ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Pyle - Ichthyologist
Ichthyologist Richard Pyle is a fish nerd. In his quest to discover and document new species of fish, he has also become a trailblazing exploratory diver and a pioneer of database technology.

Why you should listen

A pioneer of the dive world, Richard Pyle discovers new biodiversity on the cliffs of coral reefs. He was among the first to use rebreather technology to explore depths between 200 and 500 feet, an area often called the "Twilight Zone." During his dives, he has identified and documented hundreds of new species. Author of scientific, technical and popular articles, his expeditions have also been featured in the IMAX film Coral Reef Adventure, the BBC series Pacific Abyss and many more. In 2005, he received the NOGI Award, the most prestigious distinction of the diving world.

Currently, he is continuing his research at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, outside Honolulu, Hawai'i, and is affiliated with the museum's comprehensive Hawaii Biological Survey. He also serves on the Board of Directors for the Association for Marine Exploration, of which he is a founding member. He continues to explore the sea and spearhead rebreather technology, and is a major contributor to the Encyclopedia of Life.

More profile about the speaker
Richard Pyle | Speaker | TED.com
TED2004

Richard Pyle: A dive into the reef's Twilight Zone

理查•派爾:探索珊瑚礁微光區

Filmed:
444,752 views

在這次引發啟迪的演說中,理查•派爾向我們展示了珊瑚礁系統中繁盛的生命,以及他參與研究開發的新型潛水技術。他和同事們願意冒著一切危險,只為揭示出那些尚未發現的物種的秘密。
- Ichthyologist
Ichthyologist Richard Pyle is a fish nerd. In his quest to discover and document new species of fish, he has also become a trailblazing exploratory diver and a pioneer of database technology. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
This is the first of two rather extraordinary非凡 photographs照片 I'm going to show顯示 you today今天.
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這是我今天要給大家展示的兩張非同尋常的圖片中的第一張
00:16
It was taken採取 18 years年份 ago.
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它是在18年前拍的
00:18
I was 19 years年份 old at the time.
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當時我19歲
00:20
I had just returned from one of the deepest最深 dives潛水 I'd ever made製作 at that time,
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剛剛從那時所參與的最深的一次潛水歸來
00:22
-- a little over 200 feet --
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比200英尺深一點點
00:24
and, I had caught抓住 this little fish here.
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在那裡我抓到了這條小魚
00:26
It turns out that that particular特定 one was the first live生活 one of that ever taken採取 alive.
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它成為了第一條被活捕上來後還能存活下來的魚
00:30
I'm not just an ichthyologist魚類學家, I'm a bona博納 fide國際棋聯 fish nerd書呆子.
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我不僅僅是一個魚類學家,我還是一個真正的魚癡
00:33
And to a fish nerd書呆子, this is some pretty漂亮 exciting扣人心弦 stuff東東.
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而對於魚癡來說,這是一個非常讓人興奮的工作
00:35
And more exciting扣人心弦 was the fact事實 that the person who took this photo照片
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而更讓人興奮的是,為我拍這張照片的人
00:38
was a guy named命名 Jack插口 Randall蘭德爾,
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名字叫做Jack Randall
00:40
the greatest最大 living活的 ichthyologist魚類學家 on Earth地球,
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世界上還健在的最偉大的魚類學家
00:42
the Grand盛大 Poobah普巴爾 of fish nerds書呆子, if you will.
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你也可以稱他是魚癡的頭兒
00:45
And so, it was really exciting扣人心弦 to me to have this moment時刻 in time,
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因此,這個時刻的及時到來令我相當興奮
00:49
it really set the course課程 for the rest休息 of my life.
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我以後的人生路線也由此劃定
00:52
But really the most significant重大 thing, the most profound深刻 thing
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但關於這張圖片最重要,最意義深遠的事情
00:55
about this picture圖片 is that it was taken採取 two days before
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是在拍完它兩天之後
00:57
I was completely全然 paralyzed from the neck頸部 down.
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我的頸部就完全癱瘓了。
00:59
I made製作 a really stupid kind of mistake錯誤
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我犯了一個非常愚蠢的錯誤
01:02
that most 19-year-old-歲 males男性 do when they think they're immortal不朽,
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就像大多數19歲的小夥子們,他們認為自己是死不了
01:05
and I got a bad case案件 of the bends彎曲,
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我得上了嚴重的減壓病
01:07
and was paralyzed, and had to be flown飛行 back for treatment治療.
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全身癱瘓,不得不飛回來進行治療
01:11
I learned學到了 two really important重要 things that day.
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那天我明白了兩件非常重要的事情
01:14
The first thing I learned學到了 -- well, I'm mortal凡人, that's a really big one.
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第一,我是終有一死的,這確實很重要
01:17
And the second第二 thing I learned學到了 was that I knew知道, with profound深刻 certainty肯定,
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第二,我非常肯定地知道
01:21
that this is exactly究竟 what I was going to do for the rest休息 of my life.
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我在餘生中所要從事的究竟是什麼
01:24
I had to focus焦點 all my energies能量 towards going to find
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我必須將精力都專注地投入到
01:27
new species種類 of things down on deep coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁.
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對珊瑚礁深處那些新物種的發現。
01:30
Now, when you think of a coral珊瑚 reef, this is what most people think of:
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現在,當你們想到珊瑚礁時,這就是大多數人所想到的
01:33
all these big, hard, elaborate闡述 corals珊瑚蟲 and lots of bright, colorful華美 fishes魚類 and things.
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所有這些巨大、堅硬、精巧的珊瑚,還有大量多姿多彩的魚類以及其他
01:37
But, this is really just the tip小費 of the iceberg冰山.
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但,這僅僅是冰山一角
01:39
If you look at this diagram of a coral珊瑚 reef,
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如果你看一下這張珊瑚礁的圖表
01:42
we know a lot about that part部分 up near the top最佳,
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我們對最上方的那部分瞭解很多
01:44
and the reason原因 we know so much about it
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之所以如此,是因為
01:46
is scuba水肺 divers潛水員 can very easily容易 go down there and access訪問 it.
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水肺潛水夫能輕鬆地下潛到那裡
01:48
There is a problem問題 with scuba水肺 though雖然,
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然而水肺(水下呼吸器)有個問題
01:51
in that it imposes強加 some limitations限制 on how deep you can go,
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它給你的下潛深度設了限制
01:54
and it turns out that depth深度 is about 200 feet.
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大概是200英尺
01:56
I'll get into why that is in just a minute分鐘.
