ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.

Why you should listen

Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.

Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.

More profile about the speaker
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxVancouver

Jack Horner: Where are the baby dinosaurs?

杰克·霍纳:恐龙也变形

Filmed:
2,632,927 views

这世界上的小恐龙都去了哪里?在温哥华的TEDx大会上,古生物学家杰克·霍纳向我们讲述了他是怎样通过头骨化石切片技术发现了关于我们最爱的恐龙不为人知的秘密。
- Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Shall I ask for a show显示 of hands
0
0
3000
现在我想就年龄问题
00:18
or a clapping拍手
1
3000
2000
请大家举个手
00:20
of people in different不同 generations?
2
5000
3000
或是鼓个掌
00:23
I'm interested有兴趣 in how many许多
3
8000
2000
我想知道
00:25
are three to 12 years年份 old.
4
10000
2000
在座有多少人的年龄介于3至12岁之间?
00:27
(Laughter笑声)
5
12000
4000
(笑声)
00:31
None没有, huh?
6
16000
3000
没有是吧?
00:34
All right.
7
19000
2000
我知道了
00:36
I'm going to talk about dinosaurs恐龙.
8
21000
2000
今天我要来讲一讲恐龙
00:38
Do you remember记得 dinosaurs恐龙 when you were that age年龄?
9
23000
3000
你还记得你小时候有多喜欢恐龙吗?
00:41
(Applause掌声)
10
26000
5000
(鼓掌)
00:48
Dinosaurs恐龙 are kind of funny滑稽, you know.
11
33000
3000
恐龙是种很有趣的东西
00:51
(Laughter笑声)
12
36000
2000
(笑声)
00:53
We're going to kind of go in a different不同 direction方向 right now.
13
38000
2000
不过今天
00:55
I hope希望 you all realize实现 that.
14
40000
3000
我们要从另一个角度来看待它们
00:58
So I'll just give you my message信息 up front面前:
15
43000
2000
从恐龙身上我学到了一些东西
01:00
Try not to go extinct绝种.
16
45000
2000
那就是尽量别让自己灭绝了
01:02
(Laughter笑声)
17
47000
2000
(笑声)
01:04
That's it.
18
49000
2000
就这么简单
01:06
(Laughter笑声)
19
51000
4000
(笑声)
01:10
People ask me a lot --
20
55000
2000
人们常常问我
01:12
in fact事实, one of the most asked questions问题 I get
21
57000
3000
事实上,我被问得最多的问题就是
01:15
is, why do children孩子 like dinosaurs恐龙 so much?
22
60000
4000
为什么小孩子都那么喜欢恐龙?
01:19
What's the fascination魅力?
23
64000
2000
恐龙到底有哪里特别吸引人?
01:21
And I usually平时 just say,
24
66000
3000
这时候我一般会这么回答
01:24
"Well dinosaurs恐龙 were big,
25
69000
2000
因为恐龙很大,很与众不同
01:26
different不同 and gone走了."
26
71000
3000
而且它们灭绝了
01:29
They're all gone走了.
27
74000
2000
是的,所有恐龙都灭绝了
01:31
Well that's not true真正,
28
76000
2000
虽然我也不能百分百肯定
01:33
but we'll get to the goose in a minute分钟.
29
78000
2000
不过我们马上就要讲到重点了
01:35
So that's sort分类 of the theme主题:
30
80000
3000
所以恐龙总体来说就是
01:38
big, different不同 and gone走了.
31
83000
4000
很大,很与众不同,而且已经灭亡
01:42
The title标题 of my talk:
32
87000
2000
我今天演讲的主题是:
01:44
Shape-shifting形状转移 Dinosaurs恐龙:
33
89000
2000
会“变形”的恐龙
01:46
The Cause原因 of a Premature过早 Extinction消光.
34
91000
2000
及它们过早灭亡的原因
01:48
Now I assume承担 that we remember记得 dinosaurs恐龙.
35
93000
3000
我们印象中的恐龙
01:51
And there's lots of different不同 shapes形状.
36
96000
3000
有大有小,形态各异
01:54
Lots of different不同 kinds.
37
99000
3000
有许多不同的种类
01:57
A long time ago,
38
102000
2000
很久以前
01:59
back in the early 1900s,
39
104000
2000
大概是二十世纪初的时候
02:01
museums博物馆 were out looking for dinosaurs恐龙.
40
106000
3000
各大博物馆都对恐龙很感兴趣
02:04
They went out and gathered云集 them up.
41
109000
3000
他们四处搜集恐龙化石
02:07
And this is an interesting有趣 story故事.
42
112000
2000
这个过程非常有趣
02:09
Every一切 museum博物馆 wanted a little bigger or better one
43
114000
3000
因为每个博物馆都想要比别人更大更好的
02:12
than anybody任何人 else其他 had.
44
117000
2000
恐龙化石
02:14
So if the museum博物馆 in Toronto多伦多 went out
45
119000
3000
所以如果多伦多的博物馆
02:17
and collected a Tyrannosaur暴龙, a big one,
46
122000
3000
找到一个大家伙——霸王龙
02:20
then the museum博物馆 in Ottawa渥太华 wanted a bigger one
47
125000
3000
那么渥太华的博物馆就一定要找到一个更大、更好的
02:23
and a better one.
48
128000
2000
才肯罢休
02:25
And that happened发生 for all museums博物馆.
