of spiders
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koliko su paukovi veličanstveni
00:20
and how much we can learn from them.
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i koliko od njih možemo da naučimo.
00:23
Spiders are truly global citizens.
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Paukovi su stanovnici celog sveta.
00:25
You can find spiders in nearly
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Mogu se naći na skoro
00:27
every terrestrial habitat.
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svakom kopnenom staništu.
00:29
This red dot marks
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Ova crvena tačka predstavlja
00:31
the Great Basin of North America,
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Veliku Kotlinu u Severnoj Americi,
00:33
and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity
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gde sa saradnicima radim na projektu
00:35
project there with some collaborators.
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vezanom za biodiverzitet planina.
00:37
Here's one of our field sites,
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Ovo je jedan od naših terena,
00:39
and just to give you a sense of perspective,
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i da biste razumeli koliko je to veliko,
00:41
this little blue smudge here,
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ova mala plava fleka
00:43
that's one of my collaborators.
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je jedan od mojih saradnika.
00:45
This is a rugged and barren landscape,
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Iako je ovo kamenit i ogoljen predeo,
00:48
yet there are quite a few spiders here.
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ovde ima dosta paukova.
00:50
Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider
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Ispod kamenja smo otkrili
ovog račjeg pauka
ovog račjeg pauka
00:54
grappling with a beetle.
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kako se bori sa bubom.
00:56
Spiders are not just everywhere,
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Paukovi nisu samo mnogobrojni
00:59
but they're extremely diverse.
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već i veoma raznoliki.
01:01
There are over 40,000 described species
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Postoji preko 40,000 zabeleženih vrsta
01:04
of spiders.
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paukova.
01:05
To put that number into perspective,
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Da biste stekli osećaj koliki je to broj,
01:07
here's a graph comparing the 40,000
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ovaj grafikon upoređuje 40.000
01:09
species of spiders
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vrsta paukova
01:11
to the 400 species of primates.
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sa 400 vrsta primata.
01:13
There are two orders of magnitude more
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Broj paukova je za dva reda veličine
01:15
spiders than primates.
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veći od broja primata.
01:17
Spiders are also extremely old.
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Paukovi su takođe
veoma star red životinja.
veoma star red životinja.
01:21
On the bottom here,
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Ovde dole je
01:23
this is the geologic timescale,
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geološka vremenska razmera,
01:25
and the numbers on it indicate millions
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gde brojevi označavaju milione
01:27
of years from the present, so the zero here,
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godina unazad od sadašnjosti -
01:29
that would be today.
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dakle, nula predstavlja danas.
01:31
So what this figure shows is that spiders
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Ova slika pokazuje da su paukovi
01:34
date back to almost 380 million years.
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stari gotovo 380 miliona godina.
01:38
To put that into perspective, this red
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Uzmite u obzir da je ova crvena
01:40
vertical bar here marks the divergence time
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vertikalna pruga vreme odvajanja
01:43
of humans from chimpanzees,
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ljudi od šimpanzi,
01:46
a mere seven million years ago.
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tek pre sedam miliona godina.
01:49
All spiders make silk
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Svi paukovi proizvode svilu
01:51
at some point in their life.
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u nekom delu svog života.
01:53
Most spiders use copious amounts of silk,
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Većina paukova koristi
obilne količine svile,
obilne količine svile,
01:56
and silk is essential to their survival
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i svila je neophodna za njihov opstanak
01:58
and reproduction.
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i razmnožavanje.
02:00
Even fossil spiders can make silk,
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Čak su i praistorijski paukovi
02:02
as we can see from this impression of
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pravili svilu, što se vidi iz otiska
02:04
a spinneret on this fossil spider.
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paučinaste bradavice
na ovom fosilu pauka.
na ovom fosilu pauka.
02:07
So this means that both spiders
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Ovo znači da i paukovi
02:09
and spider silk have been around
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i paukova svila postoje
02:11
for 380 million years.
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već 380 miliona godina.
02:16
It doesn't take long from working with spiders
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Nije potrebno mnogo rada sa paukovima
02:19
to start noticing how essential silk is
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da bi shvatili od kolikog je značaja svila
02:22
to just about every aspect of their life.
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za gotovo svaki aspekt njihovog života.
