TED2019
Amma Y. Ghartey-Tagoe Kootin: A historical musical that examines black identity in the 1901 World's Fair
阿玛· Y·盖蒂-塔戈·库廷: 在 1901 年世界博览会上考验黑人身份的历史音乐剧
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在这场生动的演说中，艺术家和 TED 研究员阿玛· Y·盖蒂-塔戈·库廷（ Amma Y.Ghartey Tagoe Kootin ）根据 1901 年在纽约布法罗举行的世界博览会泛美展览的档案材料，让我们提前一睹她即将上演的音乐剧《在水牛城（At Buffalo)》。该剧审视了在博览会上对黑人身份矛盾的展示——突出了世纪之交和今天美国社会之间令人不安的相似之处，并问道：我们都仍是该剧的一部分吗？
Amma Y. Ghartey-Tagoe Kootin - Scholar, artist
Scholar and artist Amma Y. Ghartey-Tagoe Kootin transforms historical material about black identity into theatrical performances. Full bio
Scholar and artist Amma Y. Ghartey-Tagoe Kootin transforms historical material about black identity into theatrical performances. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
The archive.
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档案馆，
00:17
One may envision rooms and shelves
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让我们想象到很多房间和架子，
00:20
stocked with boxes
and cartons of old stuff.
and cartons of old stuff.
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摆满了装着老物件的盒子和纸箱，
00:23
And yet, for those who are
patient enough to dig through it,
patient enough to dig through it,
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但对于那些
想好好在其中挖掘的人，
想好好在其中挖掘的人，
00:27
the archive provides
the precious opportunity
the precious opportunity
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档案馆有个难得的机会
00:30
to touch the past,
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去接触过去，
00:31
to feel and learn from the experiences
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在那些曾活过、现已逝去，
00:34
of once-living people who now seem
dead and buried deeply in the archive.
dead and buried deeply in the archive.
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且被深埋档案中的人物
的经历中，去感受，去学习。
的经历中，去感受，去学习。
00:40
But what if there was a way
to bring the archive to life?
to bring the archive to life?
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但，如果有办法让档案活过来呢？
00:44
Jon Michael Reese: "The world
is thinking wrong about race."
is thinking wrong about race."
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乔恩·迈克尔·里斯（乔）：
“这个世界对种族的想法是错误的。”
“这个世界对种族的想法是错误的。”
00:47
Melissa Joyner: "This country insists
upon judging the Negro."
upon judging the Negro."
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梅丽莎·乔伊纳（梅）：
“这个国家坚持要去评判黑人。”
“这个国家坚持要去评判黑人。”
00:50
JMR: "Because it does not know."
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乔：“因为它不知道。”
讲者：如果它能够呼吸呢？
00:52
AYGTK: What if one could make it breathe?
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梅：“用它最卑鄙和最恶劣的代表。”
00:54
MJ: "By his lowest
and most vicious representatives."
and most vicious representatives."
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讲者：说吧。
00:56
AYGTK: Speak.
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乔：“一种真诚、直接的展示。”
00:57
JMR: "An honest, straightforward exhibit."
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讲者：甚至对我们歌唱，
00:59
AYGTK: And even sing to us,
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从而人人都能获取档案。
01:01
so that the archive
becomes accessible to everyone.
becomes accessible to everyone.
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把档案表演出来会是怎样？
01:03
What would performing
the archive look like?
the archive look like?
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01:06
A performance that is not
simply based on a true story
simply based on a true story
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这是一场不只是基于
真实故事的表演，
真实故事的表演，
01:10
but one that allows us
to come face-to-face
to come face-to-face
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它还能让我们与那些已经
01:13
with things we thought
were once dead and buried.
were once dead and buried.
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逝去和被埋葬的人面对面。
01:16
(Piano music)
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（钢琴配乐）
01:17
This is what "At Buffalo,"
a new musical we're developing,
a new musical we're developing,
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这就是我们即将上演的音乐剧，
《在水牛城》要呈现的。
01:20
is all about.
