TEDWomen 2018
Shohini Ghose: Quantum computing explained in 10 minutes
Šohini Gose (Shohini Ghose): Kvantni kompjuter objašnjen u deset minuta
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Kvantni kompjuter nije tek jača verzija kompjutera koje trenutno koristimo; radi se o nečemu u potpunosti različitom, zasnovanom na novom naučnom razumevanju, i malo više neodređenosti. Zakoračite u kvantnu zemlju čuda sa učesnicom programa TED Fellows, Šohini Gose, i saznajte kako ova tehnologija ima potencijal da transformiše medicinu, stvori nesalomivu enkripciju, pa čak i da teleportuje informacije.
Shohini Ghose - Quantum physicist, equity advocate
Shohini Ghose explores the strange quantum world of atoms and photons to understand the fundamental laws of the universe and harness them for quantum computing and communication -- and works to make science accessible and inclusive for people of all genders and backgrounds. Full bio
Shohini Ghose explores the strange quantum world of atoms and photons to understand the fundamental laws of the universe and harness them for quantum computing and communication -- and works to make science accessible and inclusive for people of all genders and backgrounds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Let's play a game.
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Odigrajmo igru.
00:14
Imagine that you are in Las Vegas,
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Zamislite da ste u Las Vegasu,
00:17
in a casino,
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u kazinu,
00:19
and you decide to play a game
on one of the casino's computers,
on one of the casino's computers,
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i odlučujete da odigrate igru
na jednom od kompjutera u kazinu,
na jednom od kompjutera u kazinu,
00:23
just like you might play
solitaire or chess.
solitaire or chess.
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baš kao što biste igrali pasijans ili šah.
00:26
The computer can make moves
in the game, just like a human player.
in the game, just like a human player.
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Kompjuter može da pravi poteze u igri,
baš kao i ljudski igrač.
baš kao i ljudski igrač.
00:30
This is a coin game.
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Radi se o igri s novčićem.
00:32
It starts with a coin showing heads,
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Počinje tako što novčić pokazuje glavu,
00:35
and the computer will play first.
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a kompjuter igra prvi.
00:37
It can choose to flip the coin or not,
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Može da bira
da li će da okrene novčić ili ne,
da li će da okrene novčić ili ne,
00:40
but you don't get to see the outcome.
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međutim, vi ne vidite rezultat.
00:43
Next, it's your turn.
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Potom ste vi na redu.
00:44
You can also choose
to flip the coin or not,
to flip the coin or not,
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I vi možete da birate
da li ćete da okrenete novčić ili ne,
da li ćete da okrenete novčić ili ne,
00:47
and your move will not be revealed
to your opponent, the computer.
to your opponent, the computer.
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a vaš potez neće da bude otkriven
vašem protivniku, kompjuteru.
vašem protivniku, kompjuteru.
00:51
Finally, the computer plays again,
and can flip the coin or not,
and can flip the coin or not,
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Naposletku, kompjuter igra ponovo
i može da okrene novčić ili ne,
i može da okrene novčić ili ne,
00:55
and after these three rounds,
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a nakon tri runde igre,
00:58
the coin is revealed,
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prikazuje se novčić,
01:00
and if it is heads, the computer wins,
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a ako je glava, pobeđuje kompjuter,
01:03
if it's tails, you win.
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ako je pismo, vi pobeđujete.
01:06
So it's a pretty simple game,
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Dakle, radi se o veoma prostoj igri,
01:07
and if everybody plays honestly,
and the coin is fair,
and the coin is fair,
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i ako svi igraju pošteno
i novčić nije namešten,
i novčić nije namešten,
01:11
then you have a 50 percent chance
of winning this game.
of winning this game.
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onda su vam šanse 50% da pobedite u igri.
01:15
And to confirm that,
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A da bih to potvrdila,
tražila sam od mojih studenata
da igraju ovu igru na našim kompjuterima,
da igraju ovu igru na našim kompjuterima,
01:17
I asked my students to play
this game on our computers,
this game on our computers,
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01:20
and after many, many tries,
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i nakon mnogih, mnogih pokušaja,
01:22
their winning rate ended up
being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,
being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,
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stopa uspešnosti je na kraju bila
oko 50 procenata ili blizu 50 procenata,
oko 50 procenata ili blizu 50 procenata,
01:26
as expected.
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kao što je i očekivano.
01:28
Sounds like a boring game, right?