49
130000
2000
当时几乎所有博物馆都是这样
02:27
So everyone大家 was out looking
50
132000
2000
所以所有人都在四处寻找
02:29
for all these bigger and better dinosaurs恐龙.
51
134000
3000
大型的恐龙化石
02:32
And this was in the early 1900s.
52
137000
4000
这是在上世纪初的时候
02:36
By about 1970,
53
141000
3000
到了1970年
02:39
some scientists科学家们 were sitting坐在 around
54
144000
2000
有些科学家就开始思考
02:41
and they thought, "What in the world世界?
55
146000
3000
怎么回事
02:44
Look at these dinosaurs恐龙.
56
149000
2000
看看我们找到的这些恐龙化石
02:46
They're all big.
57
151000
2000
全都这么大
02:48
Where are all the little ones那些?"
58
153000
3000
那小恐龙去哪了?
02:53
And they thought about it
59
158000
2000
科学家们就开始思考这个问题
02:55
and they even wrote papers文件 about it:
60
160000
2000
针对这个问题做研究、写论文
02:57
"Where are the little dinosaurs恐龙?"
61
162000
2000
“小恐龙到哪里去了?”
02:59
(Laughter笑声)
62
164000
5000
(笑声)
03:07
Well, go to a museum博物馆, you'll你会 see,
63
172000
4000
你要是去博物馆就能发现
03:11
see how many许多 baby宝宝 dinosaurs恐龙 there are.
64
176000
3000
那里根本就没有几个小恐龙
03:14
People assumed假定 -- and this was actually其实 a problem问题 --
65
179000
3000
人们假设——这也正是问题所在
03:17
people assumed假定
66
182000
2000
人们假设
03:19
that if they had little dinosaurs恐龙,
67
184000
2000
如果小恐龙、或者说幼年时期的恐龙
03:21
if they had juvenile少年 dinosaurs恐龙,
68
186000
2000
真的存在的话
03:23
they'd他们会 be easy简单 to identify鉴定.
69
188000
2000
应该很容易被辨别出来
03:25
You'd have a big dinosaur恐龙
70
190000
2000
既然有大恐龙
03:27
and a littler利特勒 dinosaur恐龙.
71
192000
3000
就应该有小恐龙
03:30
But all they had were big dinosaurs恐龙.
72
195000
3000
但是我们现在看到的全是些大家伙
03:33
And it comes down to a couple一对 of things.
73
198000
3000
这就让我们发现了几个问题
03:36
First off, scientists科学家们 have egos自我,
74
201000
4000
首先,科学家都是很自负的
03:40
and scientists科学家们 like to name名称 dinosaurs恐龙.
75
205000
4000
他们都很喜欢给恐龙起名字
03:44
They like to name名称 anything.
76
209000
2000
他们喜欢给任何东西起名字
03:46
Everybody每个人 likes喜欢 to have their own拥有 animal动物 that they named命名.
77
211000
3000
所有人都想要一个自己亲自给起名的新动物
03:49
(Laughter笑声)
78
214000
3000
(笑声)
03:52
And so every一切 time they found发现 something that looked看着 a little different不同,
79
217000
3000
所以每当他们发现一个新物种看起来有一点点不一样
03:55
they named命名 it something different不同.
80
220000
3000
他们就给它起一个新名字
03:58
And what happened发生, of course课程,
81
223000
2000
这样一来
04:00
is we ended结束 up with a whole整个 bunch of different不同 dinosaurs恐龙.
82
225000
3000
我们就有了一大堆不同名字的恐龙
04:05
In 1975,
83
230000
3000
1975年
04:08
a light went on in somebody's某人的 head.
84
233000
3000
有个人脑子里突然灵光一现
04:11
Dr博士. Peter彼得 Dodson多德森
85
236000
2000
这个人就是宾夕法尼亚大学的
04:13
at the University大学 of Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚
86
238000
2000
彼得·道森博士
04:15
actually其实 realized实现
87
240000
3000
他意识到
04:18
that dinosaurs恐龙 grew成长
88
243000
3000
恐龙的发育过程
04:21
kind of like birds鸟类 do,
89
246000
2000
其实和鸟类很相似
04:23
which哪一个 is different不同
90
248000
2000
而与爬行类动物
04:25
than the way reptiles爬行动物 grow增长.
91
250000
2000
却不怎么一样
04:27
And in fact事实,
92
252000
2000
然后
04:29
he used the cassowary食火鸡 as an example.
93
254000
3000
他拿食火鸡举了个例子
04:32
And it's kind of cool -- if you look at the cassowary食火鸡,
94
257000
3000
食火鸡这种鸟很酷——事实上
04:35
or any of the birds鸟类 that have crests波峰 on their heads,
95
260000
3000
所有头上有冠的鸟都很酷
04:38
they actually其实 grow增长
96
263000
2000
因为它们直到
04:40
to about 80 percent百分 adult成人 size尺寸
97
265000
2000
发育到成年个体的百分之八十的时候
04:42
before the crest波峰 starts启动 to grow增长.
98
267000
3000
头上的冠才会开始生长
04:45
Now think about that.
99
270000
3000
现在我们仔细想想
04:48
They're basically基本上 retaining固定 their juvenile少年 characteristics特点
100
273000
3000
它们实际上一直保持着幼年时期的特征
04:51
very late晚了 in what we call ontogeny个体发生.
101
276000
3000
直到发育过程的后期
04:54
So allometric异速 cranial ontogeny个体发生
102
279000
4000
这种颅骨发育
04:58
is relative相对的 skull头骨 growth发展.
