ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Latif Nasser - Radio researcher
Latif Nasser is the director of research at Radiolab, where he has reported on such disparate topics as culture-bound illnesses, snowflake photography, sinking islands and 16th-century automata.

Why you should listen

The history of science is "brimming with tales stranger than fiction," says Latif Nasser, who wrote his PhD dissertation on the Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic of 1962. A writer and researcher, Nasser is now the research director at Radiolab, a job that allows him to dive into archives, talk to interesting people and tell stories as a way to think about science and society.

More profile about the speaker
Latif Nasser | Speaker | TED.com
TED2015

Latif Nasser: The amazing story of the man who gave us modern pain relief

拉特夫 纳赛尔: 现代止痛之父的传奇故事

Filmed:
1,689,086 views

在很长一段历史里,医生往往忽视了病痛中最主要的折磨—疼痛。在这段充满柔情,令人耳目一新的演讲中,拉特夫纳赛尔为我们讲述了一段传奇,作为摔跤手和医生的约翰 J 博尼卡,如何推动和改变了医学领域对待疼痛的方式,并由此改变了千万人的生活。
- Radio researcher
Latif Nasser is the director of research at Radiolab, where he has reported on such disparate topics as culture-bound illnesses, snowflake photography, sinking islands and 16th-century automata. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
A few少数 years年份 ago,
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几年前,
我母亲得了类风湿性关节炎。
00:14
my mom妈妈 developed发达 rheumatoid类风湿 arthritis关节炎.
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00:18
Her wrists手腕, knees膝盖 and toes脚趾 swelled膨胀 up,
causing造成 crippling瘫痪, chronic慢性 pain疼痛.
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她肿起的手腕,膝盖,和脚趾
让她长久以来痛苦不堪。
00:26
She had to file文件 for disability失能.
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她不得不去申请残障证。
00:28
She stopped停止 attending出席 our local本地 mosque清真寺.
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她不再去我们当地的清真寺参加活动。
00:31
Some mornings早晨 it was too painful痛苦
for her to brush her teeth.
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有些早晨她甚至疼得无法刷牙。
00:36
I wanted to help.
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我想帮助她,
00:38
But I didn't know how.
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但却感到束手无策。
00:40
I'm not a doctor医生.
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我并不是医生。
00:43
So, what I am is a historian历史学家 of medicine医学.
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我只是一个医药历史学者。
00:47
So I started开始 to research研究
the history历史 of chronic慢性 pain疼痛.
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于是我开始研究慢性疼痛的历史。
00:51
Turns out, UCLA加州大学洛杉矶分校 has an entire整个
history历史 of pain疼痛 collection采集
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我发现加州大学洛杉矶分校的档案里
收藏了关于疼痛的
完整历史记录。
00:56
in their archives档案.
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00:58
And I found发现 a story故事 --
a fantastic奇妙 story故事 --
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从中我找到了一则奇妙的故事——
关于一个男人如何将数百万人
从疼痛中拯救出来的故事;
01:02
of a man who saved保存 -- rescued获救 --
millions百万 of people from pain疼痛;
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那些和我母亲一样的人。
01:07
people like my mom妈妈.
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01:10
Yet然而, I had never heard听说 of him.
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然而,我从来没有听说过他。
01:12
There were no biographies传记
of him, no Hollywood好莱坞 movies电影.
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没有关于他的传记,
或好莱坞电影。
01:16
His name名称 was John约翰 J. Bonica博尼卡.
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他名叫约翰 J. 博尼卡,
01:21
But when our story故事 begins开始,
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不过在这个故事刚开始的时候,
他常常被人称作约翰尼 “斗牛士” 沃克。
01:22
he was better known已知 as
Johnny约翰尼 "Bull公牛" Walker助步车.
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01:28
It was a summer夏季 day in 1941.
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那是1941年的一个夏日。
01:31
The circus马戏团 had just arrived到达
in the tiny town of Brookfield布鲁克菲尔德, New York纽约.
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一个马戏团刚刚来到
纽约的布鲁克菲尔德镇上。
01:37
Spectators观众 flocked蜂拥而至 to see
the wire-walkers线步行者, the tramp流浪汉 clowns小丑 --
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观众蜂拥而至来看走钢丝表演和小丑——
01:41
if they were lucky幸运, the human人的 cannonball炮弹.