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等一會我會解釋這是為什麼
01:59
But, the point is that scuba水肺 divers潛水員 generally通常 stay less than 100 feet deep,
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但,關鍵是水肺潛水夫們通常只待在100英尺深度以上
02:02
and very rarely很少 go much below下面 this, at least最小, not with any kind of sanity明智.
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而很少,至少是有意識地潛到這個深度以下
02:06
So, to go deeper更深, most biologists生物學家 have turned轉身 to submersibles潛水.
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所以,如果要到更深處,多數的生物學家會選擇潛水器
02:09
Now, submersibles潛水 are great, wonderful精彩 things,
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現在,潛水器是很了不起的東西
02:11
but if you're going to spend 30,000 dollars美元 a day to use one of these things,
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但如果你要每天花3萬美元來利用某個潛水器
02:15
and it's capable of going 2,000 feet,
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而它能夠下潛的深度是2000英尺
02:17
you're sure not going to go farting放屁 around up here in a couple一對 of hundred feet,
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那麼你肯定不會就在這幾百英尺的地方晃來晃去
02:20
you're going to go way, way, way, down deep.
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你會向下,向下,潛到深處去
02:22
So, the bottom底部 line is that almost幾乎 all research研究 using運用 submersibles潛水
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歸根結底,幾乎所有利用潛水器的研究
02:25
has taken採取 place地點 well below下面 500 feet.
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都是在超過500英尺深的水下進行的
02:27
Now, it's pretty漂亮 obvious明顯 at this point that there's this zone here in the middle中間
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講到這裡,可以很明顯地看到中間的這個區域
02:30
and that's the zone that really centers中心 around my own擁有 personal個人 pursuit追求 of happiness幸福.
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而這就是圍繞著我個人幸福追求的那個區域
02:34
I want to find out what's in this zone.
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我想找出在裡面有什麼
02:36
We know almost幾乎 nothing about it.
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我們幾乎對這裡一無所知
02:38
Scuba水肺 divers潛水員 can't get there, submarines潛艇 go right on past過去 it.
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水肺潛水夫到不了那裡,潛水器又不在那裡停留
02:41
It took me a year to learn學習 how to walk步行 again after I had my diving潛水 accident事故 in Palau帕勞
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自從帛琉群島的潛水事故之後,我花了一年時間才重新學會行走
02:44
and during that year I spent花費 a lot of time learning學習
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那一年裡,我花了大量時間學習
02:46
about the physics物理 and physiology生理 of diving潛水
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學習潛水的物理學和生理學過程
02:48
and figuring盤算 out how to overcome克服 these limitations限制.
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並找出如何克服這些限制的方法
02:50
So, I'm just going to show顯示 you a basic基本 idea理念.
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我這就給你們展示一些基本的概念
02:52
We're all breathing呼吸 air空氣 right now. Air空氣 is a mixture混合物 of oxygen and nitrogen,
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此時此刻,我們呼吸的空氣其實是氧氣和氮氣的混合物
02:55
about 20 percent百分 oxygen. About 80 percent百分 nitrogen is in our lungs.
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其中大約20%是氧氣,80%是氮氣
02:59
And there's a phenomenon現象 called Henry's亨利 Law
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有一種稱為“亨利定律”的現象
03:01
that says that gases氣體 will dissolve溶解 into a fluid流體
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指的是氣體在液體中的溶解
03:03
in proportion比例 to the partial局部 pressures壓力 which哪一個 you're exposing曝光 them to.
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與該液面上氣體所受到的分壓成正比
03:06
So, basically基本上 the gas加油站 dissolves溶解 into our body身體.
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所以基本上氣體會溶解到我們的體內
03:09
The oxygen is bound by metabolism代謝, we use it for energy能源.
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氧氣是我們獲取能量所必需的,與新陳代謝息息相關
03:12
The nitrogen just sort分類 of floats彩車 around in our blood血液 and tissues組織,
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而氮氣只是我們血液和組織裡的某種漂浮物而已
03:14
and that's all fine, that's how we're designed設計.
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這沒什麼關係,我們生來如此
03:16
The problem問題 happens發生 when you start開始 to go underwater水下.
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問題在於當你開始下潛到水下的時候
03:18
Now, the deeper更深 you go underwater水下, the higher更高 the pressure壓力 is.
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潛得越深,所受到的壓力越大
03:21
If you were to go down to a depth深度 of about 130 feet,
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當你到達大約130英尺的深度時
03:24
which哪一個 is the recommended推薦的 limit限制 for most scuba水肺 divers潛水員,
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這是大多數水肺潛水者的建議極限
03:26
you get this pressure壓力 effect影響.
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你就會感覺到某種壓力效應
03:28
And the effect影響 of that pressure壓力 is that you have an increased增加 density密度
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即在你的每一次呼吸中
03:31
of gas加油站 molecules分子 in every一切 breath呼吸 you take.
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氣體的密度是逐漸增加的
03:33
Over time, those gas加油站 molecules分子 dissolve溶解 into your blood血液 and tissues組織
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過一會,這些氣體分子就會溶解到你的血液和組織中
03:37
and start開始 to fill you up.
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並開始充滿你的體內
03:39
Now, if you were to go down to, say, 300 feet,
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如果你要下潛到300英尺
03:41
you don't have five times as many許多 gas加油站 molecules分子 in your lungs --
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那你的肺裡就不僅僅只充滿相當於平時五倍體積的氣體
03:43
you've got 10 times as many許多 gas加油站 molecules分子 in your lungs.
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而是充滿相當於平時10倍體積的氣體
03:46
And, sure enough足夠, they dissolve溶解 into your blood血液, and into your tissues組織 as well.
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肯定的是,它們同樣會溶解到你的血液和組織裡
03:50
And of course課程, if you were to down to where there's 15 times as much --
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當然,如果你繼續往下的話還有可能是15倍
03:53
the deeper更深 you go, the more exacerbating加劇 the problem問題 becomes.
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潛得越深,這個問題就會越嚴重
03:56
And the problem問題, the limitation局限性 of diving潛水 with air空氣
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而這個帶空氣潛水的極限問題
03:59
is all those dots in your body身體 -- all the nitrogen and all the oxygen.
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也就是在你體內的所有這些點——所有的氮氣和氧氣
04:02
There're有很 three basic基本 limitations限制 of scuba水肺 diving潛水.
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水肺潛水有三個基本的限制
04:04
The first limitation局限性 is the oxygen --
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第一個限制就是氧氣
04:06
oxygen toxicity毒性.
