ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Pawlyn - Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments.

Why you should listen

Michael Pawlyn established the architecture firm Exploration in 2007 to focus on environmentally sustainable projects that take their inspiration from nature.

Prior to setting up the company, Pawlyn worked with the firm Grimshaw for ten years and was central to the team that radically re-invented horticultural architecture for the Eden Project. He was responsible for leading the design of the Warm Temperate and Humid Tropics Biomes and the subsequent phases that included proposals for a third Biome for plants from dry tropical regions. In 1999 he was one of five winners in A Car-free London, an ideas competition for strategic solutions to the capital’s future transport needs and new possibilities for urban spaces. In September 2003 he joined an intensive course in nature-inspired design at Schumacher College, run by Amory Lovins and Janine Benyus. He has lectured widely on the subject of sustainable design in the UK and abroad.

His Sahara Forest Project, covered in this TEDTalk, recently won major funding >>

More profile about the speaker
Michael Pawlyn | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon London 2010

Michael Pawlyn: Using nature's genius in architecture

迈克尔·波林:将大自然的智慧运用到建筑上

Filmed:
2,031,800 views

建筑师怎样才能向大自然学习建立一个持续的美丽新世界?在伦敦TEDSalon中, 迈克尔·波林描述了三种大自然可能改变社会的特性:提高资源使用效率,封闭式循环和太阳能的使用。
- Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I'd like to start开始 with a couple一对 of quick examples例子.
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我想先讲几个简单的例子
00:18
These are spinneret喷丝板 glands腺体
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这些是蜘蛛吐丝的腺体
00:20
on the abdomen腹部 of a spider蜘蛛.
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位在蜘蛛的腹部
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They produce生产 six different不同 types类型 of silk, which哪一个 is spun together一起 into a fiber纤维,
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他们可以分泌出六种不同的丝,编织在一起变成纤维
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tougher强硬 than any fiber纤维 humans人类 have ever made制作.
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这比任何人类制作出的纤维都要强韧
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The nearest最近的 we've我们已经 come is with aramid芳纶 fiber纤维.
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最接近这种特性的要算是芳纶纤维
00:31
And to make that, it involves涉及 extremes极端 of temperature温度,
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要作出这样的纤维需要极端的温度
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extremes极端 of pressure压力 and loads负载 of pollution污染.
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极端的压力和大量的污染
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And yet然而 the spider蜘蛛 manages管理 to do it at ambient周围 temperature温度 and pressure压力
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然而蜘蛛却能在一般环境的温度和压力
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with raw生的 materials物料 of dead flies苍蝇 and water.
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运用死掉苍蝇和水当作原料做出来这种纤维
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It does suggest建议 we've我们已经 still got a bit to learn学习.
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它说明了我们还有东西可学
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This beetle甲虫 can detect检测 a forest森林 fire at 80 kilometers公里 away.
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这种甲虫可以侦测到远在80公里外的森林火灾
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That's roughly大致 10,000 times the range范围
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功力这大约是
00:49
of man-made人造 fire detectors探测器.
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人造火灾探测器所能侦测范围的10,000倍
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And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire线
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更重要的是,这小昆虫不需要电线
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connected连接的 all the way back to a power功率 station burning燃烧 fossil化石 fuels燃料.
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连接使用燃料的发电站
00:57
So these two examples例子 give a sense of what biomimicry仿生学 can deliver交付.
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这两个例子说明了生物模拟是值得学习的
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If we could learn学习 to make things and do things the way nature性质 does,
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如果我们能学会大自然的方式
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we could achieve实现 factor因子 10, factor因子 100,
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我们可以达到10倍,100倍
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maybe even factor因子 1,000 savings
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甚至是1,000倍的
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in resource资源 and energy能源 use.
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节约资源和能源
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And if we're to make progress进展 with the sustainability可持续性 revolution革命,
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如果我们要有所进步达到永续发​​展
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I believe there are three really big changes变化
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我认为有三个非常大的变化
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we need to bring带来 about.
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是我们需要的
01:17
Firstly首先, radical激进 increases增加 in resource资源 efficiency效率.
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第一,提高基本资源使​​用效率
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Secondly其次, shifting from a linear线性, wasteful浪费,
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第二,把线性的,浪费的,
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polluting污染 way of using运用 resources资源
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污染的资源使用方式
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to a closed-loop闭环 model模型.
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转变成一个封闭的循环模式
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And thirdly第三, changing改变 from a fossil化石 fuel汽油 economy经济
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第三,从矿物燃料经济
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to a solar太阳能 economy经济.
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转变成太阳能经济
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And for all three of these, I believe,
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而对于这三点,我认为
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biomimicry仿生学 has a lot of the solutions解决方案 that we're going to need.
