TED2006
Neil Gershenfeld: Unleash your creativity in a Fab Lab
尼爾.格申斐德( Neil Gershenfeld) 論Fab Lab計劃
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麻省理工學院教授尼爾.格申斐德( Neil Gershenfeld) 講述關於他的Fab Lab計劃 --一個低成本,卻讓人們能夠透過電子以及類比型工具來建造物件的實驗室。這是一個簡單卻有強大成效的概念。
Neil Gershenfeld - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds. Full bio
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
This meeting has really been about a digital revolution,
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這個會議其實與數位革命有關。
00:29
but I'd like to argue that it's done; we won.
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我想說的是,這個數位革命已經結束;我們已經贏得勝仗。
00:33
We've had a digital revolution but we don't need to keep having it.
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我們已經過這場數位革命,但我們不需要再持續下去。
00:37
And I'd like to look after that,
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而我想藉此鑑往知來,
00:39
to look what comes after the digital revolution.
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看看什麼又會發生在這個數位革命之後。
00:42
So, let me start projecting forward.
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所以,讓我開始在此前瞻未來。
00:44
These are some projects I'm involved in today at MIT,
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這些是我在麻省理工學院(MIT)所參與進行的計畫,
00:48
looking what comes after computers.
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看看在電腦時代之後的發展。
00:51
This first one, Internet Zero, up here -- this is a web server
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首先,上面這個是-網際網路0 -- 這是一個網路伺服器。
00:56
that has the cost and complexity of an RFID tag --
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這個網路伺服器的造價與複雜程度如同一個電子標籤(RFID) --
00:59
about a dollar -- that can go in every light bulb and doorknob,
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大約是一元(美金) -- 就像是一個電燈泡或是一個門把。
01:02
and this is getting commercialized very quickly.
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而這個產品能很快的被商品化。
01:04
And what's interesting about it isn't the cost;
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但真正有趣的並不是它的造價;
01:06
it's the way it encodes the Internet.
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而是它如何編碼網際網路。
01:07
It uses a kind of a Morse code for the Internet
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它使用的是一種摩斯密碼來編碼網際網路。
01:10
so you could send it optically; you can communicate acoustically
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所以如果用光纖;就可以從聽覺的方式溝通
01:13
through a power line, through RF.
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從聽覺的方式溝通
01:15
It takes the original principle of the Internet,
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這是透過最原初網際網路的理論,
01:17
which is inter-networking computers,
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也就是相互聯結成網路的電腦,
01:19
and now lets devices inter-network.
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然後將這些機件聯繫成網絡。
01:22
That we can take the whole idea that gave birth to the Internet
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於是我們可將這整個被運用到網際網路的誕生的概念
01:25
and bring it down to the physical world in this Internet Zero,
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帶到真實世界裡的網際網路0,
01:28
this internet of devices.
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機件之間的網際網路。
01:30
So this is the next step from there to here,
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所以這就是帶我們從那裡到這裡的下一步,
01:32
and this is getting commercialized today.
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今日也被商品化。
01:35
A step after that is a project on fungible computers.
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在這之後的下一步是一個關於可替代性電腦的計畫。
01:40
Fungible goods in economics can be extended and traded.
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在經濟學裡可替代性的物品能被延伸或交易。
01:43
So, half as much grain is half as much useful,
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所以,一半的穀物有一半的價值,
01:45
but half a baby or half a computer is less useful than
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但是比方說一半的嬰兒或是一半的電腦卻無法比
01:48
a whole baby or a whole computer,
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一個完整的嬰兒或是完整的電腦有用,
01:50
and we've been trying to make computers that work that way.
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而我們試著讓電腦這樣運作。
01:53
So, what you see in the background is a prototype.
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所以,你在背景裡看到的是一個原型。
01:55
This was from a thesis of a student, Bill Butow, now at Intel,
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這是來自於一名學生, Bill Butow的論文,他目前在英特爾(Intel)工作,
01:58
who wondered why, instead of making bigger and bigger chips,
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Bill Butow思考的是, 與其製作越來越大的晶片,
02:01
you don't make small chips, put them in a viscous medium,
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為什麼不製作小型的晶片,把他們放在黏性媒質,
02:04
and pour out computing by the pound or by the square inch.
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然後電算以磅或是平方英吋生產。
02:06
And that's what you see here.
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這就是你現在這裡看到的。
02:08
On the left was postscript being rendered by a conventional computer;
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左邊這裡是用傳統電腦計算出來的postscript,
02:11
on the right is postscript being rendered from the first prototype
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而右邊這裡則是用我們製作的第一個原型機組計算出來的
02:14
we made, but there's no frame buffer, IO processor,
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但是我們只製造材料,沒有帧缓存器或是IO處理器
02:18
any of that stuff -- it's just this material.
