TEDMED 2016
Caitlin Doughty: A burial practice that nourishes the planet
凯特琳 · 道蒂: 滋养地球的葬礼仪式
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
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我们每个人终有一日都得面对这个问题：你死后想要如何处置自己的尸体? 葬礼指挥凯特琳 · 道蒂在此探索了我们面临的不可避免的死亡的新方式。在这段深思的演讲中，了解更多关于这种全新的埋葬方式 (譬如 “重组” 与 “保护性埋葬”), 一种使我们的身体环保，谦逊并自省地回归地球的方式。
Caitlin Doughty - Progressive mortician
Caitlin Doughty asks: What if we re-designed the funeral industry for an eco-friendly end of life? Full bio
Caitlin Doughty asks: What if we re-designed the funeral industry for an eco-friendly end of life? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
When I die,
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当我死去时，
00:15
I would like for my body
to be laid out to be eaten by animals.
to be laid out to be eaten by animals.
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我希望我的尸体能在荒野中
被动物果腹。
被动物果腹。
00:21
Having your body laid out to be eaten
by animals is not for everyone.
by animals is not for everyone.
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不过我知道这不是人人皆能承受的。
（笑声）
00:25
(Laughter)
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00:26
Maybe you have already had
the end-of-life talk with your family
the end-of-life talk with your family
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也许你已经与你的家人
交代过后事
交代过后事
并选择了，我不知道，火葬。
00:30
and decided on,
I don't know, cremation.
I don't know, cremation.
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00:35
And in the interest of full disclosure,
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说实在话，
我准备处理尸体的方案
暂时还不算完全合法
暂时还不算完全合法
00:37
what I am proposing for my dead body
is not strictly legal at the moment,
is not strictly legal at the moment,
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不过这种方法并不算原创。
00:43
but it's not without precedent.
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00:46
We've been laying out our dead
for all of human history;
for all of human history;
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我们在整个人类历史中
一直都是如此处理我们的尸体的
一直都是如此处理我们的尸体的
学名天葬。
00:49
it's call exposure burial.
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00:52
In fact, it's likely happening
right now as we speak.
right now as we speak.
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事实上，天葬正在此时此刻发生着
00:56
In the mountainous regions of Tibet,
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在西藏的高原，
人们举行天葬，
00:59
they practice "sky burial,"
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一种把尸体供给秃鹰吞食的葬礼。
01:01
a ritual where the body is left
to be consumed by vultures.
to be consumed by vultures.
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01:05
In Mumbai, in India,
those who follow the Parsi religion
those who follow the Parsi religion
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在印度孟买，
拜火教徒将他们的尸体存入
“寂静之塔”
“寂静之塔”
01:10
put their dead in structures
called "Towers of Silence."
called "Towers of Silence."
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01:15
These are interesting cultural tidbits,
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这些都是有意思的文化趣闻，
可它们在西方世界
却并不怎么受欢迎 --
却并不怎么受欢迎 --
01:18
but they just haven't really been
that popular in the Western world --
that popular in the Western world --
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它们并不在大众的预期内。
01:22
they're not what you'd expect.
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01:25
In America, our death traditions
have come to be chemical embalming,
have come to be chemical embalming,
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在美国，我们的死亡传统
已成为了化学防腐，
已成为了化学防腐，
接着在地方墓园下葬，
01:30
followed by burial at your local cemetery,
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或是最近流行的火葬。
01:33
or, more recently, cremation.
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01:37
I myself, am a recent vegetarian,
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我自己，最近开始成为了素食主义者，
换句话说我花了
接近30年的人生
接近30年的人生
01:40
which means I spent the first
30 years or so of my life
30 years or so of my life
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疯狂地食用动物－
01:43
frantically inhaling animals --
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不放过任何我能获取到的。
01:46
as many as I could get my hands on.
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01:48
Why, when I die, should they not
have their turn with me?
have their turn with me?
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我死后为何不能轮到它们来吃我呢？
（笑声）
01:53
(Laughter)
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我不是动物么？
01:55
Am I not an animal?
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从生物角度来讲，
在座的每一位不应该都是动物么？
在座的每一位不应该都是动物么？
01:57
Biologically speaking,
are we not all, in this room, animals?
are we not all, in this room, animals?