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生物模拟提供很多的解决方法是我们需要的
01:34
You could look at nature性质 as being存在 like a catalog目录 of products制品,
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你可以看一下大自然把它当作是样本
01:37
and all of those have benefited受益
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所有的东西都来自于
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from a 3.8-billion-year-billion年 research研究 and development发展 period.
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3.8亿年的研究和发展的累积
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And given特定 that level水平 of investment投资, it makes品牌 sense to use it.
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基于这样程度的投资,我们也应该使用它
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So I'm going to talk about some projects项目 that have explored探讨 these ideas思路.
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所以我要谈谈一些探索这些想法的项目
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And let's start开始 with radical激进 increases增加
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让我们从迅速
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in resource资源 efficiency效率.
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提高基本资源使​​用效率说起
01:52
When we were working加工 on the Eden伊甸园 Project项目,
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当我们开始执行伊甸园计划时
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we had to create创建 a very large greenhouse温室
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我们必须盖一座非常大的温室
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in a site现场 that was not only irregular不规则,
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在一个不仅不规则
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but it was continually不断 changing改变 because it was still being存在 quarried开采.
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而且不断变化的地方,因为这个地方仍在开采
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It was a hell地狱 of a challenge挑战,
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这是一个很大的挑战
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and it was actually其实 examples例子 from biology生物学
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不过它实际上是运用生物学的例子
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that provided提供 a lot of the clues线索.
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这提供了很多线索
02:07
So for instance,
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例如
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it was soap肥皂 bubbles泡泡 that helped帮助 us generate生成 a building建造 form形成
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这参考肥皂泡泡的样子,规划出建筑物的外观
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that would work regardless而不管 of the final最后 ground地面 levels水平.
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不管最后地面高度多高都能做到
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Studying研究 pollen花粉 grains谷物
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研究花粉
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and radiolaria放射虫 and carbon molecules分子
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和放射虫类和碳分子
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helped帮助 us devise设计 the most efficient高效 structural结构 solution
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帮助我们做出最有效的结构设计
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using运用 hexagons六边形 and pentagons五边形.
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运用六边形和五边形
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The next下一个 move移动 was that we wanted
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下一步是我们想要
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to try and maximize最大化 the size尺寸 of those hexagons六边形.
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把六边形做到最大
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And to do that we had to find an alternative替代 to glass玻璃,
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要做到这点我们必须用可替代玻璃的材质
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which哪一个 is really very limited有限 in terms条款 of its unit单元 sizes大小.
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不过这材质能够用的单位面积也相当受限
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And in nature性质 there are lots of examples例子
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在自然界中非常多的例子
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of very efficient高效 structures结构 based基于 on pressurized加压 membranes.
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都能有效用在结构设计上,像是加压膜技术
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So we started开始 exploring探索 this material材料 called ETFEETFE.
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因此我们开始探索ETFE这种材料
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It's a high-strength高强度 polymer聚合物.
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这是一种高强度聚合物
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And what you do is you put it together一起 in three layers,
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而我们把它做成三层
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you weld焊接 it around the edge边缘, and then you inflate膨胀 it.
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把它周围边缘焊接起来,然后充气
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And the great thing about this stuff东东
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这东西最了不起的地方是
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is you can make it in units单位
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它的每一个单位
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of roughly大致 seven times the size尺寸 of glass玻璃,
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可以大约是玻璃的七倍大
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and it was only one percent百分 of the weight重量 of double-glazing双层玻璃.
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重量却只有双层玻璃的百分之一
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So that was a factor-因子-100 saving保存.
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所以这算是100倍的节约资源
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And what we found发现 is that we got into a positive cycle周期
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我们也发现到这带动起良性循环
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in which哪一个 one breakthrough突破 facilitated促进 another另一个.
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新发现又会带来另一个新发现
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So with such这样 large, lightweight轻量级 pillows枕头,
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在这样大又轻的支撑下
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we had much less steel.
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我们也能减少钢材的使用
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With less steel we were getting得到 more sunlight阳光 in,
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少一点钢材,阳光就能多一点进来
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which哪一个 meant意味着 we didn't have to put as much extra额外 heat in winter冬季.
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换句话说,在冬天我们不用储备太多的热能
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And with less overall总体 weight重量 in the superstructure上层建筑,
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加上在建筑上层的整体重量也减少
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there were big savings in the foundations基金会.
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所以地基的建材也能节省许多
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And at the end结束 of the project项目 we worked工作 out
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在这项计画完成的时候,我们发现
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that the weight重量 of that superstructure上层建筑
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上层建筑的重量
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was actually其实 less than the weight重量 of the air空气 inside the building建造.
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实际上低于建筑物内空气的重量
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So I think the Eden伊甸园 Project项目 is a fairly相当 good example
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我认为伊甸园计划是个相当好的例子
03:28
of how ideas思路 from biology生物学
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说明从生物学学到的想法
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can lead to radical激进 increases增加 in resource资源 efficiency效率 --
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可以做到提高基本资源使​​用效率
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delivering交付 the same相同 function功能,
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在提供相同的功能
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but with a fraction分数 of the resource资源 input输入.