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之類的東西-- 這些都只是原料。
02:20
Unlike this screen where the dots are placed carefully,
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不像螢幕上這些點都刻意均勻的分布,
02:22
this is a raw material.
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這是一種原材料。
02:23
If you add twice as much of it, you have twice as much display.
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如果你加上兩倍數量的材料,呈現出的也會得到兩倍的數量。
02:26
If you shoot a gun through the middle, nothing happens.
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如果有子彈穿過它的中心,也不會有事。
02:29
If you need more resource, you just apply more computer.
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如果你需要更多的資源,你只需要加上更多的電腦。
02:33
So, that's the step after this -- of computing as a raw material.
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所以這就是之後的下一步 -- 將電腦計算視為一種原料。
02:36
That's still conventional bits, the step after that is --
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這仍然是傳統的計算,而在這之後的下一步 --
02:39
this is an earlier prototype in the lab;
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這是一個早期在實驗室裡的原型,
02:41
this is high-speed video slowed down.
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這是高速的影像被減慢。
02:43
Now, integrating chemistry in computation, where the bits are bubbles.
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現在化學融合在電腦計算,在這裡,所有的電位(bits)都變成泡沫。
02:46
This is showing making bits, this is showing --
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這裡呈現的是電位的構成, 在這裡 --
02:48
once again, slowed down so you can see it,
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再重複一次,這是慢動作影片,所以你可以看見,
02:50
bits interacting to do logic and multiplexing and de-multiplexing.
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電位以互動的方式邏輯運作以及進行多路運算以及分離多路運算。
02:54
So, now we can compute that the output arranges material
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所以,現在我們可以依規則計算輸出的物料的排列
02:57
as well as information. And, ultimately, these are some slides
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也能依此計算訊息排列。最後,這裡是一個我早期做的提案報告
03:01
from an early project I did, computing where the bits are stored
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計算電位以
03:04
quantum-mechanically in the nuclei of atoms, so
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量子的型式被儲存在原子核裡,所以
03:07
programs rearrange the nuclear structure of molecules.
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這樣使分子裡的原子結構重新安排。
03:11
All of these are in the lab pushing further and further and further,
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這些都在實驗室裡被推展的越來越遠,
03:15
not as metaphor but literally integrating bits and atoms,
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這並不是個比喻,而是真正的把電位跟原子結合在一起,
03:18
and they lead to the following recognition.
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接著他們引導到以下的結論。
03:21
We all know we've had a digital revolution, but what is that?
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我們都知道我們已經有了一個數字的革命,但是那就究竟是什麼?
03:24
Well, Shannon took us, in the '40s, from here to here:
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夏濃在40年代,帶領我們從這裡進步到這裡:
03:27
from a telephone being a speaker wire that degraded with distance
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從還是一個隨著距離增加而信號減弱的電話線
03:31
to the Internet. And he proved the first threshold theorem, that shows
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到網際網路。他證明第一個定理,呈現了
03:35
if you add information and remove it to a signal,
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如果你加入訊息並且將它簡化成訊號,
03:38
you can compute perfectly with an imperfect device.
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你可以用一個不完美的裝置做到完美的計算。
03:40
And that's when we got the Internet.
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而接著我們來到了網路時代。
03:42
Von Neumann, in the '50s, did the same thing for computing;
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馮.紐曼在五零年代時也做了同樣的事;
03:45
he showed you can have an unreliable computer but restore its state
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他證明了你可以用一個不甚精確的電腦,卻可以重組它的狀態
03:48
to make it perfect. This was the last great analog computer at MIT:
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讓他變得沒有瑕疵。這是在MIT最後一個很棒的類比式電腦:
03:52
a differential analyzer, and the more you ran it,
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一個差異性的分析器,你在上面運作越多,
03:54
the worse the answer got.
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得到的答案越不準確。
03:56
After Von Neumann, we have the Pentium, where the billionth transistor
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在馮.紐曼之後,我們有了奔騰,讓第十億個晶體管
03:59
is as reliable as the first one.
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跟第一個一樣可靠。
04:02
But all our fabrication is down in this lower left corner.
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但所有我們的製作都在左下方這裡。
04:05
A state-of-the-art airplane factory rotating metal wax at fixed metal,
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一個頂級的飛機工廠透過旋轉金屬鑄作固定形狀,
04:08
or you maybe melt some plastic. A 10-billion-dollar chip fab
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或者你可以融化一些塑料。一個百億元的晶片工廠
04:11
uses a process a village artisan would recognize --
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利用一個連村落工匠都理解的方法--
04:14
you spread stuff around and bake it.
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你將物料鋪散然後加熱。
04:17
All the intelligence is external to the system;
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所有的智能都存在系統之外;
04:19
the materials don't have information.
