TEDSalon NY2014
Laurel Braitman: Depressed dogs, cats with OCD — what animal madness means for us humans
劳雷尔·布特曼: 抑郁的狗，强迫症的猫--对于人类，动物疯狂的背后指引着什么
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Readability: 4.3
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在滑稽动物视频的背后，时常是相似于人类的问题。【劳雷尔·布特曼】 研究非人类动物背后的精神健康问题--从强迫性的熊，自残的老鼠，到猴子有着不寻常的朋友，布特曼询问着 作为人类 我们 对抑郁，悲伤，和其他过于人为的动物们 中学到了什么。
Laurel Braitman - Science Historian + Writer
Science historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties. Full bio
Science historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Oliver was an extremely dashing,
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奥利弗是个劲头十足，
00:17
handsome, charming and largely unstable male
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帅气、迷人而且非常不稳定的男性
00:21
that I completely lost my heart to.
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我完全倾心于他。
00:25
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:28
He was a Bernese mountain dog,
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他是伯尔尼兹山地犬，
00:29
and my ex-husband and I adopted him,
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我的前夫和我收养了他，
00:32
and about six months in,
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差不多六个月之后，
00:34
we realized that he was a mess.
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我们发现他一团糟。
他患有麻痹性分离焦躁症
00:37
He had such paralyzing separation anxiety
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00:39
that we couldn't leave him alone.
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我们根本不能留他独处。
00:41
Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.
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有一次，他直接从我们公寓的三楼跳出去。
他吃布料，也吃回收物。
00:44
He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.
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他捕捉不存在的苍蝇。
00:49
He hunted flies that didn't exist.
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00:50
He suffered from hallucinations.
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他深受幻觉困扰。
00:52
He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder
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他被诊断过为“犬类强迫性障碍”
00:55
and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.
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而这些还只是冰山一角而已。
00:59
But like with humans,
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但是跟人类一样，
有时候六个月之后
01:03
sometimes it's six months in
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01:06
before you realize that
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你才发现
你爱的那个人有一些毛病
01:08
the person that you love has some issues.
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01:11
(Laughter)
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（笑）
01:12
And most of us do not take the person we're dating
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但大部分人不会把约会对象
丢回我们刚认识的那个酒吧
01:16
back to the bar where we met them
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或者还给那位介绍我们认识的朋友
01:19
or give them back to the friend that introduced us,
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又或者把他们重新注册回相亲网上
01:23
or sign them back up on Match.com.
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01:26
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:28
We love them anyway,
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不管怎样我们都爱他，
01:30
and we stick to it,
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而且坚持爱下去。
01:32
and that is what I did with my dog.
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我也这样对我的狗狗。
01:36
And I was a — I'd studied biology.
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我学过生物学。
我是MIT的科学史博士
01:40
I have a Ph.D. in history of science
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01:43
from MIT,
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01:44
and had you asked me 10 years ago
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如果十年前你问我
01:46
if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,
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如果我爱的狗狗，或者狗这个群体
01:48
had emotions, I would have said yes,
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有没有情绪，我会告诉你“有”。
01:50
but I'm not sure that I would have told you
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但我不确定是否会告诉你
01:52
that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,
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他们也会患焦虑症、
01:54
a Prozac prescription and a therapist.
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吃百忧解（一种治疗精神抑郁的药物）、看治疗师。
但我坠入了爱河，然后发现他们有种种问题，
01:58
But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,
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02:02
and actually trying to help my own dog
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而帮助我自己的狗狗
克服他的恐慌和焦虑，
02:05
overcome his panic and his anxiety,
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也改变了我的生活，
02:07
it just changed my life.
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02:10
It cracked open my world.
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打开了我的世界。
我在过去的七年
02:12
And I spent the last seven years, actually,
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探究了其他动物的精神疾病。
02:15
looking into this topic of
mental illness in other animals.
mental illness in other animals.
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02:17
Can they be mentally ill like people,
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他们会像人一样患精神疾病吗？
02:19
and if so, what does it mean about us?
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如果会，这对我们意味着什么？
02:22
And what I discovered is that I do believe
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然后我发现我相信
02:24
they can suffer from mental illness,
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他们会受精神疾病折磨，
02:26
and actually looking and trying
to identify mental illness in them
to identify mental illness in them
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而且观看并试着辨认他们的精神疾病
02:31
often helps us be better friends to them
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有助于我们成为更好的朋友
02:33
and also can help us better understand ourselves.
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也能更好地了解自己。
让我们稍微聊聊诊断过程吧，
02:37
So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.