02:25
Spiders use silk for many purposes, including
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Paukovi koriste svilu za razne stvari,
02:28
the trailing safety dragline,
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za pridržavajuće niti pri kretanju,
02:30
wrapping eggs for reproduction,
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za umotavanje jaja pri razmnožavanju,
02:33
protective retreats
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za izgradnju skloništa
02:35
and catching prey.
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i hvatanje plena.
02:37
There are many kinds of spider silk.
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Postoji mnogo vrsta paukove svile.
02:39
For example, this garden spider can make
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Na primer, ovaj baštenski pauk pravi
02:42
seven different kinds of silks.
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sedam različitih vrsta svile.
02:44
When you look at this orb web, you're actually
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Kada se posmatra ova okrugla mreža,
02:46
seeing many types of silk fibers.
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zapravo se vide
različite vrste svilenih vlakana.
različite vrste svilenih vlakana.
02:49
The frame and radii of this web
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Okvir i poluprečnici
02:51
is made up of one type of silk,
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su napravljeni od jedne vrste,
02:54
while the capture spiral is a composite
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dok je spirala za lov mešavina
02:56
of two different silks:
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dva različita oblika svile:
02:58
the filament and the sticky droplet.
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niti i lepljivih kapljica.
03:01
How does an individual spider
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Kako jedan pauk uspeva
03:04
make so many kinds of silk?
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da napravi toliko vrsta svile?
03:07
To answer that, you have to look a lot closer
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Da bi se na to odgovorilo,
moramo da
moramo da
03:09
at the spinneret region of a spider.
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izbliza pogledamo paučinaste bradavice.
03:11
So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for
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Svila izlazi iz paučinastih bradavica,
03:13
those of us spider silk biologists, this is what
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i za nas biologe koji
izučavamo paukovu svilu,
izučavamo paukovu svilu,
03:15
we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)
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ovo je cev puške pauka.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
03:17
We spend long days ...
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Provodimo mnoge dane...
03:19
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.
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Hej! Ne smejte se. To je moj život.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:23
We spend long days and nights
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Provodimo mnoge dane i noći
03:25
staring at this part of the spider.
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zagledani u ovaj deo pauka.
03:28
And this is what we see.
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I vidimo sledeće.
03:30
You can see multiple fibers
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Vidi se kako više vlakana
03:32
coming out of the spinnerets, because
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izlazi iz paučinastih bradavica,
03:35
each spinneret has many spigots on it.
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jer svaka od njih ima više mlazeva.
03:38
Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,
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Svaka od ovih svilenih niti
izlazi iz mlaza,
izlazi iz mlaza,
03:41
and if you were to trace the fiber back
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i kada bismo pratili nit unazad
03:43
into the spider, what you would find is that
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u telo pauka, videli bismo da je
03:46
each spigot connects to its own individual
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svaki od ovih mlazeva
povezan sa sopstvenom
povezan sa sopstvenom
03:48
silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac
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paučinastom žlezdom.
Paučinasta žlezda pomalo liči
Paučinasta žlezda pomalo liči
03:51
with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.
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na vreću punu proteina svile.
03:54
So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect
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Pa ako ikada budete u prilici da secirate
03:56
an orb-web-weaving spider,
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pauka koji plete kružne mreže,
03:58
and I hope you do,
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a nadam se da ćete biti,
04:00
what you would find is a bounty
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pronašli biste obilje
04:03
of beautiful, translucent silk glands.
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divnih, providnih paučinastih žlezda.
04:06
Inside each spider, there are hundreds
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Unutar svakog pauka postoje stotine
04:08
of silk glands, sometimes thousands.
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paučinastih žlezda, nekada na hiljade.
04:11
These can be grouped into seven categories.
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Svrstavaju se u sedam kategorija.
04:14
They differ by size, shape,
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Razlikuju se po veličini, obliku,
04:16
and sometimes even color.
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ponekad i po boji.
04:18
In an orb-web-weaving spider,
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Kod pauka koji plete kružne mreže
04:20
you can find seven types of silk glands,
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možete naći sedam
vrsta paučinastih žlezda,
vrsta paučinastih žlezda,
04:22
and what I have depicted here in this picture,
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i kad pogledamo šta se nalazi na slici,
04:24
let's start at the one o'clock position,
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da počnemo sa vrha:
04:27
there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used
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postoje cevaste paučinaste žlezde
04:29
to make the outer silk of an egg sac.