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氧中毒
04:08
Now, we all know the song歌曲: "Love is like oxygen./
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我們都知道那首歌---“愛情就像氧氣,
04:10
You get too much, you get too high./
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得到太多,你會太興奮。
04:12
Not enough足夠, and you're going to die."
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得到不夠,你就會死去”
04:14
Well, in the context上下文 of diving潛水, you get too much, you die also.
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在潛水這個問題上,你得到太多也會掛掉
04:16
You die also because oxygen toxicity毒性 can cause原因 a seizure發作 --
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導致死亡的另一個原因是氧中毒引起的急性痙攣
04:20
makes品牌 you convulse抽搐 underwater水下, not a good thing to happen發生 underwater水下.
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在水下,這可不是什麼好事情
04:23
It happens發生 because there's too much concentration濃度 of oxygen in your body身體.
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罪魁禍首就是體內過高的氧氣濃度
04:27
The nitrogen has two problems問題.
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氮氣會造成兩個問題
04:29
One of them is what Jacques雅克· Cousteau庫斯托 called "rapture歡天喜地 of the deep."
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其中之一就是雅克•庫斯托所說的“深海暈眩”
04:32
It's nitrogen narcosis麻醉.
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也就是氮氣麻醉
04:34
It makes品牌 you loopy糊塗.
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它會使你暈頭轉向
04:36
The deeper更深 you go, the loopierloopier you get.
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潛得越深,你就越暈
04:38
You don't want to drive駕駛 drunk, you don't want to dive潛水 drunk, so that's a real真實 big problem問題.
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你不會願意醉酒開車,你也不會願意醉酒潛水,所以這確實是個大問題
04:41
And of course課程, the third第三 problem問題 is the one I found發現 out the hard way in Palau帕勞,
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當然,第三個問題也就是我在帛琉群島那段艱難旅程所發現的
04:44
which哪一個 is the bends彎曲.
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減壓症(bends)
04:46
Now the one thing that I forgot忘記 to mention提到,
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我忘記提到的一點是
04:48
is that to obviate避免 the problem問題 of the nitrogen narcosis麻醉 --
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如何排除氮氣麻醉的問題
04:50
all of those blue藍色 dots in our body身體 --
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也就是我們體內的這些藍色小點
04:52
you remove去掉 the nitrogen and you replace更換 it with helium.
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我們可以用氦氣來替換氮氣
04:54
Now helium's氦的 a gas加油站, there're有很 a lot of reasons原因 why helium's氦的 good,
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氦氣也是種氣體,它有許多好處
04:57
it's a tiny molecule分子, it's inert惰性的,
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它的分子很小,同時是惰性氣體
04:59
it doesn't give you narcosis麻醉.
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它不會導致你的昏迷
05:01
So that's the basic基本 concept概念 that we use.
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這就是我們所用到的基本設想
05:03
But, the theory's理論的 relatively相對 easy簡單.
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但這一理論只是相對比較容易而已
05:05
The tricky狡猾 part部分 is the implementation履行.
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最有趣的是如何將之變得可行
05:07
So, this is how I began開始, about 15 years年份 ago.
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這就是我大約15年前著手開始時做的
05:09
I'll admit承認, it wasn't exactly究竟 the smartest最聰明的 of starts啟動,
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我承認,這肯定不是最聰明的開端
05:11
but, you know, you got to start開始 somewhere某處.
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但無論如何,你總是要開始的而且那個時候,
05:13
At the time, I wasn't the only one who didn't know what I was doing --
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我還真不是唯一一個不知道自己正在做什麼的人
05:16
almost幾乎 nobody沒有人 did.
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幾乎沒有人知道
05:18
And this rig操縱 was actually其實 used for a dive潛水 of 300 feet.
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這個裝置實際上是用於300英尺深處的潛水
05:20
Over time we got a little bit better at it,
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但過了一陣,情況有了一點好轉
05:22
and we came來了 up with this really sophisticated-looking複雜的前瞻性 rig操縱
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我們搞出了這個看起來很是先進的裝置
05:24
with four scuba水肺 tanks坦克 and five regulators監管機構
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上面有四個氣罐和五個調節器
05:27
and all the right gas加油站 mixtures混合物 and all that good stuff東東.
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還有合適的混合氣體以及所有要用到的好東西
05:28
And it was fine and dandy花花公子,
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它看上去既漂亮又時髦
05:30
and it allowed允許 us to go down and find new species種類.
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能讓我們潛水去尋找新的物種
05:32
This picture圖片 was taken採取 300 feet deep, catching new species種類 of fish.
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這是在300英尺深處拍的照片,他正在捕捉魚類新種
05:34
But, the problem問題 was that it didn't allow允許 us much time.
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但問題在於我們的潛水不能進行太久
05:36
For all its bulk and size尺寸,
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儘管它的體積挺大塊
05:38
it only gave us about 15 minutes分鐘 at most down at those sorts排序 of depths深處.
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卻只能保證最多在這樣的深度待15分鐘
05:41
We needed需要 more time.
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我們需要更多的時間
05:43
There had to be a better way.
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必須找出更好的方法 而且,
05:45
And, indeed確實, there is a better way.
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事實上,的確有個更好的方法
05:47
In 1994, I was fortunate幸運 enough足夠 to get access訪問
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1994年,我幸運地有機會用到
05:49
to these prototype原型 closed-circuit閉路 rebreathers水下呼吸器.
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這些閉路式換氣器的原型
05:51
Alright好的, closed-circuit閉路 rebreather呼吸器 --
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那麼,閉路式換氣器--
05:53
what is it about it that makes品牌 it different不同 from scuba水肺,
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它與水肺有什麼不同,
05:55
and why is it better?
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又為什麼說它更好?
05:57
Well, there are three main主要 advantages優點 to a rebreather呼吸器.
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換氣器有三個主要的優點
05:59
One, they're quiet安靜, they don't make any noise噪聲.
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第一,它們很安靜,不會產生任何噪音
06:01
Two, they allow允許 you to stay underwater水下 longer.
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第二,它們能使你在水裡待的更久
06:03
Three, they allow允許 you to go deeper更深.
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第三,它們讓你潛得更深 那麼,
06:05
How is it that they do that?
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它們是怎麼做到的?
06:07
Well, in order訂購 to really understand理解 how they do that
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想真正瞭解它們是怎麼做到這些的
06:09
you have to take off the hood引擎罩, and look underneath and see what's going on.
