TEDGlobal 2012
Michael Anti: Behind the Great Firewall of China
Michael Anti: Za velikim požarnim kitajskim zidom
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Michael Anti (oz. Jing Zhao) že 12 let bloga na Kitajskem. Čeprav osrednja vlada nadzoruje Internet - "Vsi strežniki so v Pekingu" - predstavi nepričakovane načine, kako na stotine milijonov mikroblogerjev ustvarja prvo nacionalno javno sfero v zgodovini države in spreminja razmerja moči.
Michael Anti - Blogger
Michael Anti (Zhao Jing), a key figure in China's new journalism, explores the growing power of the Chinese internet. Full bio
Michael Anti (Zhao Jing), a key figure in China's new journalism, explores the growing power of the Chinese internet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
In the past several days, I heard people talking about China.
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V zadnjih dnevih sem slišal
veliko pogovorov o Kitajski.
veliko pogovorov o Kitajski.
00:21
And also, I talked to friends about China and Chinese Internet.
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S prijatelji smo se pogovarjali o Kitajski in
kitajskem internetu.
kitajskem internetu.
00:25
Something is very challenging to me.
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Velik izziv mi predstavlja sledeče:
00:27
I want to make my friends understand:
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rad bi, da moji prijatelji razumejo,
00:30
China is complicated.
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da je položaj Kitajske zapleten.
00:34
So I always want to tell the story, like,
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Vedno to želim razložiti
00:36
one hand it is that, the other hand is that.
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z upoštevanjem obeh strani zgodbe.
00:39
You can't just tell a one sided story.
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Ne moremo razlagati le enostransko.
00:42
I'll give an example. China is a BRIC country.
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Naj dam primer. Kitajska spada med države BRIC,
00:45
BRIC country means Brazil, Russia, India and China.
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kar predstavlja Brazilijo, Rusijo, Indijo in Kitajsko.
00:51
This emerging economy really is helping the revival of the world economy.
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To cvetoče gospodarstvo osvežuje
svetovne gospodarske razmere.
svetovne gospodarske razmere.
00:57
But at the same time, on the other hand,
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Hkrati pa je Kitajska
01:00
China is a SICK country,
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SICK (bolna) država,
01:03
the terminology coined by Facebook IPO papers -- file.
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termin, ki se je pojavil v prvi izdaji
Facebookovih delnic za javnost.
Facebookovih delnic za javnost.
01:09
He said the SICK country means Syria, Iran, China and North Korea.
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SICK države so Sirija, Iran,
Kitajska in Severna Koreja.
Kitajska in Severna Koreja.
01:15
The four countries have no access to Facebook.
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Vse štiri države nimajo dostopa do Facebooka.
01:20
So basically, China is a SICK BRIC country.
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Kitajska je torej SICK BRIC država.
01:24
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:25
Another project was built up
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Nek projekt je preučeval
01:27
to watch China and Chinese Internet.
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Kitajsko in kitajski internet.
01:29
And now, today I want to tell you my personal
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Danes pa vam želim predstaviti osebno mnenje,
01:33
observation in the past several years, from that wall.
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rezultat nekajletnega opazovanja, izza tega zidu.
01:38
So, if you are a fan of the Game of Thrones,
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Če ste ljubitelj Igre prestolov,
01:42
you definitely know how important a big wall is for an old kingdom.
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gotovo veste, kako pomembno je za staro kraljestvo
močno obzidje.
močno obzidje.
01:47
It prevents weird things from the north.
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Varuje pred čudnimi stvarmi s severa.
01:52
Same was true for China.
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Enako je veljalo za Kitajsko.
01:55
In the north, there was a great wall, Chang Cheng.
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Na severu so zgradili Kitajski zid, Chang Cheng.
01:58
It protected China from invaders for 2,000 years.
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Dve tisočletji je Kitajsko varoval pred osvajalci.
02:04
But China also has a great firewall.
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Kitajska pa pozna tudi veliki požarni zid.
02:08
That's the biggest digital boundary in the whole world.
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Gre za največjo digitalno mejo na svetu.
02:12
It's not only to defend the Chinese regime from overseas,
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Ne le da ščiti ureditev Kitajske pred tujimi vplivi,
02:16
from the universal values, but also to prevent
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pred splošnimi vrednotami,
02:20
China's own citizens to access the global free Internet,
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pač pa tudi preprečuje dostop Kitajcev do svetovnega brezplačnega interneta
02:24
and even separate themselves into blocks, not united.