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Zvuči kao dosadna igra, zar ne?
01:30
But what if you could play this game
on a quantum computer?
on a quantum computer?
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Međutim, šta ako biste mogli da igrate
ovu igru na kvantnom kompjuteru?
ovu igru na kvantnom kompjuteru?
01:34
Now, Las Vegas casinos
do not have quantum computers,
do not have quantum computers,
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Sad, kazina u Las Vegasu
nemaju kvantne kompjutere,
nemaju kvantne kompjutere,
01:37
as far as I know,
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bar da ja znam,
01:39
but IBM has built
a working quantum computer.
a working quantum computer.
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ali IBM je sagradio
funkcionalan kvantni kompjuter.
funkcionalan kvantni kompjuter.
01:42
Here it is.
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Evo ga.
01:44
But what is a quantum computer?
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Međutim, šta je to kvantni kompjuter?
01:46
Well, quantum physics describes
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Pa, kvantna fizika opisuje
01:49
the behavior of atoms
and fundamental particles,
and fundamental particles,
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ponašanje atoma i elementarnih čestica,
01:53
like electrons and photons.
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poput elektrona i fotona.
01:55
So a quantum computer operates
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Dakle, kvantni kompjuter radi
01:57
by controlling the behavior
of these particles,
of these particles,
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tako što kontroliše
ponašanje ovih čestica,
ponašanje ovih čestica,
02:00
but in a way that is completely different
from our regular computers.
from our regular computers.
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ali na potpuno drugačiji način
nego što to rade obični kompjuteri.
nego što to rade obični kompjuteri.
02:04
So a quantum computer
is not just a more powerful version
is not just a more powerful version
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Dakle, kvantni kompjuter
nije tek jača verzija
nije tek jača verzija
02:08
of our current computers,
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naših sadašnjih kompjutera,
02:10
just like a light bulb
is not a more powerful candle.
is not a more powerful candle.
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baš kao što sijalica nije jača sveća.
02:14
You cannot build a light bulb
by building better and better candles.
by building better and better candles.
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Ne možete da napravite sijalicu
unapređujući sveće.
unapređujući sveće.
02:19
A light bulb is a different technology,
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Sijalica je drugačija tehnologija
02:21
based on deeper scientific understanding.
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zasnovana na dubljem naučnom razumevanju.
02:23
Similarly, a quantum computer
is a new kind of device,
is a new kind of device,
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Slično, kvantni kompjuter
je novi tip uređaja,
je novi tip uređaja,
02:27
based on the science of quantum physics,
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zasnovan na nauci o kvantnoj fizici.
02:30
and just like a light bulb
transformed society,
transformed society,
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I baš kao što je sijalica
izmenila društvo,
izmenila društvo,
02:33
quantum computers
have the potential to impact
have the potential to impact
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kvantni kompjuteri
imaju potencijal da utiču
imaju potencijal da utiču
02:36
so many aspects of our lives,
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na toliko aspekata naših života,
02:38
including our security needs,
our health care and even the internet.
our health care and even the internet.
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uključujući naše bezbednosne potrebe,
naše zdravstvo, pa čak i internet.
naše zdravstvo, pa čak i internet.
02:42
So companies all around the world
are working to build these devices,
are working to build these devices,
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Dakle, firme širom sveta
rade na izgradnji ovih uređaja,
rade na izgradnji ovih uređaja,
02:47
and to see what
the excitement is all about,
the excitement is all about,
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a kako biste videli čemu sve to uzbuđenje,
02:49
let's play our game on a quantum computer.
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odigrajmo našu igru
na kvantnom kompjuteru.
na kvantnom kompjuteru.
02:52
So I can log into IBM's
quantum computer from right here,
quantum computer from right here,
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Mogu da se ulogujem
na IBM-ov kvantni kompjuter odavde,
na IBM-ov kvantni kompjuter odavde,
02:57
which means I can play the game remotely,
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a to znači da mogu
da igram igru na daljinu,
da igram igru na daljinu,
03:00
and so can you.
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a možete i vi.
03:02
To make this happen, you may remember
getting an email ahead of time, from TED,
getting an email ahead of time, from TED,
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Kako bismo ovo ostvarili, možda se sećate
da ste ranije dobili imejl od TED-a,
da ste ranije dobili imejl od TED-a,
03:07
asking you whether you would choose
to flip the coin or not,
to flip the coin or not,
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koji vas je pitao da izaberete
da li ćete da okrenete novčić ili ne,
da li ćete da okrenete novčić ili ne,
03:11
if you played the game.