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你必須把外罩拿掉,看看裡面是怎麼工作的
06:12
There are three basic基本 systems系統 to a closed-關閉- circuit電路 rebreather呼吸器.
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閉路式換氣器裡有三個基本的系統
06:14
The most fundamental基本的 of these is called the breathing呼吸 loop循環.
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其中最重要的稱為呼吸環路(breathing loop)
06:16
It's a breathing呼吸 loop循環 because you breathe呼吸 off of it,
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顧名思義,你利用它來呼吸
06:19
and it's a closed關閉 loop循環, and you breathe呼吸 the same相同 gas加油站 around and around and around.
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這是個閉合的環路,所以你會一圈又一圈地呼吸同樣的氣體
06:22
So there's a mouthpiece喉舌 that you put in your mouth,
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這裡有個你要放在嘴裡的介面管
06:24
and there's also a counterlungcounterlung,
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(counterlung)
06:26
or in this case案件, two counterlungscounterlungs.
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或者像這裡這個,兩個氣囊
06:28
Now, the counterlungscounterlungs aren't high-tech高科技, they're just simply只是 flexible靈活 bags包裝袋.
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這些氣囊並不是什麼高科技,它們就是簡單而又柔韌的袋子
06:31
They allow允許 you to mechanically機械 breathe呼吸, or mechanically機械 ventilate通風.
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它們是你能機動地呼吸,或機動地換氣
06:34
When you exhale your breath呼吸, it goes in the exhale counterlungcounterlung:
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當你呼氣的時候,氣體進入呼出氣囊
06:36
when you inhale吸入 a breath呼吸, it comes from the inhale吸入 counterlungcounterlung.
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當你吸氣的時候,氣體從吸氣氣囊出來
06:39
It's just pure mechanics機械學, allowing允許 you to cycle週期 air空氣 through通過 this breathing呼吸 loop循環.
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這只是純粹的機械過程,使氣體能在呼吸環裡進行迴圈
06:42
And, the other component零件 on a breathing呼吸 loop循環
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在呼吸環上的另外一個部件
06:45
is the carbon dioxide二氧化碳 absorbent吸水 canister.
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是二氧化碳吸收罐
06:48
Now, as we breathe呼吸, we produce生產 carbon dioxide二氧化碳,
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我們呼吸的時候會產生二氧化碳
06:50
and that carbon dioxide二氧化碳 needs需求 to be scrubbed擦洗 out of the system系統.
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這些二氧化碳需要從系統中除去
06:53
There's a chemical化學 filter過濾 in there
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所以在那裡面就有個化學篩檢程式
06:55
that pulls the carbon dioxide二氧化碳 out of the breathing呼吸 gas加油站 --
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將二氧化碳從呼吸的氣體中去除
06:58
so that, when it comes back to us to breathe呼吸 again, it's safe安全 to breathe呼吸 again.
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這就使我們再次呼吸的時候,能安全地呼吸
07:01
So that's the breathing呼吸 loop循環 in a nutshell簡而言之.
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以上介紹的就是外殼下面的呼吸環
07:04
The second第二 main主要 component零件 of a closed-circuit閉路 rebreather呼吸器 is the gas加油站 system系統.
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閉路式換氣器的第二個主要部件是氣體系統
07:07
The primary purpose目的 of the gas加油站 system系統
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氣體系統最重要的目的 是提供氧氣,
07:10
is to provide提供 oxygen, to replenish補充 the oxygen that your body身體 consumes消耗.
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補充你身體所消耗的氧氣
07:14
So the main主要 tank坦克, the main主要 critical危急 thing,
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所以主要的容器,最關鍵的東西
07:17
is this oxygen gas加油站 supply供應 cylinder圓筒 we have here.
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就是這邊這個氧氣供應罐
07:19
But, if we only had an oxygen gas加油站 supply供應 cylinder圓筒
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但是,如果我們只有這麼一個氧氣供應罐
07:21
we wouldn't不會 be able能夠 to go very deep,
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我們就不能潛得太深
07:23
because we'd星期三 run into oxygen toxicity毒性 very, very quickly很快.
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因為我們很快就會產生氧中毒,非常快
07:25
So we need another另一個 gas加油站, something to dilute the oxygen with.
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所以我們需要另一種氣體來稀釋氧氣
07:28
And that, fittingly恰當 enough足夠, is called the diluent沖淡 gas加油站 supply供應.
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足夠合適之後,我們稱之為“稀釋氣體供應”
07:32
In our applications應用, we generally通常 put air空氣 inside this diluent沖淡 gas加油站 supply供應,
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現在,在這個裝置裡,我們就可以將空氣輸入稀釋氣體供應罐中
07:36
because it's a very cheap低廉 and easy簡單 source資源 of nitrogen.
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因為這是一種非常便宜和易得的氮氣來源
07:39
So that's where we get our nitrogen from.
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我們的氮氣就是從這裡來的
07:41
But, if we want to go deeper更深, of course課程, we need another另一個 gas加油站 supply供應.
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當然,如果想潛得更深,我們還需要補充另一種氣體
07:44
We need helium, and the helium is what we really need to go deep.
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我們需要氦氣,它是我們深潛時所真正需要的
07:46
And usually平時 we'll have a slightly larger cylinder圓筒
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通常我們用的是這個稍微大一點的罐子
07:48
mounted安裝 exterior外觀 on the rebreather呼吸器, like this.
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它就像這樣掛在換氣器的外面
07:51
And that's what we use to inject注入, as we start開始 to do our deep dives潛水.
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當開始向深處潛水的時候,注入的氦氣就來自這裡
07:54
We also have a second第二 oxygen cylinder圓筒, that's solely獨自 as a back-up備份
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另外我們還有第二個氧氣罐,僅僅作為後備
07:57
in case案件 there's a problem問題 with our first oxygen supply供應 we can continue繼續 to breathe呼吸.
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一旦第一個氧氣供應出現問題,我們還能繼續呼吸
08:01
And the way you manage管理 all these different不同 gases氣體 and all these different不同 gas加油站 supplies耗材
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如何操縱所有這些氣體及其供應
08:04
is this really high-tech高科技, sophisticated複雜的 gas加油站 block up on the front面前 here,
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就在於前面這個先進的高科技氣體控制器
08:08
where it's easy簡單 to reach達到.
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很容易摸到
08:10
It's got all the valves閥門 and knobs旋鈕 and things you need to do
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它上面的閥門和旋鈕等可以讓你
08:12
to inject注入 the right gases氣體 at the right time.