103
283000
3000
非常的迅速
05:01
So you can see
104
286000
2000
所以
05:03
that if you actually其实 found发现 one
105
288000
2000
如果你看到一只
05:05
that was 80 percent百分 grown长大的
106
290000
3000
发育到百分之八十的小食火鸡
05:08
and you didn't know that it was going to grow增长 up to a cassowary食火鸡,
107
293000
3000
你也认不出来它是一只食火鸡
05:11
you would think they were two different不同 animals动物.
108
296000
3000
你会觉得这是两种不同的动物
05:15
So this was a problem问题,
109
300000
3000
这就是问题所在
05:18
and Peter彼得 Dodson多德森 pointed this out
110
303000
3000
彼得·道森认识到了这一点
05:21
using运用 some duck-billed鸭嘴 dinosaurs恐龙
111
306000
2000
于是他拿鸭嘴恐龙
05:23
then called Hypacrosaurus亚冠龙属.
112
308000
2000
来举例说明
05:25
And he showed显示
113
310000
2000
他把幼年鸭嘴龙
05:27
that if you were to take a baby宝宝 and an adult成人
114
312000
3000
和成年鸭嘴龙放在一起比较
05:30
and make an average平均 of what it should look like,
115
315000
3000
如果它的生长
05:33
if it grew成长 in sort分类 of a linear线性 fashion时尚,
116
318000
3000
是呈线性发展的
05:36
it would have a crest波峰
117
321000
2000
那么幼年鸭嘴龙应该有一个
05:38
about half the size尺寸 of the adult成人.
118
323000
3000
差不多成年鸭嘴龙一半大小的顶冠
05:41
But the actual实际 sub-adult亚成体
119
326000
2000
但事实上
05:43
at 65 percent百分
120
328000
2000
百分之六十五即将成年的小鸭嘴龙
05:45
had no crest波峰 at all.
121
330000
2000
都没有顶冠
05:47
So this was interesting有趣.
122
332000
2000
这就很有意思了
05:49
So this is where
123
334000
3000
看来这就是使人们的思维
05:52
people went astray走错 again.
124
337000
3000
走入误区的地方
05:55
I mean, if they'd他们会 have just taken采取 that,
125
340000
2000
我的意思是
05:57
taken采取 Peter彼得 Dodson's多德森的 work, and gone走了 on with that,
126
342000
3000
如果人们能接受并发展彼得·道森的发现
06:00
then we would have a lot less dinosaurs恐龙
127
345000
2000
我们现在所拥有的恐龙种类
06:02
than we have.
128
347000
2000
就会少得多
06:04
But scientists科学家们 have egos自我;
129
349000
2000
但是别忘了,科学家都是很自负的
06:06
they like to name名称 things.
130
351000
3000
而且特别喜欢给东西起名字
06:09
And so they went on naming命名 dinosaurs恐龙
131
354000
3000
所以当他们发现了与原先不一样的恐龙
06:12
because they were different不同.
132
357000
3000
还是会不断地给它们取新名字
06:15
Now we have a way of actually其实 testing测试
133
360000
2000
现在我们有了一种方法
06:17
to see whether是否 a dinosaur恐龙, or any animal动物,
134
362000
3000
可以测定一只恐龙,或是任何一种动物
06:20
is a young年轻 one or an older旧的 one.
135
365000
3000
是幼年的还是成年的
06:23
And that's by actually其实 cutting切割 into their bones骨头.
136
368000
3000
那就是切开它们的骨头进行分析
06:26
But cutting切割 into the bones骨头 of a dinosaur恐龙
137
371000
4000
但是你也能够想象
06:30
is hard to do, as you can imagine想像,
138
375000
3000
要去切一只恐龙的骨头还是挺困难的
06:33
because in museums博物馆
139
378000
3000
因为在博物馆里
06:36
bones骨头 are precious珍贵.
140
381000
4000
这些骨头相当珍贵
06:40
You go into a museum博物馆 and they take really good care关心 of them.
141
385000
3000
他们把每一块骨头
06:43
They put them in foam泡沫, little containers集装箱.
142
388000
3000
都包着泡沫放进小罐子里
06:46
They're very well taken采取 care关心 of.
143
391000
3000
保存得好好的
06:50
They don't like it if you come in
144
395000
2000
如果你拿着锯子走进去说要切开这些骨头看看
06:52
and want to saw them open打开 and look inside.
145
397000
2000
恐怕不会受到太多欢迎
06:54
(Laughter笑声)
146
399000
2000
(笑声)
06:56
So they don't normally一般 let you do that.
147
401000
3000
所以一般情况下我们没这个机会
06:59
But I have a museum博物馆
148
404000
3000
但是我也有一个博物馆
07:02
and I collect搜集 dinosaurs恐龙
149
407000
2000
我也搜集恐龙化石
07:04
and I can saw mine open打开.
150
409000
2000
而且我一点也不介意把这些骨头切开
07:06
So that's what I do.
151
411000
2000
所以我就把它切开了
07:08
(Applause掌声)
152
413000
5000
(掌声)
07:13
So if you cut open打开 a little dinosaur恐龙,
153
418000
5000
如果你切开小恐龙的骨头
07:18
it's very spongy海绵状 inside like A.
154
423000
2000
会发现里面空隙很大呈海绵状,如图A
07:20
And if you cut into an older旧的 dinosaur恐龙,
155
425000
2000
如果你切开老恐龙的骨头
07:22
it's very massive大规模的.