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02:03
Accepting the fact that we are animals
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接受我们是动物的事实
可能会造成可怕的后果。
02:05
has some potentially
terrifying consequences.
terrifying consequences.
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02:09
It means accepting
that we are doomed to decay and die,
that we are doomed to decay and die,
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它意味着接受我们无法逃避生老病死，
如世上其他所有生物一般。
02:13
just like any other creature on earth.
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02:18
For the last nine years,
I've worked in the funeral industry,
I've worked in the funeral industry,
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在过去的九年时间里，
我一直在从事殡葬行业，
我一直在从事殡葬行业，
从火葬场营运员
02:21
first as a crematory operator,
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到丧事承办人
02:24
then as a mortician
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02:25
and most recently, as the owner
of my own funeral home.
of my own funeral home.
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再到最近拥有我自己的殡仪馆。
02:29
And I have some good news:
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我有一些好消息：
02:31
if you're looking to avoid the whole
"doomed to decay and die" thing:
"doomed to decay and die" thing:
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如果你想逃避“死亡并腐烂”这种结局
殡葬产业能为你的逃避
02:36
you will have all the help
in the world in that avoidance
in the world in that avoidance
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提供一切帮助。
02:40
from the funeral industry.
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02:43
It's a multi-billion-dollar industry,
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这是一个几十亿的产业，
它的经济模式是建立在
02:46
and its economic model
is based on the principle
is based on the principle
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对尸体的保护，整洁与美化的准则之上。
02:49
of protection, sanitation
and beautification of the corpse.
and beautification of the corpse.
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02:55
Whether they mean to or not,
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不管这是不是故意为之的，
殡葬业将人类例外主义发扬光大。
02:57
the funeral industry promotes
this idea of human exceptionalism.
this idea of human exceptionalism.
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03:02
It doesn't matter what it takes,
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不管付出任何代价，
付出多少金钱，
03:04
how much it costs,
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承受多少环境的破坏，
03:05
how bad it is for the environment,
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我们都将要这样做，因为我们是人类
这是应得的待遇。
这是应得的待遇。
03:07
we're going to do it
because humans are worth it!
because humans are worth it!
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03:11
It ignores the fact
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此类想法忽略了
03:13
that death can be an emotionally messy
and complex affair,
and complex affair,
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死亡是一件让人情绪混乱的复杂事物
这一基本事实
这一基本事实
忽略了腐朽之美 --
03:18
and that there is beauty in decay --
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生灵自然回归大地之美
回到我们来的地方。
回到我们来的地方。
03:21
beauty in the natural return
to the earth from whence we came.
to the earth from whence we came.
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03:27
Now, I don't want you to get me wrong --
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别误会我 --
我完全理解仪式的重要性，
03:29
I absolutely understand
the importance of ritual,
the importance of ritual,
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特别是为了我们所爱之人。
03:32
especially when it comes
to the people that we love.
to the people that we love.
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可我们应当在不对环境造成
伤害的基础上
伤害的基础上
03:35
But we have to be able
to create and practice this ritual
to create and practice this ritual
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创造并延续这类仪式。
03:38
without harming the environment,
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这便是为何我们需要新的选择。
03:40
which is why we need new options.
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03:44
So let's return to the idea of protection,
sanitation and beautification.
sanitation and beautification.
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让我们回到保护，整洁与
美化的概念。
美化的概念。
我们从尸体开始。
03:49
We'll start with a dead body.
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03:51
The funeral industry
will protect your dead body
will protect your dead body
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殡葬业通过
向你的家人兜售一个
带有密封橡胶的硬木
带有密封橡胶的硬木
03:54
by offering to sell your family a casket
made of hardwood or metal
made of hardwood or metal
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或者金属棺材来保护你的尸体。
03:59
with a rubber sealant.
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04:02
At the cemetery, on the day of burial,
that casket will be lowered
that casket will be lowered
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下葬那天那个棺材将会被放置到
一个巨大的混凝土或是金属的墓室里。
04:05
into a large concrete or metal vault.