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很多人认为我们不可能知道
02:40
Many of us think that we can't know
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另一个动物在想什么，
02:43
what another animal is thinking,
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的确如此，
02:46
and that is true,
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02:47
but any of you in relationships —
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但你们任何一个谈过恋爱的
02:49
at least this is my case —
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至少就我而言
仅仅问了在一起的伴侣、父母和孩子，
02:51
just because you ask someone that you're with
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02:53
or your parent or your child how they feel
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他们感觉如何
02:55
doesn't mean that they can tell you.
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不代表他们能告诉你。
也许他们不会用语言解释自己的感觉。
02:57
They may not have words to explain
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02:59
what it is that they're feeling,
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03:00
and they may not know.
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亦或他们真的不清楚。
事实上这是最近的一个现象
03:02
It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon
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03:04
that we feel that we have to talk to someone
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我们以为，想了解对方的情绪困扰
就必须跟他们聊聊。
03:06
to understand their emotional distress.
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03:08
Before the early 20th century,
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在二十世纪早期之前，
03:11
physicians often diagnosed emotional distress
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医师们经常仅仅靠观察
03:13
in their patients just by observation.
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就诊断他们的病人。
同时更没有费心思索过
03:17
It also turns out that thinking about
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03:18
mental illness in other animals
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其他动物的精神疾病。
03:20
isn't actually that much of a stretch.
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大多数美国人的精神障碍是
03:22
Most mental disorders in the United States
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03:24
are fear and anxiety disorders,
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恐惧和焦躁性障碍，
03:27
and when you think about it, fear and anxiety
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但仔细想一想，
这两者实际上是极其有益的动物情绪。
03:29
are actually really extremely
helpful animal emotions.
helpful animal emotions.
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03:33
Usually we feel fear and anxiety
in situations that are dangerous,
in situations that are dangerous,
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通常在危险的情况下
我们才会感到恐惧和焦躁，
我们才会感到恐惧和焦躁，
03:36
and once we feel them,
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一旦感受到它们，
03:37
we then are motivated to move away
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我们就会受到刺激而远离危险。
03:39
from whatever is dangerous.
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03:41
The problem is when we begin to feel fear
and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
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问题是，我们在不必要的时候
也会感受到恐惧和焦虑。
也会感受到恐惧和焦虑。
“情绪障碍”实际上仅仅是
03:46
Mood disorders, too, may actually just be
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03:49
the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,
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作为有感知动物的一种消极面
强制性障碍也是
03:53
and obsessive compulsive disorders also
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一种健康动物行为的表现
03:56
are often manifestations of
a really healthy animal thing
a really healthy animal thing
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03:59
which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.
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它让你保持干净整洁。
这就进入了精神疾病领域
04:02
This tips into the territory of mental illness
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04:04
when you do things like
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当动物强迫地过度洗手或洗爪子，
04:05
compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,
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或发展出极端的仪式行为
04:08
or you develop a ritual that's so extreme
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04:10
that you can't sit down to a bowl of food
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以至于心满意足之前
04:12
unless you engage in that ritual.
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都不能坐下好好吃饭。
所以 对于人类我们有一本
《诊断与统计手册》
《诊断与统计手册》
04:15
So for humans, we have the
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"
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这本册子主要收录了目前认可的精神障碍。
04:19
which is basically an atlas
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04:21
of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.
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而其它动物，我们有Youtube
04:24
In other animals, we have YouTube.
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04:27
(Laughter)
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04:29
This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"
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这只是搜索【强迫症狗】的结果
04:32
but I encourage all of you
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但我鼓励你们所有人
去搜一搜【强迫症猫】
04:33
to look at "OCD cat."
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04:36
You will be shocked by what you see.
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你会被结果惊到的。
04:40
I'm going to show you just a couple examples.
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在这我就分享一些例子
04:44
This is an example of shadow-chasing.
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这是一直追影子的狗
04:47
I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.
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我知道，这很好笑
在某个程度上还很可爱
在某个程度上还很可爱
问题是，狗狗有了这种强迫行为
04:50
The issue, though, is that dogs
can develop compulsions like this
can develop compulsions like this
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04:54
that they then engage in all day.
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就会一整天地重复下去。
它们不去散步，
04:56
So they won't go for a walk,
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04:58
they won't hang out with their friends,
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不跟朋友玩，
04:59
they won't eat.
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也不吃饭。
05:01
They'll develop fixations
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然后产生心理固着，
05:03
like chasing their tails compulsively.
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比如强迫地追自己尾巴。
05:06
Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.
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这里有只猫叫 【吉斯莫】，
05:09
He looks like he's on a stakeout
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他看起来正在监视什么
05:12
but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.
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但这一举动每天会持续若干小时
05:16
He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw
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他就坐在那，用前爪一直，一直，一直摆弄百叶窗
05:19
at the screen.
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05:21
This is another example of what's considered
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这是另外一个重复行为
05:23
a stereotypic behavior.