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ako ste igrali igru.
03:13
Well, actually, we asked you to choose
between a circle or a square.
between a circle or a square.
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Pa, zapravo, tražili smo od vas
da odaberete krug ili kvadrat.
da odaberete krug ili kvadrat.
03:17
You didn't know it, but your choice
of circle meant "flip the coin,"
of circle meant "flip the coin,"
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Niste to znali, ali vaš izbor kruga
je značio „okrenuti novčić“,
je značio „okrenuti novčić“,
03:21
and your choice of square
was "don't flip."
was "don't flip."
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a vaš izbor kvadrata
je značio „ne okretati“.
je značio „ne okretati“.
03:24
We received 372 responses.
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Primili smo 372 odgovora.
03:27
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
03:28
That means we can play 372 games
against the quantum computer
against the quantum computer
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To znači da možemo da odigramo 372 igre
protiv kvantnog kompjutera
protiv kvantnog kompjutera
03:33
using your choices.
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upotrebom vaših izbora.
03:34
And it's a pretty fast game to play,
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I radi se o veoma brzoj igri,
03:37
so I can show you the results right here.
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pa ću da vam pokažem rezultate ovde.
03:40
Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.
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Nažalost, niste dobro prošli.
03:42
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:44
The quantum computer won
almost every game.
almost every game.
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Kvantni kompjuter je pobedio
u skoro svakoj igri.
u skoro svakoj igri.
03:48
It lost a few only because
of operational errors in the computer.
of operational errors in the computer.
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Izgubio je nekoliko samo zbog
operativnih grešaka u kompjuteru.
operativnih grešaka u kompjuteru.
03:51
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:53
So how did it achieve
this amazing winning streak?
this amazing winning streak?
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Dakle, kako je postigao
ovaj neverovatni niz pobeda?
ovaj neverovatni niz pobeda?
03:58
It seems like magic or cheating,
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Čini se kao čarolija ili varanje,
04:00
but actually, it's just
quantum physics in action.
quantum physics in action.
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ali zapravo se samo radi
o kvantnoj fizici na delu.
o kvantnoj fizici na delu.
04:03
Here's how it works.
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Evo kako funkcioniše.
04:05
A regular computer simulates
heads or tails of a coin as a bit,
heads or tails of a coin as a bit,
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Obični kompjuter simulira
glavu ili pismo novčića kao bit,
glavu ili pismo novčića kao bit,
04:10
a zero or a one,
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nulu ili jedinicu,
04:12
or a current flipping on and off
inside your computer chip.
inside your computer chip.
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ili struju koja se uključuje
ili isključuje u kompjuterskom čipu.
ili isključuje u kompjuterskom čipu.
04:16
A quantum computer
is completely different.
is completely different.
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Kvantni kompjuter je potpuno drugačiji.
04:19
A quantum bit has a more fluid,
nonbinary identity.
nonbinary identity.
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Kvantni bit ima fluidniji,
nebinarni identitet.
nebinarni identitet.
04:24
It can exist in a superposition,
or a combination of zero and one,
or a combination of zero and one,
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Može da postoji u superpoziciji
ili kombinaciji nule i jedinice,
ili kombinaciji nule i jedinice,
04:30
with some probability of being zero
and some probability of being one.
and some probability of being one.
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sa izvesnom verovatnoćom da bude nula
i izvesnom verovatnoćom da bude jedan.
i izvesnom verovatnoćom da bude jedan.
04:35
In other words,
its identity is on a spectrum.
its identity is on a spectrum.
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Drugim rečima, njegov identitet
nalazi se na spektru.
nalazi se na spektru.
04:38
For example, it could have
a 70 percent chance of being zero
a 70 percent chance of being zero
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Na primer, šanse mogu da budu
70 procenata da je nula
70 procenata da je nula
04:42
and a 30 percent chance of being one
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i 30 procenata da je jedan
04:44
or 80-20 or 60-40.
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ili 80-20 ili 60-40.
04:49
The possibilities are endless.
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Mogućnosti su beskrajne.
04:51
The key idea here
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Ključna ideja ovde
04:53
is that we have to give up
on precise values of zero and one
on precise values of zero and one
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je da moramo da se odreknemo
preciznih vrednosti nula i jedan
preciznih vrednosti nula i jedan
04:57
and allow for some uncertainty.