156
427000
2000
则会发现里面的骨质排列很紧密
07:24
You can tell it's mature成熟 bone.
157
429000
2000
所以你知道这是一根已经发育成熟了的骨头
07:26
So it's real真实 easy简单 to tell them apart距离.
158
431000
3000
这就很容易分清楚了
07:29
So what I want to do
159
434000
2000
现在
07:31
is show显示 you these.
160
436000
2000
我们来看看这个
07:33
In North America美国 in the Northern北方 Plains平原 of the United联合的 States状态
161
438000
4000
在北美洲,美国的北部平原
07:37
and the Southern南部的 Plains平原 of Alberta阿尔伯塔 and Saskatchewan萨斯喀彻温省,
162
442000
4000
和加拿大的阿尔伯塔及萨斯喀彻温省南部平原
07:41
there's this unit单元 of rock called the Hell地狱 Creek Formation编队
163
446000
3000
有一种叫做“地狱溪地层”的岩石群
07:44
that produces产生 the last dinosaurs恐龙 that lived生活 on Earth地球.
164
449000
3000
在那里发现了最晚生活在地球上的恐龙化石
07:47
And there are 12 of them
165
452000
2000
一共有12个
07:49
that everyone大家 recognizes识别 --
166
454000
2000
我们可以看到
07:51
I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs恐龙
167
456000
2000
这是12个已经灭绝了的
07:53
that went extinct绝种.
168
458000
2000
恐龙化石
07:55
And so we will evaluate评估 them.
169
460000
3000
我们现在就是要
07:58
And that's sort分类 of what I've been doing.
170
463000
2000
研究这些化石
08:00
So my students学生们, my staff员工,
171
465000
3000
我的学生,还有其他工作人员
08:03
we've我们已经 been cutting切割 them open打开.
172
468000
3000
我们一起把这些骨头切开
08:06
Now as you can imagine想像,
173
471000
2000
你也知道
08:08
cutting切割 open打开 a leg bone is one thing,
174
473000
2000
切开一条恐龙的腿骨也就算了
08:10
but when you go to a museum博物馆
175
475000
3000
但是你要是去博物馆
08:13
and say, "You don't mind心神 if I cut open打开
176
478000
2000
问他们:“你介不介意我把你们的
08:15
your dinosaur's恐龙 skull头骨 do you?"
177
480000
3000
恐龙头骨切开?”
08:18
they say, "Go away."
178
483000
3000
他们一定会说:“给我滚。”
08:21
(Laughter笑声)
179
486000
5000
(笑声)
08:26
So here are 12 dinosaurs恐龙.
180
491000
4000
所以,在这12个恐龙化石里
08:30
And we want to look at these three first.
181
495000
3000
我们先看看这三个
08:33
So these are dinosaurs恐龙 that are called Pachycephalosaurs肿头龙.
182
498000
3000
这三个都属于厚头龙类
08:36
And everybody每个人 knows知道
183
501000
2000
大家都看得出来
08:38
that these three animals动物 are related有关.
184
503000
2000
它们之间是有亲缘关系的
08:40
And the assumption假设 is
185
505000
2000
人们普遍假设
08:42
is that they're related有关
186
507000
2000
它们是堂兄弟
08:44
like cousins表兄弟 or whatever随你.
187
509000
3000
或者这之类的关系
08:47
But no one ever considered考虑
188
512000
2000
但从来没有人想过
08:49
that they might威力 be more closely密切 related有关.
189
514000
3000
它们的关系可能比这还要近得多
08:52
In other words,
190
517000
2000
换句话说
08:54
people looked看着 at them and they saw the differences分歧.
191
519000
3000
人们看到的是它们之间的差异
08:57
And you all know
192
522000
2000
但是
08:59
that if you are going to determine确定
193
524000
2000
如果你想判断
09:01
whether是否 you're related有关 to your brother哥哥 or your sister妹妹,
194
526000
2000
两个人之间是否有亲缘关系
09:03
you can't do it by looking at differences分歧.
195
528000
4000
你肯定不会去看他们有多不同
09:07
You can only determine确定 relatedness关联
196
532000
2000
而是寻找他们的
09:09
by looking for similarities相似之处.
197
534000
2000
相同之处
09:11
So people were looking at these
198
536000
2000
现在人们只注意到了
09:13
and they were talking about how different不同 they are.
199
538000
2000
这三种恐龙不同的地方
09:15
Pachycephalosaurus厚头龙 has a big, thick dome拱顶 on its head,
200
540000
3000
厚头龙的颅顶大而厚
09:18
and it's got some little bumps颠簸 on the back of its head,
201
543000
3000
脑后有一些小的突起
09:21
and it's got a bunch of gnarly粗糙 things on the end结束 of its nose鼻子.
202
546000
4000
鼻端也有不少瘤状物
09:25
And then Stygimoloch冥河龙属, another另一个 dinosaur恐龙
203
550000
2000
第二种恐龙——冥河龙
09:27
from the same相同 age年龄, lived生活 at the same相同 time,
204
552000
4000
和厚头龙生活在同一时期
09:31
has spikes钉鞋 sticking症结 out the back of its head.
205
556000
2000
它的脑后有数根钉状尖刺
09:33
It's got a little, tiny dome拱顶,
206
558000
2000
颅顶很小
09:35
and it's got a bunch of gnarly粗糙 stuff东东 on its nose鼻子.