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材料本身並不含訊息。
04:21
Yesterday you heard about molecular biology,
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昨天你聽到分子生物學,
04:24
which fundamentally computes to build.
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基本上也就是根據計算來件造的。
04:26
It's an information processing system.
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它就是訊息計算系統。
04:28
We've had digital revolutions in communication and computation,
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我們已經經歷過在傳播以及電算上的數位革命
04:32
but precisely the same idea, precisely the same math
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ˋ但是以一模一樣的點子,一模一樣的數學計算方式
04:35
Shannon and Von Neuman did, hasn't yet come out
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夏儂跟馮.紐曼做到的,還沒有在
04:37
to the physical world. So, inspired by that,
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真實的物理世界實現。所以,在這啓發之下,
04:40
colleagues in this program -- the Center for Bits and Atoms
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在麻省理工學院電位與原子中心(Center for Bits and Atoms)裡的同事
04:42
at MIT -- which is a group of people, like me,
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--也就是一群像我一樣的人,
04:45
who never understood the boundary between physical science
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從來不知道在物理科學及電腦科學的領域裡有任何的界限
04:48
and computer science. I would even go further and say
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我甚至會說
04:51
computer science is one of the worst things that ever happened
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電腦科學的發生,是對於電腦或是科學
04:53
to either computers or to science --
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發生過最糟的事--
04:55
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑聲)
04:56
-- because the canon -- computer science --
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--因為這些電腦科學裡的經典--
05:00
many of them are great but the canon of computer science
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很多都很好,但這些電腦科學的教條
05:02
prematurely froze a model of computation
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根據1950年代科技而發展的計算模式
05:05
based on technology that was available in 1950,
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都先決的提供了限制,
05:08
and nature's a much more powerful computer than that.
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然而大自然是一個比這系統更強大的電腦。
05:10
So, you'll hear, tomorrow, from Saul Griffith. He was one of the
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所以明天你會聽到薩爾.葛力菲司的演講。他就是其中一個
05:14
first students to emerge from this program.
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這個中心的第一個學生。
05:17
We started to figure out how you can compute to fabricate.
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我們開始瞭解如何藉電算去製造。
05:20
This was just a proof of principle he did of tiles
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這是一個他早先製作的樣品證明他的基本原則
05:23
that interact magnetically, where you write a code,
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這些方塊在磁力運作下互相產生作用,你可以寫一個編碼,
05:25
much like protein folding, that specifies their structure.
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就像是蛋白質摺疊,如此可定義它們的結構。
05:28
So, there's no feedback to a tool metrology;
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所以,這裡不含工具計量學的計算,
05:31
the material itself codes for its structure in just the same ways
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這個原料本身為它的結構同樣的進行自行建構
05:36
that protein are fabricated. So, you can, for example, do that.
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跟蛋白質的建構一樣。所以像這個例子你就可以這麼做。
05:40
You can do other things. That's in 2D. It works in 3D.
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你可以做其他的事。這是2D,在3D裡也同樣可行。
05:43
The video on the upper right -- I won't show for time --
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這個在右上方的影片--因為時間的關係,我不會播放--
05:45
shows self-replication, templating so something can make something
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這個影片表現了自行複製,跟模型建構,如此之類可以從這件製作到別件東西的例子,
05:49
that can make something, and we're doing that now over, maybe,
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而我們現在可以做到,大概,
05:52
nine orders of magnitude. Those ideas have been used to show
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九級數量的重疊。這些例子被用以展現了
05:55
the best fidelity and direct rate DNA to make an organism,
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DNA可有效的直接被製成有機體,
05:58
in functionalizing nanoclusters with peptide tails
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也可以有效透過肽尾巴激活奈米群
06:01
that code for their assembly -- so, much like the magnets,
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透過編碼完成組構。所以就像磁鐵,
06:03
but now on nanometer scales.
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但現在是在奈米尺度。
06:05
Laser micro-machining: essentially 3D printers that digitally fabricate
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雷射微對準器:其實也是可以透過電子製造運作系統的3D印刷機
06:09
functional systems, all the way up to building buildings,
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甚至可以建造出建築物,
06:12
not by having blueprints,
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不需透過藍圖,
06:13
but having the parts code for the structure of the building.
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而是透過每個建築區域結構的編碼。
06:16
So, these are early examples in the lab of emerging technologies
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所以這就是早期在實驗市裡不斷演進的數位製造的科技先例。
06:21
to digitize fabrication. Computers that don't control tools
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電腦不控制工具
06:25
but computers that are tools, where the output of a program
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而是成為工具本身,讓程序的輸出
06:29
rearranges atoms as well as bits.