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koje proizvode svilenu opnu za jaje.
04:31
There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk
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Tu su agregatne i bičaste žlezde
04:33
glands which combine to make the sticky
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koje zajedno daju lepljivu spiralu
04:35
capture spiral of an orb web.
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za lov kod kružne mreže.
04:38
Pyriform silk glands make the attachment
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Kruškaste paučinaste žlezde prave
04:40
cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere
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cement - to je svila
koja se koristi da zalepi
koja se koristi da zalepi
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silk lines to a substrate.
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niti svile za podlogu.
04:46
There's also aciniform silk,
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Postoji i svila iz grozdaste žlezde,
04:48
which is used to wrap prey.
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kojom se obmotava plen.
Od svile iz manje ampulaste žlezde
se pravi mreža.
se pravi mreža.
04:50
Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction.
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04:52
And the most studied silk line
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I vrsta svile koja se najviše proučava:
04:54
of them all: major ampullate silk.
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svila iz veće ampulaste žlezde.
04:56
This is the silk that's used to make the frame
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Ovo je svila od koje se prave okvir
04:58
and radii of an orb web, and also
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i poluprečnici kružne mreže,
05:01
the safety trailing dragline.
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kao i niti za oslonac pri kretanju.
05:04
But what, exactly, is spider silk?
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Ali šta je tačno paukova svila?
05:08
Spider silk is almost entirely protein.
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Paukova svila je gotovo cela od proteina.
05:11
Nearly all of these proteins can be explained
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Skoro svi ovi proteini potiču
05:13
by a single gene family,
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od jedne grupe gena,
05:16
so this means that the diversity of silk types
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što znači da i raznolikost vrsta svile
05:18
we see today is encoded by one gene family,
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koje danas postoje
takođe potiče od jedne grupe gena.
takođe potiče od jedne grupe gena.
05:23
so presumably the original spider ancestor
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Verovatno je prvobitni pauk mrežar
05:26
made one kind of silk,
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pravio jednu vrstu svile,
05:28
and over the last 380 million years,
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a geni za tu svilu su se
05:31
that one silk gene has duplicated
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tokom proteklih
380 miliona godina umnožili,
380 miliona godina umnožili,
05:34
and then diverged, specialized,
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razdvojili i specijalizovali,
05:37
over and over and over again, to get
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i to dosta puta, kako bi nastale
05:40
the large variety of flavors of spider silks
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različite vrste svile
05:42
that we have today.
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koja postoji danas.
05:45
There are several features that all these silks
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Postoji nekoliko osobina
05:47
have in common. They all have a common
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koje sve ove svile dele.
05:49
design, such as they're all very long --
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Sve su sličnog izgleda, dakle sve su
05:51
they're sort of outlandishly long
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veoma duge - zapravo neobično duge
05:54
compared to other proteins.
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u poređenju sa drugim proteinima.
05:56
They're very repetitive, and they're very rich
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Jednolične su građe i veoma bogate
05:59
in the amino acids glycine and alanine.
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amino kiselinama glicinom i alaninom.
06:02
To give you an idea of what
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Da biste shvatili kako izgleda
06:04
a spider silk protein looks like,
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protein paukove svile,
06:06
this is a dragline silk protein,
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ovo je protein sigurnosne niti svile,
06:08
it's just a portion of it,
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jedan njegov deo,
06:10
from the black widow spider.
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od pauka crne udovice.
06:12
This is the kind of sequence that I love
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Ovakvu sekvencu volim da
06:14
looking at day and night. (Laughter)
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gledam čitav dan.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
06:17
So what you're seeing here is the one letter
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Prikazana je skraćenica od jednog slova
06:19
abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored
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za aminokiseline, i obojila sam
06:21
in the glycines with green,
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glicine u zeleno,
06:23
and the alanines in red, and so
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a alanine u crveno, tako da
06:25
you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's.
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vidite mnogo slova G i A.
