ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Howard Kunstler - Social critic
James Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society.

Why you should listen

James Howard Kunstler calls suburban sprawl "the greatest misallocation of resources the world has ever known." His arguments bring a new lens to urban development, drawing clear connections between physical spaces and cultural vitality.

Geography of Nowhere, published in 1993, presented a grim vision of America in decline -- a nation of cookie-cutter strip malls, vacuous city centers, and dead spaces wrought by what Kunstler calls the ethos of Happy Motoring: our society-wide dependence on the automobile.

The Long Emergency (2005) takes a hard look at energy dependency, arguing that the end of the fossil fuels era will force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian-focused communities and an overhaul of many of the most prominent and destructive features of postwar society.

His confrontational approach and propensity for doomsday scenarios make Kunstler a lightning rod for controversy and critics. But his magnificent rants are underscored with logic and his books are widely read, particularly by architectural critics and urban planners.

More profile about the speaker
James Howard Kunstler | Speaker | TED.com
TED2004

James Howard Kunstler: The ghastly tragedy of the suburbs

詹姆斯·霍華德·昆斯特勒 解析郊區發展

Filmed:
2,071,596 views

詹姆斯·霍華德·昆斯特勒認為公共空間應該是一個群體生活以及公眾利益的展現。然而,失敗的公共空間規劃儼然讓美國淪為不值得關心的地方。
- Social critic
James Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:26
The immersive身臨其境 ugliness醜陋
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我們每天身處的環境
00:29
of our everyday每天 environments環境 in America美國
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醜陋無比
00:34
is entropy made製作 visible可見.
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雜亂無章顯而易見
00:38
We can't overestimate估計過高 the amount of despair絕望
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我們無法想見
00:42
that we are generating發電 with places地方 like this.
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在這樣環境下所產生的絕望
00:47
And mostly大多, I want to persuade說服 you that we have to do better
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最重要的,如果我們想延續美國的文明
00:51
if we're going to continue繼續 the project項目 of civilization文明 in America美國.
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我們必須做得更好
00:57
By the way, this doesn't help.
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順便一提,這並沒有用
01:00
Nobody's沒有人的 having a better day down here because of that.
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下面經過的人沒有人會因此覺得生活變好了
01:07
There are a lot of ways方法 you can describe描述 this.
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有很多方式可以定義這點
01:09
You know, I like to call it "the national國民 automobile汽車 slum貧民窟."
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你們知道的,我喜歡稱這為 「全國汽車貧民窟」
01:12
You can call it suburban郊區的 sprawl蔓生.
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你可以稱之為郊區擴展
01:15
I think it's appropriate適當 to call it
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我認為也可稱之為
01:17
the greatest最大 misallocation配置不當 of resources資源 in the history歷史 of the world世界.
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「史上最大的資源分配不當」更為恰當
01:22
You can call it a technosistechnosis externality外部性 clusterfuckclusterfuck.
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你也可以稱它為是一個蔓延於外部的腐敗
01:27
And it's a tremendous巨大 problem問題 for us.
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這對我們是一個巨大的難題
01:33
The outstanding優秀 -- the salient突出的 problem問題 about this for us
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而且有個突出且顯著的癥結
01:37
is that these are places地方 that are not worth價值 caring愛心 about.
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在於這些地方已經不值得被關心
01:40
We're going to talk about that some more.
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對此我們將深入討論
01:43
A sense of place地點:
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空間感
01:45
your ability能力 to create創建 places地方 that are meaningful富有意義的 and places地方 of quality質量 and character字符
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來自於自身創造一個有意義、有品質和有特色環境的能力
01:52
depends依靠 entirely完全 on your ability能力 to define確定 space空間 with buildings房屋,
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這完全取決於我們定義空間與建築物的能力
01:57
and to employ採用 the vocabularies詞彙, grammars文法,
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與如何運用建築的詞彙、語法
02:01
syntaxes語法, rhythms節奏 and patterns模式 of architecture建築
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語序、節奏和模式
02:05
in order訂購 to inform通知 us who we are.
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來闡述我們自身的存在意義
02:08
The public上市 realm領域 in America美國 has two roles角色:
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公共空間在美國有兩種功能:
02:14
it is the dwelling住宅 place地點 of our civilization文明 and our civic公民 life,
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它是我們文明的搖籃,民之生活所在
02:19
and it is the physical物理 manifestation表現 of the common共同 good.
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也是大眾利益的實體展現
02:24
And when you degrade降級 the public上市 realm領域,
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當公共場所的品質降低
02:27
you will automatically自動 degrade降級 the quality質量 of your civic公民 life
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市民的生活品質及
02:30
and the character字符 of all the enactments成文法 of your public上市 life and communal公社 life that take place地點 there.
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所有公眾之間互惠互利的行為也會隨之降低、減少
02:39
The public上市 realm領域 comes mostly大多 in the form形成 of the street in America美國
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在美國,最常見的公共空間的形式就是街道
02:44
because we don't have the 1,000-year-old-歲 cathedral大教堂 plazas廣場
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因為我們沒有古老的千年大教堂廣場
02:48
and market市場 squares廣場 of older舊的 cultures文化.
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或是老舊文化的市集
02:52