207
560000
4000
鼻子上也有瘤状物
09:39
And then there's this thing called Dracorex龙王龙属,
208
564000
2000
第三种恐龙叫做龙王龙
09:41
Hogwart's霍格沃茨的 Eye.
209
566000
2000
它还有一个名字叫做“霍格沃茨之眼”
09:43
Guess猜测 where that came来了 from? Dragon.
210
568000
3000
因为它和小说中描写的“龙”
09:46
So here's这里的 a dinosaur恐龙
211
571000
2000
非常相似
09:48
that has spikes钉鞋 sticking症结 out of its head, no dome拱顶
212
573000
3000
它脑后也有钉状的尖刺,鼻子上有瘤状物
09:51
and gnarly粗糙 stuff东东 on its nose鼻子.
213
576000
3000
但没有颅顶
09:54
Nobody没有人 noticed注意到 the gnarly粗糙 stuff东东 sort分类 of looked看着 alike一样.
214
579000
3000
没有人注意到这三种恐龙鼻子上的瘤状物非常相似
09:57
But they did look at these three
215
582000
2000
他们一下子就下了结论:
09:59
and they said, "These are three different不同 dinosaurs恐龙,
216
584000
2000
“这是三种不同的恐龙
10:01
and Dracorex龙王龙属 is probably大概 the most primitive原始 of them.
217
586000
3000
龙王龙应该是最原始的一种
10:04
And the other one is more primitive原始 than the other.
218
589000
3000
这种又应该比那种原始”
10:07
It's unclear不明 to me
219
592000
3000
我就不明白了
10:10
how they actually其实 sorted分类 these three of them out.
220
595000
3000
他们是怎么看出来的呢?
10:13
But if you line线 them up,
221
598000
2000
如果光从头骨来看的话
10:15
if you just take those three skulls头骨 and just line线 them up,
222
600000
3000
把它们以大小顺序排成一列
10:18
they line线 up like this.
223
603000
2000
就成了这样
10:20
Dracorex龙王龙属 is the littlest点点 one,
224
605000
2000
龙王龙是最小的
10:22
Stygimoloch冥河龙属 is the middle中间 size尺寸 one,
225
607000
2000
其次是冥河龙
10:24
Pachycephalosaurus厚头龙 is the largest最大 one.
226
609000
3000
厚头龙最大
10:27
And one would think,
227
612000
2000
这是不是应该
10:29
that should give me a clue线索.
228
614000
2000
给我们一点启示了?
10:31
(Laughter笑声)
229
616000
2000
(笑声)
10:33
But it didn't give them a clue线索.
230
618000
3000
但可惜他们都没发现
10:36
Because, well we know why.
231
621000
3000
我们也知道是为什么了
10:39
Scientists科学家们 like to name名称 things.
232
624000
3000
因为科学家们最爱给东西起名字
10:42
So if we cut open打开
233
627000
2000
那么,如果我们把这些头骨切开的话
10:44
Dracorex龙王龙属 --
234
629000
2000
龙王龙——
10:46
I cut open打开 our Dracorex龙王龙属 --
235
631000
2000
我把我的龙王龙给切了——
10:48
and look, it was spongy海绵状 inside,
236
633000
2000
看!里面是海绵状的
10:50
really spongy海绵状 inside.
237
635000
2000
非常疏松
10:52
I mean, it is a juvenile少年
238
637000
2000
这说明这是一只幼年的恐龙
10:54
and it's growing生长 really fast快速.
239
639000
2000
而且它长得很快
10:56
So it is going to get bigger.
240
641000
2000
会越长越大
10:58
If you cut open打开 Stygimoloch冥河龙属,
241
643000
2000
如果你切开冥河龙的骨头
11:00
it is doing the same相同 thing.
242
645000
2000
会发现也是一样
11:02
The dome拱顶, that little dome拱顶,
243
647000
2000
它的颅顶虽小
11:04
is growing生长 really fast快速.
244
649000
2000
却发育得
11:06
It's inflating充气 very fast快速.
245
651000
2000
非常迅速
11:08
What's interesting有趣 is the spike on the back of the Dracorex龙王龙属
246
653000
3000
最有意思的还是龙王龙脑袋后面的尖刺
11:11
was growing生长 very fast快速 as well.
247
656000
2000
它也长得非常快
11:13
The spikes钉鞋 on the back of the Stygimoloch冥河龙属
248
658000
2000
而冥河龙脑后的刺
11:15
are actually其实 resorbing消溶,
249
660000
2000
却是在退化的
11:17
which哪一个 means手段 they're getting得到 smaller
250
662000
2000
也就是说它在颅顶变大的同时
11:19
as that dome拱顶 is getting得到 bigger.
251
664000
2000
尖刺会越来越小
11:21
And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus厚头龙,
252
666000
3000
我们再看厚头龙
11:24
Pachycephalosaurus厚头龙 has a solid固体 dome拱顶
253
669000
3000
它的颅顶非常坚实
11:27
and its little bumps颠簸 on the back of its head
254
672000
3000
而它脑后的突起
11:30
were also resorbing消溶.
255
675000
2000
也是在退化的
11:32
So just with these three dinosaurs恐龙,
256
677000
2000
所以,就光从这三种恐龙来看
11:34
you can easily容易 -- as a scientist科学家 --
257
679000
2000
作为一个科学家
11:36
we can easily容易 hypothesize或推测
258
681000
2000
我们很容易就能做出这样的假设:
11:38
that it is just a growth发展 series系列
259
683000
2000
这是同一种动物的
11:40
of the same相同 animal动物.