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04:09
We're wasting all of these resources --
concretes, metal, hardwoods --
concretes, metal, hardwoods --
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我们浪费了所有这些资源：
混凝土，金属，硬木，
混凝土，金属，硬木，
把它们藏到一个宽阔的地下墓穴里。
04:13
hiding them in vast
underground fortresses.
underground fortresses.
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04:18
When you choose burial at the cemetery,
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当你选择在墓地土葬的时候，
你的尸体不会接近
它周围的任何脏的东西
它周围的任何脏的东西
04:20
your dead body is not coming anywhere
near the dirt that surrounds it.
near the dirt that surrounds it.
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04:26
Food for worms
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虫子的食物？
你不是。
04:28
you are not.
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04:30
Next, the industry will sanitize
your body through embalming:
your body through embalming:
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接下来，这个产业将会
对你的尸体进行防腐处理
对你的尸体进行防腐处理
化学保存尸体。
04:35
the chemical preservation of the dead.
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04:38
This procedure drains your blood
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这个过程会排干你的血液
04:40
and replaces it with a toxic,
cancer-causing formaldehyde.
cancer-causing formaldehyde.
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并且用有毒的，
致癌的甲醛来替代它。
致癌的甲醛来替代它。
04:45
They say they do this
for the public health
for the public health
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他们说他们做这所有的一切
是为了公众的健康
是为了公众的健康
04:48
because the dead body can be dangerous,
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因为死尸很危险。
04:50
but the doctors in this room will tell you
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但是这个屋子里的医生会告诉你
04:53
that that claim would only apply
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那个说法只适用于
04:56
if the person had died of some wildly
infectious disease, like Ebola.
infectious disease, like Ebola.
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人死于一些传染性的疾病，
例如埃博拉病毒。
例如埃博拉病毒。
05:02
Even human decomposition,
which, let's be honest,
which, let's be honest,
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甚至腐烂的尸体，让我们诚实地说
05:05
is a little stinky and unpleasant,
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会有一点发臭和不美妙，
但是是绝对安全的。
05:08
is perfectly safe.
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05:10
The bacteria that causes disease
is not the same bacteria
is not the same bacteria
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那些致病的细菌并非这些
腐败细菌。
05:15
that causes decomposition.
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05:18
Finally, the industry
will beautify the corpse.
will beautify the corpse.
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最后，这个产业将会对尸体进行美化。
05:23
They'll tell you that the natural
dead body of your mother or father
dead body of your mother or father
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他们会告诉你你母亲
或者父亲尸体的自然状态
或者父亲尸体的自然状态
是不足够好的。
05:27
is not good enough as it is.
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05:29
They'll put it in makeup.
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他们会对尸体进行化妆。
05:31
They'll put it in a suit.
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他们会给尸体穿上套装。
05:33
They'll inject dyes so the person
looks a little more alive --
looks a little more alive --
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他们会注射染料
好让尸体看起来有一点生气--
好让尸体看起来有一点生气--
好像只是在休息一样。
05:37
just resting.
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05:39
Embalming is a cheat code,
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防腐是一个带有欺骗性的名词，
05:41
providing the illusion that death
and then decay are not the natural end
and then decay are not the natural end
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提供了一种对死亡的错觉
就好像对这个星球上所有
就好像对这个星球上所有
原生的生命来说
腐败并不是自然的结局一样。
腐败并不是自然的结局一样。
05:46
for all organic life on this planet.
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05:50
Now, if this system of beautification,
sanitation, protection
sanitation, protection
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现在，如果这套美化，规划和保护
没有打动你，
05:55
doesn't appeal to you,
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你不是唯一一个。
05:57
you are not alone.
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05:59
There is a whole wave of people --
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有一大波人，
葬礼的指导和设计者，环保主义者
06:01
funeral directors, designers,
environmentalists --
environmentalists --
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试着找出对一个对生态环境
更加友好的处理尸体的方式。
更加友好的处理尸体的方式。
06:04
trying to come up with a more
eco-friendly way of death.
eco-friendly way of death.
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06:09
For these people, death is not necessarily
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对这些人来说，死亡并不需要
传统的化妆，浅灰蓝色燕无尾
等等这些琐事来装点。
等等这些琐事来装点。
06:11
a pristine, makeup,
powder-blue tuxedo kind of affair.
powder-blue tuxedo kind of affair.