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in jih celo razmejuje na nepovezane gradnike.
02:29
So, basically the "Internet" has two Internets.
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"Internet" ima torej dva interneta.
02:33
One is the Internet, the other is the Chinanet.
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En je Internet, drugi pa Chinanet.
02:37
But if you think the Chinanet is something
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A če mislite, da je Chinanet
02:41
like a deadland, wasteland, I think it's wrong.
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opustošena pustinja, se motite.
02:47
But we also use a very simple metaphor, the cat and the mouse game,
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Z uporabo preproste prispodobe, igre mačke in miši,
02:53
to describe in the past 15 years
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lahko opišemo dogajanje zadnjih 15 let,
02:56
the continuing fight between Chinese
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in sicer trajajoči boj med
03:00
censorship, government censorship, the cat,
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kitajsko oz. vladno cenzuro - mačko
03:03
and the Chinese Internet users. That means us, the mouse.
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in kitajskimi uporabniki interneta, nami oz. mišjo.
03:09
But sometimes this kind of a metaphor is too simple.
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A včasih je taka prispodoba preveč enostavna.
03:13
So today I want to upgrade it to 2.0 version.
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Danes jo želim nadgraditi na različico 2.0.
03:19
In China, we have 500 million Internet users.
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Na Kitajskem je 500 milijonov
internetnih uporabnikov.
internetnih uporabnikov.
03:22
That's the biggest population of Netizens, Internet users, in the whole world.
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Gre za največjo svetovno skupino "mrežanov"
oz. uporabnikov interneta.
oz. uporabnikov interneta.
03:27
So even though China's is a totally censored Internet,
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Čeprav je internet na Kitajskem popolnoma cenzuriran,
03:33
but still, Chinese Internet society is really booming.
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pa je družbeni vidik kitajskega interneta v razmahu.
03:36
How to make it? It's simple.
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Kako deluje kitajski internet? Preprosto.
03:39
You have Google, we have Baidu.
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Vi imate Google, mi imamo Baidu.
03:42
You have Twitter, we have Weibo.
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Vi imate Twitter, mi imamo Weibo.
03:45
You have Facebook, we have Renren.
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Vi imate Facebook, mi Renren.
03:48
You have YouTube, we have Youku and Tudou.
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Vi imate YouTube, mi pa Youku in Tudou.
03:53
The Chinese government blocked every
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Kitajska vlada je blokirala
03:58
single international Web 2.0 service,
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sleherno mednarodno platformo na spletu 2.0
04:02
and we Chinese copycat every one.
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in jo posnemala.
04:04
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:06
So, that's the kind of the thing I call smart censorship.
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Temu torej pravim pametna cenzura.
04:10
That's not only to censor you.
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Njihov namen pa ni zgolj nadzor.
04:14
Sometimes this Chinese national Internet policy is very simple:
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Včasih je državna kitajska internetna politika
zelo preprosta -
zelo preprosta -
04:19
Block and clone.
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blokiraj in kloniraj.
04:21
On the one hand, he wants to satisfy people's need of a social network,
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Po eni strani želi zadovoljiti potrebo ljudi po družbenih omrežjih,
04:26
which is very important; people really love social networking.
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ki so zelo pomembna za ohranjanje družbenih stikov.
04:29
But on the other hand, they want to keep the server
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Po drugi strani pa hočejo ohraniti strežnik v Pekingu,
04:32
in Beijing so they can access the data any time they want.
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da lahko kadarkoli dostopajo do podatkov.
04:37
That's also the reason Google was pulled out from China,
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Zaradi tega je tudi Google
prenehal delovati na Kitajskem,
prenehal delovati na Kitajskem,
04:41
because they can't accept the fact
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saj ne more sprejeti dejstva,
04:43
that Chinese government wants to keep the server.
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da želi kitajska vlada nadzirati strežnik.
04:48
Sometimes the Arab dictators didn't understand these two hands.
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Nekateri arabski diktatorji niso razumeli
teh dveh polov.
teh dveh polov.
04:53
For example, Mubarak, he shut down the Internet.
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Mubarak, na primer, je ukinil internet.
04:57
He wanted to prevent the Netizens [from criticizing] him.