260
685000
3000
生长序列
11:43
Which哪一个 of course课程 means手段
261
688000
3000
这样一来
11:46
that Stygimoloch冥河龙属 and Dracorex龙王龙属
262
691000
4000
冥河龙和龙王龙
11:50
are extinct绝种.
263
695000
2000
就不得不“灭绝”了
11:52
(Laughter笑声)
264
697000
5000
(笑声)
11:57
Okay.
265
702000
2000
好了
12:01
Which哪一个 of course课程 means手段
266
706000
3000
现在我们还剩下
12:04
we have 10 primary dinosaurs恐龙 to deal合同 with.
267
709000
4000
10种恐龙要研究
12:08
So a colleague同事 of mine at Berkley伯克利,
268
713000
2000
我和一个在伯克利的同事
12:10
he and I were looking at Triceratops三角龙.
269
715000
3000
一起研究了三角龙
12:13
And before the year 2000 --
270
718000
2000
我们发现在2000年前——
12:15
now remember记得,
271
720000
2000
我想想
12:17
Triceratops三角龙 was first found发现 in the 1800s --
272
722000
2000
三角龙是在19世纪发现的
12:19
before 2000, no one had ever seen看到
273
724000
3000
但是在2000年之前
12:22
a juvenile少年 Triceratops三角龙.
274
727000
3000
从来没有人见过幼年的三角龙
12:25
There's a Triceratops三角龙 in every一切 museum博物馆 in the world世界,
275
730000
3000
世界上几乎所有博物馆都有三角龙的化石
12:28
but no one had ever collected a juvenile少年.
276
733000
4000
就是没有一个小三角龙
12:32
And we know why, right?
277
737000
2000
我们都知道为什么,是吧?
12:34
Because everybody每个人 wants to have a big one.
278
739000
3000
因为大家都想要大的
12:37
So everyone大家 had a big one.
279
742000
2000
所以每家博物馆都有一个大的
12:39
So we went out and collected a whole整个 bunch of stuff东东
280
744000
2000
我和我的同事在外面搜索了一圈
12:41
and we found发现 a whole整个 bunch of little ones那些.
281
746000
2000
结果发现了许多小三角龙
12:43
They're everywhere到处. They're all over the place地点.
282
748000
4000
它们到处都是
12:47
So we have a whole整个 bunch of them at our museum博物馆.
283
752000
2000
所以现在我们的博物馆里收藏了一大堆小三角龙
12:49
(Laughter笑声)
284
754000
5000
(笑声)
12:54
And everybody每个人 says it's because I have a little museum博物馆.
285
759000
2000
大家都说这是因为我有一个小博物馆
12:56
When you have a little museum博物馆, you have little dinosaurs恐龙.
286
761000
3000
小博物馆里自然是小恐龙
12:59
(Laughter笑声)
287
764000
3000
(笑声)
13:02
If you look at the Triceratops三角龙,
288
767000
2000
仔细观察一下三角龙
13:04
you can see it's changing改变, it's shape-shifting形状转移.
289
769000
2000
你能看到它在变化、在“变形”
13:06
As the juveniles少年 are growing生长 up,
290
771000
2000
在小三角龙长大的过程中
13:08
their horns牛角 actually其实 curve曲线 backwards向后.
291
773000
2000
它们的角是向后弯曲的
13:10
And then as they grow增长 older旧的,
292
775000
2000
但当它们长大之后
13:12
the horns牛角 grow增长 forward前锋.
293
777000
2000
角却变成了向前弯曲
13:14
And that's pretty漂亮 cool.
294
779000
2000
这是不是很酷?
13:16
If you look along沿 the edge边缘 of the frill做样子,
295
781000
2000
我们再看看它头盾的边褶
13:18
they have these little triangular三角形的 bones骨头
296
783000
3000
有很多小小的三角形骨突
13:21
that actually其实 grow增长 big as triangles三角形
297
786000
2000
这些骨突会逐渐长大
13:23
and then they flatten弄平 against反对 the frill做样子
298
788000
3000
使头盾的边缘逐渐平滑
13:26
pretty漂亮 much like the spikes钉鞋 do
299
791000
2000
这和厚头龙脑后的尖刺
13:28
on the Pachycephalosaurs肿头龙.
300
793000
3000
是类似的
13:31
And then, because the juveniles少年 are in my collection采集,
301
796000
4000
因为我的博物馆里有幼年的三角龙化石
13:35
I cut them open打开
302
800000
2000
我就把它切开
13:37
and look inside.
303
802000
2000
来看看
13:39
And the little one is really spongy海绵状.
304
804000
3000
结果发现小的三角龙骨头内部果然是海绵状的
13:42
And the middle中间 size尺寸 one is really spongy海绵状.
305
807000
3000
中等大小的骨头内部也是海绵状的
13:45
But what was interesting有趣
306
810000
2000
但最有意思的是
13:47
was the adult成人 Triceratops三角龙 was also spongy海绵状.
307
812000
2000
成年三角龙的骨头内部居然也是海绵状的
13:49
And this is a skull头骨 that is two meters long.
308
814000
3000
它的头骨都达到两米长了
13:52
It's a big skull头骨.