06:28
You can also see that there's a lot of short
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Takođe se vidi da ima mnogo kratkih
06:31
sequence motifs that repeat over and over
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sekvenci koje se ponavljaju
iznova i iznova
iznova i iznova
06:34
and over again, so for example there's a lot of
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i iznova, tako da na primer ima mnogo
06:36
what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's,
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takozvanih polialanina,
ili ponovljenih slova A,
ili ponovljenih slova A,
06:39
AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY.
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AAAAA. Imamo GGQ. Imamo GGY.
06:43
You can think of these short motifs
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Možete da zamislite da su te
06:45
that repeat over and over again as words,
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kratke sekvence koje se ponavljaju reči,
06:48
and these words occur in sentences.
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a te reči stvaraju rečenice.
06:51
So for example this would be one sentence,
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Pa bi na primer ovo bila jedna rečenica,
06:54
and you would get this sort of green region
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i dobili biste ovu zelenu oblast
06:56
and the red polyalanine, that repeats
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i crveni polialanin, koji se ponavlja
06:58
over and over and over again,
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iznova i iznova i iznova,
07:00
and you can have that hundreds and
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i to se može desiti
07:02
hundreds and hundreds of times within
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na stotine puta
07:04
an individual silk molecule.
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unutar pojedinačnog molekula svile.
07:06
Silks made by the same spider can have
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U svilama jednog istog pauka
07:08
dramatically different repeat sequences.
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mogu da se ponavljaju
izrazito različite sekvence.
izrazito različite sekvence.
07:11
At the top of the screen, you're seeing
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Na vrhu ekrana se vidi
07:14
the repeat unit from the dragline silk
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jedinica koja se ponavlja
kod sigurnosne niti
kod sigurnosne niti
07:17
of a garden argiope spider.
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krupnog baštenskog pauka.
07:20
It's short. And on the bottom,
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Kratka je. I na dnu,
07:22
this is the repeat sequence for the
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vidi se sekvenca ponavljanja za omotač
07:24
egg case, or tubuliform silk protein,
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za jaja, protein svile cevastih žlezda,
07:26
for the exact same spider. And you can see
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kod istog tog pauka. I možete videti
07:29
how dramatically different
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koliko su izrazito različiti
07:31
these silk proteins are -- so this is
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ovi proteini svile - dakle ovde se
07:34
sort of the beauty of the diversification
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vidi lepota raznolikosti
07:36
of the spider silk gene family.
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u grupi gena paukove svile.
07:38
You can see that the repeat units differ
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Vidimo da su
jedinice ponavljanja različite
jedinice ponavljanja različite
07:40
in length. They also differ in sequence.
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po dužini.
Razlikuju se i redosledi gena.
Razlikuju se i redosledi gena.
07:42
So I've colored in the glycines again
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Dakle, ponovo sam obojila glicine
07:44
in green, alanine in red, and the serines,
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u zeleno, alanine u crveno, a serine,
07:47
the letter S, in purple. And you can see
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slovo S, u ljubičasto. I vidite da
07:50
that the top repeat unit can be explained
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se gotovo cela jedinica ponavljanja
07:52
almost entirely by green and red,
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na vrhu sastoji iz zelene i crvene,
07:55
and the bottom repeat unit has
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a jedinica ponavljanja na dnu ima
07:57
a substantial amount of purple.
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velike količine ljubičastog.
07:59
What silk biologists do is we try to relate
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Biolozi koji proučavaju svilu
pokušavaju da povežu
pokušavaju da povežu
08:02
these sequences, these amino acid
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ovakve sekvence aminokiselina,
08:04
sequences, to the mechanical properties
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sa mehaničkim svojstvima
08:06
of the silk fibers.
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svilenih vlakana.
08:08
Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk
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Pri tom je vrlo zgodno
što pauci koriste svilu
što pauci koriste svilu
08:11
completely outside their body.
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potpuno van svojih tela.
08:13
This makes testing spider silk really, really
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Ovo znatno olakšava testiranje
08:15
easy to do in the laboratory, because
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u laboratoriji,
08:17
we're actually, you know, testing it in air
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jer je testiramo u vazduhu,
08:20
that's exactly the environment that
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dakle tačno u okruženju u kojem
08:22
spiders are using their silk proteins.
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i paukovi koriste svoje proteine svile.
