TED@NYC
Joy Sun: Should you donate differently?
Džoj San (Joy Sun): Da li bi trebalo drugačije da donirate?
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Tehnologija nam omogućava da direktno dajemo novac najsiromašnijim ljudima na planeti. Da li bi trebalo to da radimo? U ovom provokativnom govoru, dobrotvorna radnica veteranka, Džoj San, istražuje dva načina da se pomogne sirmašnima.
Joy Sun - Veteran aid worker
TED Fellow Joy Sun helped to launch a rare type of charity. GiveDirectly lets donors transfer money directly into the hands of impoverished people — empowering them to set their own goals and priorities. Full bio
TED Fellow Joy Sun helped to launch a rare type of charity. GiveDirectly lets donors transfer money directly into the hands of impoverished people — empowering them to set their own goals and priorities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I suspect that
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Pretpostavljam da svaka
00:14
every aid worker in Africa
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dobrotvorna radnica u Africi
00:16
comes to a time in her career
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dođe do stadijuma u svojoj karijeri
00:17
when she wants to take all
the money for her project —
the money for her project —
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kada želi da uzme
sav novac za svoj projekat -
sav novac za svoj projekat -
00:20
maybe it's a school or a training program —
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možda je u pitanju
škola ili program obuke -
škola ili program obuke -
00:24
pack it in a suitcase,
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spakuje ga u torbu,
00:25
get on a plane flying over the
poorest villages in the country,
poorest villages in the country,
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sedne na avion koji leti preko
najsiromašnijih sela u državi,
najsiromašnijih sela u državi,
00:29
and start throwing that money out the window.
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i počne da baca taj novac kroz prozor.
00:33
Because to a veteran aid worker,
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Jer za veterana dobrotvornog radnika,
00:35
the idea of putting cold, hard cash
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ideja o stavljanju čistog keša
00:38
into the hands of the poorest people on Earth
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u ruke najsiromašnijih ljudi na planeti
00:41
doesn't sound crazy,
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ne zvuči suludo,
00:42
it sounds really satisfying.
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već zadovoljavajuće.
00:46
I had that moment right about the 10-year mark,
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Doživela sam taj trenutak
oko svoje desete godine rada,
oko svoje desete godine rada,
00:49
and luckily, that's also when I learned
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i srećom, tada sam naučila
00:52
that this idea actually exists,
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da ova ideja zapravo postoji,
00:55
and it might be just what the aid system needs.
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i to je možda upravo ono
što sistemu treba.
što sistemu treba.
00:59
Economists call it an unconditional cash transfer,
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Ekonomisti to zovu
nezavisnim prebačajem novca,
nezavisnim prebačajem novca,
01:02
and it's exactly that: It's cash given
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i to je upravo to: novac dat
01:04
with no strings attached.
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bez ikakvih obaveza.
01:06
Governments in developing countries
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Vlade u državama u razvoju
01:08
have been doing this for decades,
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rade ovo decenijama,
01:10
and it's only now, with more evidence
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i tek sada, sa više dokaza
01:12
and new technology that it's possible
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i novom tehnologijom, moguće je
01:15
to make this a model for delivering aid.
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napraviti od ovoga
model za deljenje pomoći.
model za deljenje pomoći.
01:20
It's a pretty simple idea, right?
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Prilično je jednostavna ideja, zar ne?
01:23
Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff
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Zašto sam onda provela deceniju
radeći druge stvari
radeći druge stvari
01:27
for the poor?
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za siromašne?
01:29
Honestly, I believed that I could do more good
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Iskreno, verovala sam da mogu
da učinim više dobrog
da učinim više dobrog
01:32
with money for the poor
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sa novcem za siromašne
01:34
than the poor could do for themselves.
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nego što siromašni mogu da urade za sebe.
