ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Piff - Social psychologist
Paul Piff studies how social hierarchy, inequality and emotion shape relations between individuals and groups.

Why you should listen

Paul Piff is an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine.​ In particular, he studies how wealth (having it or not having it) can affect interpersonal relationships.

His surprising studies include running rigged games of Monopoly, tracking how those who drive expensive cars behave versus those driving less expensive vehicles and even determining that rich people are literally more likely to take candy from children than the less well-off. The results often don't paint a pretty picture about the motivating forces of wealth. He writes, "specifically, I have been finding that increased wealth and status in society lead to increased self-focus and, in turn, decreased compassion, altruism, and ethical behavior."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Piff | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxMarin

Paul Piff: Does money make you mean?

保羅•匹夫: 財富讓人變得更壞?

Filmed:
3,568,059 views

一場動過手腳的大富翁遊戲竟能讓我們觀察到這麼多!在這趣味橫生、主題沉重的演講裡,社會心理學家保羅•匹夫不吝與大眾分享他的研究:人們一旦感覺富有,他們的行為將會... (變壞)。好消息是,即便社會不平等是個複雜又艱困的挑戰,仍有好轉的機會。(攝製自TEDxMarin.)
- Social psychologist
Paul Piff studies how social hierarchy, inequality and emotion shape relations between individuals and groups. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I want you to, for a moment時刻,
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我想請在座的各位
00:14
think about playing播放 a game遊戲 of Monopoly壟斷,
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想像我們一起玩大富翁
00:18
except in this game遊戲, that combination組合
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只是在這場遊戲裡
00:21
of skill技能, talent天賦 and luck運氣
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那些讓你在遊戲與人生中
00:24
that help earn you success成功 in games遊戲, as in life,
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成功的能力、天分、運氣
00:26
has been rendered呈現 irrelevant不相干,
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都無關緊要
00:28
because this game's遊戲 been rigged非法操縱的,
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因為這場遊戲被動過手腳
00:30
and you've got the upper hand.
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你因此佔了上風
00:32
You've got more money,
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你更有錢
00:34
more opportunities機會 to move移動 around the board,
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比別人更多移動的機會
00:36
and more access訪問 to resources資源.
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更能接觸資源
00:39
And as you think about that experience經驗,
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當你這麼想像時
00:40
I want you to ask yourself你自己,
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也請自問
00:43
how might威力 that experience經驗 of being存在
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在這被動手腳的遊戲中
00:44
a privileged特權 player播放機 in a rigged非法操縱的 game遊戲
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作為佔上風的玩家
00:48
change更改 the way that you think about yourself你自己
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會如何改變對自己
00:50
and regard看待 that other player播放機?
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和其他玩家的看法呢?
00:54
So we ran a study研究 on the U.C. Berkeley伯克利 campus校園
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我們在加州柏克萊大學
00:57
to look at exactly究竟 that question.
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研究這個問題
01:00
We brought in more than 100 pairs
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我們帶100對以上的陌生人
01:01
of strangers陌生人 into the lab實驗室,
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到研究室
01:04
and with the flip翻動 of a coin硬幣
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用擲硬幣的方式
01:06
randomly隨機 assigned分配 one of the two
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隨機分配兩人中的一人
01:08
to be a rich豐富 player播放機 in a rigged非法操縱的 game遊戲.
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當富有的玩家
01:10
They got two times as much money.
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富玩家領的錢會多兩倍
01:13
When they passed通過 Go,
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每經過起點就會
01:14
they collected twice兩次 the salary薪水,
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多領一倍的薪水
01:17
and they got to roll both dice骰子 instead代替 of one,
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還能一次擲兩個骰子
01:19
so they got to move移動 around the board a lot more.
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所以更有機會多走幾圈
01:20
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:23
And over the course課程 of 15 minutes分鐘,
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我們便在這15分鐘內
01:25
we watched看著 through通過 hidden
cameras相機 what happened發生.
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從隱藏相機觀察他們
01:29
And what I want to do today今天, for the first time,
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今日是我們首次公布
01:30
is show顯示 you a little bit of what we saw.
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我們觀察的成果
01:33
You're going to have to pardon赦免 the sound聲音 quality質量,
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若音質不太好請予見諒
01:34
in some cases, because again,
these were hidden cameras相機.
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畢竟這些都來自隱蔽鏡頭
01:37
So we've我們已經 provided提供 subtitles字幕.
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大家可以讀字幕
01:39
Rich豐富 Player播放機: How many許多 500s did you have?
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富玩家:嘿,你有多少張 500元?
01:41
Poor較差的 Player播放機: Just one.
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窮玩家:就一張
01:42
Rich豐富 Player播放機: Are you serious嚴重.