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01:21
Using collections
from over 30 archival institutions,
from over 30 archival institutions,
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使用了来自超过 30 个档案馆的藏品，
01:24
"At Buffalo" performs the massive archive
of the 1901 Pan-American Exposition,
of the 1901 Pan-American Exposition,
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《在水牛城》演绎了 1901 年
泛美博览会的大量档案，
泛美博览会的大量档案，
01:30
the first World's Fair
of the 20th century,
of the 20th century,
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它是二十世纪的
第一届世界博览会，
第一届世界博览会，
01:32
held in Buffalo, New York.
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在纽约水牛城举办。
01:33
Now, if you've heard of this fair,
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如果你听说过这届博览会，
01:35
it might be because this is where
then-US president, William McKinley,
then-US president, William McKinley,
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或许是因为当时的
美国总统威廉·麦金利，
美国总统威廉·麦金利，
就是在这届博览会遭遇刺杀。
01:38
was assassinated.
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01:40
For nearly 17 years,
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近 17 年来，
01:42
I've stayed inside the gates
and the archive of this fair,
and the archive of this fair,
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我们都一直在这场博览会
和它的档案里摸索，
和它的档案里摸索，
01:45
not only because of that story
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不仅是因为那个故事，
01:47
but because of a real
life-and-death racial drama
life-and-death racial drama
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也是因为真实的生死种族剧，
01:50
that played out on the fairgrounds.
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就在博览会的举办地上演。
01:53
Here, in a place that was like
Disney World, the Olympics,
Disney World, the Olympics,
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这个地方犹如结合迪士尼，奥运村，
01:56
carnivals, museums, all in one,
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嘉年华和博物馆为一体，
01:58
there were three conflicting displays
of what it meant to be black
of what it meant to be black
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在这里有三大极具冲突的展出，
旨在表现在美国
旨在表现在美国
02:03
in the United States.
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身为黑人的含义。
02:04
The archive says white showmen presented
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档案告诉我，
白人表演家为我们展示了
白人表演家为我们展示了
02:07
a savage black origin
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野蛮的黑人血统，
02:09
in the form of 98 West
and Central Africans,
and Central Africans,
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由 98 位西非和中非人的参演，
02:12
living and performing war dances
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在一个被称为“最黑暗的非洲”的
02:14
in a recreated village
called Darkest Africa.
called Darkest Africa.
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重建村庄里现场表演战舞。
02:18
And across the street,
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而街对面则展现了
02:21
a happy slave life,
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幸福的奴隶生活，
02:23
in the form of 150 Southern
black performers,
black performers,
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150 名南方黑人表演者在
02:27
picking cotton,
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采摘棉花，
02:29
singing and dancing minstrel shows
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进行歌舞表演，
02:31
in a recreated antebellum attraction
called Old Plantation.
called Old Plantation.
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这一切都发生一个重建的
被称为“旧种植园” 的战前景点。
被称为“旧种植园” 的战前景点。
02:37
As a response,
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作为回应，
02:39
the black Buffalo community championed
the third display of blackness:
the third display of blackness:
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黑水牛社区支援了第三届
关于黑人的展出：
关于黑人的展出：
02:43
the Negro Exhibit.
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黑人展览。
02:45
Codesigned by African American
scholar W.E.B. Du Bois,
scholar W.E.B. Du Bois,
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由非裔美国学者
W.E.B.杜波伊斯共同签署，
W.E.B.杜波伊斯共同签署，
02:49
it curated photographs,
charts, books and more,
charts, books and more,
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策展内容包含
照片、图表、书籍等，
照片、图表、书籍等，
02:53
to show black Americans
as a high-achieving race,
as a high-achieving race,
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为了向人们展示美国黑人
是一个了不起的种族，
是一个了不起的种族，
02:56
capable of education and progress.