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Želel je preprečiti kritike ljudi na spletu.
05:00
But once Netizens can't go online, they go in the street.
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A ker ljudstvo ni moglo na splet, je šlo na ceste.
05:06
And now the result is very simple.
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Posledica je zelo jasna.
05:09
We all know Mubarak is technically dead.
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Vsi vemo, da je Mubarak tehnično mrtev.
05:14
But also, Ben Ali, Tunisian president,
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Ben Ali, predsednik Tunizije,
05:19
didn't follow the second rule.
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ni upošteval drugega pravila,
05:21
That means keep the server in your hands.
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namreč lastnega nadzora nad strežnikom.
05:25
He allowed Facebook, a U.S.-based service,
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Dovolil je uporabo Facebooka,
spletne storitve z bazo v ZDA
spletne storitve z bazo v ZDA
05:31
to continue to stay on inside of Tunisia.
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znotraj Tunizije.
05:34
So he can't prevent it, his own citizens to post
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Tako ni mogel državljanom preprečiti
05:38
critical videos against his corruption.
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objave posnetkov s kritiko njegove korupcije.
05:40
The same thing happend. He was the first
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Zgodilo se je enako. Strmoglavili so ga
05:44
to topple during the Arab Spring.
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med gibanjem Arabska pomlad.
05:47
But those two very smart international censorship policies
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Ti dve razdelani mednarodni cenzurni politiki
05:52
didn't prevent Chinese social media [from] becoming a really public sphere,
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pa nista preprečili kitajskim družbenim omrežjem,
da postanejo resnično javne družbene sfere,
da postanejo resnično javne družbene sfere,
05:59
a pathway of public opinion and the nightmare of Chinese officials.
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poti javnega mnenja in
nočna mora kitajskih uradnikov.
nočna mora kitajskih uradnikov.
06:04
Because we have 300 million microbloggers in China.
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Na Kitajskem je 300 milijonov mikroblogerjev.
06:09
It's the entire population of the United States.
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Toliko, kot je prebivalstva ZDA.
06:13
So when these 300 million people, microbloggers,
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A tudi pri teh 300 milijonih mikroblogerjev
06:17
even they block the tweet in our censored platform.
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cenzura blokira tvite na naši nadzorovani platformi.
06:21
But itself -- the Chinanet -- but itself can create
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A kitajski internet lahko sam predstavlja
06:25
very powerful energy, which has never happened
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izjemno močno energijo, kar se še ni zgodilo
06:30
in the Chinese history.
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v kitajski zgodovini.
06:31
2011, in July, two [unclear] trains crashed,
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Julija leta 2011 sta dva vlaka trčila
06:36
in Wenzhou, a southern city.
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v južnem mestu Wenzhou.
06:38
Right after the train crash,
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Takoj po nesreči so oblasti želele
06:40
authorities literally wanted to cover up the train, bury the train.
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dobesedno zakriti vlak, ga zakopati.
06:45
So it angered the Chinese Netizens.
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Uporabniki interneta so pobesneli.
06:47
The first five days after the train crash,
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V prvih petih dnevih po nesreči
06:50
there were 10 million criticisms of the posting
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je bilo na družbenih omrežjih objavljenih
10 milijonov kritik,
10 milijonov kritik,
06:54
on social media, which never happened in Chinese history.
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kar se na Kitajskem še ni zgodilo.
06:58
And later this year, the rail minister
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Kasneje tistega leta so odpustili ministra za železnice
07:01
was sacked and sentenced to jail for 10 years.
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in ga obsodili na zaporno kazen 10 let.
07:07
And also, recently, very funny debate between
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Pred kratkim je potekala zabavna debata med
07:12
the Beijing Environment Ministry
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Pekinškim Ministrstvom za okolje
07:15
and the American Embassy in Beijing
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in Ameriškim veleposlaništvom v Pekingu,
07:18
because the Ministry blamed
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ko je ministrstvo obtožilo
07:21
the American Embassy for intervening in
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veleposlaništvo vmešavanja v
07:23
Chinese internal politics by disclosing
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kitajske notranje zadeve preko objavljanja
07:27
the air quality data of Beijing.
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podatkov o kakovosti zraka v Pekingu.
07:29
So, the up is the Embassy data, the PM 2.5.