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达到事半功倍的效果
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And actually其实 there are loads负载 of examples例子 in nature性质
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实际上大自然中有非常多这样的例子
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that you could turn to for similar类似 solutions解决方案.
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我们可以找到类似的解决方法
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So for instance, you could develop发展 super-efficient超高效 roof屋顶 structures结构
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例如我们能盖出高效能的屋顶结构
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based基于 on giant巨人 Amazon亚马逊 water lilies百合,
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参考亚马逊巨头睡莲的样子
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whole整个 buildings房屋 inspired启发 by abalone鲍鱼 shells炮弹,
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整个建筑灵感来自鲍鱼壳
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super-lightweight超轻 bridges桥梁 inspired启发 by plant cells细胞.
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超轻量桥梁设计灵感来自于植物细胞
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There's a world世界 of beauty美女 and efficiency效率 to explore探索 here
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这个既美丽又有效率的世界值得探索
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using运用 nature性质 as a design设计 tool工具.
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运用大自然当作设计的工具
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So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop直线到闭环 idea理念.
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现在我要说明的是如何从线性转变成封闭式循环
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The way we tend趋向 to use resources资源
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我们通常使用资源的方式
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is we extract提取 them,
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是开采资源
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we turn them into short-life短寿命 products制品 and then dispose部署 of them.
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把资源做成生命周期很短的产品,然后用完即丢
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Nature性质 works作品 very differently不同.
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但大自然的法则不是这样的
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In ecosystems生态系统, the waste浪费 from one organism生物
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在生态系统里每一种生物的废弃物
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becomes the nutrient养分 for something else其他 in that system系统.
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会转变成另一种生物的营养来源
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And there are some examples例子 of projects项目
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还有其他几个项目的例子
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that have deliberately故意 tried试着 to mimic模仿者 ecosystems生态系统.
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是刻意模仿生态系统
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And one of my favorites最爱
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其中一项我最喜欢的是
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is called the Cardboard纸板 to Caviar鱼子酱 Project项目
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"从纸板到鱼子酱"项目
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by Graham格雷厄姆 Wiles怀尔斯.
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由格雷汉姆 怀尔斯所做的
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And in their area they had a lot of shops商店 and restaurants餐馆
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在他们那个地区有非常多商店和餐厅
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that were producing生产 lots of food餐饮, cardboard纸板 and plastic塑料 waste浪费.
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造成许多食物、纸板和塑胶的废弃物
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It was ending结尾 up in landfills垃圾填埋场.
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这些废弃物最后都会被扔到垃圾场
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Now the really clever聪明 bit is what they did with the cardboard纸板 waste浪费.
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但现在他们比较聪明会另外处理废纸板
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And I'm just going to talk through通过 this animation动画.
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我利用这个动画跟你们解释
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So they were paid支付 to collect搜集 it from the restaurants餐馆.
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他们负责从餐厅回收这些纸板
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They then shredded切丝 the cardboard纸板
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然后把纸板碾碎
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and sold出售 it to equestrian骑马的 centers中心 as horse bedding寝具.
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卖给了马术中心用作马匹的垫草
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When that was soiled, they were paid支付 again to collect搜集 it.
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等到这些垫草脏了,他们再负责去回收
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They put it into worm recompostingrecomposting systems系统,
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接着把这些脏的垫草用来培育蠕虫
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which哪一个 produced生成 a lot of worms蠕虫, which哪一个 they fed美联储 to Siberian西伯利亚 sturgeon,
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这样可以繁殖出许多的蠕虫,这些蠕虫就拿来喂食西伯利亚鲟鱼
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which哪一个 produced生成 caviar鱼子酱, which哪一个 they sold出售 back to the restaurants餐馆.
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鲟鱼生产出鱼子酱,鱼子酱再卖回去给餐厅
04:55
So it transformed改造 a linear线性 process处理
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这样的过程就是从线性
04:57
into a closed-loop闭环 model模型,
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转变成一个封闭式的循环
04:59
and it created创建 more value in the process处理.
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每一个过程都创造出更多的价值
05:02
Graham格雷厄姆 Wiles怀尔斯 has continued继续 to add more and more elements分子 to this,
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Graham Wiles不断加入更多的元素到这个循环
05:04
turning车削 waste浪费 streams into schemes方案 that create创建 value.
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让废弃物在这个计划中创造出价值
05:07
And just as natural自然 systems系统
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就像是自然生态一样
05:09
tend趋向 to increase增加 in diversity多样 and resilience弹性 over time,
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长期下来能增加多样性和适应性
05:12
there's a real真实 sense with this project项目
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这是就是这个项目的真正目的
05:14
that the number of possibilities可能性
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也就是创造出更多的可能性
05:17
just continue继续 increasing增加.