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在合適的時間注入合適的氣體
08:14
Now, normally一般 you don't have to do that because all of it's doneDONE automatically自動 for you
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一般來說這些都是已經為你自動做好的
08:17
with the electronics電子產品, the third第三 system系統 of a rebreather呼吸器.
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因為我們有電子設備,換氣器的第三個系統
08:19
The most critical危急 part部分 of a rebreather呼吸器 is the oxygen sensors傳感器.
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換氣器上最重要的部件是氧氣感測器
08:22
You need three of them, so that if one of them goes bad, you know which哪一個 one it is.
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你需要三個,這樣如果其中一個壞了,你就知道是哪一個
08:25
You need voting表決 logic邏輯.
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你需要表決邏輯(voting logic)
08:27
You also have three microprocessors微處理器.
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你還有三個微處理器
08:29
Any one of those computers電腦 can run the entire整個 system系統,
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這些電腦中的任意一個都能控制整個系統
08:31
so if you have to lose失去 two of them,
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所以就算你失去了其中兩個
08:34
there's also back-up備份 power功率 supplies耗材.
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還有後備的能量供應
08:36
And of course課程 there're有很 multiple displays顯示器, to get the information信息 to the diver潛水員.
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當然,少不了為潛水者提供資訊的顯示器
08:39
This is the high-tech高科技 gadgetry小玩意兒 that allows允許 us to do what we do
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這就是那個能讓我們在這種深度潛水中
08:41
on these kinds of deep dives潛水.
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能隨心所欲的高科技小部件
08:43
And I can talk about it all day -- just ask my wife妻子 --
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我能一整天都談論這些,問問我老婆就知道了
08:45
but I want to move移動 on to something that's kind of much more interesting有趣.
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但,我想講另一些更有趣的東西
08:47
I'm going to take you on a deep dive潛水.
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我將帶你們深潛下去
08:49
I'm going to show顯示 you what it's like to do one of these dives潛水 that we do.
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我將向你們展示我們是怎麼進行這類潛水的
08:51
We start開始 up here on the boat, and for all this high-tech高科技, expensive昂貴 equipment設備,
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我們從船上開始,儘管這是部昂貴的高科技裝備
08:54
this is still the best最好 way to get in the water -- just pfftpfft! --
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這仍然是最好的入水方式---噗!
08:56
flop拍擊聲 over the side of the boat.
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怦然從船舷處落下
08:58
Now, as I showed顯示 you in the earlier diagram,
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就像我之前給你們展示的那張圖表
09:01
these reefs珊瑚礁 that we dive潛水 on start開始 out near the surface表面
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這些礁石就在我們開始潛水的水面附近
09:04
and they go almost幾乎 vertically垂直, completely全然 straight直行 down.
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它們幾乎是垂直地、完全直直地向下
09:07
So, we drop下降 in the water, and we just sort分類 of go over the edge邊緣 of this cliff懸崖,
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所以我們在水裡往下掉,好像要越過這個懸崖邊緣一般
09:10
and then we just start開始 dropping落下, dropping落下, dropping落下.
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然後我們就開始往下掉,往下掉,往下掉
09:12
People have asked me, "It must必須 take a long time to get there?"
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有人問我,“到那兒一定花了不少時間吧?”
09:14
No, it only takes a couple一對 of minutes分鐘 to get all the way down
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不,只花了幾分鐘
09:16
to three or four hundred feet, which哪一個 is where we're aiming瞄準 for.
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我們就直落到三四百英尺處,我們的目的地
09:19
It's kind of like skydiving跳傘 in slow motion運動.
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有點像慢動作的跳傘
09:21
It's really a very interesting有趣 --
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這真的非常有趣
09:23
you ever see "The Abyss深淵" where Ed埃德 Harris哈里斯, you know,
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你們看過電影《深淵》(“The Abyss”)裡面的Ed Harris©
09:25
he's sinking下沉 down along沿 the side of the wall?
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沿著絕壁往下墜落的情景吧?
09:27
That's kind of what it feels感覺 like. It's pretty漂亮 amazing驚人.
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這有點像那種感覺,美妙絕倫
09:29
Also, when you get down there, you find that the water is very, very clear明確.
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還有,下到那裡,你會發現水非常非常的清澈
09:31
It's extremely非常 clear明確 water, because there's hardly幾乎不 any plankton浮游生物.
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極度清澈的水,因為那裡幾乎沒有什麼浮游生物
09:33
But, when you turn on your light, you look around at the caves洞穴,
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但是,當你打開燈,環視這些洞穴時
09:35
and all of a sudden突然 you're confronted面對 with a tremendous巨大 amount of diversity多樣,
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你就會突然間面對巨大數量的生物多樣性
09:38
much more than anyone任何人 used to believe.
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遠遠超過人們過去所認為的
09:40
Now not all of it is new species種類 --
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並非所有這些都是新種
09:43
like that fish you see with the white白色 stripe條紋,
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比如你看到的這條有白道的魚
09:45
that's a known已知 species種類.
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就是個已知種
09:47
But, if you look carefully小心 into the cracks裂縫 and crevices裂縫,
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如果你仔細觀察這些裂縫和罅隙
09:49
you'll你會 see little things scurrying亂竄 all over the place地點.
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你會看到無數的小玩意正來去匆匆
09:53
There's a just-unbelievable只是,令人難以置信 diversity多樣.
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這裡的多樣性令人難以置信
09:55
It's not just fish, either.
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而且,並不僅僅是魚類的多樣性
09:57
These are crinoids海百合, sponges海綿, black黑色 corals珊瑚蟲. There're有很 some more fishes魚類.
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那裡有海百合,海綿,黑珊瑚——再來一些魚類
10:00
And those fishes魚類 that you see right now are new species種類.
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現在你看到的這些魚類都是新種
10:02
They're still new species種類 because I had a video視頻 camera相機 on this dive潛水 instead代替 of my net,
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它們仍然是新種,因為我只裝了攝像機,而沒有帶網
10:06
so they're still waiting等候 down there for someone有人 to go find them.
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所以它們仍然在等待著人們去再把它們找出來
10:09
But this is what it looks容貌 like,
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這裡的環境就是如此
10:11
and this kind of habitat棲息地 just goes on and on and on for miles英里.
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而且這樣的生境連綿數英里
10:14
This is Papua巴布亞, New Guinea幾內亞.
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這就是巴布亞新磯內亞
10:16
Now little fishes魚類 and invertebrates無脊椎動物 aren't the only things we see down there.