Poor較差的 Player播放機: Yeah.
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富玩家:開玩笑的吧?!
窮玩家:是啊
01:43
Rich豐富 Player播放機: I have three. (Laughs)
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富玩家:我有三張(笑聲)
01:45
I don't know why they gave me so much.
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真不知他們幹嘛給我這麼多
01:47
Paul保羅 Piff釜山國際電影節: Okay, so it was quickly很快 apparent明顯的 to players玩家
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講員:好,玩家很快就注意到
01:49
that something was up.
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有些事情不太對勁
01:50
One person clearly明確地 has a lot more money
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其中一位很明顯
01:52
than the other person, and yet然而,
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比另一位更有錢
01:54
as the game遊戲 unfolded展開,
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但當遊戲繼續時
01:56
we saw very notable顯著 differences分歧
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我們看到既顯著
01:58
and dramatic戲劇性 differences分歧 begin開始 to emerge出現
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又巨大的差異
02:01
between之間 the two players玩家.
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在兩位玩家之間出現
02:03
The rich豐富 player播放機
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富玩家移動跳棋
02:05
started開始 to move移動 around the board louder,
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的聲音變大
02:07
literally按照字面 smacking打孩子 the board with their piece
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根本就是邊跳棋
02:09
as he went around.
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邊砸紙板
02:12
We were more likely容易 to see signs跡象 of dominance霸主地位
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我們開始看到宣示主權的樣子
02:15
and nonverbal非語言 signs跡象,
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和非語言表達
02:16
displays顯示器 of power功率
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都在展現勢力
02:19
and celebration慶典 among其中 the rich豐富 players玩家.
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和富玩家互相慶祝
02:23
We had a bowl of pretzels椒鹽脆餅
positioned定位的 off to the side.
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我們有碗椒鹽脆餅放在一旁
02:25
It's on the bottom底部 right corner there.
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就在那右下角
02:27
That allowed允許 us to watch
participants'參與者 consummatory圓滿 behavior行為.
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這讓我們得以觀察參與者的胃口
02:31
So we're just tracking追踪 how
many許多 pretzels椒鹽脆餅 participants參與者 eat.
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然後單純追蹤他們吃了多少脆餅
02:35
Rich豐富 Player播放機: Are those pretzels椒鹽脆餅 a trick?
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富玩家:這些脆餅有什詭計嗎?
02:37
Poor較差的 Player播放機: I don't know.
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窮玩家:不知
02:39
PPPP: Okay, so no surprises驚喜, people are onto us.
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講者:可想而知,他們開始懷疑我們了
02:42
They wonder奇蹟 what that bowl of pretzels椒鹽脆餅
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他們懷疑那碗脆餅
02:44
is doing there in the first place地點.
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為什麼一開始就在那
02:45
One even asks, like you just saw,
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就像你剛看到的
02:47
is that bowl of pretzels椒鹽脆餅 there as a trick?
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一位甚至問那碗脆餅放在那是否藏有詭計
02:50
And yet然而, despite儘管 that, the power功率 of the situation情況
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即便如此,主權似乎仍不可避免的
02:53
seems似乎 to inevitably必將 dominate支配,
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開始展現出來
02:56
and those rich豐富 players玩家 start開始 to eat more pretzels椒鹽脆餅.
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那些富玩家開始吃更多的脆餅了
03:03
Rich豐富 Player播放機: I love pretzels椒鹽脆餅.
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富玩家: 我愛~椒鹽脆餅
03:06
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:09
PPPP: And as the game遊戲 went on,
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講員: 遊戲持續時
03:12
one of the really interesting有趣 and dramatic戲劇性 patterns模式
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我們觀察出一種有趣
03:14
that we observed觀察到的 begin開始 to emerge出現
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又戲劇化的既定模式
03:17
was that the rich豐富 players玩家 actually其實
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富玩家開始對
03:19
started開始 to become成為 ruder羅德 toward the other person,
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另一位玩家更粗魯
03:22
less and less sensitive敏感 to the plight困境
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對於這些窮玩家可憐的處境
03:24
of those poor較差的, poor較差的 players玩家,
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顯得越來越沒同理心
03:26
and more and more demonstrative示範
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也越來越愛誇炫
03:28
of their material材料 success成功,
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自己物質上的豐碩
03:30
more likely容易 to showcase櫥窗 how well they're doing.
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更愛現他們有多成功
03:35
Rich豐富 Player播放機: I have money for everything.
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富玩家: 我樣樣不缺錢
03:39
Poor較差的 Player播放機: How much is that?
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窮玩家: 那有多少?
03:41
Rich豐富 Player播放機: You owe me 24 dollars美元.