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06:16
There's no question
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毫无疑问
我们当前处理死亡的方式
是无法长久持续的
是无法长久持续的
06:18
that our current methods of death
are not particularly sustainable,
are not particularly sustainable,
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尤其是在对资源的浪费
和对于化学品的依赖方面
和对于化学品的依赖方面
06:22
what with the waste of resources
and our reliance on chemicals.
and our reliance on chemicals.
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06:26
Even cremation,
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甚至火葬，
通常被认为是一种环保的选择，
06:27
which is usually considered
the environmentally friendly option,
the environmentally friendly option,
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每一次火葬都会消耗掉
06:31
uses, per cremation,
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可以驾车旅行500英里的
等量天然气。
等量天然气。
06:33
the natural gas equivalent
of a 500-mile car trip.
of a 500-mile car trip.
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06:39
So where do we go from here?
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未来我们将何去何从呢？
06:43
Last summer, I was in the mountains
of North Carolina,
of North Carolina,
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去年夏天，我在北卡罗莱纳州的
一座山上
一座山上
在烈日下搬运成桶的碎木。
06:46
hauling buckets of wood chips
in the summer sun.
in the summer sun.
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06:50
I was at Western Carolina University
at their "Body Farm,"
at their "Body Farm,"
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我在西卡罗莱纳州大学的
“尸体农场”，
“尸体农场”，
更准确的叫法是“人体腐败设施”上。
06:54
more accurately called
a "human decomposition facility."
a "human decomposition facility."
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06:59
Bodies donated to science
are brought here,
are brought here,
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把捐献给科学的尸体被运到这里，
07:02
and their decay is studied
to benefit the future of forensics.
to benefit the future of forensics.
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对他们尸体的腐烂研究
会助益未来的法医学
会助益未来的法医学
07:06
On this particular day,
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在这个特殊的日子里，
有12个腐烂程度不同的尸体陈列在一起
07:08
there were 12 bodies laid out
in various stages of decomposition.
in various stages of decomposition.
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有一些瘦骨嶙峋，
07:12
Some were skeletonized,
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有一个穿着紫色的睡衣，
07:15
one was wearing purple pajamas,
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有一个还保留着金色的胡子，
07:17
one still had blonde facial hair visible.
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07:21
The forensic aspect is really fascinating,
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法医科学的研究很吸引人
但这其实并不是我在那里的理由。
07:24
but not actually why I was there.
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我之所以在那里是因为
我的一个叫Katrina Spade的同事
我的一个叫Katrina Spade的同事
07:26
I was there because a colleague of mine
named Katrina Spade
named Katrina Spade
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正在尝试创建一个系统，
不去火葬这些尸体，
不去火葬这些尸体，
07:29
is attempting to create a system,
not of cremating the dead,
not of cremating the dead,
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而是让他们自然分解成土壤。
07:34
but composting the dead.
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07:36
She calls the system "Recomposition,"
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她命名这个系统为“重构”，
我们已经在牛和其他
家畜身上试验了几年了
家畜身上试验了几年了
07:39
and we've been doing it with cattle
and other livestock for years.
and other livestock for years.
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07:43
She imagines a facility
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她假想了一个系统，
家人可以把他们死去的亲人
07:45
where the family could come
and lay their dead loved one
and lay their dead loved one
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放置在一个富营养混合物里，
07:47
in a nutrient-rich mixture that would,
in four-to-six weeks,
in four-to-six weeks,
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4到6周后
尸体，骨头和所有的一切
就会被分解成土壤
就会被分解成土壤
07:52
reduce the body -- bones
and all -- to soil.
and all -- to soil.
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07:56
In those four-to-six weeks,
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在这4到6周的时间里，
07:58
your molecules become other molecules;
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你的分子变成了其他的分子，
你从某种意义上说转化了。
08:00
you literally transform.
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08:03
How would this fit in
with the very recent desire
with the very recent desire
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这多么符合最近很多人
希望被埋在树下的要求
08:06
a lot of people seem to have
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08:08
to be buried under a tree,
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08:09
or to become a tree when they die?