08:24
So this makes quantifying silk properties by
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Zbog ovoga je merenje svojstava svile
08:26
methods such as tensile testing, which is
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metodama poput testiranja rastegljivosti-
08:28
basically, you know, tugging on one end
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u suštini, tegljenja jednog kraja niti -
08:30
of the fiber, very amenable.
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veoma pristupačnim.
08:33
Here are stress-strain curves
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Ovo su krive odnosa napona i deformacije
08:36
generated by tensile testing
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izvedene iz testiranja rastegljivosti
08:38
five fibers made by the same spider.
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pet vlakana koje je napravio isti pauk.
08:41
So what you can see here is that
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Može se videti da se ovih pet vlakana
08:44
the five fibers have different behaviors.
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ponaša različito.
08:47
Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis,
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Tačnije, ako pogledate vertikalnu osu,
08:49
that's stress. If you look at the maximum
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to je napon. Ako pogledate
maksimalne vrednosti
napona svih ovih vlakana,
napona svih ovih vlakana,
08:52
stress value for each of these fibers,
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08:54
you can see that there's a lot of variation,
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videćete da se znatno razlikuju,
08:57
and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk,
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i da je sigurnosna nit,
odnosno svila veće ampulaste žlezde
odnosno svila veće ampulaste žlezde
09:00
is the strongest of these fibers.
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najjača od ovih vlakana.
09:02
We think that's because the dragline silk,
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Mislimo da je to zato što ova svila,
09:05
which is used to make the frame and radii
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od koje se prave okvir
i poluprečnici mreže,
i poluprečnici mreže,
09:08
for a web, needs to be very strong.
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mora da bude veoma jaka.
09:10
On the other hand, if you were to look at
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Sa druge strane, ako biste posmatrali
09:12
strain -- this is how much a fiber can be
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deformaciju - koliko nit
može da se istegne -
može da se istegne -
09:14
extended -- if you look at the maximum value
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ako pogledate maksimalnu vrednost,
09:16
here, again, there's a lot of variation
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vidite da i ovde ima znatnih razlika,
09:19
and the clear winner is flagelliform,
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a jasan pobednik je svila bičaste žlezde,
09:21
or the capture spiral filament.
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odnosno vlakna spirale za lov.
09:23
In fact, this flagelliform fiber can
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U stvari, nit bičaste žlezde može
09:25
actually stretch over twice its original length.
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da se izduži dvostruko
od svoje početne dužine.
od svoje početne dužine.
09:29
So silk fibers vary in their strength
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Dakle, svilena vlakna
se razlikuju po jačini,
se razlikuju po jačini,
09:32
and also their extensibility.
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kao i po istegljivosti.
09:34
In the case of the capture spiral,
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Što se tiče spirale za lov,
09:36
it needs to be so stretchy to absorb
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ona mora da bude rastegljiva da bi upila
09:38
the impact of flying prey.
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udarac letećeg plena.
09:40
If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then
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Kada ne bi mogla toliko da se tegli,
09:42
basically when an insect hit the web,
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insekt koji udari u mrežu
09:44
it would just trampoline right off of it.
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bi samo odskočio od nje.
09:46
So if the web was made entirely out of
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Kada bi mreža bila napravljena
09:48
dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just
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od sigurnosne svile,
insekt bi najverovatnije samo
insekt bi najverovatnije samo
09:51
bounce right off. But by having really, really
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odskočio od nje.
Ali, zbog veoma tegljive spirale za lov,
mreža je u stvari
mreža je u stvari
09:53
stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually
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09:55
able to absorb the impact
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u stanju da upije udarac
09:57
of that intercepted prey.
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i zaustavi plen.
10:00
There's quite a bit of variation within
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Postoje znatne razlike među nitima
10:02
the fibers that an individual spider can make.
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koje jedan pauk može da napravi.
10:05
We call that the tool kit of a spider.
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Za ovo kažemo da je
paukov kofer sa alatom.
paukov kofer sa alatom.
10:08
That's what the spider has
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Time čime se pauk služi
10:10
to interact with their environment.
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kako bi delovao na svet oko sebe.
10:12
But how about variation among spider
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Ali šta se dešava
10:14
species, so looking at one type of silk
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kada istu vrstu svile posmatramo
10:16
and looking at different species of spiders?
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kod različitih vrsta paukova?