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如果运气够好,还能看到人体炮弹。
01:44
They also came来了 to see the strongman铁腕人物,
Johnny约翰尼 "Bull公牛" Walker助步车,
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他们还想见见大力士
约翰尼 “斗牛士” 沃克,
01:48
a brawny壮汉 bully欺负 who'd谁愿意 pin you for a dollar美元.
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只花1块钱,就可以跟他一较高下。
01:52
You know, on that particular特定 day,
a voice语音 rang out
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可在那一天,马戏团的广播中
传来了一个声音。
01:55
over the circus马戏团 P.A. system系统.
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他们在动物蓬急需一名医生。
01:57
They needed需要 a doctor医生 urgently迫切,
in the live生活 animal动物 tent帐篷.
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驯兽师出事了。
02:01
Something had gone走了 wrong错误
with the lion狮子 tamer.
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02:03
The climax高潮 of his act法案 had gone走了 wrong错误,
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他在表演进行到最精彩的时候
发生了意外,
他的头卡在了狮子嘴里。
02:06
and his head was stuck卡住
inside the lion's狮子 mouth.
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02:11
He was running赛跑 out of air空气;
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他快要窒息了;
观众惊恐地看着他。
02:13
the crowd人群 watched看着 in horror恐怖
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他挣扎了一阵,昏了过去。
02:15
as he struggled挣扎 and then passed通过 out.
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02:18
When the lion狮子 finally最后 did relax放松 its jaws,
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当狮子终于张开嘴巴的时候,
驯兽师瘫倒在地上,一动不动。
02:22
the lion狮子 tamer just slumped下跌
to the ground地面, motionless不动.
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02:27
When he came来了 to a few少数 minutes分钟 later后来,
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几分钟后,当他醒来,
他看到了一张熟悉的面孔。
02:30
he saw a familiar figure数字 hunched驼背 over him.
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02:33
It was Bull公牛 Walker助步车.
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那是“斗牛士“沃克。
02:35
The strongman铁腕人物 had given特定 the lion狮子 tamer
mouth-to-mouth嘴对嘴, and saved保存 his life.
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这位大力士通过人工呼吸
挽救了驯兽师的生命。
02:42
Now, the strongman铁腕人物 hadn't有没有 told anyone任何人,
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大力士从没有跟任何人提起过,
他其实是医学院的三年级学生。
02:44
but he was actually其实
a third-year第三年 medical student学生.
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02:48
He toured参观 with the circus马戏团
during summers夏天 to pay工资 tuition学费,
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他通过暑假跟着马戏团巡游来
赚钱付学费,
却为了维护角色形象而绝口不提此事。
02:52
but kept不停 it a secret秘密
to protect保护 his persona人物.
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02:55
He was supposed应该 to be
a brute畜生, a villain恶棍 --
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他想让大家认为自己是
一位土霸,恶棍——
而不是勤奋好学的书呆子。
02:59
not a nerdy书呆子 do-gooder做 - 古德.
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03:02
His medical colleagues同事 didn't
know his secret秘密, either.
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他在医学院的同事也不知道他的秘密。
03:05
As he put it, "If you were
an athlete运动员, you were a dumb dodo渡渡鸟."
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正如他所说,“如果你是个运动员,
理所应当就是个笨蛋。”
03:09
So he didn't tell them about the circus马戏团,
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因此他没有透露任何关于马戏团,
以及在傍晚和周末参加职业摔跤的事情。
03:12
or about how he wrestled搏斗 professionally专业
on evenings晚上 and weekends周末.
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03:18
He used a pseudonym笔名 like Bull公牛 Walker助步车,
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他用艺名“斗牛士”沃克,
后来还用过“蒙面奇侠”。
03:20
or later后来, the Masked蒙面 Marvel奇迹.
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03:23
He even kept不停 it a secret秘密 that same相同 year,
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即便在他得到
世界摔跤轻重量级冠军的那一年,
03:27
when he was crowned加冕
the Light Heavyweight重量级 Champion冠军
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他仍然保守着这个秘密。
03:30
of the world世界.
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03:33
Over the years年份, John约翰 J. Bonica博尼卡
lived生活 these parallel平行 lives生活.