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而且不断地增加价值
05:19
And I know it's a quirky诡诈的 example,
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我知道这是一个奇特的例子
05:21
but I think the implications启示 of this are quite相当 radical激进,
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但我认为这是影响非常有效
05:23
because it suggests提示 that we could actually其实
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因为这实际上
05:25
transform转变 a big problem问题 -- waste浪费 -- into a massive大规模的 opportunity机会.
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可以让我们把大问题变成大机会
05:28
And particularly尤其 in cities城市 --
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特别在某些城市
05:30
we could look at the whole整个 metabolism代谢 of cities城市,
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要处理垃圾问题
05:32
and look at those as opportunities机会.
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就能运用这样的概念
05:34
And that's what we're doing on the next下一个 project项目 I'm going to talk about,
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这也是我接下来要谈的另一个项目
05:36
the Mobius莫比乌斯 Project项目,
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莫比乌斯(Mobius)项目
05:38
where we're trying to bring带来 together一起 a number of activities活动,
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我们试图引进许多活动
05:40
all within one building建造,
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集合在同一个建筑物里完成
05:42
so that the waste浪费 from one can be the nutrient养分 for another另一个.
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所以每一种废弃物都能变成原料
05:45
And the kind of elements分子 I'm talking about
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我要讲的内容包括
05:47
are, firstly首先, we have a restaurant餐厅 inside a productive生产的 greenhouse温室,
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首先,我们在温室里有一间餐厅
05:50
a bit like this one in Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹 called De Kas卡斯.
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这有点像在阿姆斯特丹的De Kas温室餐厅
05:52
Then we would have an anaerobic厌氧 digester沼气池,
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然后我们在里面设了一座无氧消化器
05:54
which哪一个 could deal合同 with all the biodegradable可生物降解 waste浪费 from the local本地 area,
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能处理当地所有可生物分解的废弃物
05:57
turn that into heat for the greenhouse温室
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再转变成温室的热能
05:59
and electricity电力 to feed饲料 back into the grid.
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和电力回馈到输电网
06:01
We'd星期三 have a water treatment治疗 system系统
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我们有污水处理系统
06:03
treating治疗 wastewater废水, turning车削 that into fresh新鲜 water
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把废水变成干净的水
06:05
and generating发电 energy能源 from the solids固体
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从固体产生能量
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using运用 just plants植物 and micro-organisms微生物.
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只利用一些植物和微生物
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We'd星期三 have a fish farm农场 fed美联储 with vegetable蔬菜 waste浪费 from the kitchen厨房
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我们有一个养鱼池,用厨房的厨余当作饲料
06:12
and worms蠕虫 from the compost堆肥
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还有堆肥里的蠕虫
06:14
and supplying供应 fish back to the restaurant餐厅.
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拿这些拿来喂鱼,鱼再供应给餐厅
06:16
And we'd星期三 also have a coffee咖啡 shop, and the waste浪费 grains谷物 from that
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还会有一个咖啡厅,不要的咖啡渣
06:19
could be used as a substrate基质 for growing生长 mushrooms蘑菇.
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可以做成种植蘑菇的培养土
06:21
So you can see that we're bringing使 together一起
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我们把这些想法结合在一起
06:23
cycles周期 of food餐饮, energy能源 and water and waste浪费
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成为一个食物、能源、水和废弃物的循环
06:25
all within one building建造.
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这全都发生在同一栋建筑物里
06:27
And just for fun开玩笑, we've我们已经 proposed建议 this for a roundabout迂回 in central中央 London伦敦,
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为了好玩,我们提出把它建在伦敦市中心的一个环状交叉路
06:30
which哪一个 at the moment时刻 is a complete完成 eyesore丑陋.
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因为这个环状交叉路口那时算是政府的眼中钉
06:32
Some of you may可能 recognize认识 this.
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你们有些人可能认得这个地方
06:34
And with just a little bit of planning规划,
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运用一点点的规划
06:36
we could transform转变 a space空间 dominated占主导地位 by traffic交通
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我们可以把一个以交通为主的空间
06:39
into one that provides提供 open打开 space空间 for people,
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转变成可以提供给民众的开放空间
06:42
reconnects重新连接 people with food餐饮
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让人与食物重新有交集
06:44
and transforms变换 waste浪费 into closed关闭 loop循环 opportunities机会.
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让废弃物可以在封闭式循环中得到不同的处置
06:47
So the final最后 project项目 I want to talk about
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我要谈的最后一个项目是
06:49
is the Sahara撒哈拉 Forest森林 Project项目, which哪一个 we're working加工 on at the moment时刻.
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撒哈拉造林工程工程,这是我们现阶段正在努力做的
06:52
It may可能 come as a surprise to some of you
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这可能对在座的某些人来说
06:54
to hear that quite相当 large areas of what are currently目前 desert沙漠
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听到这消息有点惊讶,因为这一大片地方目前是沙漠
06:56
were actually其实 forested森林 a fairly相当 short time ago.