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富玩家:你欠我24美元
03:45
You're going to lose失去 all your money soon不久.
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你快傾家蕩產了
03:48
I'll buy購買 it. I have so much money.
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我買。反正我有的是錢。
03:50
I have so much money, it takes me forever永遠.
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多到花都花不完
03:52
Rich豐富 Player播放機 2: I'm going to buy購買 out this whole整個 board.
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富玩家2:我要買起這整張紙板
03:54
Rich豐富 Player播放機 3: You're going
to run out of money soon不久.
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富玩家3: 你就要身無分文了
03:55
I'm pretty漂亮 much untouchable碰不得 at this point.
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我已經到了無可匹敵的地步了
03:58
PPPP: Okay, and here's這裡的 what I think
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講員: 現在,
04:01
was really, really interesting有趣,
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這是我覺得特別特別有趣的地方
04:02
is that at the end結束 of the 15 minutes分鐘,
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在15分鐘的遊戲結束後
04:06
we asked the players玩家 to talk about
their experience經驗 during the game遊戲.
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我們詢問玩家在這遊戲中取得的經驗
04:10
And when the rich豐富 players玩家 talked about
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當富玩家談到為何
04:12
why they had inevitably必將 won韓元
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他們最終贏了
04:14
in this rigged非法操縱的 game遊戲 of Monopoly壟斷 --
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這場我們動過手腳的大富翁遊戲
04:16
(Laughter笑聲) —
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(笑聲)
04:21
they talked about what they'd他們會 doneDONE
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他們高闊談論
04:24
to buy購買 those different不同 properties性能
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費了多少力才買下各種資產
04:27
and earn their success成功 in the game遊戲,
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然後獲得成功
04:30
and they became成為 far less attuned合拍
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對於遊戲過程中
04:32
to all those different不同 features特徵 of the situation情況,
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感到怪異的也變得無感
04:35
including包含 that flip翻動 of a coin硬幣
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包括以擲硬幣的方式
04:38
that had randomly隨機 gotten得到 them into
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隨機讓他們雀屏中選
04:40
that privileged特權 position位置 in the first place地點.
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在遊戲一開始就取得優勢
04:43
And that's a really, really incredible難以置信 insight眼光
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這給予我們很棒的機會洞察
04:46
into how the mind心神 makes品牌 sense of advantage優點.
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人的心理如何對優勢作出合理的解釋
04:51
Now this game遊戲 of Monopoly壟斷 can be used
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這場大富翁遊戲影射整個社會
04:54
as a metaphor隱喻 for understanding理解 society社會
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幫助我們了解
04:56
and its hierarchical分級 structure結構體, wherein其中, some people
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社會的階級體制
05:00
have a lot of wealth財富 and a lot of status狀態,
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有些人擁有許多財富和身分地位
05:02
and a lot of people don't.
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多數人卻沒有
05:04
They have a lot less wealth財富 and a lot less status狀態
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他們過的較拮据 沒有社會地位
05:07
and a lot less access訪問 to valued價值 resources資源.
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也較難取得有用資源
05:10
And what my colleagues同事 and I for
the last seven years年份 have been doing
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過去7年我與同事
05:13
is studying研究 the effects效果 of these kinds of hierarchies等級.
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一起研究這些階級體制帶來的影響
05:17
What we've我們已經 been finding發現 across橫過 dozens許多 of studies學習
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我們從各地數千名參與者身上
05:20
and thousands數千 of participants參與者 across橫過 this country國家
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得出的結論是
05:24
is that as a person's人的 levels水平 of wealth財富 increase增加,
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個人財富比例越高
05:28
their feelings情懷 of compassion同情 and empathy同情 go down,
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憐憫心和同理心都會同時降低
05:34
and their feelings情懷 of entitlement權利, of deservingnessdeservingness,
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對於頭銜的慾望,享有應得的
05:38
and their ideology思想 of self-interest自我利益 increases增加.
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和自身利益相關的意識都會增加
05:43
In surveys調查, we found發現 that it's actually其實
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我們在調查中發現
05:45
wealthier富裕 individuals個人 who are more likely容易
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較富有的人更容易
05:47
to moralize說教 greed貪心 being存在 good,
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把貪婪道德化
05:50
and that the pursuit追求 of self-interest自我利益
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而追求自身利益
05:52
is favorable有利 and moral道德.
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也被當做是道德的
05:54
Now what I want to do today今天 is talk about
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今天我想談談
05:56
some of the implications啟示
of this ideology思想 self-interest自我利益,
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追求自身利益暗示著甚麼
06:01
talk about why we should
care關心 about those implications啟示,
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談我們為何應該關注這些事
06:03
and end結束 with what might威力 be doneDONE.