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他们同样有接受教育
和获得进步的能力。
和获得进步的能力。
03:00
When I first encountered this story,
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当我第一次听说这个故事时，
03:02
I understood from my own life experience
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自己的生活经历让我明白了，
03:04
what was at stake to have members
of the African diaspora
of the African diaspora
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让非洲侨民能像这样看待彼此关系
03:08
see each other like this.
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事关重大。
03:10
For me, as the child of immigrant parents
from Ghana, West Africa,
from Ghana, West Africa,
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我的父母是西非加纳移民，
03:14
born in the American South,
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我出生于美国南部，
03:16
raised in Manhattan, Kansas,
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在堪萨斯州曼哈顿长大，
03:18
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:20
and having attended the same
elite school as Du Bois,
elite school as Du Bois,
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和杜波伊斯一样上过精英学校，
03:23
I could see that the Buffalo fair
effectively pitted
effectively pitted
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我能看出，水牛城博览会
实际上有效地导致了
实际上有效地导致了
03:26
the black Northerner
against the Southerner,
against the Southerner,
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北方黑人在对抗南方黑人，
03:28
the educated against the uneducated,
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受教育者在反对未受教育者，
03:30
and the African American
against the African.
against the African.
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以及非洲美国裔在对抗非洲人。
03:33
And I wanted to know:
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而且我想要知道：
03:35
How did these three distinct groups
of black folk navigate this experience?
of black folk navigate this experience?
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这三个不同类别的黑人群体
是如何在这样的体验中探寻自我的？
是如何在这样的体验中探寻自我的？
03:41
Unfortunately, the archive
had answers to questions like this
had answers to questions like this
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遗憾的是，档案对这些问题的答案
03:44
underneath racial caricature,
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是种族讽刺、相互矛盾的信息，
03:47
conflicting information
and worse -- silence.
and worse -- silence.
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更糟糕的是——沉默。
03:51
(Piano music)
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（钢琴伴奏）
03:54
Still, I could hear musical melodies
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不过，我还能听到
旧报纸中的音乐旋律，
旧报纸中的音乐旋律，
03:58
and see dance numbers
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望见跳舞的数字，
感受语言的律动，
04:00
and the rhythms of the words
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一切都跃然纸上。
04:01
coming off the pages
of old newspaper articles.
of old newspaper articles.
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04:04
And learning that this World's Fair
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得知在这届世界博览会上，
04:05
had music playing everywhere
on its fairgrounds,
on its fairgrounds,
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音乐回荡在整个会场，
04:09
I knew that live, immersive,
spectacular musical theater,
spectacular musical theater,
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我知道那叹为观止的音乐剧现场，
04:13
with the latest technologies of our time,
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有了我们这个时代的最新技术，
04:16
is the closest experience that can bring
the archival story of the 1901 fair
the archival story of the 1901 fair
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能够将 1901 年世博会的档案故事
从箱子里搬出来，带给我们
从箱子里搬出来，带给我们
04:21
out of boxes and into life.
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最身临其境的体验。
04:24
Stories, like Tannie and Henrietta,
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其中有像丹妮和亨丽埃塔
这样的故事。
这样的故事。
04:27
a husband and wife vaudeville duo in love
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他们是一对相爱的歌舞杂耍夫妻，
04:30
who become at odds over performing
these "coon" minstrel shows
these "coon" minstrel shows
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为了在老种植园的景点
实现他们每周五赚美元的梦想，
实现他们每周五赚美元的梦想，
04:33
while striving for their
five-dollar-a-week dream
five-dollar-a-week dream
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在进行这些“黑人”吟游歌手
04:35
in the Old Plantation attraction.
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的表演时发生了争执。
04:37
Like African businessman John Tevi,
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有非洲商人约翰·特维的故事，
04:40
from present-day Togo,
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他来自今天的多哥，
04:42
who must outwit the savage rules
of the human zoo
of the human zoo
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他必须战胜让自己深陷其中的
04:45
in which he has become trapped.