10:19
This is an area that's largely unexplored
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Ovo je većinom neistražena oblast
10:21
but here's a little bit of data I can show you.
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ali evo nekih podataka
koje mogu da vam pokažem.
koje mogu da vam pokažem.
10:25
This is the comparison of the toughness
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Ovo je poređenje čvrstine
10:27
of the dragline spilk spun
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sigurnosnih niti
10:29
by 21 species of spiders.
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kod 21 različite vrste paukova.
10:31
Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and
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Neki od njih pletu kružne mreže,
10:33
some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders.
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a drugi ne.
10:36
It's been hypothesized that
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Pretpostavlja se da bi paukovi
10:38
orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here,
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koji pletu kružne mreže,
kao ovaj krupni baštenski pauk,
kao ovaj krupni baštenski pauk,
10:41
should have the toughest dragline silks
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trebali da imaju najjače sigurnosne niti
10:43
because they must intercept flying prey.
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jer moraju da ulove leteći plen.
10:46
What you see here on this toughness graph
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Na ovom grafikonu jačine se vidi
10:49
is the higher the black dot is on the graph,
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da najviše postavljene crne tačke
10:51
the higher the toughness.
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prikazuju najveću jačinu.
10:53
The 21 species are indicated here by this
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Ovo drvo evolucije prikazuje
10:56
phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows
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genetski odnos 21 vrste paukova,
10:59
their genetic relationships, and I've colored
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a oni koji pletu kružne mreže
11:01
in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders.
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su obojeni u žuto.
11:04
If you look right here at the two red arrows,
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Ako pogledate ove dve crvene strelice,
11:07
they point to the toughness values
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one ukazuju na vrednosti jačine
11:10
for the draglines of nephila clavipes and
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sigurnosnih niti vrste banana-paukova
11:12
araneus diadematus.
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i paukova krstaša.
11:14
These are the two species of spiders
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To su dve vrste paukova
11:16
for which the vast majority of time and money
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čije proteine svile
pokušavamo da kopiramo,
pokušavamo da kopiramo,
11:19
on synthetic spider silk research has been
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i tu nam odlazi najviše novca i vremena
11:22
to replicate their dragline silk proteins.
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prilikom istraživanja paukovih svila.
11:25
Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.
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Pa ipak, njihove
sigurnosne niti nisu najjače.
sigurnosne niti nisu najjače.
11:29
In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey
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Zapravo se iz prikupljenih podataka vidi
11:32
is this one right here in this white region,
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da je najjača svila u ovoj beloj oblasti,
11:35
a non orb-web-weaving spider.
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nit pauka koji ne plete kružne mreže.
11:37
This is the dragline spun by scytodes,
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Tu nit je isplela
11:39
the spitting spider.
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vrsta pauka pljuvača.
11:41
Scytodes doesn't use a web at all
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Ova vrsta prilikom lova
uopšte ne koristi mrežu.
uopšte ne koristi mrežu.
11:44
to catch prey. Instead, scytodes
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Umesto toga oni
11:46
sort of lurks around and waits for prey
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vrebaju plen iz zasede,
11:49
to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey
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čekaju da se približi,
pa ga onesposobe
pa ga onesposobe
11:52
by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.
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pljujući otrov u obliku svile na njega.
11:56
Think of hunting with silly string.
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Zamislite da lovite vunenim koncem.
11:59
That's how scytodes forages.
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Tako se hrane paukovi pljuvači.
12:02
We don't really know why scytodes
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Nismo sigurni zašto je
paukovima pljuvačima
paukovima pljuvačima
12:04
needs such a tough dragline,
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potrebna tako jaka sigurnosna nit,
12:07
but it's unexpected results like this that make
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ali ovakvi neočekivani rezultati čine
12:10
bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile.
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bio-istraživanja tako
uzbudljivim i isplativim.
uzbudljivim i isplativim.
12:14
It frees us from the constraints
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To nas oslobađa od ograničenja
12:16
of our imagination.
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naše mašte.
12:18
Now I'm going to mark on
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Obeležiću vrednosti
12:20
the toughness values for nylon fiber,
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čvrstine najlonskih vlakana,
12:23
bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk --
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bolbiksa - niti pripitomljene
svilene bube,
svilene bube,
12:26
wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers.