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以及相關對策
06:07
Some of the first studies學習 that we ran in this area
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我們在這個領域裡首先做的研究
06:09
looked看著 at helping幫助 behavior行為,
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是那些互助行為
06:10
something social社會 psychologists心理學家 call
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社會學家稱作為
06:13
pro-social親社會 behavior行為.
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「利社會行為」
06:15
And we were really interested有興趣 in who's誰是 more likely容易
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我們對誰更會對別人
06:17
to offer提供 help to another另一個 person,
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施以援手更感興趣
06:20
someone有人 who's誰是 rich豐富 or someone有人 who's誰是 poor較差的.
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是富人還是窮人呢?
06:23
In one of the studies學習, we bring帶來 in rich豐富 and poor較差的
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在某項研究裡 我們邀社區裡的
06:27
members會員 of the community社區 into the lab實驗室
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富人和窮人到實驗室
06:30
and give each of them the equivalent當量 of 10 dollars美元.
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給每位10美元
06:33
We told the participants參與者
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我們告訴參與者
06:35
that they could keep these 10 dollars美元 for themselves他們自己,
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他們可選擇保留這10美元
06:37
or they could share分享 a portion一部分 of it,
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或與人分享一部分
06:39
if they wanted to, with a stranger陌生人
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若他們想要也可贈予
06:41
who is totally完全 anonymous匿名.
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完全不認識的陌生人
06:43
They'll他們會 never meet遇到 that stranger陌生人 and
the stranger陌生人 will never meet遇到 them.
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而且雙方以後都不會再遇到
06:46
And we just monitor監控 how much people give.
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接著很單純的監視人們會給多少
06:49
Individuals個人 who made製作 25,000 sometimes有時
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一年賺2萬5或
06:51
under 15,000 dollars美元 a year,
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低於1萬5的參與者
06:54
gave 44 percent百分 more of their money
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更願意贈與44%
06:56
to the stranger陌生人
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自己的錢給陌生人
06:57
than did individuals個人 making製造 150,000
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而一年賺15萬
06:59
or 200,000 dollars美元 a year.
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或20萬的人卻不太會
07:02
We've我們已經 had people play games遊戲
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我們讓參與者玩遊戲
07:05
to see who's誰是 more or less likely容易 to cheat作弊
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藉此看出誰更容易作弊
07:08
to increase增加 their chances機會 of winning勝利 a prize.
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增加贏得獎金的機會
07:10
In one of the games遊戲, we actually其實 rigged非法操縱的 a computer電腦
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其中我們對一台電腦作了手腳
07:13
so that die rolls勞斯萊斯 over a certain某些 score得分了
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讓骰子難以出現
07:16
were impossible不可能.
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特定的數字
07:17
You couldn't不能 get above以上 12 in this game遊戲,
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這遊戲無法讓你得超過12點
07:20
and yet然而, the richer更豐富 you were,
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然而你越富有
07:23
the more likely容易 you were to cheat作弊 in this game遊戲
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就越有可能作弊
07:25
to earn credits學分 toward a $50 cash現金 prize,
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以便獲得近50美元的獎金
07:29
sometimes有時 by three to four times as much.
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有時甚至有3、4倍之多
07:32
We ran another另一個 study研究 where we looked看著 at whether是否
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我們所做的另一項研究是
07:35
people would be inclined to take candy糖果
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告訴參與者是否會拿糖果罐裡的糖果
07:38
from a jar of candy糖果 that we explicitly明確地 identified確定
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我們清楚的告訴他們
07:40
as being存在 reserved保留的 for children孩子 --
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那罐糖果是要留給小孩吃的
07:43
(Laughter笑聲) —
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(笑聲)
07:46
participating參與 -- I'm not kidding開玩笑.
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我是說真的
07:48
I know it sounds聲音 like I'm making製造 a joke玩笑.
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我知道這聽起來很可笑
07:51
We explicitly明確地 told participants參與者
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但我們很清楚的告知參與者
07:53
this jar of candy's糖果的 for children孩子 participating參與
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那一罐糖果是要給在附近
07:55
in a developmental發展的 lab實驗室 nearby附近.
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研究室裡的小孩吃的
07:57
They're in studies學習. This is for them.
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他們就在研究室裡
這是要給他們的
07:59
And we just monitored監控 how
much candy糖果 participants參與者 took.
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然後我們監控參與者吃了多少糖果
08:03
Participants參與者 who felt rich豐富
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感到富有的參與者
08:04
took two times as much candy糖果
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比感到窮的參與者
08:06
as participants參與者 who felt poor較差的.