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重組原子以及電位。
06:33
Now, to do that -- with your tax dollars, thank you --
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現在,用納稅人的錢,謝謝你們--
06:36
I bought all these machines. We made a modest proposal
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我買了這些機器。我們向國家科學基金會(NSF)寫了一個很簡單的企劃書
06:40
to the NSF. We wanted to be able to make anything on any length scale,
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我們希望可以製造任意尺寸的任意物,
06:44
all in one place, because you can't segregate digital fabrication
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一次完成,因為你無法將數位的製作局限於
06:48
by a discipline or a length scale.
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某種原則或某種尺寸。
06:50
So we put together focused nano beam writers
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所以我們找來將聚焦奈米束的切割機
06:54
and supersonic water jet cutters and excimer micro-machining systems.
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還有超聲波水壓切割機以及微對準機。
06:59
But I had a problem. Once I had all these machines,
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但我碰到一個問題。一但我有了這些機器,
07:02
I was spending too much time teaching students to use them.
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我花太多時間教學生怎麼用它們。
07:05
So I started teaching a class, modestly called,
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所以我開始教一堂叫
07:07
"How To Make Almost Anything." And that wasn't meant to be provocative;
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"如何製作任何東西"的課。但這主要的目的並不是要刻意的表現,
07:10
it was just for a few research students.
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這只是為了一些研究的學生。
07:12
But the first day of class looked like this.
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但課堂的一開始就像這樣
07:14
You know, hundreds of people came in begging,
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你可以想像,上百的學生前來,
07:16
all my life I've been waiting for this class; I'll do anything to do it.
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我一直想要開這樣的課,我會做任何的事完成它。
07:19
Then they'd ask, can you teach it at MIT? It seems too useful?
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然後他們問,你可以在MIT教這堂課嗎?這堂課看起來太實用了。
07:22
And then the next --
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然後接著 --
07:23
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑聲)
07:25
-- surprising thing was they weren't there to do research.
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意外的是,他們上這堂課並不是為了做研究。
07:26
They were there because they wanted to make stuff.
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他們上這堂課室為了製作東西。
07:28
They had no conventional technical background.
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他們沒有傳統的技術背景。
07:32
At the end of a semester they integrated their skills.
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但在這堂課的最後他們結合了他們的技術。
07:34
I'll show an old video. Kelly was a sculptor, and this is what she did
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我會播一段舊影片。這是凱莉,她是一位雕塑家,而這個是她做的
07:38
with her semester project.
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學期計畫。
07:40
(Video): Kelly: Hi, I'm Kelly and this is my scream buddy.
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(影片):凱莉:大家好,我是凱莉,而這是我的大叫夥伴。
07:45
Do you ever find yourself in a situation
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你是否曾經體驗過
07:48
where you really have to scream, but you can't because you're at work,
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一種真的很想大叫,但是你不行,因為你正在工作
07:53
or you're in a classroom, or you're watching your children,
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或是在教室裡,或是你正在照顧孩子,
07:56
or you're in any number of situations where it's just not permitted?
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或是你正在任何一種不允許的情況中?
08:01
Well, scream buddy is a portable space for screaming.
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大叫夥伴是一個可以隨身攜帶的空間,
08:05
When a user screams into scream buddy, their scream is silenced.
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當使用者對著它大叫,他的叫聲會被消減掉。
08:10
It is also recorded for later release where, when and how
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它並且會將聲音錄下,當作之後在別的地點,時間,方式播放,
08:14
the user chooses.
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根據使用者的選擇。
08:36
(Scream)
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(大叫)
08:39
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑聲)(掌聲)
08:43
So, Einstein would like this.
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所以愛因斯坦應該會喜歡這個。
08:45
This student made a web browser for parrots --
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這個學生製作了一個讓鸚鵡使用的網頁--
08:46
lets parrots surf the Net and talk to other parrots.
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讓鸚鵡可以上網跟其他鸚鵡交談。
08:49
This student's made an alarm clock you wrestle
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這個學生做了一個跟你摔角的鬧鐘
08:51
to prove you're awake; this is one that defends --
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來證明你是醒的,而這個是一件
08:53
a dress that defends your personal space.
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保衛你私人空間的衣服。
08:55
This isn't technology for communication;
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這不是藉由科技進行溝通;
08:57
it's technology to prevent it.
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而是相反的。
08:59
This is a device that lets you see your music.
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這是一個可以讓你看見自己的音樂的儀器。
09:02
This is a student who made a machine that makes machines,
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這是一個學生,他製作了一個可以製作機器的機器,
09:05
and he made it by making Lego bricks that do the computing.
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然後他使這個機器讓樂高積木做電腦運算。
09:08
Just year after year -- and I finally realized
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一年又一年--我終於瞭解
09:10
the students were showing the killer app of personal fabrication
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這些學生所表現的是極度的個人化的製作
09:14
is products for a market of one person.
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就像是為個人所製作的產品。
09:16
You don't need this for what you can get in Wal-Mart;
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你沒辦法在Walmark買到這個,
09:18
you need this for what makes you unique.