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vune, Kevlara i ugljeničnih vlakana.
12:29
And what you can see is that nearly
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Vidi se da je paukova svila
12:31
all the spider draglines surpass them.
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skoro u svakom slučaju jača.
12:33
It's the combination of strength, extensibility
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Baš ova kombinacija jačine, istegljivosti
12:37
and toughness that makes spider silk so
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i čvrstine čini paukovu svilu posebnom,
12:40
special, and that has attracted the attention
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i to je skrenulo pažnju
12:43
of biomimeticists, so people that turn
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biomimetičara, koji nova rešenja problema
12:46
to nature to try to find new solutions.
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prave po ugledu na prirodu.
12:49
And the strength, extensibility and toughness
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Zbog te snage, istegljivosti i čvrstine,
12:52
of spider silks combined with the fact that
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kao i činjenice
12:55
silks do not elicit an immune response,
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da ne nadražuje imuni sistem,
12:58
have attracted a lot of interest in the use
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paukova svila je pronašla
13:01
of spider silks in biomedical applications,
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upotrebu u biomedicini,
13:03
for example, as a component of
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na primer, pri pravljenju
13:05
artificial tendons, for serving as
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veštačkih tetiva,
13:08
guides to regrow nerves, and for
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za navođenje pravca obnove nerava
13:12
scaffolds for tissue growth.
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ili rasta tkiva.
13:15
Spider silks also have a lot of potential
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Velik je i potencijal paukovih svila
13:18
for their anti-ballistic capabilities.
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kao materijala za zaustavljanje metaka.
13:20
Silks could be incorporated into body
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Mogle bi ući u sastav pancira
13:22
and equipment armor that would be more
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za ljude i opremu, te bi on bio
13:25
lightweight and flexible
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lakši i savitljiviji
13:27
than any armor available today.
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od bilo kog koji danas postoji.
13:30
In addition to these biomimetic
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Pored ovih
13:33
applications of spider silks,
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biomimetičkih primena,
13:35
personally, I find studying spider silks
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meni je samo proučavanje
13:39
just fascinating in and of itself.
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paukovih svila strašno zanimljivo.
13:42
I love when I'm in the laboratory,
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Strašno volim kad mi u laboratoriju
13:46
a new spider silk sequence comes in.
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stigne nova sekvenca.
13:49
That's just the best. (Laughter)
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To je stvarno super.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
13:52
It's like the spiders are sharing
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Kao da paukovi pokušavaju
13:55
an ancient secret with me, and that's why
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da mi kažu neku drevnu tajnu,
13:57
I'm going to spend the rest of my life
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i zbog toga ću do kraja života
13:59
studying spider silk.
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da proučavam paukovu svilu.
14:01
The next time you see a spider web,
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Molim vas, kad sledeći put
vidite paukovu mrežu,
vidite paukovu mrežu,
14:04
please, pause and look a little closer.
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zastanite i bolje pogledajte.
14:07
You'll be seeing one of the most
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Videćete jedan od najjačih materijala
14:09
high-performance materials known to man.
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za koje znamo.
14:12
To borrow from the writings
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Da citiram
14:14
of a spider named Charlotte,
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pauka zvanog Šarlota:
14:17
silk is terrific.
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svila je sjajna.
14:19
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
14:22
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientistCheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use.
Why you should listen
Biologist Cheryl Hayashi is fascinated with spiders and their silks, and for good reason. Made of a mix of proteins, spider silks come in thousands of variations; there are over 40,000 species of spiders, with many spiders capable of producing half a dozen types. Some silks have the tensile strength of steel -- and often are much tougher -- while remaining light as air and extremely supple. And spiders use their silk in diverse ways: to make their homes and trap their food, to travel, to court and to protect their eggs.
In her lab at UC Riverside, Hayashi explores spider silk’s genetic makeup, evolution and unique biomechanics (winning a MacArthur “genius" grant for it in 2007). Her work blurs the boundary between biology and materials science, looking for the molecular basis of this wondrous material and exploring how humans might learn from it. Hayashi's work may inspire new biomimetic materials for a huge variety of uses, from biodegradable fishing lines and sutures to superstrong ropes and armor cloth.
Cheryl Hayashi | Speaker | TED.com