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Zgoraj so podatki Veleposlaništva o
trdih delcih PM 2,5.
trdih delcih PM 2,5.
07:36
He showed 148, they showed it's dangerous for the sensitive group.
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Vrednost je 148, torej nevarna za občutljive ljudi.
07:42
So a suggestion, it's not good to go outside.
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Gre za opozorilo, naj po možnosti ne hodimo ven.
07:46
But that is the Ministry's data. He shows 50.
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Spodaj pa so podatki ministrstva,
ki kažejo vrednost 50.
ki kažejo vrednost 50.
07:51
He says it's good. It's good to go outside.
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Nobene nevarnosti torej ni in
lahko se zadržujemo zunaj.
lahko se zadržujemo zunaj.
07:55
But 99 percent of Chinese microbloggers
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A 99 odstotkov kitajskih mikroblogerjev
07:58
stand firmly on the Embassy's side.
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se je jasno postavilo na stran veleposlaništva.
08:02
I live in Beijing. Every day, I just watch
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Živim v Pekingu. Vsak dan preverim
08:07
the American Embassy's data to decide whether I should open my window.
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podatke Ameriškega veleposlaništva in se odločim, ali naj odprem okno.
08:16
Why is Chinese social networking, even within the censorship,
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Kako to, da je družbeno mreženje, kljub cenzuri,
08:20
so booming? Part of the reason is Chinese languages.
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v takem razmahu? Del razloga tiči v kitajskem jeziku.
08:24
You know, Twitter and Twitter clones have a kind of
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Twitter in njegovi kloni imajo omejitev
08:28
a limitation of 140 characters.
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okrog 140 znakov.
08:30
But in English it's 20 words or a sentence with a short link.
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To v angleščini predstavlja okrog 20 besed
ali stavek s kratko povezavo.
ali stavek s kratko povezavo.
08:34
Maybe in Germany, in German language, it may be just "Aha!"
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Morda teh 140 znakov v nemščini pove le "Aha!"
08:38
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
08:40
But in Chinese language, it's really about 140 characters,
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V kitajščini pa gre za 140 pismenk,
08:46
means a paragraph, a story.
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ki tvorijo cel odstavek, zgodbo.
08:49
You can almost have all the journalistic elements there.
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Lahko vključite vse novinarske elemente.
08:53
For example, this is Hamlet, of Shakespeare.
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Tu je, na primer, Shakespearov Hamlet.
08:57
It's the same content. One, you can see exactly
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Vsebina je enaka. Kot lahko vidite,
09:00
one Chinese tweet is equal to 3.5 English tweets.
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je en kitajski tvit enakovreden 3,5 angleškim tvitom.
09:07
Chinese is always cheating, right?
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Kitajščina vedno goljufa, kajne?
09:10
So because of this, the Chinese really regard this
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Zato so za nas mikroblogi samostojen medij
09:14
microblogging as a media, not only a headline to media.
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in ne le naslovi v medijih.
09:19
And also, the clone, Sina company is
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Pri podjetju Sina
09:23
the guy who cloned Twitter.
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so klonirali Twitter.
09:25
It even has its own name, with Weibo.
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Ima svoje ime, Weibo.
09:27
"Weibo" is the Chinese translation for "microblog".
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"Weibo" je kitajski prevod za "mikroblog".
09:30
It has its own innovation.
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Ima pa tudi novost.
09:32
At the commenting area, [it makes] the Chinese Weibo
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V območju za komentiranje postane kitajski Weibo
09:35
more like Facebook, rather than the original Twitter.
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podoben Facebooku in se razlikuje od
izvirnega Twitterja.
izvirnega Twitterja.
09:39
So these innovations and clones, as the Weibo and microblogging,
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Te novosti in kloni, tako kot Weibo in mikrobloganje,
09:43
when it came to China in 2009,
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so prišli na Kitajsko leta 2009
09:46
it immediately became a media platform itself.
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in v trenutku postali samostojna medijska platforma,
09:50
It became the media platform of 300 million readers.
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ki združuje 300 milijonov uporabnikov.
09:54
It became the media.
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Postali so medij.
09:56
Anything not mentioned in Weibo,
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Kar ni bilo omenjeno na straneh Weibo,
09:58
it does not appear to exist for the Chinese public.
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ni obstajalo za kitajsko javnost.