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你只能在這裡得到獨特的東西。
09:19
Ken Olsen famously said, nobody needs a computer in the home.
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Ken Olsen曾說過一句有名的話,沒有人需要電腦在家裡。
09:23
But you don't use it for inventory and payroll;
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但你不用電腦做存貨或記帳;
09:25
DEC is now twice bankrupt. You don't need personal fabrication
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不用在家裡做個人性的電腦
09:28
in the home to buy what you can buy because you can buy it.
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去購買你在哪裡都可以買到的東西。
09:30
You need it for what makes you unique, just like personalization.
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你需要這樣做是因為你想要獨特性的,就像是個人化專屬的特性。
09:34
So, with that, in turn, 20 million dollars today does this;
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所以,今天兩千萬(美金)價值可以讓你做這些,
09:38
20 years from now we'll make Star Trek replicators that make anything.
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20年後,我們可以製造星際戰艦電影(Star Trek)裡的複製器,並使它製造任何東西。
09:42
The students hijacked all the machines I bought to do personal fabrication.
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之後我的學生直接截取了我買的所有機器,用來做個人化的製造。
09:46
Today, when you spend that much of your money,
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今天,當你花了那麼多的錢,
09:48
there's a government requirement to do outreach, which often means
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政府要求你要進行推廣,也就是說
09:51
classes at a local school, a website -- stuff that's just not that exciting.
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在當地學校進行教學,一個網站;就是一些不太讓人興奮的東西。
09:54
So, I made a deal with my NSF program managers that
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所以我跟我的國家科學基金會的經理人談了一個條件,
09:58
instead of talking about it, I'd give people the tools.
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就是說,與其講學,我會給人們這個工具。
10:00
This wasn't meant to be provocative or important,
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這並不是要為了要彰顯重要性,
10:02
but we put together these Fab Labs. It's about 20,000 dollars in equipment
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但是我們成立了這些Fab Lab實驗室。以大概是兩萬元(美元)的設備
10:06
that approximate both what the 20 million dollars does and where it's going.
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差不多是兩千萬(美元)機器也同樣做到的事情。
10:11
A laser cutter to do press-fit assembly with 3D from 2D,
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一臺雷射切割機用來做從2D變成3D的重組,
10:14
a sign cutter to plot in copper to do electromagnetics,
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一個可以運作電磁力的符號切割機,
10:16
a micron scale,
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一臺微測量計,
10:18
numerically-controlled milling machine for precise structures,
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以及一臺數字控制的削磨機用來製作精確的組織,
10:20
programming tools for less than a dollar,
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還有一些低於一元美金的工具,
10:23
100-nanosecond microcontrollers. It lets you work from microns
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一個100奈米秒的微控制器。這些讓你可以用在從微米到
10:26
and microseconds on up, and they exploded around the world.
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到更大的單位,而這些正迅速的在全世界普遍開來。
10:30
This wasn't scheduled, but they went from inner-city Boston
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這並不是我們事前計畫的,但是這個企劃從波士頓中心發展到
10:32
to Pobal in India, to Secondi-Takoradi on Ghana's coast
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印度的Pobal,迦納海岸的Secondi-Takoradi
10:36
to Soshanguve in a township in South Africa,
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也到南非的Soshanguve,
10:39
to the far north of Norway, uncovering, or helping uncover,
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向北遠至挪威,去發掘,或幫助發掘,
10:43
for all the attention to the digital divide,
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對於數位科技關注的差距,
10:46
we would find unused computers in all these places.
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我們從各地找到沒有用的電腦。
10:50
A farmer in a rural village -- a kid needs to measure and modify
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從農村裡的農夫,
10:53
the world, not just get information about it on a screen.
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到一個需要測量及渴望改變世界的孩子,讓他們不只是從螢幕中學習。
10:57
That there's really a fabrication and an instrumentation divide
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我們發覺的確有一個製造與工具運用的差距
10:59
bigger than the digital divide.
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大於數位科技的差異。
11:02
And the way you close it is not IT for the masses but IT development for the masses.
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而由此所得到的,不是利於大眾的電腦資訊,而是利於大眾的電腦資訊發展。
11:05
So, in place after place
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所以每到一個地方
11:08
we saw this same progression: that we'd open one of these Fab Labs,
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我們看到同樣程度的進展:
11:11
where we didn't -- this is too crazy to think of.
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我們在一些之前沒有想過的地方開了這些實驗室--這樣的想法真的是太瘋狂。
11:14
We didn't think this up, that we would get pulled to these places;
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我們之前並沒有想到在這些地方發展而是被這些當地人所吸引過去的。
11:17
we'd open it. The first step was just empowerment.
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第一步只是賦予人們權力。
11:19
You can see it in their face, just this joy of, I can do it.