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i da dozvolimo nešto neodređenosti.
04:59
So during the game,
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Dakle, tokom igre,
05:01
the quantum computer creates
this fluid combination of heads and tails,
this fluid combination of heads and tails,
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kvantni kompjuter kreira
ovu fluidnu kombinaciju glava i pisama,
ovu fluidnu kombinaciju glava i pisama,
05:06
zero and one,
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nule i jedinice,
05:07
so that no matter what the player does,
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tako da šta god da igrač uradi,
05:09
flip or no flip,
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okrene ili ne okrene,
05:10
the superposition remains intact.
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superpozicija ostaje netaknuta.
05:13
It's kind of like stirring
a mixture of two fluids.
a mixture of two fluids.
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Pomalo liči na mešanje smeše dve tečnosti.
05:17
Whether or not you stir,
the fluids remain in a mixture,
the fluids remain in a mixture,
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Bilo da mešate ili ne,
tečnosti ostaju u smeši,
tečnosti ostaju u smeši,
05:22
but in its final move,
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ali finalnim pokretom
05:24
the quantum computer
can unmix the zero and one,
can unmix the zero and one,
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kvantni kompjuter
može da razdvoji nulu i jedinicu,
može da razdvoji nulu i jedinicu,
05:28
perfectly recovering heads
so that you lose every time.
so that you lose every time.
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u potpunosti obnavljajući glavu
tako da gubite svaki put.
tako da gubite svaki put.
05:32
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:34
If you think this is all a bit weird,
you are absolutely right.
you are absolutely right.
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Ako mislite da je sve ovo malčice čudno,
potpuno ste u pravu.
potpuno ste u pravu.
05:38
Regular coins do not exist
in combinations of heads and tails.
in combinations of heads and tails.
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Standardni novčići ne postoje
u kombinaciji glava i pisama.
u kombinaciji glava i pisama.
05:43
We do not experience
this fluid quantum reality
this fluid quantum reality
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Nemamo iskustvo
ove fluidne kvantne stvarnosti
ove fluidne kvantne stvarnosti
05:47
in our everyday lives.
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u našim svakodnevnim životima.
05:49
So if you are confused by quantum,
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Pa, ako vas zbunjuje kvantnost,
05:51
don't worry, you're getting it.
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ne brinite, shvatate je.
05:53
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:56
But even though we don't experience
quantum strangeness,
quantum strangeness,
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Međutim, iako ne doživljavamo
kvantnu čudnovatost,
kvantnu čudnovatost,
06:00
we can see its very real
effects in action.
effects in action.
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možemo da vidimo njene
veoma stvarne efekte na delu.
veoma stvarne efekte na delu.
06:04
You've seen the data for yourself.
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Sami ste videli podatke.
06:06
The quantum computer won
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Kvantni kompjuter je pobedio
06:08
because it harnessed
superposition and uncertainty,
superposition and uncertainty,
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jer je ovladao superpozicijom
i neodređenošću,
i neodređenošću,
06:12
and these quantum properties are powerful,
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a ova kvantna svojstva su moćna,
06:15
not just to win coin games,
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ne samo zbog pobeđivanja
u igrama s novčićem,
u igrama s novčićem,
06:17
but also to build
future quantum technologies.
future quantum technologies.
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već i zbog izgradnje
budućih kvantnih tehnologija.
budućih kvantnih tehnologija.
06:21
So let me give you three examples
of potential applications
of potential applications
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Dozvolite da vam dam
tri primera mogućih primena
tri primera mogućih primena
06:24
that could change our lives.
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koje mogu da promene naše živote.
06:27
First of all, quantum uncertainty
could be used to create private keys
could be used to create private keys
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Pre svega, kvantna neodređenost može
se koristiti za pravljenje ličnih ključeva
se koristiti za pravljenje ličnih ključeva
06:32
for encrypting messages
sent from one location to another
sent from one location to another
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za enkripciju poruka
koje se šalju s jedne lokacije na drugu
koje se šalju s jedne lokacije na drugu
06:36
so that hackers could not
secretly copy the key perfectly,
secretly copy the key perfectly,
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kako hakeri ne bi mogli
da savršeno kopiraju ključ u tajnosti
da savršeno kopiraju ključ u tajnosti
06:41
because of quantum uncertainty.
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zbog kvantne neodređenosti.