01:37
I held two assumptions:
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Imala sam dve pretpostavke:
01:38
One, that poor people are poor in part
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jedna je da su siromašni ljudi
delimično siromašni
delimično siromašni
01:41
because they're uneducated and
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jer su neobrazovani
01:43
don't make good choices;
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i ne prave dobre izbore;
01:45
two is that we then need people like me
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druga je da su nam potrebni
ljudi poput mene
ljudi poput mene
01:47
to figure out what they need and get it to them.
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da shvate šta im treba i daju im to.
01:51
It turns out, the evidence says otherwise.
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Izgleda da dokazi pokazuju suprotno.
01:55
In recent years, researchers have been studying
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Poslednjih godina,
istraživači su proučavali
istraživači su proučavali
01:58
what happens when we give poor people cash.
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šta se dešava kada damo novac
siromašnim ljudima.
siromašnim ljudima.
02:02
Dozens of studies show across the board
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Desetine istraživanja uveliko pokazuju
02:04
that people use cash transfers
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da ljudi koriste prebačaj novca
02:07
to improve their own lives.
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da poboljšaju svoje sopstvene živote.
02:09
Pregnant women in Uruguay buy better food
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Trudnica u Urugvaju kupuje bolju hranu
02:12
and give birth to healthier babies.
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i rađa zdravije bebe.
02:14
Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.
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Šrilančani ulažu u svoj posao.
02:17
Researchers who studied our work in Kenya
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Istraživači koji su proučavali
naš rad u Keniji
naš rad u Keniji
02:20
found that people invested in a range of assets,
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su otkrili da su ljudi ulagali
u različite resurse,
u različite resurse,
02:23
from livestock to equipment
to home improvements,
to home improvements,
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od stoke do opreme
i renoviranja u kući,
i renoviranja u kući,
02:27
and they saw increases in income
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i primetili su povećanja u prihodima
02:30
from business and farming
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od posla i poljoprivrede
02:32
one year after the cash was sent.
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godinu dana nakon što je novac poslat.
02:36
None of these studies found that people
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Nijedno od ovih istraživanja
nije otkrilo da ljudi
nije otkrilo da ljudi
02:38
spend more on drinking or smoking
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troše više na piće i duvan
02:41
or that people work less.
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ili da ljudi rade manje.
02:43
In fact, they work more.
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Zapravo, rade više.
02:47
Now, these are all material needs.
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To su sve materijalne potrebe.
02:50
In Vietnam, elderly recipients used
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U Vijetnamu, stariji primaoci su koristili
02:54
their cash transfers to pay for coffins.
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prebačaj novca da bi platili
svoje kovčege.
svoje kovčege.
02:58
As someone who wonders if Maslow got it wrong,
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Kao neko ko se pita
da li je Maslov pogrešio,
da li je Maslov pogrešio,
03:02
I find this choice to prioritize spiritual needs
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smatram davanje ovakvog prioriteta
duhovnim potrebama
duhovnim potrebama
03:07
deeply humbling.
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veoma poniznim.
03:09
I don't know if I would have chosen to give food
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Ne znam da li bih izabrala
da dajem hranu,
da dajem hranu,
03:11
or equipment or coffins,
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opremu ili kovčege,
03:15
which begs the question:
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što pokreće pitanje:
03:17
How good are we at allocating resources
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koliko smo dobri u deljenju resursa
03:20
on behalf of the poor?
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u ime siromašnih?
03:22
Are we worth the cost?
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Da li smo vredni troška?
03:25
Again, we can look at empirical evidence
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Ponovo, možemo da posmatramo
iskustvene dokaze
iskustvene dokaze
03:27
on what happens when we give people stuff
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o tome šta se dešava kada
dajemo ljudima stvari
dajemo ljudima stvari
03:30
of our choosing.
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po našem izboru.
03:32
One very telling study looked at a program in India
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Jedno iscrpno istraživanje
posmatralo je program u Indiji
posmatralo je program u Indiji
03:35
that gives livestock to the so-called ultra-poor,
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gde se daje stoka takozvanim
"ultrasiromašnima",
"ultrasiromašnima",
03:39
and they found that 30 percent of recipients
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i otkrili su da se 30 procenata primalaca
03:43
had turned around and sold the
livestock they had been given
livestock they had been given
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okrenulo i prodalo stoku koju su dobili
03:47
for cash.