10:04
But also, Chinese social media is
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Poleg tega kitajski družbeni mediji
10:06
really changing Chinese mindsets and Chinese life.
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dejansko spreminjajo miselnost
in življenje na Kitajskem.
in življenje na Kitajskem.
10:10
For example, they give the voiceless people
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Ljudem brez glasu
10:14
a channel to make your voice heard.
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dajo način, da izrazijo svoje mnenje.
10:17
We had a petition system. It's a remedy outside the judicial system,
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Imeli smo sistem za prošnje,
sredstvo zunaj sodnega sistema,
sredstvo zunaj sodnega sistema,
10:22
because the Chinese central government wants to keep a myth:
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s katerim je osrednja kitajska vlada
želela ohranjati mit:
želela ohranjati mit:
10:25
The emperor is good. The old local officials are thugs.
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Cesar je dober, stari lokalni uradniki so slabi.
10:30
So that's why the petitioner, the victims, the peasants,
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Prosilci, žrtve, kmetovalci
10:33
want to take the train to Beijing to petition to the central government,
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so torej raje sedli na vlak do Pekinga in
vložili prošnjo na osrednjo vlado,
vložili prošnjo na osrednjo vlado,
10:37
they want the emperor to settle the problem.
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saj so želeli, da težavo reši cesar.
10:40
But when more and more people go to Beijing,
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A vedno pogostejše zbiranje nezadovoljnih v Pekingu
10:42
they also cause the risk of a revolution.
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lahko obeta revolucijo.
10:46
So they send them back in recent years.
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V zadnjih letih so jih tako pošiljali nazaj.
10:49
And even some of them were put into black jails.
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Nekaj so jih celo zaprli.
10:52
But now we have Weibo, so I call it the Weibo petition.
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Zdaj pa imamo Weibo, čemur pravim Weibo prošnje.
10:56
People just use their cell phones to tweet.
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Ljudje tvitajo prek svojih mobilnikov.
10:59
So your sad stories, by some chance your story
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Vaše žalostne zgodbe
11:02
will be picked up by reporters, professors or celebrities.
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tako lahko pridejo v roke poročevalcem,
profesorjem ali znanim osebam.
profesorjem ali znanim osebam.
11:06
One of them is Yao Chen,
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Ena od njih je Yao Chen,
11:08
she is the most popular microblogger in China,
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najbolj priljubljena mikroblogerka na Kitajskem
11:11
who has about 21 million followers.
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z okoli 21 milijoni sledilcev.
11:15
They're almost like a national TV station.
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Mikroblogerji so torej kot državne TV postaje.
11:19
If you -- so a sad story will be picked up by her.
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Oni lahko izpostavijo vašo žalostno zgodbo.
11:22
So this Weibo social media, even in the censorship,
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Ta Weibo družbeni medij kljub cenzuri
11:27
still gave the Chinese a real chance for 300 million people
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omogoča 300 milijonom Kitajcev
11:32
every day chatting together, talking together.
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vsakodnevne pogovore in debate.
11:36
It's like a big TED, right?
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Je kot velik TED, kajne?
11:39
But also, it is like the first time a public sphere
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Poleg tega pa gre za prvi pojav javne sfere
11:42
happened in China.
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na Kitajskem.
11:44
Chinese people start to learn how to negotiate
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Kitajci se učijo, kako se pogajati
11:47
and talk to people.
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in kako se pogovarjati z drugimi.
11:51
But also, the cat, the censorship, is not sleeping.
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A maček, cenzura, ne spi.
11:54
It's so hard to post some sensitive words on the Chinese Weibo.
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Težko je namreč objavljati občutljive besede ali teme.
11:59
For example, you can't post the name of the president,
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Ne sme se, na primer, objaviti imena predsednika,
12:02
Hu Jintao, and also you can't post the city of Chongqing, the name,
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Hu Jintao, prav tako mesta Chongqing,
12:07
and until recently, you can't search the surname of top leaders.
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in do nedavnega ni bilo dovoljeno iskanje
po priimkih glavnih vodij.
po priimkih glavnih vodij.
12:12
So, the Chinese are very good at these puns
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Kitajci so tako domiselno iznašli besedne igre,
12:16
and alternative wording and even memes.
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načine drugačnega izražanja in celo imitacije.
12:20
They even name themselves -- you know,
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Tako so tudi poimenovali sebe, in sicer
12:22
use the name of this world-changing
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preko boja med
12:25
battle between the grass-mud horse and the river crab.