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05:25
This is a sun bear at the
Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
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这是一只在【奥克兰】动物园的 马来熊
名为 【听听】，
名为 【听听】，
然而如果你刚好看到这个画面，
05:28
And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,
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05:29
you might think that Ting Ting
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你可能会觉得【听听】
05:30
is just playing with a stick,
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只是在玩树枝，
05:32
but Ting Ting does this all day,
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但【 听听】 一整天就这样，
05:34
and if you pay close attention
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如果你们仔细看
05:36
and if I showed you guys
the full half-hour of this clip,
the full half-hour of this clip,
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再等这半个小时的视频放完，
05:39
you'd see that he does the exact same thing
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会注意到它每次都做着同一动作，
05:41
in the exact same order, and he spins the stick
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以同一顺序和同一方式转那个树枝，
05:43
in the exact same way every time.
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05:46
Other super common behaviors that you may see,
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其他非常常见的行为，
尤其是笼子里的动物，
05:48
particularly in captive animals,
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有固定的踱步行为
05:50
are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,
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或摇摆行为
事实上我们人类也一样
05:55
and actually, humans do this too,
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05:56
and in us, we'll sway,
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我们会摆动，
05:58
we'll move from side to side.
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从这边挪到那边。
我们很多人这么做
06:00
Many of us do this, and sometimes
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其实是一种放松方式，
06:02
it's an effort to soothe ourselves,
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06:04
and I think in other animals
that is often the case too.
that is often the case too.
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而且我相信其他动物也是如此。
但他们不止重复行为
06:06
But it's not just stereotypic behaviors
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06:08
that other animals engage in.
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06:10
This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives
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她是【吉吉】。
住在波士顿【富兰克林】动物园的母猩猩。
06:12
at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.
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06:13
She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,
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她有一个来自哈弗的精神医师
帮她治疗她的情绪病和其他问题。
06:16
and she's been treated for a mood disorder
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06:17
among other things.
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06:19
Many animals develop mood disorders.
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很多动物都会有情绪障碍，
很多动物，比如这只马
06:22
Lots of creatures —
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06:23
this horse is just one example —
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有自残行为。
06:25
develop self-destructive behaviors.
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06:27
They'll gnaw on things
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他们会乱咬东西
06:28
or do other things that may also soothe them,
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虽然是在放松心情，
06:30
even if they're self-destructive,
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但本质上在自我伤害
06:32
which could be considered similar
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就像有些人割伤自己
06:33
to the ways that some humans cut themselves.
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06:37
Plucking.
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还有拔毛！
06:38
Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,
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原来，只要你有皮毛，羽毛，或皮肤
06:42
you can pluck yourself compulsively,
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你就可能强迫性地拔毛，
06:44
and some parrots actually have been studied
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人们通过研究鹦鹉
06:46
to better understand trichotillomania,
or compulsive plucking in humans,
or compulsive plucking in humans,
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试图找出人类【拔毛癖】
或强迫性拔毛的原因。
或强迫性拔毛的原因。
06:49
something that affects
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一个正在困扰两千万美国人的问题。
06:51
20 million Americans right now.
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实验室的老鼠也拔自己的毛。
06:53
Lab rats pluck themselves too.
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这在它们看来是“理发”。
06:55
In them, it's called barbering.
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从伊拉克和阿富汗冲突退役的犬类
06:57
Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan
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回来后被发现
患有【犬类创伤后症候群】，
患有【犬类创伤后症候群】，
07:00
are coming back with what's
considered canine PTSD,
considered canine PTSD,
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07:03
and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life
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当它们被调回来后
它们很难回到正常的生活。
07:06
when they come back from deployments.
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07:07
They can be too scared to
approach men with beards
approach men with beards
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它们会害怕接近留胡子的人
07:10
or to hop into cars.
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或不敢跳进车内。
在这里我想谨慎地澄清，
07:13
I want to be careful and be clear, though.
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我不认为犬类的【创伤后症候群】
07:15
I do not think that canine PTSD
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跟人类的是一回事。
07:18
is the same as human PTSD.
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07:21
But I also do not think that my PTSD
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但我同样不认为
我的【创伤症候群】和你的一样，
07:23
is like your PTSD,
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07:24
or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.
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或我的焦虑和悲伤跟你的一样。
我们都是不同的。
07:28
We are all different.
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会有非常不同的承易受性。
07:30
We also all have very different susceptibilities.
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比如两只狗在一个家庭里长大，
07:33
So two dogs, raised in the same household,
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接触相同的环境，
07:36
exposed to the very same things,
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07:39
one may develop, say, a
debilitating fear of motorcycles,
debilitating fear of motorcycles,
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一只可能对摩托车产生强烈畏惧，
或对微波炉的【叮】声感到恐惧，
07:43
or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,
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07:45
and another one is going to be just fine.