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约翰 J 博尼卡过了数年这样的双面生活。
03:38
He was a wrestler摔跤手;
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他是摔跤手;
也是医生。
03:40
he was a doctor医生.
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03:41
He was a heel脚跟;
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他是混蛋,
也是英雄。
03:43
he was a hero英雄.
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03:45
He inflicted造成 pain疼痛,
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他给别人带来痛苦,
也能治疗疼痛。
03:46
and he treated治疗 it.
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03:49
And he didn’t know it at the time,
but over the next下一个 five decades几十年,
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他当时还不知道,
在未来的五十年里,
他会利用这两个不同的角色
03:52
he'd他会 draw on these dueling决斗 identities身份
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来创造一个对待疼痛的全新观念。
03:55
to forge锻造 a whole整个 new way
to think about pain疼痛.
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03:59
It'd它会 change更改 modern现代 medicine医学
so much so, that decades几十年 later后来,
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这种观念将为现代医学带来巨大的改变,
多年后,时代杂志会称其为“止痛之父”。
04:03
Time magazine杂志 would call him
pain疼痛 relief's浮雕的 founding创建 father父亲.
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04:09
But that all happened发生 later后来.
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但那都是后话了。
04:12
In 1942, Bonica博尼卡 graduated毕业
medical school学校 and married已婚 Emma艾玛,
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1942年,博尼卡从医学院毕业,
迎娶了艾玛,
他们几年前在他的一场比赛中相识。
04:17
his sweetheart爱人, whom he had met会见
at one of his matches火柴 years年份 before.
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04:22
He still wrestled搏斗 in secret秘密 -- he had to.
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他仍然偷偷地从事职业摔跤——
他别无选择。
04:25
His internship实习 at New York's纽约
St. Vincent's文森特的 Hospital醫院 paid支付 nothing.
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因为他在纽约圣文森特医院
实习期间没有任何收入。
04:31
With his championship锦标赛 belt,
he wrestled搏斗 in big-ticket大件 venues场馆,
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带着他的冠军金腰带,
他不断参加大型的摔跤比赛,
像在麦迪逊广场花园,
04:34
like Madison麦迪逊 Square广场 Garden花园,
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面对的都是大牌对手,
04:36
against反对 big-time重要时刻 opponents对手,
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比如埃弗里特 “金发熊” 马歇尔,
04:38
like Everett埃弗雷特 "The Blonde金发 Bear" Marshall马歇尔,
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或是荣获三次世界冠军的
安杰洛 萨沃尔迪。
04:41
or three-time三次 world世界 champion冠军,
Angelo安杰洛 SavoldiSavoldi.
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04:46
The matches火柴 took a toll收费 on his body身体;
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摔跤比赛严重地影响了他的身体状况;
他损伤过腰关节,断过肋骨。
04:48
he tore撕毁 hip臀部 joints关节, fractured骨折 ribs肋骨.
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一天晚上,“凶悍土耳其人” 的大脚指
在他脸上划出了一道
04:52
One night, The Terrible可怕 Turk's土耳其人的 big toe脚趾
scratched划伤 a scar瘢痕 like Capone's卡波恩的
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04:57
down the side of his face面对.
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像卡彭(美国著名罪犯,绰号“疤面”)
一样的伤疤。
04:59
The next下一个 morning早上 at work,
he had to wear穿 a surgical外科 mask面具 to hide隐藏 it.
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第二天早晨去上班时,
他只能带着医用口罩来遮掩伤势。
05:04
Twice两次 Bonica博尼卡 showed显示 up to the O.R.
with one eye so bruised伤痕累累,
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有两次,博尼卡出现在护士室的时候,
一只眼睛是青肿的,
完全看不见东西。
05:09
he couldn't不能 see out of it.
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05:11
But worst最差 of all were
his mangled错位 cauliflower菜花 ears耳朵.
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然而最糟糕的还是他那破损的菜花耳。
05:16
He said they felt like two baseballs棒球
on the sides双方 of his head.
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他说感觉就像头旁边挂了两个棒球。
05:21
Pain疼痛 just kept不停 accumulating积累 in his life.
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生活中的疼痛始终有增无减。
05:25
Next下一个, he watched看着 his wife妻子 go
into labor劳动 at his hospital醫院.