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podvrsto alpake in rečno rakovico.
12:29
The grass-mud horse is caoníma,
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Kitajsko ime za alpako je caoníma,
12:31
is the phonogram for motherfucker,
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kar je fonogram za "jebem ti mater",
12:34
the Netizens call themselves.
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s čimer uporabniki interneta izražajo svoj odnos
12:40
River crab is héxiè, is the phonogram for
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do rečne rakovice, po kitajsko héxiè,
kar posnema izraz za
kar posnema izraz za
12:43
harmonization, for censorship.
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harmonizacijo družbe oz. cenzuro.
12:45
So that's kind of a caoníma versus the héxiè, that's very good.
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Konflikten odnos med caoníma in héxiè
je torej zelo domiseln.
je torej zelo domiseln.
12:51
So, when some very political, exciting moments happened,
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Ob zelo burnih političnih dogodkih
12:57
you can see on Weibo, you see a lot of very weird stories happened.
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se je na Weibo objavila cela vrsta bizarnih zgodbic.
13:02
Weird phrases and words, even if you have a PhD
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Čudnih stavkov in besed ne bi razumeli niti,
13:07
of Chinese language, you can't understand them.
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če bi imeli doktorat iz kitajskega jezika.
13:10
But you can't even expand more, no, because
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Niso pa se mogle širiti,
13:13
Chinese Sina Weibo, when it was founded
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saj je kitajski Sina Weibo nastal
13:16
was exactly one month after the official blocking of Twitter.com.
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točno en mesec po uradnem blokiranju
strani Twitter.com.
strani Twitter.com.
13:21
That means from the very beginning,
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Od samega začetka je torej
13:23
Weibo has already convinced the Chinese government,
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Weibo zagotovil kitajski vladi,
13:28
we will not become the stage for
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da ne bo postal medij
13:30
any kind of a threat to the regime.
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za kakršnekoli grožnje državni ureditvi.
13:33
For example, anything you want to post,
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Tako se vse, kar želite objaviti,
13:35
like "get together" or "meet up" or "walk,"
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kot "srečanje", "dobiti se" ali "hoditi",
13:38
it is automatically recorded and data mined
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samodejno shrani, poišče med podatki
13:42
and reported to a poll for further political analyzing.
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in prijavi raziskovalcem, da analizirajo
morebitno politično vsebino.
morebitno politično vsebino.
13:49
Even if you want to have some gathering,
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Čeprav gre v resnici za srečanje,
13:51
before you go there, the police are already waiting for you.
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vas bo na kraju čakala policija, še preden tja pridete.
13:54
Why? Because they have the data.
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Zakaj? Ker imajo podatke.
13:56
They have everything in their hands.
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Vse, kar potrebujejo, držijo v rokah.
13:58
So they can use the 1984 scenario data mining of the dissident.
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Za odkrivanje nasprotnikov lahko uporabijo
metode iskanja podatkov kot v romanu 1984.
metode iskanja podatkov kot v romanu 1984.
14:05
So the crackdown is very serious.
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Ukrepi so torej zelo resni.
14:08
But I want you to notice a very funny thing
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A rad bi, da vidite tudi zabavno plat
14:11
during the process of the cat-and-mouse.
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boja med mačko in mišjo.
14:14
The cat is the censorship, but Chinese is not only one cat,
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Mačka predstavlja cenzuro,
a kitajska mačka ni edina,
a kitajska mačka ni edina,
14:18
but also has local cats. Central cat and local cats.
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pač pa so tu še lokalne mačke.
14:22
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:23
You know, the server is in the [central] cats' hands,
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Strežnik je v rokah vrhovne mačke,
14:27
so even that -- when the Netizens criticize the local government,
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ko torej uporabniki spleta grajajo lokalno vlado,
14:31
the local government has not any access to the data in Beijing.
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pa ta nima dostopa do podatkov v Pekingu.
14:36
Without bribing the central cats,
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Brez podkupnine za vrhovne mačke
14:38
he can do nothing, only apologize.
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torej nimajo moči, lahko se le pokesajo.
14:41
So these three years, in the past three years,
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V zadnjih treh letih
14:44
social movements about microblogging
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so družbena gibanja prek mikrobloganja
14:46
really changed local government,
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resnično spremenila lokalne oblasti
14:49
became more and more transparent,
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in jih prisilila k večji preglednosti,
14:51
because they can't access the data.