06:43
They would have to break
the laws of quantum physics
the laws of quantum physics
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Morali bi da prekrše zakone kvantne fizike
06:47
to hack the key.
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da bi hakovali ključ.
06:49
So this kind of unbreakable encryption
is already being tested by banks
is already being tested by banks
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Dakle, ovaj vid nesalomive enkripcije
već testiraju banke
već testiraju banke
06:54
and other institutions worldwide.
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i druge institucije širom sveta.
06:57
Today, we use more than 17 billion
connected devices globally.
connected devices globally.
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Danas globalno koristimo
preko 17 milijardi povezanih uređaja.
preko 17 milijardi povezanih uređaja.
Samo zamislite kakav bi uticaj mogla
da ima kvantna enkripcija u budućnosti.
da ima kvantna enkripcija u budućnosti.
07:03
Just imagine the impact quantum encryption
could have in the future.
could have in the future.
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07:08
Secondly, quantum technologies could also
transform health care and medicine.
transform health care and medicine.
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Pod dva, kvantna tehnologija bi mogla
i da transformiše zdravstvo i medicinu.
i da transformiše zdravstvo i medicinu.
07:14
For example, the design and analysis
of molecules for drug development
of molecules for drug development
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Na primer, izrada i analiza
molekula za razvoj lekova
molekula za razvoj lekova
07:19
is a challenging problem today,
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je veliki problem danas,
07:22
and that's because
exactly describing and calculating
exactly describing and calculating
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a to je zato što je precizan
opis i proračun
opis i proračun
07:27
all of the quantum properties
of all the atoms in the molecule
of all the atoms in the molecule
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svih kvantnih svojstava
svih atoma u molekulu
svih atoma u molekulu
07:31
is a computationally difficult task,
even for our supercomputers.
even for our supercomputers.
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računarski gledano težak zadatak,
čak i za naše superkompjutere.
čak i za naše superkompjutere.
07:35
But a quantum computer could do better,
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Međutim, kvantni kompjuter to može bolje
07:37
because it operates using
the same quantum properties
the same quantum properties
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jer radi upotrebom
istih kvantnih svojstava
istih kvantnih svojstava
07:40
as the molecule it's trying to simulate.
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koje molekul pokušava da simulira.
07:43
So future large-scale quantum
simulations for drug development
simulations for drug development
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Pa bi buduće kvantne simulacije
velikog obima za razvoj lekova
velikog obima za razvoj lekova
07:48
could perhaps lead to treatments
for diseases like Alzheimer's,
for diseases like Alzheimer's,
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možda mogle da dovedu do terapija
za bolesti poput Alchajmerove,
za bolesti poput Alchajmerove,
07:51
which affects thousands of lives.
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koja pogađa na hiljade života.
07:54
And thirdly, my favorite
quantum application
quantum application
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I pod tri, moja omiljena kvantna primena
07:57
is teleportation of information
from one location to another
from one location to another
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je teleportacija informacija
s jedne lokacije na drugu
s jedne lokacije na drugu
08:02
without physically transmitting
the information.
the information.
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bez fizičkog prenosa informacije.
08:05
Sounds like sci-fi, but it is possible,
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Zvuči poput naučne fantastike,
ali je moguće
08:09
because these fluid identities
of the quantum particles
of the quantum particles
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zato što ovi fluidni identiteti
kvantnih čestica
kvantnih čestica
08:13
can get entangled across space and time
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mogu da se upletu duž prostora i vremena
08:16
in such a way that when you change
something about one particle,
something about one particle,
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tako da, kada promenite
nešto kod jedne čestice,
nešto kod jedne čestice,
08:20
it can impact the other,
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to može da utiče na drugu,
08:21
and that creates
a channel for teleportation.
a channel for teleportation.
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a to stvara kanal za teleportaciju.
08:25
It's already been demonstrated
in research labs
in research labs
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Ovo je već demonstrirano
u istraživačkim laboratorijama
u istraživačkim laboratorijama
08:27
and could be part
of a future quantum internet.
of a future quantum internet.
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i može da bude deo
budućeg kvantnog interneta.
budućeg kvantnog interneta.
08:31
We don't have such a network as yet,
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Još uvek nemamo takvu mrežu,
08:34
but my team is working
on these possibilities,
on these possibilities,
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ali moja ekipa radi na ovim mogućnostima,
08:37
by simulating a quantum network
on a quantum computer.
on a quantum computer.