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但事实上这地方在不久之前其实有座森林
06:59
So for instance, when Julius朱利叶斯 Caesar凯撒 arrived到达 in North Africa非洲,
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例如当凯撒抵达北非的时候
07:02
huge巨大 areas of North Africa非洲
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在北非有一大片区域
07:04
were covered覆盖 in cedar雪松 and cypress forests森林.
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被雪松和柏树森林给覆盖
07:07
And during the evolution演化 of life on the Earth地球,
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在地球开始繁衍出生命的时候
07:09
it was the colonization定植
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土地都被占据
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of the land土地 by plants植物
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被植物给占据
07:13
that helped帮助 create创建 the benign良性 climate气候 we currently目前 enjoy请享用.
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才帮助创造出我们现在享受的良好气候
07:15
The converse交谈 is also true真正.
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反过来也是如此
07:17
The more vegetation植被 we lose失去,
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我们失去越多土地上的植被
07:19
the more that's likely容易 to exacerbate加剧 climate气候 change更改
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越可能加剧气候变迁
07:21
and lead to further进一步 desertification荒漠化.
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导致进一步的沙漠化
07:24
And this animation动画,
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这个动画显示了
07:26
this shows节目 photosynthetic光合 activity活动 over the course课程 of a number of years年份,
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数年来的光合作用的活动
07:29
and what you can see is that the boundaries边界 of those deserts沙漠
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我们可以看到这些沙漠的范围
07:32
shift转移 quite相当 a lot,
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他们变化很大
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and that raises加薪 the question
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这引发了一个问题
07:36
of whether是否 we can intervene干预 at the boundary边界 conditions条件
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我们是否能干预沙漠的界线
07:39
to halt, or maybe even reverse相反, desertification荒漠化.
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去限制或是让沙漠化的土地回复原本的样子
07:42
And if you look at some of the organisms生物
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你看一些生物
07:44
that have evolved进化 to live生活 in deserts沙漠,
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可以适应在沙漠生活
07:46
there are some amazing惊人 examples例子 of adaptations改编 to water scarcity缺乏.
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在适应缺水问题时也有一些令人惊讶的例子
07:49
This is the Namibian纳米比亚 fog-basking雾姥 beetle甲虫,
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这是纳米比亚的沐雾甲虫
07:51
and it's evolved进化 a way of harvesting收获 its own拥有 fresh新鲜 water in a desert沙漠.
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它自己演化出可以在沙漠收集淡水的方法
07:54
The way it does this is it comes out at night,
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它的方式是它在夜间出来活动
07:56
crawls爬行 to the top最佳 of a sand dune沙丘,
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爬到沙丘上头
07:58
and because it's got a matte磨砂 black黑色 shell贝壳,
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因为他的粗糙黑色外壳
08:00
is able能够 to radiate辐射 heat out to the night sky天空
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能够在夜晚散发热能
08:02
and become成为 slightly cooler冷却器 than its surroundings环境.
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又能比其周围环境低温
08:04
So when the moist湿 breeze微风 blows打击 in off the sea,
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因此,当海上吹起了潮湿的微风
08:06
you get these droplets液滴 of water forming成型 on the beetle's甲虫的 shell贝壳.
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甲虫的壳就能让水滴凝结在上面
08:09
Just before sunrise日出, he tips提示 his shell贝壳 up, the water runs运行 down into his mouth,
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在日出前,它把身体抬高,水就能流进嘴里
08:12
has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest休息 of the day.
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喝一口水,然后躲起来好好休息的一天
08:14
And the ingenuity创造力, if you could call it that,
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如果要说,这是大自然的智慧
08:16
goes even further进一步.
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更进一步看
08:18
Because if you look closely密切 at the beetle's甲虫的 shell贝壳,
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如果仔细观察甲虫的外壳
08:20
there are lots of little bumps颠簸 on that shell贝壳.
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外壳上有许多小的突起物
08:22
And those bumps颠簸 are hydrophilic亲水; they attract吸引 water.
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而那些突起物具有亲水性,能吸引水
08:25
Between之间 them there's a waxy finish which哪一个 repels阻止再 water.
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在每个突起物间有像蜡一样的沟槽可以排水
08:28
And the effect影响 of this is that
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这个的作用是
08:30
as the droplets液滴 start开始 to form形成 on the bumps颠簸,
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水滴在这些突起物上形成时
08:32
they stay in tight, spherical球形 beads,
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水分会紧密而且呈现水珠状
08:34
which哪一个 means手段 they're much more mobile移动
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所以这比在甲壳虫的整个甲壳上
08:36
than they would be if it was just a film电影 of water over the whole整个 beetle's甲虫的 shell贝壳.
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有一薄薄一层水要更具流动性
08:39
So even when there's only a small amount of moisture湿气 in the air空气,
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因此即使当空气中只有少量的水分
08:42
it's able能够 to harvest收成 that very effectively有效 and channel渠道 it down to its mouth.