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多吃兩倍的糖果
08:09
We've我們已經 even studied研究 cars汽車,
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我們甚至研究車輛
08:12
not just any cars汽車,
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不只是任何車輛
08:13
but whether是否 drivers司機 of different不同 kinds of cars汽車
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而是不同車款的車主
08:16
are more or less inclined to break打破 the law.
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是否更傾向於犯法
08:20
In one of these studies學習, we looked看著 at
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其中一項研究裡 我們察看
08:22
whether是否 drivers司機 would stop for a pedestrian行人
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駕駛員是否會為行人停下來
08:27
that we had posed構成 waiting等候 to cross交叉 at a crosswalk人行橫道.
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這些要過馬路的人都是我們請的
08:29
Now in California加州, as you all know,
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在加州 我確信你們都知道
08:31
because I'm sure we all do this,
192
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因為我們都做過
08:34
it's the law to stop for a pedestrian行人
who's誰是 waiting等候 to cross交叉.
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法律明規路人要過馬路時需停車
08:38
So here's這裡的 an example of how we did it.
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這是大家平常的做法
08:40
That's our confederate幫兇 off to the left
195
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左邊是我們的人
08:42
posing冒充 as a pedestrian行人.
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裝作要過馬路
08:43
He approaches方法 as the red truck卡車 successfully順利 stops停止.
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他在紅色卡車成功停下時過馬路
08:48
In typical典型 California加州 fashion時尚, it's overtaken超越
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在加州也很常見公車
08:50
by the bus總線 who almost幾乎 runs運行 our pedestrian行人 over.
199
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像是沒看到路人直接開過去
08:52
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:54
Now here's這裡的 an example of a more expensive昂貴 car汽車,
201
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這是另一個較為昂貴的轎車
08:56
a Prius普銳斯, driving主動 through通過,
202
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豐田普銳斯
08:57
and a BMW寶馬 doing the same相同.
203
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和BMW的做法一樣
09:03
So we did this for hundreds數以百計 of vehicles汽車
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我們花了好幾天
09:05
on several一些 days,
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研究了幾百輛車
09:08
just tracking追踪 who stops停止 and who doesn't.
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追蹤誰會和誰不會為路人停
09:12
What we found發現 was that as the expensiveness價格昂貴
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我們發現
09:14
of a car汽車 increased增加,
208
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越貴的車裡
09:18
the driver's司機 tendencies傾向 to break打破 the law
209
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坐的駕駛員
09:20
increased增加 as well.
210
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就越傾向於犯法
09:22
None沒有 of the cars汽車, none沒有 of the cars汽車
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在那些最便宜的車款中
09:24
in our least最小 expensive昂貴 car汽車 category類別
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沒有任何一輛,沒有任何一輛
09:28
broke打破 the law.
213
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觸法。
09:29
Close to 50 percent百分 of the cars汽車
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而近乎5成的汽車
09:32
in our most expensive昂貴 vehicle車輛 category類別
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在我們最昂貴的
09:34
broke打破 the law.
216
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車款項目裡都犯法
09:37
We've我們已經 run other studies學習 finding發現 that
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我們在別的研究裡也發現
09:39
wealthier富裕 individuals個人 are more
likely容易 to lie謊言 in negotiations談判,
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更富有的人在協商時更容易說謊
09:42
to endorse擁護 unethical不道德的 behavior行為 at work
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或在工作上做出沒道德的事
09:44
like stealing偷竊行為 cash現金 from the cash現金 register寄存器,
220
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像是從收銀機裡偷錢
09:47
taking服用 bribes行賄, lying說謊 to customers顧客.
221
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接受賄路,欺騙顧客
09:52
Now I don't mean to suggest建議
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我不是要說
09:54
that it's only wealthy富裕 people
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只有富人才會
09:55
who show顯示 these patterns模式 of behavior行為.
224
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有這類的行為
09:57
Not at all. In fact事實, I think that we all,
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不是的 我想我們大家
10:00
in our day-to-day日復一日, minute-by-minute分鐘按一分鐘 lives生活,
226
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在每日每分的生活裡
10:03
struggle鬥爭 with these competing競爭 motivations動機
227
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都得跟這些動機交戰好幾回
10:06
of when, or if, to put our own擁有 interests利益
228
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像是何時放下個人的利益
10:09
above以上 the interests利益 of other people.
229
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把他人的利益擺在前面
10:12
And that's understandable可理解 because
230
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這種掙扎在所難免
10:14
the American美國 dream夢想 is an idea理念
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因為美國夢的思維是
10:16
in which哪一個 we all have an equal等於 opportunity機會
232
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人人都有平等的機會
10:20
to succeed成功 and prosper繁榮,
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成功、發達
10:22
as long as we apply應用 ourselves我們自己 and work hard,
234
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2557
只要我們認真努力打拼
10:24
and a piece of that means手段 that sometimes有時,
235
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2704
那就意味著有時
10:27
you need to put your own擁有 interests利益
236
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3099
我們的自身利益得放在
10:30
above以上 the interests利益 and well-being福利
of other people around you.