309
817000
3000
非常的大
13:55
But there's another另一个 dinosaur恐龙
310
820000
2000
不过在这个地层内出土的化石里面
13:57
that is found发现 in this formation编队
311
822000
3000
还有另一种恐龙
14:00
that looks容貌 like a Triceratops三角龙, except it's bigger,
312
825000
3000
与三角龙非常相似,只不过还要更大些
14:03
and it's called Torosaurus牛角.
313
828000
3000
叫做牛角龙
14:06
And Torosaurus牛角, when we cut into it,
314
831000
3000
当我们切开牛角龙骨头化石的时候
14:09
has mature成熟 bone.
315
834000
2000
发现骨质发育非常成熟
14:11
But it's got these big holes in its shield屏蔽.
316
836000
2000
但是牛角龙的头盾上有这种很大的孔洞
14:13
And everybody每个人 says, "A Triceratops三角龙 and a Torosaurus牛角
317
838000
3000
所有人都说:
14:16
can't possibly或者 be the same相同 animal动物
318
841000
2000
三角龙和牛角龙不可能是同一种动物
14:18
because one of them's他们的 bigger than the other one."
319
843000
2000
因为这种比那种大太多了
14:20
(Laughter笑声)
320
845000
5000
(笑声)
14:25
"And it has holes in its frill做样子."
321
850000
2000
而且头上还有洞
14:27
And I said, "Well do we have any juvenile少年 TorosaurusesTorosauruses?"
322
852000
3000
我就问他们:“你们见过小牛角龙吗?”
14:30
And they said, "Well no,
323
855000
3000
他们回答:“这个还没有,
14:33
but it has holes in its frill做样子."
324
858000
3000
但是它头上有洞啊”
14:36
So one of my graduate毕业 students学生们, John约翰 ScannellaScannella,
325
861000
3000
所以,我的学生约翰·斯堪那拉
14:39
looked看着 through通过 our whole整个 collection采集
326
864000
2000
对我们所有馆藏的化石进行了研究
14:41
and he actually其实 discovered发现
327
866000
2000
他终于发现
14:43
that the hole starting开始 to form形成
328
868000
2000
在三角龙身上
14:45
in Triceratops三角龙
329
870000
2000
这些洞就开始形成了
14:47
and, of course课程 it's open打开, in Torosaurus牛角 --
330
872000
3000
当然,到了牛角龙时期才完全打开
14:50
so he found发现 the transitional过渡 ones那些
331
875000
3000
约翰发现了一个处于
14:53
between之间 Triceratops三角龙 and Torosaurus牛角,
332
878000
2000
三角龙向牛角龙转型时期的化石
14:55
which哪一个 was pretty漂亮 cool.
333
880000
2000
非常的神奇
14:57
So now we know
334
882000
2000
所以,我们现在知道
14:59
that Torosaurus牛角
335
884000
2000
牛角龙其实是
15:01
is actually其实 a grownup长大 Triceratops三角龙.
336
886000
3000
长大了的三角龙
15:04
Now when we name名称 dinosaurs恐龙,
337
889000
2000
当我们给恐龙起名字
15:06
when we name名称 anything,
338
891000
2000
或者说给任何东西起名字的时候
15:08
the original原版的 name名称 gets得到 to stick
339
893000
2000
都倾向于保留原有的那一个
15:10
and the second第二 name名称 is thrown抛出 out.
340
895000
4000
而放弃新取的那一个
15:14
So Torosaurus牛角 is extinct绝种.
341
899000
3000
所以牛角龙就这么“灭绝”了
15:17
Triceratops三角龙, if you've heard听说 the news新闻,
342
902000
3000
至于三角龙,如果你看新闻的话
15:20
a lot of the newscasters新闻播音员 got it all wrong错误.
343
905000
2000
就会发现好多新闻主播都搞错了
15:22
They thought Torosaurus牛角 should be kept不停 and Triceratops三角龙 thrown抛出 out,
344
907000
3000
他们认为应该保留“牛角龙”这个名字,而放弃“三角龙”
15:25
but that's not going to happen发生.
345
910000
2000
但这是不会发生的
15:27
(Laughter笑声)
346
912000
5000
(笑声)
15:33
All right, so we can do this with a bunch of dinosaurs恐龙.
347
918000
3000
好,所以我们可以把这种方法用在许多种恐龙身上
15:36
I mean, here's这里的 Edmontosaurus埃德蒙顿
348
921000
2000
比如说,埃德蒙顿龙
15:38
and AnatotitanAnatotitan.
349
923000
2000
和大鸭龙
15:40
AnatotitanAnatotitan: giant巨人 duck.
350
925000
3000
顾名思义
15:43
It's a giant巨人 duck-bill鸭嘴 dinosaur恐龙.
351
928000
2000
大鸭龙就是很大的鸭嘴恐龙
15:45
Here's这里的 another另一个 one.
352
930000
2000
它们也是一对这样的组合
15:47
So we look at the bone histology组织学.
353
932000
2000
同样,我们还是从它们的骨组织入手
15:49
The bone histology组织学 tells告诉 us
354
934000
3000
骨质分析告诉我们
15:52
that Edmontosaurus埃德蒙顿 is a juvenile少年,
355
937000
2000
埃德蒙顿龙是幼年恐龙
15:54
or at least最小 a sub-adult亚成体,
356
939000
2000
或者顶多是青少年恐龙
15:56
and the other one is an adult成人
357
941000
3000
而大鸭龙则是成年恐龙
15:59
and we have an ontogeny个体发生.
358
944000
3000
根据个体发生学
16:02
And we get rid摆脱 of AnatotitanAnatotitan.