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人类动物园的野蛮规则。
04:47
And stories like Mary Talbert,
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还有像玛丽·塔尔伯特这样的故事，
04:51
a wealthy leader
of the black Buffalo elite,
of the black Buffalo elite,
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黑水牛团体中一个富有的精英领袖，
04:54
who must come to terms
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她必须选择接受
04:55
with the racial realities
of her home town.
of her home town.
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家乡的种族现实。
04:57
MJ: "The dominant race in this country
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梅：“在这个国家，
占统治地位的种族
占统治地位的种族
04:59
insists upon judging the Negro
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坚持让那些最卑鄙、
05:02
by his lowest and most
vicious representatives."
vicious representatives."
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最恶毒的代表来评判黑人。”
05:04
AYGTK: Like Old Plantation
and Darkest Africa.
and Darkest Africa.
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讲者：就像“旧种植园”
和“最黑暗的非洲”。
和“最黑暗的非洲”。
05:06
MJ: "... instead of by the more
intelligent and worthy classes."
intelligent and worthy classes."
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梅：”……而不是更有智慧、
更具有价值的阶层。“
更具有价值的阶层。“
05:10
AYGTK: When fair directors
ignored Mary Talbert
ignored Mary Talbert
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讲者：当博览会的理事会
无视玛丽·塔尔伯特，以及
无视玛丽·塔尔伯特，以及
05:12
and the local black Buffalo community's
request to participate in the fair,
request to participate in the fair,
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当地的黑水牛社区
对参加博览会的请求，
对参加博览会的请求，
05:16
newspapers say that Mary Talbert
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报纸上说，玛丽·塔尔伯特
05:18
and her club of educated
African American women
African American women
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和她的受过教育的美国
非裔女性俱乐部成员
非裔女性俱乐部成员
05:20
held a rousing protest meeting.
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一同举行了一场
鼓舞人心的抗议集会。
鼓舞人心的抗议集会。
05:23
But the details of that meeting,
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但会议的细节，
05:25
even down to the fiery speech she gave,
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甚至是她激烈的说辞，
05:27
were not fully captured in the archive.
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都未能被档案完整记载。
05:29
So, "At Buffalo" takes the essence
of Mary's speech
of Mary's speech
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因此，《在水牛城》
重现了玛丽演说的精髓，
重现了玛丽演说的精髓，
05:33
and turns it into song.
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并将它以歌曲的形式展现。
05:36
(All singing) We must, we are unanimous.
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（齐唱）我们必须，
我们必须团结一心。
我们必须团结一心。
05:39
We must, we are unanimous.
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我们必须，我们必须团结一心。
05:43
MJ: We've got something to show --
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梅：我们有东西要展示——
05:46
we're going to teach a lesson in Buffalo.
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我们要在水牛城上一课。
05:49
It would benefit the nation
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见证我们解放以来的发展，
05:53
to see our growth since emancipation.
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国家会因此受益。
05:57
Colored people should be represented
in this Pan-American exposition,
in this Pan-American exposition,
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有色人种应该在本次
泛美博览会上被听见，
泛美博览会上被听见，
06:03
it would benefit the nation
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见证我们解放以来的发展，
06:07
to see our growth since emancipation.
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国家会因此受益。
06:11
(All singing) They made a great mistake
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（齐唱）他们犯了大错，
06:18
not to appoint someone from the race.
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未曾任命有色人种的代表。
06:25
We must, we are unanimous.
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我们必须，我们必须团结一心。
06:28
We must, we are unanimous.
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我们必须，我们必须团结一心。
06:32
We must, we are unanimous.
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我们必须团结一心。
06:33
AYGTK: Mary Talbert successfully demands
that the Negro Exhibit come to the fair.
that the Negro Exhibit come to the fair.