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saj nimajo dostopa do podatkov o kritikih.
14:54
The server is in Beijing.
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Strežnik je v Pekingu.
14:58
The story about the train crash,
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Pri železniški nesreči ni bistveno vprašanje,
14:59
maybe the question is not about why 10 million
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zakaj je bilo objavljenih 10 milijonov kritik
v petih dnevih,
v petih dnevih,
15:02
criticisms in five days, but why the Chinese central government
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pač pa zakaj je kitajska centralna vlada
15:06
allowed the five days of freedom of speech online.
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dovolila teh pet dni svobode govora na spletu.
15:10
It's never happened before.
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Kaj takega se še ni zgodilo.
15:12
And so it's very simple, because even the top leaders
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Razlog pa je zelo preprost, namreč tudi najvišji vodje
15:15
were fed up with this guy, this independent kingdom.
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so se želeli rešiti tega ministra in
končati z neodvisnostjo njegove uprave.
končati z neodvisnostjo njegove uprave.
15:19
So they want an excuse --
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Zato so potrebovali izgovor za njegovo kaznovanje
15:20
public opinion is a very good excuse to punish him.
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in javno mnenje je bilo izjemno prikladno.
15:24
But also, the Bo Xilai case recently, very big news,
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Tu je še nedaven primer Bo Xilaia,
15:27
he's a princeling.
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odmeven primer potomca
privilegiranih članov Partije.
privilegiranih članov Partije.
15:28
But from February to April this year,
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Od februarja do aprila letos
15:32
Weibo really became a marketplace of rumors.
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je Weibo postal pravo tržišče govoric.
15:35
You can almost joke everything about these princelings,
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Ljudje so lahko po mili volji zasmehovali
te politične privilegirance.
te politične privilegirance.
15:38
everything! It's almost like you're living in the United States.
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Bilo je, kot bi živeli v ZDA.
15:42
But if you dare to retweet or mention any fake coup
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Kdor pa si je dovolil kopirati tvite
ali omenjati zaigran udar
ali omenjati zaigran udar
15:46
about Beijing, you definitely will be arrested.
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v Pekingu, je bil gotovo aretiran.
15:50
So this kind of freedom is a targeted and precise window.
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Ta vrsta svobode je usmerjeno
in natačno določeno okno.
in natačno določeno okno.
15:56
So Chinese in China, censorship is normal.
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Za Kitajce in Kitajsko je torej cenzura
nekaj normalnega.
nekaj normalnega.
16:00
Something you find is, freedom is weird.
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Človek spozna, da je svoboda nenavadna.
16:03
Something will happen behind it.
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Nekaj se dogaja v njenem ozadju.
16:04
Because he was a very popular Leftist leader,
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Ker je šlo za zelo priljubljenega
levičarskega voditelja,
levičarskega voditelja,
16:08
so the central government wanted to purge him,
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se ga je centralna oblast želela znebiti,
16:10
and he was very cute, he convinced all the Chinese people,
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on pa je prebrisano pozval Kitajce,
16:14
why he is so bad.
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naj premislijo, zakaj je tako slab.
16:16
So Weibo, the 300 million public sphere,
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Weibo, 300 milijonsko javno omrežje,
16:20
became a very good, convenient tool for a political fight.
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je tako postalo zelo prikladno sredstvo
za politični boj.
za politični boj.
16:24
But this technology is very new,
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Ta tehnologija je zelo nova,
16:26
but technically is very old.
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pravzaprav pa gre za staro metodo.
16:28
It was made famous by Chairman Mao, Mao Zedong,
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Znana je postala v času voditelja Mao Zedonga,
16:31
because he mobilized millions of Chinese people
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ko je zbral milijone Kitajcev
16:34
in the Cultural Revolution to destroy every local government.
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in preko njih v Kulturni revoluciji
poteptal vse lokalne vlade.
poteptal vse lokalne vlade.
16:38
It's very simple, because Chinese central government
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Bilo je preprosto, saj kitajski osrednji vladi
16:41
doesn't need to even lead the public opinion.
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ni treba niti usmerjati javnega mnenja.
16:43
They just give them a target window to not censor people.