359
947000
3000
“大鸭龙”也灭绝了
16:05
So we can just keep doing this.
360
950000
3000
所以我们就可以一直不断地这么做
16:08
And the last one
361
953000
2000
最后我要讲的
16:10
is T. Rex雷克斯.
362
955000
2000
是雷克斯暴龙(即霸王龙)
16:12
So there's these two dinosaurs恐龙,
363
957000
2000
现在我们有两种恐龙
16:14
T. Rex雷克斯 and Nanotyrannus矮暴龙属.
364
959000
3000
暴龙和矮暴龙
16:17
(Laughter笑声)
365
962000
2000
(笑声)
16:19
Again, makes品牌 you wonder奇迹.
366
964000
3000
现在我们自然而然产生怀疑了
16:22
(Laughter笑声)
367
967000
3000
(笑声)
16:25
But they had a good question.
368
970000
2000
但是他们的理由也很充分
16:27
They were looking at them
369
972000
2000
他们仔细检查后说:
16:29
and they said, "One's那些 got 17 teeth, and the biggest最大 one's那些 got 12 teeth.
370
974000
3000
小的那个有17颗牙,大的才12颗牙
16:32
And that doesn't make any sense at all,
371
977000
2000
这怎么可能是同一种呢?
16:34
because we don't know of any dinosaurs恐龙
372
979000
2000
我们还不知道哪种恐龙
16:36
that gain获得 teeth as they get older旧的.
373
981000
2000
是越长大牙越少的
16:38
So it must必须 be true真正 --
374
983000
2000
所以它们肯定
16:40
they must必须 be different不同."
375
985000
3000
是两种不同的恐龙
16:43
So we cut into them.
376
988000
2000
所以我把它们都切开了
16:45
And sure enough足够,
377
990000
2000
果然和我想的一样
16:47
Nanotyrannus矮暴龙属 has juvenile少年 bone
378
992000
3000
矮暴龙是幼年的恐龙
16:50
and the bigger one has more mature成熟 bone.
379
995000
3000
暴龙的骨头则成熟得多
16:53
It looks容貌 like it could still get bigger.
380
998000
3000
而且看起来还会继续长大
16:56
And at the Museum博物馆 of the Rockies落基山脉 where we work,
381
1001000
2000
在我工作的洛基博物馆里
16:58
I have four T. RexesRexes,
382
1003000
2000
有四具暴龙化石
17:00
so I can cut a whole整个 bunch of them.
383
1005000
2000
所以我有机会把它们都切开来
17:02
But I didn't have to cut any of them really,
384
1007000
3000
但是我发现我根本用不着这么做
17:05
because I just lined up their jaws
385
1010000
3000
因为我只是简单地将它们的下颌骨按顺序排列起来
17:08
and it turned转身 out the biggest最大 one had 12 teeth
386
1013000
3000
就发现最大的一个有12颗牙
17:11
and the next下一个 smallest最少 one had 13
387
1016000
2000
第二大的有13颗牙
17:13
and the next下一个 smallest最少 had 14.
388
1018000
2000
第三大的有14颗牙
17:15
And of course课程, Nano纳米 has 17.
389
1020000
2000
当然了,矮暴龙有17颗牙
17:17
And we just went out and looked看着 at other people's人们 collections集合
390
1022000
3000
然后我们就跑去其他博物馆里看别人收藏的暴龙
17:20
and we found发现 one that has sort分类 of 15 teeth.
391
1025000
4000
发现了一只有15颗牙的
17:24
So again, real真实 easy简单 to say
392
1029000
3000
这下事情又简单了
17:27
that Tyrannosaurus暴龙 ontogeny个体发生
393
1032000
2000
暴龙(即霸王龙)的个体发生序列中
17:29
included包括 Nanotyrannus矮暴龙属,
394
1034000
3000
是包括矮暴龙的
17:32
and therefore因此 we can take out another另一个 dinosaur恐龙.
395
1037000
5000
这下我们又能从恐龙名单里划掉一个名字了
17:37
(Laughter笑声)
396
1042000
2000
(笑声)
17:39
So when it comes down
397
1044000
4000
所以
17:43
to our end结束 cretaceous白垩纪,
398
1048000
2000
到了白垩纪末期
17:45
we have seven left.
399
1050000
3000
我们还剩七种恐龙
17:48
And that's a good number.
400
1053000
3000
这个数字
17:51
That's a good number to go extinct绝种, I think.
401
1056000
3000
听起来就合理多了吧
17:54
Now as you can imagine想像,
402
1059000
2000
你也知道
17:56
this is not very popular流行 with fourth-graders四年级学生.
403
1061000
3000
我这次演讲的主题对刚上四年级的小男生可能没什么吸引力
17:59
Fourth-graders四年级学生 love their dinosaurs恐龙,
404
1064000
2000
他们喜欢他们的恐龙
18:01
they memorize记忆 them.
405
1066000
3000
他们印象中的恐龙
18:06
And they're not happy快乐 with this.
406
1071000
3000
可不是这个样子的
18:09
(Laughter笑声)
407
1074000
2000
(笑声)
18:11
Thank you very much.
408
1076000
2000
谢谢大家!
18:13
(Applause掌声)
409
1078000
3000
(鼓掌)
Translated by Candice Liu
Reviewed by Alison Xiaoqiao Xie

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.

Why you should listen

Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.

Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.

More profile about the speaker
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com