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它仍然能够非常有效的获取水分让水流到口里
08:45
So amazing惊人 example of an adaptation适应
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这是一个非常惊人的适应
08:47
to a very resource-constrained资源约束 environment环境 --
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有限资源环境的事例
08:49
and in that sense, very relevant相应
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这和我们息息相关
08:51
to the kind of challenges挑战 we're going to be facing面对
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我们要面对相似的挑战
08:53
over the next下一个 few少数 years年份, next下一个 few少数 decades几十年.
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在未来几年,或几十年
08:55
We're working加工 with the guy who invented发明 the Seawater海水 Greenhouse温室.
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我们正与一位发明了海水温室的人合作
08:57
This is a greenhouse温室 designed设计 for arid干旱 coastal沿海 regions地区,
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这是一种在干旱沿海地区做的温室设计
09:00
and the way it works作品 is that you have this whole整个 wall of evaporator蒸发器 grills烤架,
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这运作的方式是里头有整座蒸发器架
09:04
and you trickle seawater海水 over that
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让海水滴流过这里
09:06
so that wind blows打击 through通过, it picks精选 up a lot of moisture湿气
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让风吹过收集很多的水分
09:08
and is cooled冷却 in the process处理.
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然后在过程中冷却
09:10
So inside it's cool and humid湿,
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所以里面是凉爽和潮湿的
09:12
which哪一个 means手段 the plants植物 need less water to grow增长.
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适合不太需要水的植物生长
09:14
And then at the back of the greenhouse温室,
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在温室后方
09:16
it condenses冷凝 a lot of that humidity湿度 as freshwater淡水
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能凝结大量的湿气转变为淡水
09:19
in a process处理 that is effectively有效 identical相同 to the beetle甲虫.
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这个过程实际上是和甲虫是相同的
09:22
And what they found发现 with the first Seawater海水 Greenhouse温室 that was built内置
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而他们盖的第一座海水温室
09:25
was it was producing生产 slightly more freshwater淡水
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能生产很多的淡水
09:27
than it needed需要 for the plants植物 inside.
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而且多过里头植物所需要的
09:30
So they just started开始 spreading传播 this on the land土地 around,
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因此他们开始推广到附近的土地
09:33
and the combination组合 of that and the elevated提高的 humidity湿度
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结合这一点和湿度升高这两种条件
09:35
had quite相当 a dramatic戏剧性 effect影响 on the local本地 area.
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让这个地区有非常大的改变
09:38
This photograph照片 was taken采取 on completion完成 day,
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这张照片是在完工日那天拍的
09:40
and just one year later后来, it looked看着 like that.
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一年后看起来像这样
09:42
So it was like a green绿色 inkblot墨迹 spreading传播 out from the building建造
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它就像一个绿色的墨渍从建筑物扩散出去
09:45
turning车削 barren荒芜 land土地 back into biologically生物 productive生产的 land土地 --
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让贫瘠的土地回复到有生命的样子
09:48
and in that sense, going beyond sustainable可持续发展 design设计
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也就是说这不仅维持了生态平衡
09:50
to achieve实现 restorative恢复 design设计.
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更达到恢复生机
09:52
So we were keen敏锐 to scale规模 this up
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因此我们希望可以扩大
09:54
and apply应用 biomimicry仿生学 ideas思路 to maximize最大化 the benefits好处.
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应用生物模拟的想法把效益最大化
09:57
And when you think about nature性质,
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当我们想到大自然
09:59
often经常 you think about it as being存在 all about competition竞争.
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我们大部分想到的是竞争
10:01
But actually其实 in mature成熟 ecosystems生态系统,
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但实际上在成熟的生态系统中
10:03
you're just as likely容易 to find examples例子
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你能发现很多例子
10:05
of symbiotic共生 relationships关系.
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都存在共生关系
10:07
So an important重要 biomimicry仿生学 principle原理
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所以重要的生物模拟的原则
10:09
is to find ways方法 of bringing使 technologies技术 together一起
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是想办法把不同的技术结合
10:11
in symbiotic共生 clusters集群.
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做到集体共生
10:13
And the technology技术 that we settled安定 on
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我们看中的技术是
10:15
as an ideal理想 partner伙伴 for the Seawater海水 Greenhouse温室
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能和海水温室的概念合作的
10:17
is concentrated集中 solar太阳能 power功率,
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太阳能源应用技术
10:19
which哪一个 uses使用 solar-tracking太阳能跟踪 mirrors镜子 to focus焦点 the sun's太阳 heat
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它使用能追踪太阳能的镜子集中太阳的热能
10:21
to create创建 electricity电力.
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变成电力
10:23
And just to give you some sense of the potential潜在 of CSPCSP,
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我想让你们对太阳能源应用技术多一点了解
10:26
consider考虑 that we receive接收
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想想看
10:28
10,000 times as much energy能源 from the sun太阳 every一切 year
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如果我们每年使用的电有10,000倍来自太阳能
10:31
as we use in energy能源 from all forms形式 --
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比较来自其他的发电方式
10:33
10,000 times.