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而另一只可能就很正常。
有件事很多人经常问我：
07:47
So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:
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07:50
Is this just an instance of humans
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会不会是因为人类把动物逼疯了，
07:52
driving other animals crazy?
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07:54
Or, is animal mental illness just
a result of mistreatment or abuse?
a result of mistreatment or abuse?
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或者，动物的精神问题
是被虐待的结果？
是被虐待的结果？
而事实其实比这更复杂
07:58
And it turns out we're actually
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07:59
so much more complicated than that.
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08:03
So one great thing that has happened to me
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最近我遇到的一件好事
08:06
is recently I published a book on this,
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自从出版了这方面的书之后
我每天打开电子邮箱
08:09
and every day now that I open my email
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08:13
or when I go to a reading
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或者去一些 读书会
08:14
or even when I go to a cocktail party,
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又只是或者去一些酒会，
08:16
people tell me their stories
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人们都爱告诉我
他们见过的动物的故事。
08:18
of the animals that they have met.
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08:20
And recently, I did a reading in California,
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最近，我在加州去了一个读书会，
08:23
and a woman raised her hand
after the talk and she said,
after the talk and she said,
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然后在结束时 一个女人举起手
告诉我
告诉我
“布莱曼博士，我觉得我的猫患有【创伤后症候群】。”
08:25
"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."
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08:29
And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."
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然后我就说：“嗯，怎么说？多告诉我一点。”
08:32
So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,
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她的猫叫【萍】。她是被救出来的，
她之前跟一位老人家住在一起，
08:35
and she used to live with an elderly man,
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08:38
and one day the man was vacuuming
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而一天那个人就在吸尘
08:40
and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.
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然后他突然心脏病发，过世了。
一个星期后，人们在公寓里被发现【萍】
08:43
A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment
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在她主人的尸体旁，
08:46
alongside the body of her owner,
204
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08:48
and the vacuum had been running the entire time.
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3387
而吸尘器就这么一直开着。
08:52
For many months, up to I think
two years after that incident,
two years after that incident,
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很多个月之后，直到事发后整整两年，
每次家里有人在做卫生她都非常惊恐，
不能呆在家。
不能呆在家。
08:57
she was so scared she couldn't be in
the house when anyone was cleaning.
the house when anyone was cleaning.
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08:59
She was quite literally a scaredy cat.
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是一只名副其实的胆小猫
09:01
She would hide in the closet.
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她会躲在衣橱里，
她不自信，全身发抖，
09:04
She was un-self-confident and shaky,
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1802
09:05
but with the loving support of her family,
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但那家人付出了爱，时间和耐心
09:08
a lot of a time, and their patience,
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09:10
now, three years later,
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现在，三年后，
09:11
she's actually a happy, confident cat.
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它变成一只自信又幸福的猫。
09:15
Another story of trauma and
recovery that I came across
recovery that I came across
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我遇到的另一个从创伤恢复的故事
09:18
was actually a few years ago.
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是几年前。
我在泰国做一些研究。
09:19
I was in Thailand to do some research.
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我碰到一只猴子名叫【布鲁纳】，
09:21
I met a monkey named Boonlua,
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3094
在布鲁纳很小的时候，
09:25
and when Boonlua was a baby,
219
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2272
被一群狗攻击了，
09:27
he was attacked by a pack of dogs,
220
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2014
它们扯掉了他的双腿和一条手臂，
09:29
and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,
221
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4844
然后布鲁纳把自己拖到了一个寺院，
09:34
and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery,
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09:37
where the monks took him in.
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一个和尚把他带了进去。
把他交给兽医治疗伤口。
09:38
They called in a veterinarian,
who treated his wounds.
who treated his wounds.
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最后布鲁纳去了一个大象收容所，
09:41
Eventually, Boonlua wound up
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09:43
at an elephant facility,
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09:45
and the keepers really decided
to take him under their wing,
to take him under their wing,
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饲养员决定把他留下，
09:48
and they figured out what he liked,
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还发现他喜欢【薄荷味曼妥思】、独角仙和蛋。
09:49
which, it turned out, was mint Mentos
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2019
09:51
and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.
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但他们很担心，因为他喜社交却也很孤独，
09:55
But they worried, because he
was social, that he was lonely,
was social, that he was lonely,
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09:58
and they didn't want to put
him in with another monkey,
him in with another monkey,
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他们不想把他跟其他猴子放在一起，
10:00
because they thought with just one arm,
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因为他们觉得，
10:01
he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.
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一只手臂的它根本无法自卫，甚至根本不能一起玩耍。
10:04
And so they gave him a rabbit,
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然后，他们就给了它只兔子，
布鲁纳瞬间就变了。
10:06
and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.
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10:09
He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.