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或者当他们死后变成一个棵树？
08:12
In a traditional cremation,
the ashes that are left over --
the ashes that are left over --
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在传统的火葬中，
那些被留下的灰烬——
那些被留下的灰烬——
无机的骨灰——
08:16
inorganic bone fragments --
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形成一个厚厚的白垩层，
08:18
form a thick, chalky layer
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如果没有被合理的处理
而是直接植入土壤里
而是直接植入土壤里
08:20
that, unless distributed
in the soil just right,
in the soil just right,
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其实会伤害或者杀死树木。
08:23
can actually hurt or kill the tree.
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08:27
But if you're recomposed,
if you actually become the soil,
if you actually become the soil,
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但是如果你被重构，
如果你真正的变成土壤，
如果你真正的变成土壤，
你就可以滋养这棵树，
08:30
you can nourish the tree,
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变成你一直想变成的死后贡献者——
08:32
and become the post-mortem contributor
you've always wanted to be --
you've always wanted to be --
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你值得成为这样的人。
08:36
that you deserve to be.
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08:38
So that's one option
for the future of cremation.
for the future of cremation.
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这对火葬的未来是一个机会。
但是土葬的未来会怎样呢？
08:42
But what about the future of cemeteries?
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08:45
There are a lot of people who think
we shouldn't even have cemeteries anymore
we shouldn't even have cemeteries anymore
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有很多人认为我们不应该再
执行土葬了，
执行土葬了，
因为我们的土地已经快耗尽了。
08:49
because we're running out of land.
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08:51
But what if we reframed it,
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但是如果我们可以重新改造它呢，
尸体并不是土地的敌人，
08:54
and the corpse wasn't the land's enemy,
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而是它的潜在拯救者。
08:56
but its potential savior?
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08:59
I'm talking about conservation burial,
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我在讨论保护性埋葬，
一大块细长的
通过土地信托购买的土地
通过土地信托购买的土地
09:02
where large swaths of land
are purchased by a land trust.
are purchased by a land trust.
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09:07
The beauty of this is that once you plant
a few dead bodies in that land,
a few dead bodies in that land,
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美妙的地方在于一旦你种了
一些死尸在那块地里
一些死尸在那块地里
它不会被触碰，也不会被开发，
09:12
it can't be touched,
it can't be developed on --
it can't be developed on --
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因此叫做：“保护性埋葬”。
09:15
hence the term, "conservation burial."
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它跟死后把你和一棵树
联系到一起是一样的
联系到一起是一样的
09:17
It's the equivalent of chaining yourself
to a tree post-mortem --
to a tree post-mortem --
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“不，我不会去”。
09:21
"Hell no, I won't go!
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“是的，我不能。
我正在这下面分解。“
我正在这下面分解。“
09:24
No, really -- I can't.
I'm decomposing under here."
I'm decomposing under here."
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（笑声）
09:27
(Laughter)
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家属给这个墓地的所有钱
09:28
Any money that the family
gives to the cemetery
gives to the cemetery
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将会被回馈到
保护和管理这块土地上。
保护和管理这块土地上。
09:30
would go back into protecting
and managing the land.
and managing the land.
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09:35
There are no headstones
and no graves in the typical sense.
and no graves in the typical sense.
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这里不会有传统墓地里
会有的墓碑和坟墓
会有的墓碑和坟墓
在这优雅的土丘下
09:39
The graves are scattered
about the property
about the property
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墓地的所有权是散乱的，
09:41
under elegant mounds,
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只用一块石头或者小金属牌标记，
09:43
marked only by a rock
or a small metal disk,
or a small metal disk,
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或者有时候仅仅是gps定位。
09:47
or sometimes only locatable by GPS.
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09:50
There's no embalming,
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这里将不会有防腐，
09:52
no heavy, metal caskets.
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没有沉重的金属棺材。
09:55
My funeral home sells a few caskets
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我的殡仪馆会贩卖很多
09:57
made out of things like
woven willow and bamboo,
woven willow and bamboo,
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柳木编织的和竹子制成的棺材，
10:01
but honestly, most of our families
just choose a simple shroud.
just choose a simple shroud.
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但是诚实地说，我们大多数的家庭
只会选择简单的覆盖物。
只会选择简单的覆盖物。
10:05
There are none of the big vaults
that most cemeteries require
that most cemeteries require
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这里不存在大多数土葬要求的
大型墓室
大型墓室
因为要让这个地方更易变得像一个风景区。
10:09
just because it makes it easier
for them to landscape.
for them to landscape.