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為了看到當地人臉上喜悅的表情,我可以持續做下去。
11:22
This is a girl in inner-city Boston who had just done a high-tech
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這是一個住在波士頓(Boston)女孩,她剛在市中心民眾中心完成一個高科技
11:24
on-demand craft sale in the inner city community center.
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基於需求供應的工藝品銷售機置。
11:28
It goes on from there to serious hands-on technical education
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從這個例子到真正的學校科技教學
11:32
informally, out of schools. In Ghana we had set up one of these labs.
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到不正式的校外教學。在迦納我們也已經設置好這些實驗室。
11:37
We designed a network sensor, and kids would show up
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我們設好這些實驗室網路感應器,而這些孩子們會到這裡來
11:39
and refuse to leave the lab.
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並且不想離開。
11:40
There was a girl who insisted we stay late at night --
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有個女孩甚至堅持要我們留到晚上--
11:43
(Video): Kids: I love the Fab Lab.
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(影片): 孩子們:我愛這個Fab Lab實驗室。
11:45
-- her first night in the lab because she was going to make the sensor.
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--這是她的第一個在實驗室的晚上,因為她想做一個感應器。
11:48
So she insisted on fabbing the board, learning how to stuff it,
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所以她堅持要學習怎麼做,
11:51
learning how to program it. She didn't really know
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學習怎麼編碼。
11:53
what she was doing or why she was doing it, but she knew
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她並不知道她在做什麼或者為什麼而做,但是她知道♪
11:55
she just had to do it. There was something electric about it.
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她只想要完成它。有什麼令她興奮的事情吸引著她。
11:58
This is late at, you know, 11 o'clock at night
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這是晚上11點
12:00
and I think I was the only person surprised when what she built
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而我想我是唯一一個很驚喜的看到她造出的成品
12:03
worked the first time.
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第一次有效的作用了。
12:05
And I've shown this to engineers at big companies, and they say
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而我也將這個給其他在大公司的工程師看,他們說
12:07
they can't do this. Any one thing she's doing, they can do better,
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他們沒辦法做。所有任何一件女孩做的事,他們可以把它做的更好,
12:10
but it's distributed over many people and many sites
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但是得透過許多人許多地方的努力
12:13
and they can't do in an afternoon
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他們也沒辦法在一個下午做好
12:14
what this little girl in rural Ghana is doing.
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這個迦納的小女孩所做到的。
12:33
(Video): Girl: My name is Valentina Kofi; I am eight years old.
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(影片):女孩:我的名字是華崙蒂那柯菲,我今年八歲。
12:37
I made a stacking board.
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我做了一個疊製板。
12:40
And, again, that was just for the joy of it.
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再次說明,這都是純粹為了那份喜悅。
12:43
Then these labs started doing serious problem solving --
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然後這些實驗室開始作一些正式解決問題的計畫--
12:46
instrumentation for agriculture in India,
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比如說為印度的農業製作儀器,
12:48
steam turbines for energy conversion in Ghana,
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在迦納生產能源轉換的蒸氣輪,
12:50
high-gain antennas in thin client computers.
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為客端電腦製作高效率的天線,
12:54
And then, in turn, businesses started to grow,
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然後,隨之而來的,我們的生意契機也開始成長了,
12:55
like making these antennas.
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就像製作這些天線。
12:56
And finally, the lab started doing invention.
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最後這個實驗室也開始進行發明。
12:58
We're learning more from them than we're giving them.
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我們從他們學習到的比我們教他們的還多。
13:00
I was showing my kids in a Fab Lab how to use it.
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我在教這些實驗室的孩子怎麼用。
13:03
They invented a way to do a construction kit out of a cardboard box --
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他們發現了一個怎麼從紙箱做一個工具組的方法--
13:07
which, as you see up there, that's becoming a business --
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你從這上面可以看到,這就是生意怎麼開始的--
13:09
but their design was better than Saul's design at MIT,
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但是他們的設計比在麻省理工學院的薩爾製作的還好,
13:12
so there's now three students at MIT doing their theses on
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所以現在有三個MIT的學生正在寫關於這個八歲孩子作品
13:15
scaling the work of eight-year-old children
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的論文
13:18
because they had better designs.
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因為這些孩子的作品比他們的更好。
13:19
Real invention is happening in these labs.
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真正的發明在這些實驗事裡發生。
13:22
And I still kept -- so, in the last year I've been spending time with
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但我持續著--我去年花一些時間跟一些
13:24
heads of state and generals and tribal chiefs who all want this,
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想要這個計畫的政府要員跟部落的領袖討論,
13:27
and I keep saying, but this isn't the real thing.
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我一直告訴他們,這不是真正的成品。
13:29
Wait, like, 20 years and then we'll be done.