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它很喜欢跟这只兔子腻在一起。
10:11
They groomed each other,
they become close friends,
they become close friends,
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它们帮彼此梳毛，
成为了很亲密的朋友，
成为了很亲密的朋友，
10:13
and then the rabbit had bunnies,
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然后这只兔子生了宝宝，
而布鲁纳比之前更快乐，
10:16
and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,
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这给了他早晨起床的动力，
10:19
and it had in a way given him
241
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10:21
a reason to wake up in the morning,
242
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1845
10:23
and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up
243
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实际上动力太足他干脆不睡了。
10:25
that he decided not to sleep.
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他对兔宝宝有极强的保护欲，
10:27
He became extremely protective of these bunnies,
245
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10:30
and he stopped sleeping,
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他不睡觉了
10:32
and he would sort of nod off
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结果在照顾兔宝宝时坐着打瞌睡，
10:33
while trying to take care of them.
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实际上他的保护欲太强，
10:35
In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate
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10:37
with these babies that the sanctuary
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收容所不得不把它们分开
10:39
eventually had to take them away from him
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10:41
because he was so protective, he was worried
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1935
因为他保护欲过强，
甚至担心兔妈妈会伤害它们。
10:43
that their mother might hurt them.
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所以当兔宝宝被拿走后，
10:45
So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff
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收容所的员工们担心它会沮丧，
10:47
worried that he would fall into a depression,
255
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1609
10:49
and so to avoid that,
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为了避免这样，
10:50
they gave him another rabbit friend.
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又给了他另外一直兔子朋友。
10:53
(Laughter)
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｛笑~~）
10:56
My official opinion is that
he does not look depressed.
he does not look depressed.
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我的专业意见是
它看起来完全不消沉。
它看起来完全不消沉。
（笑~~）
10:59
(Laughter)
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11:01
So one thing that I would really like people to feel
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所以 有一件事我很想让很多人知道，
你们其实被赋予了
11:05
is that you really should feel empowered
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准确猜测你所熟悉的动物的能力
11:08
to make some assumptions
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11:11
about the creatures that you know well.
264
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11:13
So when it comes to your dog
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所以， 当你自己的狗狗
11:14
or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey
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或猫，又或者你认识的独臂猴
11:17
that you happen to know,
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如果你觉得它们有创伤或消沉的话，
11:18
if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,
268
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11:22
you're probably right.
269
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你八成是对的。
他们可以被极端拟人化
11:24
This is extremely anthropomorphic,
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即是说，其他生物或事物被赋予人类的特点。
11:27
or the assignation of human characteristics
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11:30
onto non-human animals or things.
272
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3652
11:34
I don't think, though, that that's a problem.
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2141
但我不觉得 这是问题，
我们别无他法，只能拟人化
11:36
I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.
274
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2092
11:38
It's not as if you can take your
human brain out of your head
human brain out of your head
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2902
因为你不可能把人脑从脑袋里取出来
11:41
and put it in a jar and then use it
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再放到一个罐子里
用来思考其他动物的思维。
11:43
to think about another animal thinking.
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我们永远会是一个动物
11:45
We will always be one animal wondering
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11:48
about the emotional experience of another animal.
279
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好奇另外一个动物的精神体会。
所以我们的选择是，
把拟人做得贴切
把拟人做得贴切
11:50
So then the choice becomes, how
do you anthropomorphize well?
do you anthropomorphize well?
280
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2993
11:53
Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?
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还是做得糟糕？
而糟糕的拟人实在太常见了。
11:55
And anthropomorphizing poorly
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11:58
is all too common.
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（笑~）
12:00
(Laughter)
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12:02
It may include dressing your corgis
up and throwing them a wedding,
up and throwing them a wedding,
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2604
装扮你的【威尔士矮脚狗】，让它们结婚，
12:04
or getting too close to exotic wildlife because
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2656
或跟野生动物靠的太近
12:07
you believe that you had a spiritual connection.
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因为相信自己和它们灵魂相连什么的
12:09
There's all manner of things.
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1978
要拟人得贴切，
12:11
Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based
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3906
我认为是基于接受我们跟其他物种的相似之处
12:15
on accepting our animal
similarities with other species
similarities with other species
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2718
12:17
and using them to make assumptions
291
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2807
然后再用来做一些假设，
12:20
that are informed about other
animals' minds and experiences,
animals' minds and experiences,
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3639
使我们更了解其他动物的思维和经历，
12:24
and there's actually an entire industry
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其实有一整个行业
12:26
that is in some ways based
on anthropomorphizing well,
on anthropomorphizing well,
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基于贴切的拟人化，
那就是【精神药物】的行业。
12:29
and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.
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有五分之一的美国人
正在服用精神药物，
正在服用精神药物，
12:32
One in five Americans is currently
taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,
taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,
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从抗抑郁药
和抗焦虑的药物
和抗焦虑的药物
12:37
from the antidepressants
and antianxiety medications
and antianxiety medications
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2655
12:40
to the antipsychotics.