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接着,他看着老婆在自己的医院分娩。
05:29
She heaved长叹 and pushed, clearly明确地 in anguish痛苦.
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她挣扎着,明显承受着巨大的痛苦。
05:33
Her obstetrician产科医生 called
out to the intern实习生 on duty义务
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产科医生叫来了值班的实习生,
要给她几滴醚来缓解疼痛。
05:36
to give her a few少数 drops滴剂 of ether
to ease缓解 her pain疼痛.
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05:39
But the intern实习生 was a young年轻 guy,
just three weeks on the job工作 --
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但那位实习生很年轻,
才实习了三个星期——
他战战兢兢地进行麻醉时,
05:42
he was jittery风声鹤唳, and in applying应用 the ether,
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不小心刺激到了艾玛的喉咙。
05:45
irritated恼怒的 Emma's艾玛的 throat.
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05:48
She vomited呕吐 and choked哽咽,
and started开始 to turn blue蓝色.
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她开始呕吐,呼吸困难,
面色开始发青。
05:52
Bonica博尼卡, who was watching观看 all this,
pushed the intern实习生 out of the way,
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在一旁看着的博尼卡把实习生推开,
清理了她的呼吸道,
05:58
cleared清除 her airway空中航线,
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拯救了自己的妻子和未出生女儿的命。
05:59
and saved保存 his wife妻子
and his unborn腹中 daughter女儿.
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06:04
At that moment时刻, he decided决定
to devote奉献 his life to anesthesiology麻醉学.
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从那一刻起,他决定致力于麻醉科。
06:09
Later后来, he'd他会 even go on to help develop发展
the epidural硬膜外, for delivering交付 mothers母亲.
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后来,他甚至为帮助分娩的母亲
而发明了硬膜外麻醉术。
但在他可以完全转行妇产科之前,
06:14
But before he could focus焦点 on obstetrics产科,
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博尼卡必须完成他的基本培训。
06:17
Bonica博尼卡 had to report报告 for basic基本 training训练.
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06:22
Right around D-Dayd日,
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在诺曼底登陆日前后,
博尼卡出现在了塔科马附近的
06:23
Bonica博尼卡 showed显示 up
to Madigan马迪根 Army军队 Medical Center中央,
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马迪根陆军医疗中心。
06:27
near Tacoma塔科马.
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那是美国最大的军事医院之一,
有7700张病床。
06:28
At 7,700 beds, it was one of the largest最大
army军队 hospitals医院 in America美国.
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06:34
Bonica博尼卡 was in charge收费
of all pain疼痛 control控制 there.
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那里所有的止痛工作都由博尼卡负责。
06:37
He was only 27.
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他当时只有二十七岁。
06:40
Treating治疗 so many许多 patients耐心,
Bonica博尼卡 started开始 noticing注意到 cases
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接触过大量病人以后,
博尼卡开始注意到,
一些案例完全有悖于之前所学的知识。
06:43
that contradicted矛盾 everything
he had learned学到了.
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06:46
Pain疼痛 was supposed应该 to be
a kind of alarm报警 bell -- in a good way --
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疼痛本应该是一种有益的警钟,
是身体在受伤的情况下发出信号的
一种方式,例如骨折的时候。
06:51
a body's身体的 way of signaling发信号 an injury,
like a broken破碎 arm.
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06:56
But in some cases,
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但在某些案例里,
比如一个病人刚做了腿部截肢后,
06:58
like after a patient患者 had a leg amputated截肢,
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可能还会感觉到
本不该存在的腿部疼痛。
07:01
that patient患者 might威力 still complain抱怨
of pain疼痛 in that nonexistent不存在的 leg.
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07:06
But if the injury had been treated治疗, why
would the alarm报警 bell keep ringing铃声?
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如果伤口已经被处理过了,
怎么还会警钟长鸣呢?
07:10
There were other cases in which哪一个 there
was no evidence证据 of an injury whatsoever任何,
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有些案例里没有任何受伤的迹象,
但是,这些病人仍然很痛苦。
07:15
and yet然而, still the patient患者 hurt伤害.