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20年後,我們會有真正的成果。
13:31
And I finally got what's been going on. This is Kernigan and Ritchie
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然後我終於了解到底會發生什麼事。這是Kernigan與Ritchie
13:34
inventing UNIX on a PDP.
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在PDP上發明了UNIX操作界面。
13:37
PDPs came between mainframes and minicomputers.
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在當時PDP是從介於大型跟迷你電腦而來的。
13:39
They were tens of thousands of dollars, hard to use,
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造價好幾萬美元,而且難以使用,
13:42
but they brought computing down to work groups,
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但他們將電腦計算帶到實驗室,
13:44
and everything we do today happened there.
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所以我們現在做的事情都在這裡發生。
13:46
These Fab Labs are the cost and complexity of a PDP.
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這些Fab Lab實驗室的造價與複雜程度就像PDP。
13:49
The projection of digital fabrication
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數位製造的本身
13:51
isn't a projection for the future; we are now in the PDP era.
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並不是未來;我們現在所在的是PDP的時代。
13:54
We talked in hushed tones about the great discoveries then.
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我們隱約談到了當時偉大的發明。
13:57
It was very chaotic, it wasn't, sort of, clear what was going on.
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當時一切是很混亂的,我們不是很清楚當時到底發生了什麼事。
14:00
In the same sense we are now, today, in the minicomputer era
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就像我們現在,今天,我們在微型電腦
14:03
of digital fabrication.
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數位製造的時代。
14:05
The only problem with that is it breaks everybody's boundaries.
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這產生的唯一問題是因此打開了所有人的界限。
14:09
In DC, I go to every agency that wants to talk, you know;
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在美國華盛頓特區(DC),我讓每個機關都想來找我談。
14:12
in the Bay Area, I go to every organization you can think of --
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在舊金山海灣區(Bay Area),我跟每一個你可以想到的公司談。
14:14
they all want to talk about it, but it breaks
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他們都想開始對此開始探討,但是這就違背了
14:16
their organizational boundaries. In fact, it's illegal for them,
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公司之間的疆界。而事實上這對他們來說,
14:19
in many cases, to equip ordinary people to create
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有很多的例子之中,讓平常人可以有辦法創造
14:23
rather than consume technology.
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而不是去作為一個科技的消費者,是件違法的事情。
14:24
And that problem is so severe that the ultimate invention
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而這個問題嚴重到以致於來自於一個社區的最重大發明
14:28
coming from this community surprised me:
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深深的讓我驚奇:
14:31
it's the social engineering. That the lab in far north of Norway --
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這個發明顯現了社會工程。它發生在挪威北方的一個實驗室--
14:35
this is so far north its satellite dishes look at the ground
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因為位置在太偏遠的北方,以致於衛星系統的設置是朝向地面
14:37
rather than the sky because that's where the satellites are --
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而不是朝向天空,因為那才是所有衛星的所在--
14:41
the lab outgrew the little barn that it was in.
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這個實驗室最後規模還大於原先所在的一個小農屋。
14:42
It was there because they wanted to find animals in the mountains
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一開始他們是希望要找到山裡的動物
14:45
but it outgrew it, so they built this extraordinary village for the lab.
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但最後規模卻逐漸擴大,於是他們為了這個實驗室建了一個村落。
14:49
This isn't a university; it's not a company. It's essentially
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這不是一所大學,也不是一家公司;它本質上是
14:51
a village for invention; it's a village for the outliers in society,
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個為了創造而建的村落,村落裡都是社會上很突出的人,
14:56
and those have been growing up around these Fab Labs
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這樣的事情也在各地的Fab Lab實驗室發生
14:58
all around the world.
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全世界都有。
14:59
So this program has split into an NGO foundation,
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所以我們現在把這個計畫成立為一個NGO的機構,
15:03
a Fab Foundation to support the scaling, a micro VC fund.
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叫做Fab機構以一個風險投資基金支持它現在的規模。
15:07
The person who runs it nicely describes it as
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負責這個計畫的人把它巧妙的形容作
15:08
"machines that make machines need businesses that make businesses:"
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就像這台製造機器的機器,我們是一個生意來創造生意:
15:12
it's a cross between micro-finance and VC to do fan-out,
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這是一個介於微貸款以及風險投資的整合,
15:15
and then the research partnerships back at MIT for what's
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然後再將研究的計畫推回至MIT,
15:17
making it possible.
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以實現計畫。
15:20
So I'd like to leave you with two thoughts.
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所以我想藉此提供你兩的想法。
15:22
There's been a sea change in aid, from top-down mega-projects
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我們看到一個在經援上的巨大改變,上由大型計畫到小的
15:27
to bottom-up, grassroots, micro-finance investing in the roots,
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草根的微貸投資,
15:31
so that everybody's got that that's what works.
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所以這樣讓每個人都在其中,就是這樣才成功的。
15:34
But we still look at technology as top-down mega-projects.