298
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1822
到抗精神病药，
12:41
It turns out that we owe this
299
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其实我们欠动物们
12:43
entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal
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2373
一整个精神药物行业。
12:46
to other animals.
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1732
这些药先在非人类动物身上测试，
12:47
These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,
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2510
12:50
and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.
303
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3936
而且并不止测毒性
还会观察对行为的影响。
还会观察对行为的影响。
一个非常常用的安定剂--【冬眠灵】
12:54
The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine
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3184
12:57
first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.
305
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3746
第一个“放松”的是老鼠，而不是人类。
【利眠宁】----- 抗焦虑的药物
13:01
The antianxiety medication Librium
306
769265
2161
13:03
was given to cats selected for
their meanness in the 1950s
their meanness in the 1950s
307
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3823
在上世纪50年代喂给根据恶劣程度挑选出的猫
然后让它们变的听话又温顺。
13:07
and made them into peaceable felines.
308
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2391
13:09
And even antidepressants
were first tested in rabbits.
were first tested in rabbits.
309
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4560
还有一些抗抑郁药
首先在兔子身上测试。
首先在兔子身上测试。
今天，被喂药的动物不是测试对象
13:14
Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs
310
782200
2904
13:17
to other animals as test subjects,
311
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2351
13:19
but they're giving them these drugs as patients,
312
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2491
而是病人。
13:21
both in ethical and much less ethical ways.
313
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4483
出于道德和不道德的原因
美国【海洋世界】 在拿走【逆戟鲸】妈妈
的宝宝之后
的宝宝之后
13:26
SeaWorld gives mother orcas
antianxiety medications
antianxiety medications
314
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3870
喂给她抗焦虑药物。
13:30
when their calves are taken away.
315
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2644
很多动物园的大猩猩都会被喂精神病药
13:32
Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics
316
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2283
13:35
and antianxiety medications.
317
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2066
和抗焦虑药。
13:37
But dogs like my own Oliver
318
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2873
而狗狗，像我的【奥利弗】一样
吃抗抑郁药和
抗焦虑药
抗焦虑药
13:40
are given antidepressants and
some antianxiety medications
some antianxiety medications
319
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3239
13:43
to keep them from jumping out of buildings
320
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1736
是为了防止它们从楼房里跳出去，
13:45
or jumping into traffic.
321
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2063
或 跳进车来车往的交通。
13:47
Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"
322
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3199
最近，一篇在【科学】杂志发表的一项研究
13:50
that showed that even crawdads
323
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1829
表明，连 喇蛄（一种淡水小龙虾）
13:52
responded to antianxiety medication.
324
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2224
也会对抗焦虑药有反应。
13:54
It made them braver, less skittish,
325
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2275
药物让它们更勇敢，不那么惊慌，
13:56
and more likely to explore their environment.
326
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5050
并且更容易让它们勘察它们的环境。
很难知道有多少动物
在服用这些药物，
在服用这些药物，
14:01
It's hard to know how many
animals are on these drugs,
animals are on these drugs,
327
829780
2358
14:04
but I can tell you that the
animal pharmaceutical industry
animal pharmaceutical industry
328
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3464
但我可以告诉你
动物制药业很强大
动物制药业很强大
14:07
is immense and growing,
329
835602
1788
且还在发展。
从2011年的70忆美金，
14:09
from seven billion dollars in 2011
330
837390
2723
14:12
to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.
331
840113
5579
到2015年预估的92.5忆
有些动物会无限期服用这些药物，
14:17
Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.
332
845692
3847
还有些，比如【密尔沃基】动物园的黑猩猩
14:21
Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee
333
849539
4235
本来一直服用
【帕罗西汀（抗抑郁药】
【帕罗西汀（抗抑郁药】
14:25
at the zoo there was on them
334
853774
1586
14:27
until he started to save his Paxil prescription
335
855360
2151
直到他把药藏起来，并且分给其他黑猩猩
14:29
and then distribute it among the other bonobos.
336
857511
2396
就停用了
14:31
(Laughter) (Applause)
337
859907
5009
{笑~~｝
14:36
More than psychopharmaceuticals, though,
338
864916
2889
除了精神药物以外，
市面是上还有很多 很多
14:39
there are many, many, many other
339
867805
2515
14:42
therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.
340
870320
2648
为动物治疗的方案。
而这里，我认为是人类药学可以向
14:44
And here is a place where I think actually
341
872968
2362
14:47
that veterinary medicine can teach something
342
875330
2442
兽类药学学习的地方。
14:49
to human medicine,
343
877772
1686
就拿你的狗来说，
14:51
which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,
344
879458
1890
14:53
compulsively chasing his tail,
345
881348
1800
他可能不停地追自己的尾巴，
见了【动物行为学家】，
14:55
into the veterinary behaviorist,
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而他的第一反应
不是去拿处方药方；
不是去拿处方药方；
14:56
their first action isn't to reach
for the prescription pad;
for the prescription pad;
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14:59
it's to ask you about your dog's life.