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小魚和無脊椎動物並非我們看到的全部
10:19
We also see sharks鯊魚,
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我們還能看到鯊魚
10:21
much more regularly經常 than I would have expected預期 to.
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它們比我原先預計的更加常見
10:24
And we're not quite相當 sure why.
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我們並不很確定為什麼
10:26
But what I want you to do right now is imagine想像 yourself你自己 400 feet underwater水下,
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現在,我要你們想像一下自己正身處400英尺水深
10:28
with all this high-tech高科技 gear齒輪 on your back,
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背著高科技的設備
10:30
you're in a remote遠程 reef off Papua巴布亞, New Guinea幾內亞,
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地點是新幾內亞的帛琉群島附近
10:32
thousands數千 of miles英里 from the nearest最近的 recompression再壓縮 chamber,
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距離最近的減壓艙有數千英里
10:35
and you're completely全然 surrounded包圍 by sharks鯊魚.
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而你正完全被鯊魚所包圍
10:38
Video視頻: Look at those ...
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視頻:看這些……
10:40
Uh-oh嗯,哦 ... uh-oh嗯,哦!
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啊噢……啊噢!
10:42
I think we have their attention注意. (Laughter笑聲)
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我想我引起它們注意了
10:46
Richard理查德 Pyle派爾: When you start開始 talking like Donald唐納德 Duck,
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Richard Pyle:當你開始像唐老鴨一樣說話
10:49
there's no situation情況 in the world世界 that can seem似乎 tense緊張.
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世界上就沒有什麼叫做“緊張”的東西
10:51
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
10:54
So, we're down there, and this is at 400 feet --
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好,我們下到這了,400英尺深
10:57
that's looking straight直行 up, by the way,
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這是垂直向上看的情景
10:58
so you can get a sense of how far away the surface表面 is.
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你可以瞭解距離睡眠有多遠
11:00
And if you're a biologist生物學家 and you know about sharks鯊魚,
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如果你是個生物學家,並瞭解鯊魚
11:02
and you want to assess評估, you know, how much jeopardy危險 am I really in here,
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你就想評估一下自己的處境到底有多危險
11:06
there's one question that sort分類 of jumps跳躍 to the forefront第一線 of your mind心神 immediately立即
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所以就有個問題馬上跳進你的大腦裡
11:10
which哪一個 is --
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就是——
11:12
Diver潛水員 1 (Video視頻): What kind of sharks鯊魚?
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視頻:哪種鯊魚?
11:15
Diver潛水員 2: Uh, silvertipsilvertip sharks鯊魚.
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啊,白邊真鯊(silvertip shark)
11:17
Diver潛水員 1: Oh.
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11:18
RPRP: SilvertipSilvertip sharks鯊魚 -- they're actually其實 three species種類 of sharks鯊魚 here.
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白邊真鯊——這裡其實有三種鯊魚
11:20
The silvertipssilvertips are the one with the white白色 edges邊緣 on the fin,
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白邊真鯊是一種鰭上有白邊的鯊魚
11:23
and there're有很 also gray灰色 reef sharks鯊魚 and some hammerheads鎚頭 off in the distance距離.
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不遠之處,幾條灰礁鯊 (grey reef shark)和雙髻鯊在遊弋
11:26
And yes, it's a little nerve-wracking傷腦筋.
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是的,這確實有點傷腦筋
11:30
Diver潛水員 2 (Video視頻): Hoo胡胡!
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視頻:呼!
11:33
That little guy is frisky歡躍的! (Laughter笑聲)
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那小傢夥真活潑!
11:38
Now, you've seen看到 video視頻 like this on TV電視 a lot,
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現在,你們在電視上經常看到這樣的畫面
11:42
and it's very intimidating嚇人, and I think it gives the wrong錯誤 impression印象 about sharks鯊魚.
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令人望而生畏,我想,這給出的對鯊魚錯誤的印象
11:45
Sharks鯊魚 are actually其實 not very dangerous危險 animals動物
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鯊魚實際上不是非常危險的動物
11:47
and that's why we weren't worried擔心 much, why we were joking開玩笑 around down there.
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這也是為什麼我們不是很擔心,而在下面開著玩笑的原因
11:50
More people are killed殺害 by pigs, more people are killed殺害 by lightning閃電 strikes罷工,
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被豬殺死的人,因閃電而死的人
11:53
more people are killed殺害 at soccer足球 games遊戲 in England英國.
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甚至因英格蘭的足球賽而死的人都比因鯊魚而死的人多
11:56
There's a lot of other ways方法 you can die.
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死法有很多種
11:58
And I'm not making製造 that stuff東東 up.
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我也不是在這裡瞎編椰子!
12:00
Coconuts椰子! You can get killed殺害 by a coconut椰子 more likely容易 than killed殺害 by a shark鯊魚.
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你被椰子砸死的概率都必被鯊魚咬死的概率高
12:03
So sharks鯊魚 aren't quite相當 as dangerous危險 as most people make them out to be.
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所以鯊魚並非像多數人聲稱的那麼危險
12:07
Now, I don't know if any of you get U.S. News新聞 and World世界 Report報告 --
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我不知道你們中有沒有人看《美國新聞和世界報導》雜誌
12:10
I got the recent最近 issue問題.
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我有最近的一期
12:12
There's a cover story故事 all about the great explorers探險 of our time.
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上面的封面故事是關於我們這個時代那些偉大的探險者
12:14
The last article文章 is an article文章 entitled標題 "No New Frontiers前沿."
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最後一篇文章的標題是“沒有新領域了”(No New Frontiers)
12:18
It questions問題 whether是否 or not there really are any new frontiers前沿 out there,
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它質疑是否還存在什麼真正的新的領域
12:22
whether是否 there are any real真實, true真正, hardcore鐵桿 discoveries發現 that can still be made製作.
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是否還能做出真實的,絕對的新發現
12:25
And this is my favorite喜愛 line from the article文章.
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這就是裡面我最喜歡的一句臺詞
12:27
As a fish nerd書呆子, I have to laugh, because you know they don't call us fish nerds書呆子 for nothing --
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作為一名魚癡,我應該高興,因為他們不會無緣無故地這樣叫
12:30
we actually其實 do get excited興奮 about finding發現 a new dorsal spine脊柱 in a guppy孔雀魚.
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我們確實會因為在孔雀魚的背鰭上發現一根新刺而興奮異常
12:35
But, it's much more than that.