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讲者：玛丽·塔尔伯特成功的
把黑人展带进了世博会。
把黑人展带进了世博会。
06:38
And to have the Negro Exhibit in Buffalo
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让黑人展来到水牛城，
06:41
means that the musical must tell the story
behind why Du Bois cocreated it ...
behind why Du Bois cocreated it ...
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意味着这部音乐剧必须讲述
杜波依斯为什么要合作创作它的故事……
杜波依斯为什么要合作创作它的故事……
06:47
and why Mary and the black elite
felt it was urgently needed.
felt it was urgently needed.
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以及为什么玛丽和黑人精英们
为什么认为这已迫在眉睫。
为什么认为这已迫在眉睫。
06:53
JMR: "The world is thinking
wrong about race.
wrong about race.
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乔：“这个世界对种族的
想法是错误的。”
想法是错误的。”
06:58
They killed Sam Hose
for who they thought he was.
for who they thought he was.
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他们因为自己所认定的
萨姆·霍斯的身份而杀了他。
萨姆·霍斯的身份而杀了他。
07:03
And more men like him, every day,
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每天，还有许许多多像他的人，
07:05
more Negro men, like him, taken apart.
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许许多多像他的黑人，被处决。
07:11
And after that -- that red ray ...
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而自那以后——那道红线……
07:14
we can never be the same.
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我们永远不会再是一样。
07:17
(Singing) A red ray
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（唱）那道红线
【一个在乔治亚州打猎的人】
07:21
[A man hunt in Georgia]
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划分了我的桌台，
07:22
cut across my desk
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【暴徒追捕霍斯；
若抓住他，将处以私刑]】
若抓住他，将处以私刑]】
07:24
[Mob after Hose;
he will be lynched if caught]
he will be lynched if caught]
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就在那天，
07:26
the very day
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07:28
Sam's hands were laid to rest.
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萨姆终于撒手离去。
07:33
Can words alone withstand the laws unjust?
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光靠言辞就能抵挡
不公正的法律吗？
不公正的法律吗？
07:40
[Escape seems impossible]
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【逃离似乎不可能】
07:42
Can words alone withstand the violence?
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光靠语言的力量
就能反抗暴力吗？
就能反抗暴力吗？
07:50
Oh, no, oh.
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噢，不，噢。
07:55
[Burned alive]
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【被活活烧死】
07:56
[Sam Hose is lynched]
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【萨姆·霍斯被私刑处死】
07:57
Oh, no, oh.
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噢，不，噢。
08:02
[His body cut in many pieces]
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1933
【他的身体被四分五裂】
08:05
Oh, no, oh.
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噢，不，噢。
08:08
[Burned at the Stake]
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【被烧死在火刑柱上】
08:09
[Ten Cents Slice Cooked Liver.]
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【10美分】 【切片】
【煮熟】 【肝脏】
【煮熟】 【肝脏】
08:12
[Fight for souvenirs.]
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【为战利品而战】
08:20
(Both singing) Who has read the books?
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（同唱）谁曾读过这些书？
08:24
Our numbers and statistics look small
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我们的数字和统计与页数
08:29
against the page.
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比起来太过渺小。
08:34
The crisis has multiplied.
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我们面对的危机却已成倍增加，
08:37
Our people are lynched and died.
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我们的人民被私刑处死。
08:40
Oh, Lord.
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噢，神啊。
08:42
Something must change.
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有些东西必须改变。
08:50
AYGTK: Something must change.
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讲者：有些东西必须改变。
08:56
"At Buffalo" reveals
how the United States today
how the United States today
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《在水牛城》揭示了现今的美国
08:59
stands at similar crossroads
as 1901 America.
as 1901 America.
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与 1901 年的美国处于
怎样相似的十字路口。
怎样相似的十字路口。
09:03
Just as the name of Sam Hose
filled newspapers back then,
filled newspapers back then,
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就像当时满报纸都是
萨姆·霍斯的名字一样，
萨姆·霍斯的名字一样，
09:07
today's media carries the names of:
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今天的媒体会有这样的名字：
09:09
JMR: Oscar Grant.