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3430
別人的利益和福利前面
10:33
But what we're finding發現 is that,
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2169
但我們也研究出
10:36
the wealthier富裕 you are, the more likely容易 you are
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越富有的人越能
10:38
to pursue追求 a vision視力 of personal個人 success成功,
240
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2715
想像個人成功的樣子
10:41
of achievement成就 and accomplishment成就,
241
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2235
其成就和豐功偉業
10:43
to the detriment損害 of others其他 around you.
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甚至不惜損及周遭的人
10:46
Here I've plotted繪製 for you the mean household家庭 income收入
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這裡是每5分之1的人口
10:49
received收到 by each fifth第五 and top最佳
five percent百分 of the population人口
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3616
和前5%人口的平均家庭收入
10:53
over the last 20 years年份.
245
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2170
這資料匯集超過20年
10:55
In 1993, the differences分歧 between之間 the different不同
246
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2542
1993年 其差異在
10:57
quintiles昆泰 of the population人口, in terms條款 of income收入,
247
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3085
每5分之1人口的薪水上
11:00
are fairly相當 egregious過分的.
248
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2597
就相當的糟
11:03
It's not difficult to discern辨別 that there are differences分歧.
249
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2597
要分辨出其差異很簡單
11:06
But over the last 20 years年份, that significant重大 difference區別
250
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2884
但過去20年 其差異
11:09
has become成為 a grand盛大 canyon峽谷 of sorts排序
251
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2174
變得像大峽谷一樣淵長
11:11
between之間 those at the top最佳 and everyone大家 else其他.
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3154
夾在頂端和普遍人口之間
11:14
In fact事實, the top最佳 20 percent百分 of our population人口
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3692
人口頂端的2成就擁有
11:18
own擁有 close to 90 percent百分 of the
total wealth財富 in this country國家.
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3078
這國家近9成的財富
11:21
We're at unprecedented史無前例 levels水平
255
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2259
我們已到前所未見的
11:23
of economic經濟 inequality不等式.
256
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2488
經濟失衡
11:27
What that means手段 is that wealth財富 is not only becoming變得
257
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2336
這意味著財富不只逐漸
11:29
increasingly日益 concentrated集中 in the hands
of a select選擇 group of individuals個人,
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4480
集中在少數特定人口的手上
11:34
but the American美國 dream夢想 is becoming變得
259
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2384
但取得美國夢
11:36
increasingly日益 unattainable高不可攀
260
684834
1948
對大多數的我們
11:38
for an increasing增加 majority多數 of us.
261
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3193
也顯得難上加難
11:41
And if it's the case案件, as we've我們已經 been finding發現,
262
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2267
若這是問題的癥結
11:44
that the wealthier富裕 you are,
263
692242
1995
也就是你越富有
11:46
the more entitled標題 you feel to that wealth財富,
264
694237
2542
就越覺得應得那份財富
11:48
and the more likely容易 you are
to prioritize優先 your own擁有 interests利益
265
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2993
也就更傾向自己的利益優先
11:51
above以上 the interests利益 of other people,
266
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1967
再來才會輪到別人的
11:53
and be willing願意 to do things to serve服務 that self-interest自我利益,
267
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3390
然後竭盡心力的維護自身利益
11:57
well then there's no reason原因 to think
268
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1734
這樣的情況下
11:58
that those patterns模式 will change更改.
269
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2098
其差異當然不會縮小
12:00
In fact事實, there's every一切 reason原因 to think
270
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1543
反而給足理由認定
12:02
that they'll他們會 only get worse更差,
271
710504
1983
情況只會越來越糟
12:04
and that's what it would look like
if things just stayed the same相同,
272
712487
2847
若情況沒改善的話
12:07
at the same相同 linear線性 rate, over the next下一個 20 years年份.
273
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4627
接下來的20年情況也不會好轉
12:11
Now, inequality不等式, economic經濟 inequality不等式,
274
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2721
我們全部人,都應該關心
12:14
is something we should all be concerned關心 about,
275
722682
1924
經濟的分配不均
12:16
and not just because of those at the bottom底部
276
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2529
而不只限於
12:19
of the social社會 hierarchy等級制度,
277
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1514
社會底層的人
12:20
but because individuals個人 and groups
278
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2240
因為在分配不均的經濟情況裡
12:22
with lots of economic經濟 inequality不等式 do worse更差,
279
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5200
個人和團體都過的更不好
12:28
not just the people at the bottom底部, everyone大家.