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但是我們仍然將科技視為由上至下的巨型計畫。
15:37
Computing, communication, energy for the rest of the planet
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電腦,傳播,整個地球的能源
15:40
are these top-down mega-projects.
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都是巨型的計畫。
15:42
If this room full of heroes is just clever enough,
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如果這整個房間都是聰明人,
15:44
you can solve the problems.
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你們可以想到解決的辦法。
15:46
The message coming from the Fab Labs is that
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從Fab Lab實驗室來的想法是,
15:48
the other five billion people on the planet
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這地球上的五億人口
15:50
aren't just technical sinks; they're sources.
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並不懂得科技;但他們是最好的資源。
15:52
The real opportunity is to harness the inventive power of the world
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真正的機會存在於培養創造的能力
15:55
to locally design and produce solutions to local problems.
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將設計的能力在當地發展,以解決當地的問題。
15:59
I thought that's the projection 20 years hence into the future,
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我想這是從現在到未來20年後的發展,
16:02
but it's where we are today.
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但這是我們今天處在的位置。
16:04
It breaks every organizational boundary we can think of.
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這打破了每個機構性的疆界。
16:06
The hardest thing at this point is the social engineering
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這就是當下對於社會建設工程以組織建設工程最困難的事情
16:09
and the organizational engineering, but it's here today.
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但這問題就在那裡。
16:12
And, finally, any talk like this on the future of computing
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最後,任何關於未來電腦趨勢的演講
16:14
is required to show Moore's law, but my favorite version --
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都需要提到莫耳定律( Moore's law),但我最喜歡的--
16:18
this is Gordon Moore's original one from his original paper --
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就是高登.莫耳(Gordon Moore)原版--
16:23
and what's happened is, year after year after year,
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而且多年以來,
16:25
we've scaled and we've scaled and we've scaled
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我們成長再成長,
16:26
and we've scaled, and we've scaled and we've scaled,
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成長再成長,
16:30
and we've scaled and we've scaled,
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再成長
16:31
and there's this looming bug of what's going to happen
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而這就是在將來隱約可見的臭蟲,
16:33
at the end of Moore's law; this ultimate bug is coming.
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在莫耳定律的最後,這個臭蟲會來臨。
16:37
But we're coming to appreciate, is the transition from 2D to 3D,
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但是我們會懂得欣賞的,是從2D轉變到3D,
16:42
from programming bits to programming atoms,
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從計算數位,到原子
16:45
turns the ends of Moore's law scaling from the ultimate bug
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到計算莫耳定律最末端的巨蟲
16:47
to the ultimate feature.
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到最終的功能。
16:49
So, we're just at the edge of this digital revolution in fabrication,
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所以,我們只是在這個數位革命的邊緣進行製造進化
16:53
where the output of computation programs the physical world.
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將電腦程式最後的演算結果呈現在真實的世界。
16:56
So, together, these two projects answer questions
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所以以上這兩個計畫回答了
16:59
I hadn't asked carefully. The class at MIT shows the killer app
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我還沒有提到的兩個問題。這堂在MIT的教學所呈現的是
17:03
for personal fabrication in the developed world
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在發展中國家,為個人化所設的製造,其實
17:05
is technology for a market of one: personal expression in technology
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就是個人化的商品:個人化的在科技上的闡述
17:09
that touches a passion unlike anything I've seen in technology
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與人們的熱情是我在科技領域裡
17:12
for a very long time.
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很久沒有看到的。
17:14
And the killer app for the rest of the planet is the instrumentation
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而這個殺手級的應用程式對於這地球其他的地方,則是減少製作儀器
17:18
and the fabrication divide: people locally developing solutions
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以及製作本身的距離:人們可以真的藉此解決他們當地的問題
17:21
to local problems. Thank you.
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謝謝。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neil Gershenfeld - Physicist, personal fab pioneerAs Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds.
Why you should listen
MIT's Neil Gershenfeld is redefining the boundaries between the digital and analog worlds. The digital revolution is over, Gershenfeld says. We won. What comes next? His Center for Bits and Atoms has developed quite a few answers, including Internet 0, a tiny web server that fits into lightbulbs and doorknobs, networking the physical world in previously unimaginable ways.
But Gershenfeld is best known as a pioneer in personal fabrication -- small-scale manufacturing enabled by digital technologies, which gives people the tools to build literally anything they can imagine. His famous Fab Lab is immensely popular among students at MIT, who crowd Gershenfeld's classes. But the concept is potentially life-altering in the developing world, where a Fab Lab with just $20,000 worth of laser cutters, milling machines and soldering irons can transform a community, helping people harness their creativity to build tools, replacement parts and essential products unavailable in the local market. Read more in Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop.
Neil Gershenfeld | Speaker | TED.com