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za novac.
03:50
The real irony is,
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Prava ironija je
03:52
for every 100 dollars worth of assets
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da su za svako sredstvo vredno 100 dolara
03:54
this program gave someone,
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koje je ovaj program dao nekome,
03:56
they spent another 99 dollars to do it.
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oni potrošili ostalih 99 dolara
da to urade.
da to urade.
04:01
What if, instead, we use technology to put cash,
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Šta ako umesto toga koristimo
tehnologiju da bismo stavili novac
tehnologiju da bismo stavili novac
04:05
whether from aid agencies or from any one of us
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od agencija za pomoć ili bilo koga od nas
04:09
directly into a poor person's hands.
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direktno u ruke siromašne osobe?
04:13
Today, three in four Kenyans use mobile money,
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Danas, tri od četiri Kenijca
koriste mobilni novac,
koriste mobilni novac,
04:16
which is basically a bank account that can run
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koji je zapravo bankovni račun
kojim može da se upravlja
kojim može da se upravlja
04:19
on any cell phone.
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sa bilo kog mobilnog telefona.
04:20
A sender can pay a 1.6 percent fee
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Pošiljalac može da plati
uslugu transfera od 1,6%
uslugu transfera od 1,6%
04:24
and with the click of a button
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i klikom na dugme
04:26
send money directly to a recipient's account
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pošalje novac direktno na račun primaoca
04:29
with no intermediaries.
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bez posrednika.
04:31
Like the technologies that are disrupting industries
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Poput tehnologija koje menjaju privredu
04:34
in our own lives,
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u našim životima,
04:36
payments technology in poor countries
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tehnologija plaćanja u siromašnim zemljama
04:39
could disrupt aid.
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može da promeni pomoć.
04:42
It's spreading so quickly that it's possible
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Širi se toliko brzo da je moguće
04:44
to imagine reaching billions
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zamisliti dostizanje milijarde
04:47
of the world's poor this way.
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najsiromašnijih ljudi na svetu
na ovaj način.
na ovaj način.
04:49
That's what we've started to do at GiveDirectly.
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To smo mi počeli da radimo
u "GiveDirectly".
u "GiveDirectly".
04:52
We're the first organization
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Mi smo prva organizacija
04:54
dedicated to providing cash transfers to the poor.
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koja omogućava prebačaj novca siromašnima.
04:57
We've sent cash to 35,000
people across rural Kenya
people across rural Kenya
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Poslali smo novac za 35 000 ljudi
širom ruralne Kenije
širom ruralne Kenije
05:01
and Uganda
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i Ugande
05:03
in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars
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u jednostrukim isplatama od 1000 dolara,
05:06
per family.
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po porodici.
05:08
So far, we've looked for the poorest people
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Do sada smo tražili najsiromašnije ljude
05:11
in the poorest villages, and in this part of the world,
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u najsiromašnijim selima
i u ovom delu sveta,
i u ovom delu sveta,
05:14
they're the ones living in homes
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to su oni koji žive u kućama
05:15
made of mud and thatch,
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od blata i trske,
05:17
not cement and iron.
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a ne cementa i čelika.
05:19
So let's say that's your family.
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Recimo da je to vaša porodica.
Mi se pojavimo na vašim vratima
sa android telefonom.
sa android telefonom.
05:21
We show up at your door with an Android phone.
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05:24
We'll get your name, take your photo
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Uzmemo vaše ime, slikamo vas
05:26
and a photo of your hut
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i vašu brvnaru
05:27
and grab the GPS coordinates.
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i uzmemo GPS koordinate.
05:30
That night, we send all the data to the cloud,
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Iste noći, pošaljemo sve podatke u oblak
05:32
and each piece gets checked
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i svaki deo proverava
05:34
by an independent team
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nezavisni tim
05:36
using, for one example, satellite images.