280
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2839
不只是社會底層 大家也都蒙受其害
12:30
There's a lot of really compelling引人注目 research研究
281
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2127
有份可信度十分高的研究
12:33
coming未來 out from top最佳 labs實驗室 all over the world世界
282
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2592
來自世界各地頂尖的實驗室
12:35
showcasing陳列宣傳 the range範圍 of things
283
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2888
證實社會問題
12:38
that are undermined破壞
284
746535
1889
隨著經濟失衡變本加厲
12:40
as economic經濟 inequality不等式 gets得到 worse更差.
285
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2640
也會隨之變得更嚴重
12:43
Social社會 mobility流動性, things we really care關心 about,
286
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2653
像是社會流動和我們很在乎的
12:45
physical物理 health健康, social社會 trust相信,
287
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2481
如健康,社會互信等方面
12:48
all go down as inequality不等式 goes up.
288
756198
3045
全都會隨著不平等的增長降低
12:51
Similarly同樣, negative things
289
759243
2015
依此類推
12:53
in social社會 collectives集體 and societies社會,
290
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2612
社會和其群體性的負面
12:55
things like obesity肥胖, and violence暴力,
291
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2094
如過胖,暴力
12:57
imprisonment徒刑, and punishment懲罰,
292
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1621
關押,處罰
12:59
are exacerbated加劇 as economic經濟 inequality不等式 increases增加.
293
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4142
也會隨之遽增
13:03
Again, these are outcomes結果 not just experienced有經驗的
294
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2410
這些不良的後果
13:06
by a few少數, but that resound迴響
295
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2061
不是只有少數的有所體會
13:08
across橫過 all strata地層 of society社會.
296
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2601
而是橫跨社會各個階級
13:10
Even people at the top最佳 experience經驗 these outcomes結果.
297
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3116
甚至那些身處高位的人也會有經歷這些後果
13:13
So what do we do?
298
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3243
那我們該作些什麼呢?
13:17
This cascade級聯 of self-perpetuating自我延續,
299
785158
3471
這一連串壞的影響
13:20
pernicious有害, negative effects效果
300
788629
2508
正自運轉著
13:23
could seem似乎 like something that's spun out of control控制,
301
791137
3409
隨時都會失控
13:26
and there's nothing we can do about it,
302
794546
1918
而我們卻束手無策
13:28
certainly當然 nothing we as individuals個人 could do.
303
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2796
以個人的力量當然沒辦法解決
13:31
But in fact事實, we've我們已經 been finding發現
304
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3833
但我們實際上卻在
13:35
in our own擁有 laboratory實驗室 research研究
305
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3188
自己的研究室發現
13:38
that small psychological心理 interventions干預措施,
306
806281
5090
只要在心理上作少許的干預
13:43
small changes變化 to people's人們 values,
307
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3309
在價值觀上作些小改變
13:46
small nudges輕推 in certain某些 directions方向,
308
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3223
微微轉移他們的注意力
13:49
can restore恢復 levels水平 of egalitarianism平均主義 and empathy同情.
309
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3565
便能重新回到正常的平等主義和同理心
13:53
For instance, reminding提醒 people
310
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2052
例如,提醒人們
13:55
of the benefits好處 of cooperation合作,
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團結的力量
13:57
or the advantages優點 of community社區,
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或社區可帶來的益處
14:00
cause原因 wealthier富裕 individuals個人 to be just as egalitarian平均主義
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讓富人也可變得
14:04
as poor較差的 people.
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跟窮人一樣的愛平等
14:07
In one study研究, we had people watch a brief簡要 video視頻,
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一項研究邀參與者看
14:10
just 46 seconds long, about childhood童年 poverty貧窮
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僅46秒有關家境貧困的簡短影片
14:14
that served提供服務 as a reminder提醒 of the needs需求 of others其他
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用意在於提醒他們
14:17
in the world世界 around them,
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別人的需要
14:19
and after watching觀看 that,
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看了那片子後
14:21
we looked看著 at how willing願意 people were
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我們觀察人們會變得有多願意
14:23
to offer提供 up their own擁有 time to a stranger陌生人
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用自己的時間去幫助
14:27
presented呈現 to them in the lab實驗室 who was in distress苦難.