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乔：奥斯卡 ·格兰特。
(2009 年被警察枪杀的黑人男性)
(2009 年被警察枪杀的黑人男性)
09:12
MJ: Jacqueline Culp.
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梅：杰奎琳·卡尔普。
(2012 年被警车撞死的黑人女性)
(2012 年被警车撞死的黑人女性)
09:13
Pianist: Trayvon Martin.
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钢琴家：特拉伊冯·马丁。
（2012 年被枪杀的黑人男性）
（2012 年被枪杀的黑人男性）
09:16
AYGTK: Sandra Bland.
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1334
讲者：桑德拉·布兰德。
（2015 年莫名死于狱中的黑人女性）
（2015 年莫名死于狱中的黑人女性）
09:18
And too many others.
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1698
还有很多其他人。
09:20
The 1901 fair's legacies persist
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1901 年博览会的
遗留问题依然存在，
遗留问题依然存在，
09:24
in more ways than we can imagine.
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在很多方面超越我们的想象。
09:30
MJ: Mary Talbert
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梅：玛莉·塔尔伯特
09:31
and the National Association
of Colored Women
of Colored Women
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和国家有色人种妇女协会
09:33
started movements against lynching
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2875
发起了一系列运动，以反对私刑
09:36
and the myth of black criminality
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和无故对黑人定罪的荒谬想法。
就像今天的黑人妇女开启的“黑人的命
也是命（Black Lives Matter）”运动。
也是命（Black Lives Matter）”运动。
09:38
just as black women today
started Black Lives Matter.
started Black Lives Matter.
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09:42
JMR: And some of the same
people who fought for
people who fought for
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乔：还有同样的一些
为了开办黑人展
为了开办黑人展
09:45
and created the Negro Exhibit,
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1852
而不停奋斗的人们，
09:47
including Du Bois,
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1911
包括杜博伊斯在内，
09:49
came to Buffalo,
four years after the fair,
four years after the fair,
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他们在世博会的四年后来到水牛城，
09:51
to start the Niagara Movement,
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启动了尼亚加拉运动，
09:54
which set the groundwork
for the creation of the NAACP.
for the creation of the NAACP.
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为国家有色人种
协进会的成立奠定了基础。
协进会的成立奠定了基础。
09:57
AYGTK: It's not just black folks
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讲者：不仅仅是那些黑人
09:59
who had a peculiar experience
at the 1901 fair.
at the 1901 fair.
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在 1901 年的博览会上
有过非凡的经历。
有过非凡的经历。
10:02
An official handbook informed fair-goers:
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一本官方手册告诉参加博览会的人：
10:05
MJ: "Please remember:"
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梅：“请铭记：”
10:07
JMR: "... once you get inside the gate,"
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乔：“当你跨入这扇大门，”
10:09
AYGTK: "... you are a part of the show."
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讲者：“……你就是演出的一部分。”
10:13
Performing the archive in "At Buffalo"
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表演关于《在水牛城》的档案，
10:15
allows audiences to ask themselves,
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使得观众们能够扪心自问，
10:17
"Are we still inside the gates,
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“我们还在这扇大门里吗？
10:20
and are we all still part of the show?"
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我们仍是这场演出的一部分吗？“
10:29
(Music ends)
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（音乐止）
10:32
(Applause and cheers)
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（掌声和欢呼）
Translated by Yanyan Hong
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amma Y. Ghartey-Tagoe Kootin - Scholar, artistScholar and artist Amma Y. Ghartey-Tagoe Kootin transforms historical material about black identity into theatrical performances.
Why you should listen
Amma Y. Ghartey-Tagoe Kootin is currently developing At Buffalo, a musical theatre piece created from historical records documenting representations of black experience at the 1901 World's Fair in Buffalo, New York. It exposes the impacts such performances still have on our everyday enactments of racial and national identity.
Amma Y. Ghartey-Tagoe Kootin | Speaker | TED.com