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koristeći, na primer, satelitske snimke.
05:40
Then, we'll come back,
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Zatim, mi se vratimo,
05:42
we'll sell you a basic cell phone
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prodamo vam običan mobilni telefon
05:44
if you don't have one already,
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ako ga već nemate,
05:46
and a few weeks later,
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i nekoliko nedelja kasnije,
05:49
we send money to it.
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pošaljemo vam novac na njega.
05:51
Something that five years ago
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Nešto što je pre pet godina
05:52
would have seemed impossible
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delovalo nemoguće,
05:54
we can now do efficiently
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danas možemo da uradimo efikasno
05:57
and free of corruption.
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i bez korupcije.
05:59
The more cash we give to the poor,
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Što više novca dajemo siromašnima,
06:01
and the more evidence we have that it works,
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i što više dokaza imamo
da to funkcioniše,
da to funkcioniše,
06:05
the more we have to reconsider
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to više moramo da uzmemo u obzir
06:07
everything else we give.
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sve ostalo što dajemo.
06:10
Today, the logic behind aid is too often,
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Danas je logika kod pomoći
previše često to
previše često to
06:13
well, we do at least some good.
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da činimo makar nešto dobro.
06:17
When we're complacent
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Kada smo popustljivi
06:18
with that as our bar,
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sa time kao svojim standardom,
06:20
when we tell ourselves that giving aid
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kada kažemo sebi da je davanje pomoći
06:23
is better than no aid at all,
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bolje nego ne davati ništa,
06:26
we tend to invest inefficiently,
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težimo da ulažemo neefikasno,
06:28
in our own ideas that strike us as innovative,
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u sopstvene ideje za koje mislimo
da su inovativne,
da su inovativne,
06:32
on writing reports,
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u pisanje izveštaja,
06:34
on plane tickets and SUVs.
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u avionske karte i terenska vozila.
06:38
What if the logic was,
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Šta ako bi logika bila:
06:40
will we do better than cash given directly?
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da li bismo učinili bolje
od davanja novca direktno?
od davanja novca direktno?
06:46
Organizations would have to prove
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Organizacije bi trebalo da dokažu
06:47
that they're doing more good for the poor
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da rade više dobrog za siromašne
06:49
than the poor can do for themselves.
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nego što siromašni mogu
da urade za sebe.
da urade za sebe.
06:52
Of course, giving cash won't create public goods
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Naravno, davanje novca neće stvoriti
javna dobra
javna dobra
06:55
like eradicating disease or
building strong institutions,
building strong institutions,
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poput iskorenjivanja bolesti
ili građenja jakih institucija,
ili građenja jakih institucija,
07:00
but it could set a higher bar
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ali bi moglo da postavi viši standard
07:03
for how we help individual families
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za načine na koji pomažemo porodicama
07:06
improve their lives.
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da poboljšaju svoje živote.
07:09
I believe in aid.
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Verujem u pomoć.
07:10
I believe most aid is better than just
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Verujem da je većina pomoći
bolja od običnog
bolja od običnog
07:13
throwing money out of a plane.
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bacanja novca iz aviona.
07:15
I am also absolutely certain
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Potpuno sam sigurna
07:18
that a lot of aid today
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da većina pomoći danas
07:20
isn't better than giving directly to the poor.
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nije bolja od direktnog davanja
novca siromašnima.
novca siromašnima.
07:24
I hope that one day, it will be.
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Nadam se da će biti jednog dana.
07:27
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
07:29
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joy Sun - Veteran aid workerTED Fellow Joy Sun helped to launch a rare type of charity. GiveDirectly lets donors transfer money directly into the hands of impoverished people — empowering them to set their own goals and priorities.
Why you should listen
The idea of using mobile technology to put cash directly into the hands of the poorest people on earth doesn’t sound crazy to veteran aid worker Joy Sun — it sounds deeply satisfying. In this talk, she talks about what happens when we use technology to give cash instead of services to the poor.
Joy Sun | Speaker | TED.com