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在研究室裡苦惱的陌生人
14:30
After watching觀看 this video視頻, an hour小時 later後來,
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一小時後
14:34
rich豐富 people became成為 just as generous慷慨
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看那片子的富人變得一樣大方
14:36
of their own擁有 time to help out this other person,
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願意奉獻自己的時間去幫助別人
14:38
a stranger陌生人, as someone有人 who's誰是 poor較差的,
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一位陌生人或貧困的人
14:41
suggesting提示 that these differences分歧 are not
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這些研究顯示差異並不是與生俱來的
14:43
innate先天 or categorical明確的,
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或侷限在你來自哪個社會階層
14:45
but are so malleable可鍛鑄
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這是可改變得
14:47
to slight輕微 changes變化 in people's人們 values,
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稍微改變人們的價值觀
14:49
and little nudges輕推 of compassion同情
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輕輕提醒他們該更有憐憫心
14:51
and bumps顛簸 of empathy同情.
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更富有同理心
14:53
And beyond the walls牆壁 of our lab實驗室,
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橫越過我們實驗室牆外
14:54
we're even beginning開始 to see
signs跡象 of change更改 in society社會.
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我們甚至開始看到社會改變的跡象
14:58
Bill法案 Gates蓋茨, one of our nation's國家 wealthiest富有 individuals個人,
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比爾•蓋茲,我國最富有的人之一
15:02
in his Harvard哈佛 commencement開始 speech言語,
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在哈佛畢業典禮的演講中
15:03
talked about the problem問題 facing面對 society社會
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他談到社會問題
15:05
of inequality不等式 as being存在 the most daunting艱鉅 challenge挑戰,
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解決不平等的現象是艱困的挑戰
15:09
and talked about what must必須 be doneDONE to combat戰鬥 it,
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也談到該做什麼來打擊問題
15:11
saying, "Humanity's人類的 greatest最大 advances進步
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他說: 「 ...人類最大的進步
15:15
are not in its discoveries發現,
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並不是來自於這些發現 —
15:17
but in how those discoveries發現 are applied應用的
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而是在於那些被用來減少
15:20
to reduce減少 inequity不公平."
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不平等的創見。」(取自Morton's Weblog)
15:23
And there's the Giving給予 Pledge保證,
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2003
還有「捐贈誓言」
15:25
in which哪一個 more than 100 of our nation's國家
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我國超過100位
15:27
wealthiest富有 individuals個人
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的富豪
15:29
are pledging認捐 half of their fortunes命運 to charity慈善機構.
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都發誓簽署捐贈他們一半的資產給慈善機構
15:33
And there's the emergence緊急情況
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還有許多民間運動
15:35
of dozens許多 of grassroots基層 movements運動,
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逐漸匯集
15:39
like We are the One Percent百分,
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像「我們是那1%的人口」
15:41
the Resource資源 Generation,
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「資源世代」(自譯:吳貞慧)
15:43
or Wealth財富 for Common共同 Good,
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「普及財富」(自譯)
15:45
in which哪一個 the most privileged特權
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也就是人口中
15:47
members會員 of the population人口,
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擁有許多特權的人
15:49
members會員 of the one percent百分 and elsewhere別處,
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人口頂尖的1%等
15:52
people who are wealthy富裕,
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以及富豪
15:54
are using運用 their own擁有 economic經濟 resources資源,
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都在運用自己的經濟資源
15:57
adults成年人 and youth青年 alike一樣, that's
what's most striking引人注目 to me,
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不管是成年人或青少年- 最讓我驚喜的
16:01
leveraging借力 their own擁有 privilege特權,
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都在運用自身的
16:03
their own擁有 economic經濟 resources資源,
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優勢和經濟資源
16:05
to combat戰鬥 inequality不等式
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對抗不平等
16:08
by advocating主張 for social社會 policies政策,
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藉由擁護社會方針
16:11
changes變化 in social社會 values,
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改善社會價值觀
16:13
and changes變化 in people's人們 behavior行為,
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改善人們的行為
16:15
that work against反對 their own擁有 economic經濟 interests利益
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即便與自身利益相突
16:18
but that may可能 ultimately最終 restore恢復 the American美國 dream夢想.
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但終能給予希望恢復美國夢
16:23
Thank you.
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謝謝
16:25
(Applause掌聲)
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4000
(掌聲)
Translated by Jen-Huei Wu
Reviewed by Ying Wang (王莹)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Piff - Social psychologist
Paul Piff studies how social hierarchy, inequality and emotion shape relations between individuals and groups.

Why you should listen

Paul Piff is an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine.​ In particular, he studies how wealth (having it or not having it) can affect interpersonal relationships.

His surprising studies include running rigged games of Monopoly, tracking how those who drive expensive cars behave versus those driving less expensive vehicles and even determining that rich people are literally more likely to take candy from children than the less well-off. The results often don't paint a pretty picture about the motivating forces of wealth. He writes, "specifically, I have been finding that increased wealth and status in society lead to increased self-focus and, in turn, decreased compassion, altruism, and ethical behavior."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Piff | Speaker | TED.com