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simulirajući kvantnu mrežu
na kvantnom kompjuteru.
na kvantnom kompjuteru.
08:42
So we have designed and implemented
some interesting new protocols
some interesting new protocols
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Dakle, dizajnirali smo i implementirali
neke zanimljive nove protokole,
neke zanimljive nove protokole,
08:46
such as teleportation
among different users in the network
among different users in the network
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poput teleportacije
među različitim korisnicima mreže,
među različitim korisnicima mreže,
08:51
and efficient data transmission
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efikasnog prenosa podataka,
08:54
and even secure voting.
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pa čak i bezbednog glasanja.
08:56
So it's a lot of fun for me,
being a quantum physicist.
being a quantum physicist.
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Dakle, meni je izuzetno zabavno
što sam kvantna fizičarka.
što sam kvantna fizičarka.
08:59
I highly recommend it.
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Od srca to preporučujem.
09:00
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:02
We get to be explorers
in a quantum wonderland.
in a quantum wonderland.
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Imamo priliku da budemo istraživači
u kvantnoj zemlji čuda.
u kvantnoj zemlji čuda.
09:05
Who knows what applications
we will discover next.
we will discover next.
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Ko zna kakve ćemo primene
još da otrkijemo.
još da otrkijemo.
09:09
We must tread carefully and responsibly
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Moramo da se krećemo oprezno i odgovorno
09:12
as we build our quantum future.
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dok gradimo kvantnu budućnost.
09:14
And for me, personally,
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A za mene lično,
09:16
I don't see quantum physics as a tool
just to build quantum computers.
just to build quantum computers.
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ne gledam na kvantnu fiziku kao na oruđe
samo za izgradnju kvantnih kompjutera.
samo za izgradnju kvantnih kompjutera.
09:22
I see quantum computers as a way
for us to probe the mysteries of nature
for us to probe the mysteries of nature
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Gledam na kvantne kompjutere kao način
da ispitamo tajne prirode
da ispitamo tajne prirode
09:27
and reveal more about this hidden world
outside of our experiences.
outside of our experiences.
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i da otkrijemo više o ovom skrivenom
svetu van našeg iskustva.
svetu van našeg iskustva.
09:31
How amazing that we humans,
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Koliko je zapanjujuće da mi kao ljudi,
09:33
with our relatively limited
access to the universe,
access to the universe,
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sa našim relativno ograničenim
pristupom univerzumu,
pristupom univerzumu,
09:36
can still see far beyond our horizons
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ipak možemo da vidimo
daleko mimo našeg horizonta
daleko mimo našeg horizonta
09:39
just using our imagination
and our ingenuity.
and our ingenuity.
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samo upotrebom naše mašte
i naše ingenioznosti.
i naše ingenioznosti.
09:42
And the universe rewards us
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A univerzum nas nagrađuje
09:44
by showing us how incredibly
interesting and surprising it is.
interesting and surprising it is.
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tako što nam pokazuje koliko je
neverovatno zanimljiv i pun iznenađenja.
neverovatno zanimljiv i pun iznenađenja.
09:49
The future is fundamentally uncertain,
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Budućnost je temeljno neizvesna,
09:52
and to me, that is certainly exciting.
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a za mene, to je izvesno uzbudljivo.
09:56
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
09:57
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shohini Ghose - Quantum physicist, equity advocateShohini Ghose explores the strange quantum world of atoms and photons to understand the fundamental laws of the universe and harness them for quantum computing and communication -- and works to make science accessible and inclusive for people of all genders and backgrounds.
Why you should listen
As Shohini Ghose writes: "I've always wanted to be an explorer. As a girl I was inspired by Rakesh Sharma, the first Indian to go to space. I haven't made it to space yet, but I did become an explorer of a strange and exciting new world -- the quantum world of microscopic particles such as electrons and photons. I'm a theoretical physicist who examines how the laws of quantum physics can be harnessed to transform computation and communication. My colleagues and I made the first-ever observations of cesium atoms that demonstrated a connection between chaos theory and quantum entanglement.
"The activist in me questions why only three women have ever won the Nobel Prize in physics. I am passionate about addressing gender issues in science and recently founded the Laurier Centre for Women in Science, the first centre of its kind in Canada. I also work to create a vibrant and inclusive physics community in Canada as the vice president of the Canadian Association of Physicists. I love teaching and have co-authored Canada's largest selling introductory astronomy textbook."
Shohini Ghose | Speaker | TED.com