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Le omogočijo jim ciljno okno brez cenzure.
16:47
Not censoring in China has become a political tool.
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Necenzura je na Kitajskem postala politično sredstvo.
16:53
So that's the update about this game, cat-and-mouse.
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To je torej nadgradnja igre mačke in miši.
16:57
Social media changed Chinese mindset.
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Družbeni mediji so spremenili kitajsko razmišljanje.
16:59
More and more Chinese intend to embrace freedom of speech
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Vse več Kitajcev dojema svobodo govora
17:03
and human rights as their birthright,
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in človekove pravice kot njihovo rojstno pravico
17:05
not some imported American privilege.
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in ne kot nek uvožen ameriški koncept privilegiranih.
17:09
But also, it gave the Chinese a national public sphere
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Poleg tega so Kitajski dali nacionalno javno omrežje,
17:12
for people to, it's like a training of their citizenship,
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preko katerega, kot bi šlo za utrjevanje
njihovega državljanstva,
njihovega državljanstva,
17:17
preparing for future democracy.
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se pripravljajo na prihajajočo demokracijo.
17:19
But it didn't change the Chinese political system,
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Niso pa še spremenili kitajskega političnega sistema
17:22
and also the Chinese central government utilized this
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in kitajska centralna vlada se je posluževala
17:25
centralized server structure to strengthen its power
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koncepta centraliziranega strežnika
za utrjevanje svoje premoči
za utrjevanje svoje premoči
17:29
to counter the local government and the different factions.
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ter nasprotovati lokalnim oblastem
in drugačnim skupinam.
in drugačnim skupinam.
17:33
So, what's the future?
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Kaj nas torej čaka?
17:36
After all, we are the mouse.
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Konec koncev smo zgolj miš.
17:38
Whatever the future is, we should fight against the [cat].
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V vsakem primeru se moramo boriti z mačko.
17:42
There is not only in China, but also in the United States
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Ne samo na Kitajskem, pač pa tudi v ZDA,
17:46
there are some very small, cute but bad cats.
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je nekaj majcenih, srčkanih a hudobnih mačk.
17:51
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
17:53
SOPA, PIPA, ACTA, TPP and ITU.
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SOPA, PIPA, ACTA, TPP in ITU.
17:59
And also, like Facebook and Google, they claim they are friends of the mouse,
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Prav tako kot Facebook in Google trdijo,
da so mišini prijatelji,
da so mišini prijatelji,
18:05
but sometimes we see them dating the cats.
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a včasih jih zalotimo v mačkini družbi.
18:09
So my conclusion is very simple.
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Moj zaključek je povsem preprost.
18:12
We Chinese fight for our freedom,
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Mi, Kitajci, se bomo borili za svobodo,
18:15
you just watch your bad cats.
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vi pa pazite na svoje pokvarjene mačke
18:19
Don't let them hook [up] with the Chinese cats.
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in držite jih stran od kitajskih.
18:21
Only in this way, in the future,
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Le tako bomo v prihodnosti dosegli
18:24
we will achieve the dreams of the mouse:
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mišine sanje,
18:28
that we can tweet anytime, anywhere, without fear.
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da lahko brezskrbno tvitamo kadarkoli in kjerkoli.
18:31
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
18:39
Thank you.
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Hvala lepa.
18:41
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Anti - BloggerMichael Anti (Zhao Jing), a key figure in China's new journalism, explores the growing power of the Chinese internet.
Why you should listen
One morning in 2011, Michael Anti woke up to find himself a nonperson: His Facebook profile, with 1,000+ contacts, had been suspended. Anti, whose given name is Zhao Jing, ran up against Facebook's real-name policy--but he points out that for Chinese bloggers and information activists, the pseudonym is an important protection for the free exchange of information.
Facebook itself is blocked in China (along with Twitter and YouTube), but the country boasts some 500 million netizens--including 200 million microbloggers on sites like Sina Weibo, a freewheeling though monitored platform for text and photo updates that offers, perhaps for the first time, a space for public debate in China. It's not a western-style space, Anti clarifies, but for China it is revolutionary: It's the first national public sphere. Microblogs' role became clear in the wake of the high-speed train crash in Wenzhou in 2011, when Weibo became a locus of activism and complaint--and a backchannel that refuted official reports and has continued to play a key role in more recent events.
Michael Anti | Speaker | TED.com