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而是问问你，你家狗狗的生活。
15:02
They want to know how often your dog gets outside.
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他们想知道你的狗室外活动频率，
15:05
They want to know how much
exercise your dog is getting.
exercise your dog is getting.
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有多少体育锻炼的时间，
有多少和其他狗和人社交的时间。
15:08
They want to know how much social time
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15:09
with other dogs and other humans.
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他们想了解
15:12
They want to talk to you
about what sorts of therapies,
about what sorts of therapies,
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你为你的狗狗试过多少行为治疗方案。
15:14
largely behavior therapies,
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15:16
you've tried with that animal.
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这些就是最能
帮助狗狗的方式，
帮助狗狗的方式，
15:19
Those are the things that
often tend to help the most,
often tend to help the most,
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15:21
especially when combined with
psychopharmaceuticals.
psychopharmaceuticals.
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特别是跟
药物相结合。
药物相结合。
而我相信最能帮助
15:24
The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most,
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15:27
particularly with social animals,
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社交性动物的是
15:29
is time with other social animals.
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花时间在其他社交性动物上。
15:32
In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal
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很多时候，我都觉得我成了为自家狗狗服务的动物
15:36
to my own dog,
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我见过鹦鹉为人类服务，
15:38
and I have seen parrots do it for people
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15:42
and people do it for parrots
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也见过人类为鹦鹉服务，
15:44
and dogs do it for elephants
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狗狗为大象服务
15:46
and elephants do it for other elephants.
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然后大象再为其他大象服务。
15:49
I don't know about you;
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我不知道你，
15:50
I get a lot of Internet forwards
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但我在网上受邀转发
很多动物之间不可思议的友谊
15:53
of unlikely animal friendships.
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我还认为这组成了【脸书（FB）】
的很大一部分，
的很大一部分，
15:55
I also think it's a huge part of Facebook,
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15:58
the monkey that adopts the cat
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猴子收养了猫
或是【大丹犬】收养了失去双亲的鹿宝宝，
16:01
or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn,
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4636
16:06
or the cow that makes friends with the pig,
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又或是奶牛跟猪成了朋友，
16:09
and had you asked me eight,
nine years ago, about these,
nine years ago, about these,
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如果你八、九年前问我 这些故事的话，
16:13
I would have told you that they
were hopelessly sentimental
were hopelessly sentimental
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我会告诉你这些太感情用事了，
16:15
and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way
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或是用错误的方式过于拟人化
16:18
and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now
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甚至是表演出来的
但现在我能告诉你，动物之间是真情实感。
16:21
is that there is actually something to this.
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这是真的。事实上，有些有趣的研究表明，
16:24
This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies
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3595
16:28
have pointed to oxytocin levels,
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【催产素】，一个社交产生的荷尔蒙
16:30
which are a kind of bonding hormone
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16:32
that we release when we're having sex or nursing
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2406
会在我们性交，养育宝宝，
16:35
or around someone that we care for extremely,
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2589
或是在极其喜爱的人身边会产生，
16:37
oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs
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2492
【催产素】水平会在
彼此关心和愿意陪伴的人和狗身体里上升，
16:40
who care about each other
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1394
16:41
or who enjoy each other's company,
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1660
不止这些，其他研究还表明【催产素】
16:43
and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin
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2309
16:45
raised even in other pairs of animals,
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2136
在其他组合动物身体里也会上升。
16:47
so, say, in goats and dogs who were
friends and played with each other,
friends and played with each other,
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3605
所以，山羊和狗狗成为朋友，一起玩耍后，
16:51
their levels spiked afterwards.
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4459
它们的【催产素】水平会达到一次高峰
我有个朋友向我展示了
16:55
I have a friend who really showed me that
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2767
16:58
mental health is in fact a two-way street.
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2424
精神疾病其实是双向的。
他的名字叫【朗尼·何举】，
他是越南战争回来的老兵。
他是越南战争回来的老兵。
17:00
His name is Lonnie Hodge,
and he's a veteran of Vietnam.
and he's a veteran of Vietnam.
393
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3999
17:04
When he returned, he started working
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2622
他回来后，
开始跟【种族屠杀】幸存者
17:07
with survivors of genocide and a lot of people
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2643
和其他有战争创伤的人一起工作
17:10
who had gone through war trauma.