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10:14
Families can come here;
they can luxuriate in nature;
they can luxuriate in nature;
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家人会来这里，他们沉浸在大自然里；
他们甚至可以种一棵树
或者一株灌木，
或者一株灌木，
10:17
they can even plant a tree or a shrub,
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10:20
though only native plants
to the area are allowed.
to the area are allowed.
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不过只有当地的植物
才会被允许种植。
才会被允许种植。
10:24
The dead then blend seamlessly
in with the landscape.
in with the landscape.
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这些死者就这样
完全融入到了这片风景中
完全融入到了这片风景中
10:28
There's hope in conservation cemeteries.
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这是保护性墓地的希望。
10:32
They offer dedicated green space
in both urban and rural areas.
in both urban and rural areas.
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他们提供专门的城市和农村的绿地。
10:37
They offer a chance to reintroduce
native plants and animals to a region.
native plants and animals to a region.
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他们提供了一个机会为这些地区
再次引入当地的动植物。
再次引入当地的动植物。
10:42
They offer public trails,
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他们提供了公共途径，
提供了可以进行精神升华的地方，
10:44
places for spiritual practice,
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提供了可以进行课程和活动的地方，
10:46
places for classes and events --
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10:50
places where nature and mourning meet.
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提供了可以让大自然
和寄托哀思相结合的地方.
和寄托哀思相结合的地方.
10:54
Most importantly,
they offer us, once again,
they offer us, once again,
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更重要的是，
他们再一次提供给我们，
他们再一次提供给我们，
一个去在地上的洞里腐烂的机会。
10:57
a chance to just decompose
in a hole in the ground.
in a hole in the ground.
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11:03
The soil,
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土壤，
让我告诉你们，
11:05
let me tell you,
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已经开始思念我们了。
11:07
has missed us.
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11:09
I think for a lot of people,
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我想对大多数人来说，
他们已经产生了一种，
当前的殡葬产业
当前的殡葬产业
11:11
they're starting to get the sense
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11:12
that our current funeral industry
isn't really working for them.
isn't really working for them.
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并不是真正的为他们服务的意识。
11:18
For many of us,
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对我们许多人来说，
11:19
being sanitized and beautified
just doesn't reflect us.
just doesn't reflect us.
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被消毒和美化并不能反映我们自己。
它并不能反映我们完整的一生。
11:23
It doesn't reflect
what we stood for during our lives.
what we stood for during our lives.
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11:28
Will changing the way we bury our dead
solve climate change?
solve climate change?
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改变我们尸体的下葬方式
会解决气候变化吗？
会解决气候变化吗？
11:32
No.
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不。
11:34
But it will make bold moves
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但是它会引发关于我们
作为这个行球上的公民
作为这个行球上的公民
11:36
in how we see ourselves
as citizens of this planet.
as citizens of this planet.
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应该怎样看待我们自己的
大胆讨论。
大胆讨论。
11:40
If we can die in a way
that is more humble and self-aware,
that is more humble and self-aware,
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如果我们能以一种更简约
和自己想要的方法死去
和自己想要的方法死去
我相信我们拥有机会。
11:45
I believe that we stand a chance.
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11:48
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:49
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Caitlin Doughty - Progressive morticianCaitlin Doughty asks: What if we re-designed the funeral industry for an eco-friendly end of life?
Why you should listen
Caitlin Doughty is the founder of The Order of the Good Death, a group of funeral industry professionals, academics and artists exploring ways to prepare a death-phobic culture for their inevitable mortality.
With a proclivity for the macabre from an early age, Doughty began her career in the funeral industry as a crematory operator. Currently a licensed funeral director and eco-friendly mortician in Los Angeles, Doughty owns Undertaking LA, a nonprofit funeral home that empowers families to care for their dead. Her first book Smoke Gets In Your Eyes: And Other Lessons from the Crematory is a New York Times bestseller, and her next book From Here to Eternity will be released in fall 2017. Her video web-series, "Ask a Mortician," has been featured on NPR, BBC, Forbes and more.
Caitlin Doughty | Speaker | TED.com