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但,還不止這些
12:37
And, I want to show顯示 you a few少數 of the guppies孔雀魚 we've我們已經 found發現 over the years年份.
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我想向你們展示我們幾年來發現的幾種孔雀魚
12:41
This one's那些 -- you know, you can see how ugly醜陋 it is.
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這一隻,你可以看出長得有多醜
12:44
Even if you ignore忽視 the scientific科學 value of this thing,
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如果忽略它的科學價值
12:48
just look at the monetary貨幣 value of this thing.
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單看它的經濟價值
12:50
A couple一對 of these ended結束 up getting得到 sold出售 through通過 the aquarium水族館 trade貿易 to Japan日本,
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通過水族館的交易,有一對魚被賣到日本
12:53
where they sold出售 for 15,000 dollars美元 apiece一塊.
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每一條就值15000美元
12:55
That's half-a-million半一百萬 dollars美元 per pound.
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接近50萬美元一磅
12:58
Here's這裡的 another另一個 new angelfish神仙魚 we discovered發現.
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這是我們發現的一種新的天使魚(angelfish)
13:00
This one we actually其實 first discovered發現 back in the air空氣 days -- the bad old air空氣 days,
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這實際上是我們在以前的空氣潛水歲月裡發現的,空氣潛水差勁的歲月
13:04
as we used to say -- when we were doing these kind of dives潛水 with air空氣.
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也就是過去所說的當我們使用空氣來作這類潛水的時候
13:06
We were at 360 feet.
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我們在360英尺深處
13:08
And I remember記得 coming未來 up from one of these deep dives潛水, and I had this fog多霧路段,
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我還記得結束深潛遊上來之後,我像這樣迷糊不清
13:11
and the narcosis麻醉 takes a little while to, you know, fade褪色 away.
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迷糊的狀態持續了一小會才逐漸褪去
13:14
It's sort分類 of like sobering發人深省 up.
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有點像酒後清醒過來
13:16
And I had this vague模糊 recollection回憶 of seeing眼看 these yellow黃色 fish with a black黑色 spot,
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而我有個模糊的回憶,似乎看到了這些有個黑點的黃色小魚
13:18
and I thought, "Aw, damn該死的. I should have caught抓住 one.
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我就想:“啊,可惡,我應該抓一條,
13:21
I think that's a new species種類."
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看起來那是個新種。”
13:23
And then, eventually終於, I got around to looking in my bucket.
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最後,我終於有時間來看看我的桶
13:25
Sure enough足夠, I had caught抓住 one -- I just completely全然 forgot忘記 that I had caught抓住 one. (Laughter笑聲)
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當然,我抓到了一條----我只是完全忘了自己抓過一條
13:27
And so this one we decided決定 to give the name名稱 CentropygeCentropyge narcosis麻醉 to.
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所以我們決定叫這條魚為Centropyge narcosis(深海珊瑚神仙,narcosis意為昏迷)
13:31
So that's it's official官方 scientific科學 name名稱,
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這就成了它的學名
13:33
in reference參考 to its deep-dwelling深棲 habits習慣.
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與它居於深海的習性有關
13:35
And this is another另一個 neat整齊 one.
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這是另外一條光彩照人的魚
13:37
When we first found發現 it, we weren't even sure what family家庭 this thing belonged屬於 to,
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第一次發現它時,我們甚至不敢肯定它屬於什麼科
13:39
so we just called it the Dr博士. Seuss蘇斯 fish,
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所以我們就叫它蘇斯教授魚(Dr. Seuss,美國少兒圖書作家)
13:41
because it looked看著 like something out of one of those books圖書.
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因為它看起來就像從他某本書裡出來的
13:43
Now, this one's那些 pretty漂亮 cool.
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這一條非常酷
13:46
If you go to Papua巴布亞, New Guinea幾內亞, and go down 300 feet,
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如果你去巴布亞新磯內亞,潛到300英尺
13:48
you're going to see these big mounds土墩.
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你就會看到這樣的大石堆
13:50
And this may可能 be kind of hard to see, but they're about --
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這麼看也許很吃力,但它們
13:52
oh, a couple一對 meters in diameter直徑.
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噢,直徑可達數米
13:54
If you look closely密切, you'll你會 see there's
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拉近來看,你會看到那有條白色小魚
13:56
a little white白色 fish and gray灰色 fish that hangs掛起 out near them.
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一條灰白的小魚在它們附近晃悠
13:58
Well, it turns out this little white白色 fish builds建立 these giant巨人 mounds土墩,
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沒錯,其實就是這種小白魚建起了這些巨大的石堆
14:00
one pebble卵石 at a time.
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一次一塊石頭建起來的
14:02
It's really extraordinary非凡 to find something like this.
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能有這樣的發現真的太不尋常了
14:04
It's not just new species種類: it's new behavior行為, it's new ecology生態 it's all kind of new things.
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不僅僅是新種,還是新的行為,新的生態學,全都是新的東西
14:07
So, what I'm going to show顯示 you right now, very quickly很快,
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好,接下來我將很快向你們展示的
14:09
is just a sampling採樣 of a few少數 of the new species種類 we've我們已經 discovered發現.
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就是我們發現的一些新種
14:13
What's extraordinary非凡 about this is not just the sheer絕對 number of species種類 we're finding發現 --
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真正不尋常的不是這些新種的驚人數目——
14:16
although雖然 as you can see that's pretty漂亮 amazing驚人, this is only half of what we've我們已經 found發現 --
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儘管你會覺得這很了不起,但這只是我們發現的一半——
14:19
what's extraordinary非凡 is how quickly很快 we find them.
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真正不尋常的是我們發現它們的速度有多快
14:23
We're up to seven new species種類 per hour小時 of time we spend at that depth深度.
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在那個深度,最多時我們每小時可以發現7個新種
14:26
Now, if you go to an Amazon亞馬遜 jungle叢林 and fog多霧路段 a tree, you may可能 get a lot of bugs蟲子,
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如果你去亞馬遜叢林,朝棵樹噴噴煙霧,你或許能得到許多蟲子
14:31
but for fishes魚類, there's nowhere無處 in the world世界
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但對於魚類,世界上還沒有其他地方
14:33
you can get seven new species種類 per hour小時 of time.
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能讓你每小時發現7個新種
14:36
Now, we've我們已經 doneDONE some back of the envelope信封 calculations計算,
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作了大概的計算後
14:38
and we're predicting預測 that there are probably大概 on the order訂購 of 2,000 to 2,500 new species種類
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我們預計單單在印度洋-太平洋地區
14:42
in the Indo-Pacific印度 - 太平洋 alone單獨.