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1528
17:11
And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights,
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2484
他有【战后创伤症候群】并且他还恐高，
17:14
because in Vietnam, he had been
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1022151
1899
因为在越南，
他经常从直升机上反向绕绳下降，
17:16
rappelling backwards out of helicopters
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1024050
2245
17:18
over the skids,
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1026295
1435
然后他就有了只服务犬
叫【甘德】，一只【拉布拉多贵宾犬】
叫【甘德】，一只【拉布拉多贵宾犬】
17:19
and he was givena service dog
named Gander, a labradoodle,
named Gander, a labradoodle,
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3069
17:22
to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.
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1030799
3451
帮助他克服创伤后遗症和恐高。
17:26
This is them actually on the first day that they met,
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这是它们第一次碰面，非常愉快，
17:28
which is amazing, and since then,
404
1036910
2592
从那以后，
17:31
they've spent a lot of time together
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1039502
1765
他们会花很多时间
拜访其他有相同问题的老兵。
17:33
visiting with other veterans
suffering from similar issues.
suffering from similar issues.
406
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4250
17:37
But what's so interesting to me about
Lonnie and Gander's relationship
Lonnie and Gander's relationship
407
1045517
3062
但引起我兴趣的是
【朗尼】和【甘德】的关系
【朗尼】和【甘德】的关系
17:40
is about a few months in,
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1048579
1778
在认识几个月后，
【甘德】开始恐高，
17:42
Gander actually developed a fear of heights,
409
1050357
3327
可能是因为他近距离观察了朗尼
17:45
probably because he was
watching Lonnie so closely.
watching Lonnie so closely.
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1053684
4297
这很了不起，它还是只很赞的服务犬，
17:49
What's pretty great about this, though,
is that he's still a fantastic service dog,
is that he's still a fantastic service dog,
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3469
17:53
because now, when they're both at a great height,
412
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2535
因为现在，如果他们同时站在高处
17:55
Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being
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3358
【朗尼】因为过于担心【甘德】的安全
17:59
that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.
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5974
甚至忘记了自己恐高。
自从我花这么多时间在这些故事上，
18:05
Since I've spent so much time with these stories,
415
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3281
18:08
digging into archives,
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1404
钻研归档，
18:10
I literally spent years doing this research,
417
1078002
2454
我花了很多年来做这份研究，
18:12
and it's changed me.
418
1080456
2300
这真的 改变了我。
我再也不会从物种层面来看动物，
18:14
I no longer look at animals at the species level.
419
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3936
18:18
I look at them as individuals,
420
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2228
我把它们看成独立的个体，
18:20
and I think about them as creatures
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1088920
1572
然后待它们为有独立内在系统的生物
18:22
with their own individual weather systems
422
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2759
18:25
guiding their behavior and informing
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引领着它们的行为，告知它们如何回应这世界。
18:26
how they respond to the world.
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18:29
And I really believe that this has made me
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我相信这让我
变成了一个更好奇、更赋有同情心的人，
18:32
a more curious and a more empathetic person,
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2364
18:34
both to the animals that share my bed
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3443
不管是跟我睡一张床
18:37
and occasionally wind up on my plate,
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偶尔还跟我抢饭的动物
18:40
but also to the people that I know
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还是我认识的
有焦躁症、恐惧症、或者其他病症的人们，
18:42
who are suffering from anxiety
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2951
18:45
and from phobias and all manner of other things,
431
1113894
2627
18:48
and I really do believe that
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1975
我真的相信
18:50
even though you can't know exactly
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就算你不可能明确了解
一只猪、哈巴狗或是你伴侣的
18:52
what's going on in the mind of a pig
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3387
脑子里到底在想什么，
18:56
or your pug or your partner,
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2107
这也不应该阻止你理解他们
18:58
that that shouldn't stop you
from empathizing with them.
from empathizing with them.
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我们给所爱对象最好的礼物
19:02
The best thing that we could do for our loved ones
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19:04
is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.
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也许就是【拟人化】他们。
【查尔斯·达尔文】的父亲曾告诉他
19:08
Charles Darwin's father once told him
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19:12
that everybody could lose their mind at some point.
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所有人都可能在某一刻失去理智，
19:17
Thankfully, we can often find them again,
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值得感激的是，我们常常能找回理智，
19:20
but only with each other's help.
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但需要彼此的帮助。
19:22
Thank you.
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谢谢。
19:24
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laurel Braitman - Science Historian + WriterScience historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties.
Why you should listen
Laurel Braitman is a science historian who wants to know: Why is your cat so sad? For her book Animal Madness, the TED Fellow delves into the history of mental illness in animals, revealing a world of parrots that pluck themselves, cats with PTSD and donkeys with deep neuroses. Braitman holds a PhD in history and anthropology of science from MIT and works as an affiliate artist at the Headlands Center for the Arts.
More profile about the speakerLaurel Braitman | Speaker | TED.com