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07:18
Bonica博尼卡 tracked追踪 down all the specialists专家
at his hospital醫院 -- surgeons外科医生,
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博尼卡跟踪观察了医院里的所有医生
——外科医生,
神经科医生,精神病医生,等等。
07:22
neurologists神经学家, psychiatrists精神科医生, others其他.
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07:25
And he tried试着 to get
their opinions意见 on his patients耐心.
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他想问一下这些医生对他的病人的看法。
07:29
It took too long, so he started开始 organizing组织
group meetings会议 over lunch午餐.
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为了节省时间,
他开始在午餐时间组织会议。
07:35
It would be like a tag标签 team球队 of specialists专家
going up against反对 the patient's耐心 pain疼痛.
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其间很多专业人士会一起讨论
病人的疼痛症状。
之前从来没有人如此重视过疼痛。
07:39
No one had ever focused重点 on pain疼痛
this way before.
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07:44
After that, he hit击中 the books图书.
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在这之后,他开始查阅资料。
07:47
He read every一切 medical textbook教科书
he could get his hands on,
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他读了所有能拿到的医学资料,
仔细标记了所有提到“疼痛”二字的地方。
07:50
carefully小心 noting注意 every一切 mention提到
of the word "pain疼痛."
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07:54
Out of the 14,000 pages网页 he read,
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在他读过的14000页内容中,
“疼痛”只在十七页半中出现。
07:58
the word "pain疼痛" was
on 17 and a half of them.
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08:02
Seventeen十七 and a half.
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十七页半。
这是作为一个病人最基本,最常见,
却也最令人无奈的地方。
08:04
For the most basic基本, most common共同,
most frustrating泄气 part部分 of being存在 a patient患者.
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08:10
Bonica博尼卡 was shocked吃惊 -- I'm quoting引用 him,
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博尼卡被震惊了——
他的原话是这么说的,
他说,“就这点信息,
你能得出什么结论呢?
08:13
he said, "What the hell地狱 kind of conclusion结论
can you come to there?
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在病人眼中最重要的事情,
08:17
The most important重要 thing
from the patient's耐心 perspective透视,
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他们(医生)从来不在乎。“
08:20
they don't talk about."
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08:23
So over the next下一个 eight years年份,
Bonica博尼卡 would talk about it.
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在接下来的八年里,
博尼卡对此重视起来。
他写了关于疼痛的书;
他要补全那些缺失的内容。
08:27
He'd他会 write about it; he'd他会 write
those missing失踪 pages网页.
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08:30
He wrote what would later后来 be known已知
as the Bible圣经 of Pain疼痛.
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他写了后来被人誉为“疼痛圣经”的书。
08:34
In it he proposed建议 new strategies策略,
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在书中他提出的了新的方法,
用神经抑制注射来缓解疼痛。
08:38
new treatments治疗 using运用
nerve-block神经块 injections注射.
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他提倡建立一个新的机构,
“疼痛诊所”,
08:41
He proposed建议 a new institution机构,
the Pain疼痛 Clinic诊所,
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这个想法来源于之前的午餐会议。
08:44
based基于 on those lunchtime午餐时间 meetings会议.
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08:47
But the most important重要 thing
about his book
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但是关于这本书最重要的事情是,
它是一个医学警钟。
08:49
was that it was kind of an emotional情绪化
alarm报警 bell for medicine医学.
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08:54
A desperate殊死 plea恳求 to doctors医生
to take pain疼痛 seriously认真地
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一个希望医生能够更加关注
病人疼痛症状的
迫切意愿。
09:00
in patients'耐心' lives生活.
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09:03
He recast重铸 the very purpose目的 of medicine医学.
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他重新定义了医学的宗旨。
09:07
The goal目标 wasn't to make patients耐心 better;
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目标并不仅仅是让病人康复,
而是减少病人在这个过程中遭受的痛苦。
09:11
it was to make patients耐心 feel better.
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09:16
He pushed his pain疼痛 agenda议程 for decades几十年,
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他几十年来一直在
推行自己的疼痛计划,
直到70年代中期。
09:19
before it finally最后 took hold保持
in the mid-'中-'70s.
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09:22
Hundreds数以百计 of pain疼痛 clinics诊所 sprung弹性 up
all over the world世界.
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那时候,已有几百家疼痛诊所
在世界各地开放。
09:27
But as they did -- a tragic悲惨 twist.