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10,000倍
10:35
So our energy能源 problems问题 are not intractable棘手.
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如果这样我们的能源问题就不棘手
10:37
It's a challenge挑战 to our ingenuity创造力.
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问题在我们的创造力
10:39
And the kind of synergies协同效应 I'm talking about
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我现在要说的综效是
10:41
are, firstly首先, both these technologies技术 work very well in hot, sunny晴朗 deserts沙漠.
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这两种技术在高温阳光充足的地方都能作用
10:45
CSPCSP needs需求 a supply供应 of demineralized软化水 freshwater淡水.
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太阳能源应用技术需要去除矿物质的水
10:48
That's exactly究竟 what the Seawater海水 Greenhouse温室 produces产生.
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而海水温室能生产这样的水
10:50
CSPCSP produces产生 a lot of waste浪费 heat.
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太阳能源应用技术则产生大量的热能
10:52
We'll be able能够 to make use of all that to evaporate蒸发 more seawater海水
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我们可以用来蒸发大量的海水
10:55
and enhance提高 the restorative恢复 benefits好处.
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提高回收效益
10:57
And finally最后, in the shade阴凉处 under the mirrors镜子,
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然后在镜子下的遮阴处
10:59
it's possible可能 to grow增长 all sorts排序 of crops作物
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可以增种各种作物
11:01
that would not grow增长 in direct直接 sunlight阳光.
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能避免直接的日照
11:03
So this is how this scheme方案 would look.
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这是这个项目的宏图
11:05
The idea理念 is we create创建 this long hedge树篱 of greenhouses大棚 facing面对 the wind.
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我们会在迎风处建造一大片的温室
11:08
We'd星期三 have concentrated集中 solar太阳能 power功率 plants植物
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还有太阳能发电厂
11:10
at intervals间隔 along沿 the way.
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以固定的间距盖在这条路上
11:12
Some of you might威力 be wondering想知道 what we would do with all the salts.
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在座某些人可能想知道我们会如何处理那些盐分
11:15
And with biomimicry仿生学, if you've got an underutilized未充分利用 resource资源,
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在生物模拟的概念下,如果你有一项还未被使用的资源
11:18
you don't think, "How am I going to dispose部署 of this?"
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你不会想"我该怎么把这东西丢掉?"
11:20
You think, "What can I add to the system系统 to create创建 more value?"
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你反而会想"我该加什么东西进来创造出更多的价值?"
11:23
And it turns out
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事实证明
11:25
that different不同 things crystallize结晶 out at different不同 stages阶段.
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不同的物质在不同的阶段会变成结晶
11:27
When you evaporate蒸发 seawater海水, the first thing to crystallize结晶 out
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开始蒸馏海水的时候,第一样被结晶出来的
11:29
is calcium carbonate碳酸盐.
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是碳酸钙
11:31
And that builds建立 up on the evaporators蒸发器 --
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碳酸钙会凝聚在蒸发器上
11:33
and that's what that image图片 on the left is --
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就会像左边的图片那样
11:35
gradually逐渐 getting得到 encrusted缀满 with the calcium carbonate碳酸盐.
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逐渐被碳酸钙给覆盖
11:37
So after a while, we could take that out,
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经过一段时间,我们可以把这些取下来
11:39
use it as a lightweight轻量级 building建造 block.
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做成轻量的砖块
11:41
And if you think about the carbon in that,
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如果你问那碳是哪里来的?
11:43
that would have come out of the atmosphere大气层, into the sea
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那是从大气中来,落到海里
11:45
and then locked锁定 away in a building建造 product产品.
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然后凝结在这些建材里
11:47
The next下一个 thing is sodium chloride氯化物.
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第二种是氯化钠
11:49
You can also compress压缩 that into a building建造 block,
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也是可以压缩做成砖块
11:51
as they did here.
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就像这里
11:53
This is a hotel旅馆 in Bolivia玻利维亚.
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这是玻利维亚的一间酒店
11:55
And then after that, there are all sorts排序
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之后还有其他各种
11:57
of compounds化合物 and elements分子 that we can extract提取,
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化合物和元素是我们可以提炼出来的
11:59
like phosphates磷酸盐, that we need to get back into the desert沙漠 soils土壤 to fertilize施肥 them.
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像磷酸盐,这东西我们可以拿到沙漠施肥
12:02
And there's just about every一切 element元件 of the periodic定期 table
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几乎化学周期表上的所有元素
12:04
in seawater海水.
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都能从海水里获得
12:06
So it should be possible可能 to extract提取 valuable有价值 elements分子
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所以我们应该能从海水提炼出有价值的元素
12:08
like lithium for high-performance高性能 batteries电池.