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就有大概2000到2500個新種
14:44
There are only five to six thousand known已知 species種類.
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已知的物種大約是五千到六千種
14:46
So a very large percentage百分比 of what is out there isn't really known已知.
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所以那裡的一切還有相當大部分是未知的
14:50
We thought we had a handle處理 on all the reef fish diversity多樣 -- evidently明顯地 not.
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我們以為自己已經搞清楚了岩礁魚類的多樣性,顯然不是
14:53
And I'm going to just close on a very somber陰沉 note注意.
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最後我以一張非常陰鬱的片子作為結束
14:55
At the beginning開始 I told you that I was going to show顯示 you two extraordinary非凡 photographs照片.
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一開始的時候我說過將給你們展示兩張非同尋常的圖片
15:00
This is the second第二 extraordinary非凡 photograph照片 I'm going to show顯示 you.
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這就是其中的第二張
15:02
This one was taken採取 at the exact精確 moment時刻 I was down there filming拍戲 those sharks鯊魚.
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那時我正在那裡拍攝那些鯊魚
15:07
This was taken採取 exactly究竟 300 feet above以上 my head.
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圖片就是在我頭上300英尺的地方拍的
15:09
And the reason原因 this photograph照片 is extraordinary非凡
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之所以說這張圖片非同尋常
15:12
is because it captures捕獲 a moment時刻 in the very last minute分鐘 of a person's人的 life.
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是因為它捕捉到了一個人生命的最後一刻
15:16
Less than 60 seconds after this picture圖片 was taken採取, this guy was dead.
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圖片拍完後不到一分鐘,這個人死了
15:20
When we recovered恢復 his body身體, we figured想通 out what had gone走了 wrong錯誤.
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我們找回他的屍體,發現了悲劇發生的原因
15:24
He had made製作 a very simple簡單 mistake錯誤.
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他只犯了一個很簡單的錯誤
15:26
He turned轉身 the wrong錯誤 valve when he filled填充 his cylinder圓筒 --
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在給氣罐充氣時他旋錯了閥門
15:28
he had 80 percent百分 oxygen in his tank坦克 when he should have had 40.
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在他的氣罐裡有80%的氧氣,而不是應該有的40%
15:30
He had an oxygen toxicity毒性 seizure發作 and he drowned淹死的.
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氧中毒的突然發作使他不幸溺死
15:33
The reason原因 I show顯示 this -- not to put a downer唐納 on everything --
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我展示這個的原因——絕不是要讓大家沮喪
15:36
but I just want to use it to key off my philosophy哲學 of life in general一般,
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而只是要用它來引出我總的人生哲學
15:41
which哪一個 is that we all have two goals目標.
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也就是,我們都有兩個目標
15:43
The first goal目標 we share分享 with every一切 other living活的 thing on this planet行星,
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我們與這個星球上其他生物分享了第一個目標
15:45
which哪一個 is to survive生存. I call it perpetuation永存:
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即生存——我稱這為“不朽”(perpetuation)
15:47
the survival生存 of the species種類 and survival生存 of ourselves我們自己,
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因為無論是物種的生存還是我們的生存
15:51
because they're both about perpetuating延續 the genome基因組.
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都是為了基因組的不朽
15:54
And the second第二 goal目標, for those of us who have mastered掌握 that first goal目標,
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第二個目標是,對我們之中已經實現第一個目標的人來說
15:56
is to -- you know, you call it spiritual精神 fulfillment履行, you can call it financial金融 success成功,
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就是,你可以說是精神的滿足,或者經濟上的成功
16:01
you can call it any number of different不同 things.
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你把它叫作什麼都可以
16:03
I call it seeking joy喜悅 --
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我稱之為尋找快樂——
16:05
this pursuit追求 of happiness幸福.
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對幸福的追求
16:07
So, I guess猜測 my theme主題 on this is this guy lived生活 his life to the fullest最大,
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所以,我想這也是這位朋友這輩子生活的主旨
16:10
he absolutely絕對 did.
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他確實做到了
16:12
You have to balance平衡 those two goals目標.
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你必須保持這兩個目標的平衡
16:14
If you live生活 your whole整個 life in fear恐懼 --
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如果你整個人生都是在恐懼中——
16:16
I mean, life is a sexually transmitted發送 disease疾病 with 100 percent百分 mortality死亡.
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我說,生命是一種死亡率100%的性傳播疾病
16:19
So, you can't live生活 your life in fear恐懼.
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所以,你不能在恐懼中生活
16:22
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
16:24
I thought that was an old one.
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我想那是個老笑話了
16:26
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
16:27
But, at the same相同 time you don't want to get so focused重點 on rule規則 number two,
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但與此同時,你不會願意因為太專注於第二個目標
16:31
or goal目標 number two, that you neglect忽略 goal目標 number one.
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而忽略了第一個目標
16:34
Because once一旦 you're dead, you really can't enjoy請享用 anything after that.
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因為一旦死去,你就什麼也享受不了了
16:37
I wish希望 you all the best最好 of luck運氣 in maintaining維持 that balance平衡 in your future未來 endeavors努力.
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祝你們好運,希望你們能努力保持這樣的平衡
16:41
Thanks謝謝.
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謝謝
16:43
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Felix Leung
Reviewed by Jenny Yang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Pyle - Ichthyologist
Ichthyologist Richard Pyle is a fish nerd. In his quest to discover and document new species of fish, he has also become a trailblazing exploratory diver and a pioneer of database technology.

Why you should listen

A pioneer of the dive world, Richard Pyle discovers new biodiversity on the cliffs of coral reefs. He was among the first to use rebreather technology to explore depths between 200 and 500 feet, an area often called the "Twilight Zone." During his dives, he has identified and documented hundreds of new species. Author of scientific, technical and popular articles, his expeditions have also been featured in the IMAX film Coral Reef Adventure, the BBC series Pacific Abyss and many more. In 2005, he received the NOGI Award, the most prestigious distinction of the diving world.

Currently, he is continuing his research at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, outside Honolulu, Hawai'i, and is affiliated with the museum's comprehensive Hawaii Biological Survey. He also serves on the Board of Directors for the Association for Marine Exploration, of which he is a founding member. He continues to explore the sea and spearhead rebreather technology, and is a major contributor to the Encyclopedia of Life.

More profile about the speaker
Richard Pyle | Speaker | TED.com