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但是,一个悲伤的转折出现了,
09:31
Bonica's博尼卡的 years年份 of wrestling摔角
caught抓住 up to him.
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博尼卡数年摔跤生涯的
后果显露出来了。
09:36
He had been out of the ring
for over 20 years年份,
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他已经20多年不摔跤了,
但1500名职业摔交手还是在他身上
留下了难以磨灭印记。
09:38
but those 1,500 professional专业的 bouts较量
had left a mark标记 on his body身体.
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09:43
Still in his mid-中-50s, he suffered遭遇
severe严重 osteoarthritis骨性关节炎.
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50多岁的时候,
他就备受骨关节炎的折磨。
09:48
Over the next下一个 20 years年份
he'd他会 have 22 surgeries手术,
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在接下来的20多年里,
他经历了22个手术,
包括4个脊椎手术,
09:52
including包含 four spine脊柱 operations操作,
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一次又一次的髋骨替换。
09:54
and hip臀部 replacement替代 after hip臀部 replacement替代.
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09:58
He could barely仅仅 raise提高
his arm, turn his neck颈部.
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他几乎不能抬起手臂或者转头。
10:02
He needed需要 aluminum crutches拐杖 to walk步行.
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他需要铝支架来帮助他行走。
10:05
His friends朋友 and former前任的 students学生们
became成为 his doctors医生.
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他的朋友和校友成了他的医生。
一个医生说,他也许经历过
比这个星球上任何其他人
10:09
One recalled回顾 that he probably大概
had more nerve-block神经块 injections注射
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都要多的神经抑制注射。
10:14
than anyone任何人 else其他 on the planet行星.
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10:18
Already已经 a workaholic工作狂,
he worked工作 even more --
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他已经是一个工作狂了,
却还要变本加厉——
每天工作15-18个小时。
10:21
15- to 18-hour-小时 days.
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10:23
Healing复原 others其他 became成为 more
than just his job工作,
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治愈别人对他来说不仅仅是工作,
对他自己来说也是一种解脱。
10:26
it was his own拥有 most effective有效
form形成 of relief浮雕.
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10:30
"If I wasn't as busy as I am,"
he told a reporter记者 at the time,
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他曾跟一位记者这么说,
“如果我没有这么忙,
我可能早就是个残废了。”
10:34
"I would be a completely全然 disabled guy."
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10:39
On a business商业 trip to Florida佛罗里达
in the early 1980s,
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3539
1980年初,在去弗罗里达出差的路上,
博尼卡让一位校友把他
送到坦帕的海德公园。
10:42
Bonica博尼卡 got a former前任的 student学生 to drive驾驶
him to the Hyde海德 Park公园 area in Tampa坦帕.
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10:49
They drove开车 past过去 palm棕榈 trees树木
and pulled up to an old mansion大厦,
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4144
他们穿过许多棕榈树,
在一所老别墅前停下,
车库里藏着巨大的银色榴弹加农炮。
10:53
with giant巨人 silver howitzer榴弹炮 cannons大炮
hidden in the garage车库.
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10:58
The house belonged属于 to the ZacchiniZacchini family家庭,
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2939
这房子属于萨奇尼家族,
一个类似美国皇家马戏团的家族。
11:01
who were something like
American美国 circus马戏团 royalty王权.
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11:06
Decades几十年 earlier, Bonica博尼卡 had watched看着 them,
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几十年前,博尼卡曾见过他们
穿着银色的表演服和护目镜,
11:08
clad包层的 in silver jumpsuits囚服 and goggles风镜,
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进行着他们的拿手表演:人肉炮弹。
11:11
doing the act法案 they pioneered首创 --
the Human人的 Cannonball炮弹.
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3768
11:16
But now they were like him: retired退休.
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3075
但是他们现在跟他一样:退休了。
11:21
That generation is all dead
now, including包含 Bonica博尼卡,
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那一代人已经逝去了,包括博尼卡,
所以没有人知道当时他们说了些什么。
11:24
so there's no way to know exactly究竟
what they said that day.
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11:28
But still, I love imagining想象 it.
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但是我依然忍不住要去想象。
11:31
The strongman铁腕人物 and the human人的
cannonballs炮弹 reunited重聚,
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“大力士”和“人肉炮弹”重聚了,
展示彼此的旧伤新疤。
11:34
showing展示 off old scars伤疤, and new ones那些.