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像高性能电池需要的锂
12:12
And in parts部分 of the Arabian阿拉伯 Gulf海湾,
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而在阿拉伯海湾地区
12:15
the seawater海水, the salinity盐度 is increasing增加 steadily稳步
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海水里的盐份是稳定的在增加
12:18
due应有 to the discharge卸货 of waste浪费 brine盐水
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因为有废卤水
12:20
from desalination海水淡化 plants植物.
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从海水淡化厂排出
12:22
And it's pushing推动 the ecosystem生态系统 close to collapse坍方.
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这造成生态系统濒临崩溃
12:25
Now we would be able能够 to make use of all that waste浪费 brine盐水.
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现在我们能够利用的所有的废卤水
12:27
We could evaporate蒸发 it
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我们可以蒸馏它
12:29
to enhance提高 the restorative恢复 benefits好处
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提高回收效益
12:31
and capture捕获 the salts,
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同时取得盐巴
12:33
transforming转型 an urgent紧急 waste浪费 problem问题 into a big opportunity机会.
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把一个急迫的污染问题变成一个良机
12:36
Really the Sahara撒哈拉 Forest森林 Project项目 is a model模型
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撒哈拉造林工程是一个非常好的例子
12:38
for how we could create创建 zero-carbon零碳 food餐饮,
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说明我们能够制造零炭食品
12:41
abundant丰富 renewable可再生 energy能源 in some of the most water-stressed用水紧张 parts部分 of the planet行星
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在地球一些缺水的地方创造出丰富的可载生能源
12:44
as well as reversing倒车 desertification荒漠化 in certain某些 areas.
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同时让某些沙漠化的土地恢复生机
12:48
So returning回国 to those big challenges挑战 that I mentioned提到 at the beginning开始:
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因此,让我们回到我在开始时提到的大的挑战
12:51
radical激进 increases增加 in resource资源 efficiency效率,
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提高基本资源的使用效率
12:53
closing关闭 loops循环 and a solar太阳能 economy经济.
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建立封闭式循环和太阳能经济
12:55
They're not just possible可能; they're critical危急.
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这些不只是可行的, 而且非常重要
12:58
And I firmly牢牢 believe that studying研究 the way nature性质 solves解决了 problems问题
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我深信,研究大自然解决问题的办法
13:01
will provide提供 a lot of the solutions解决方案.
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可以为人类提供很多解决的方法
13:04
But perhaps也许 more than anything, what this thinking思维 provides提供
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然而也许更重要的是, 思考能带来
13:07
is a really positive way of talking about sustainable可持续发展 design设计.
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积极的持续发展的设计
13:09
Far too much of the talk about the environment环境
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很多讨论环境问题的讲话
13:11
uses使用 very negative language语言.
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常常用很消极的语言
13:13
But here it's about synergies协同效应 and abundance丰富 and optimizing优化.
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然而, 它应该是有综效,丰富的和乐观的
13:16
And this is an important重要 point.
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这个很重要
13:18
Antoine安托万 de Saint-Exupery圣埃克苏佩里 once一旦 said,
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安东尼·圣埃克苏佩里曾经说过,
13:20
"If you want to build建立 a flotilla船队 of ships船舶,
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“如果你想创立一个舰队
13:22
you don't sit around talking about carpentry木工.
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你不是坐下来谈木工的工作
13:24
No, you need to set people's人们 souls灵魂 ablaze炽盛
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你需要让人的灵魂
13:27
with visions愿景 of exploring探索 distant遥远 shores海岸."
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对探索遥远的海岸充满了热情”
13:29
And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive,
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这才是我们要做的, 所以让我们保持乐观
13:32
and let's make progress进展 with what could be
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在这个很可能是最令人兴奋的
13:34
the most exciting扣人心弦 period of innovation革新 we've我们已经 ever seen看到.
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我们从未见过的创造时期共同创造
13:36
Thank you.
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谢谢各位
13:38
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Jenny Yang
Reviewed by Felix Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Pawlyn - Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments.

Why you should listen

Michael Pawlyn established the architecture firm Exploration in 2007 to focus on environmentally sustainable projects that take their inspiration from nature.

Prior to setting up the company, Pawlyn worked with the firm Grimshaw for ten years and was central to the team that radically re-invented horticultural architecture for the Eden Project. He was responsible for leading the design of the Warm Temperate and Humid Tropics Biomes and the subsequent phases that included proposals for a third Biome for plants from dry tropical regions. In 1999 he was one of five winners in A Car-free London, an ideas competition for strategic solutions to the capital’s future transport needs and new possibilities for urban spaces. In September 2003 he joined an intensive course in nature-inspired design at Schumacher College, run by Amory Lovins and Janine Benyus. He has lectured widely on the subject of sustainable design in the UK and abroad.

His Sahara Forest Project, covered in this TEDTalk, recently won major funding >>

More profile about the speaker
Michael Pawlyn | Speaker | TED.com