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11:37
Maybe Bonica博尼卡 gave them medical advice忠告.
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也许博尼卡会给他们医疗建议。
也许他会把之后在口述历史中的
内容告诉他们,
11:40
Maybe he told them what he later后来
said in an oral口服 history历史,
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那段在马戏团摔跤的时光
造就了他现在的人生。
11:45
which哪一个 is that his time in the circus马戏团
and wrestling摔角 deeply molded成型 his life.
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11:53
Bonica博尼卡 saw pain疼痛 close up.
191
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博尼卡近距离接触过疼痛。
11:57
He felt it. He lived生活 it.
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感受着伴随着他一生的疼痛。
12:00
And it made制作 it impossible不可能
for him to ignore忽视 in others其他.
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而这使他无法无视别人的痛苦。
12:05
Out of that empathy同情, he spun
a whole整个 new field领域,
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出于那种同情,
他推动了一个新的领域,
为研制针对缓解疼痛的药物
12:08
played发挥 a major重大的 role角色 in getting得到
medicine医学 to acknowledge确认 pain疼痛
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做出了巨大贡献。
12:11
in and of itself本身.
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12:14
In that same相同 oral口服 history历史,
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在同一段口述历史中,
博尼卡认为,疼痛
12:16
Bonica博尼卡 claimed声称 that pain疼痛
198
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是人类最复杂的经历。
12:19
is the most complex复杂 human人的 experience经验.
199
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12:24
That it involves涉及 your past过去 life,
your current当前 life,
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它包含了你过去的生活,
你现在的生活,
你的社会关系,你的家人。
12:28
your interactions互动, your family家庭.
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12:31
That was definitely无疑 true真正 for Bonica博尼卡.
202
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这一点对博尼卡而言毋庸置疑。
12:34
But it was also true真正 for my mom妈妈.
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但同样也适用于我的母亲。
12:40
It's easy简单 for doctors医生 to see my mom妈妈
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医生们可以轻而易举地把我妈妈当成
老病号来看待,
12:43
as a kind of professional专业的 patient患者,
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她整天整天地呆在诊所的等候室。
12:46
a woman女人 who just spends her days
in waiting等候 rooms客房.
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12:51
Sometimes有时 I get stuck卡住 seeing眼看 her
that same相同 way.
207
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有时候我也不禁会这样想。
12:57
But as I saw Bonica's博尼卡的 pain疼痛 --
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1967
但当我看到博尼卡的痛苦——
作为他传奇一生的见证——
12:59
a testament遗嘱 to his fully充分 lived生活 life --
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我想起了我母亲所遭受的一切痛苦。
13:03
I started开始 to remember记得 all the things
that my mom's妈妈的 pain疼痛 holds持有.
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4507
13:10
Before they got swollen and arthritic关节炎的,
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在她的手指患上关节炎,
肿到无法工作之前,
13:14
my mom's妈妈的 fingers手指 clacked嗒嗒嗒 away
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她一直在医院的人力资源部忙碌着。
13:17
in the hospital醫院 H.R. department
where she worked工作.
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13:21
They folded折叠 samosas咖喱角 for our entire整个 mosque清真寺.
214
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她用一双手为整个清真寺
折过印度咖喱角。
13:26
When I was a kid孩子, they cut my hair头发,
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当我还是孩子的时候,
这双手为我剪过头发,
为我擦过鼻子,
13:30
wiped my nose鼻子,
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还帮我系过鞋带。
13:32
tied my shoes.
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13:41
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
(掌声)
13:43
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by lin quan
Reviewed by Hayley Kang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Latif Nasser - Radio researcher
Latif Nasser is the director of research at Radiolab, where he has reported on such disparate topics as culture-bound illnesses, snowflake photography, sinking islands and 16th-century automata.

Why you should listen

The history of science is "brimming with tales stranger than fiction," says Latif Nasser, who wrote his PhD dissertation on the Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic of 1962. A writer and researcher, Nasser is now the research director at Radiolab, a job that allows him to dive into archives, talk to interesting people and tell stories as a way to think about science and society.

More profile about the speaker
Latif Nasser | Speaker | TED.com