And your ability能力 to define確定 space空間 and to create創建 places地方 that are worth價值 caring愛心 about
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我們對定義與創造一個我們值得關心的空間的能力
03:00
all comes from a body身體 of culture文化 that we call the culture文化 of civic公民 design設計.
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這些都來自於所謂的大眾設計文化
03:05
This is a body身體 of knowledge知識, method方法, skill技能 and principle原理
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但是二次世界大戰後我們將相關的知識、技巧和原則
03:10
that we threw in the garbage垃圾 after World世界 War戰爭 IIII
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都丟進了垃圾堆中
03:15
and decided決定 we don't need that anymore; we're not going to use it.
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並決定不再需要它,再也不使用了
03:18
And consequently所以, we can see the result結果 all around us.
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然而,我們可以看到後果就在你我身邊
03:23
The public上市 realm領域 has to inform通知 us not only where we are geographically地理,
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公共場所不僅要提供地理位置的標示
03:28
but it has to inform通知 us where we are in our culture文化.
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同時也要陳述文化的定位
03:32
Where we've我們已經 come from, what kind of people we are, and it needs需求 to,
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我們來自哪裡,是什麼樣的人
03:37
by doing that, it needs需求 to afford給予 us a glimpse一瞥 to where we're going
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還要向公眾展示未來的走向
03:43
in order訂購 to allow允許 us to dwell in a hopeful有希望 present當下.
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以讓我們活在充滿希望的的當下
03:48
And if there is one tremendous巨大 --
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如果說我們所有的建設中
03:50
if there is one great catastrophe災難 about the places地方 that we've我們已經 built內置,
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最大最大的敗筆就是
03:53
the human人的 environments環境 we've我們已經 made製作 for ourselves我們自己 in the last 50 years年份,
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那就是在過去的50年中,我們建立的環境
03:57
it is that it has deprived剝奪 us of the ability能力 to live生活 in a hopeful有希望 present當下.
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剝奪了我們享受當下的權利
04:06
The environments環境 we are living活的 in, more typically一般, are like these.
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通常典型的居住環境是像這樣的:
04:10
You know, this happens發生 to be the asteroid小行星 belt of architectural建築的 garbage垃圾 two miles英里 north of my town.
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這裡是離我居住地方以北兩英里外的垃圾建築環帶
04:16
And remember記得, to create創建 a place地點 of character字符 and quality質量,
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請記住,要創造一個地方的特色和品質
04:20
you have to be able能夠 to define確定 space空間.
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要必須先能夠定義空間
04:22
So how is that being存在 accomplished完成 here?
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我們在這裡如何完成呢?
04:24
If you stand on the apron圍裙 of the Wal-Mart沃爾瑪 over here
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如果你站在這邊Wal-Mart 的位置上
04:27
and try to look at the Target目標 store商店 over here,
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並試想Target商店在這裡
04:29
you can't see it because of the curvature曲率 of the Earth地球. (Laughter笑聲)
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你是不可能看到的,因為地球是圓的(眾笑)
04:35
That's nature's大自然 way of telling告訴 you that you're doing a poor較差的 job工作 of defining確定 space空間.
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大自然就已經告訴我們這不是個定義空間的好方法
04:41
Consequently所以, these will be places地方 that nobody沒有人 wants to be in.
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因此,這樣的空間是沒有人想待的
04:44
These will be places地方 that are not worth價值 caring愛心 about.
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這將會沒變成不值得也沒人關心的地方
04:48
We have about, you know, 38,000 places地方
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美國約有38000個這樣的地方
04:51
that are not worth價值 caring愛心 about in the United聯合的 States狀態 today今天.
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是不被關心的
04:53
When we have enough足夠 of them, we're going to have a nation國家 that's not worth價值 defending衛冕.
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當我們有夠多這樣的空間,我們就要有一個不值得捍衛的國家了
04:59
And I want you to think about that when you think about
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請你們想想那些
05:03
those young年輕 men男人 and women婦女 who are over in places地方 like Iraq伊拉克,
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在伊拉克這樣的地方的年輕男女
05:05
spilling溢出 their blood血液 in the sand,
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正在拋頭臚灑熱血
05:07
and ask yourself你自己, "What is their last thought of home?"
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如果問問他們在最後對家鄉最後的記憶
05:12
I hope希望 it's not the curb抑制 cut between之間 the Chuck E. Cheese起司 and the Target目標 store商店
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我希望不是恰克起司餐館和Target 賣場之間的行人道
05:16
because that's not good enough足夠 for Americans美國人 to be spilling溢出 their blood血液 for. (Applause掌聲)
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因為那不值得美國人為之灑熱血 (掌聲)
05:22
We need better places地方 in this country國家.
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我們的國家必須有更棒的公共空間
05:25
Public上市 space空間. This is a good public上市 space空間.
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這是一個很好的公共空間
05:27
It's a place地點 worth價值 caring愛心 about. It's well defined定義.
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這是一個值得關心的地方。它的定義明確。
05:30
It is emphatically重點 an outdoor戶外 public上市 room房間.
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強調了戶外的公共空間
05:33
It has something that is terribly可怕 important重要 --
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極度重要的是
05:36
it has what's called an active活性 and permeable透水 membrane around the edge邊緣.
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那充滿活力的氛圍,像層半透膜籠罩四周
05:39
That's a fancy幻想 way of saying it's got shops商店, bars酒吧, bistros小酒館, destinations目的地 --
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這是一個奇特的形容:這裡有商店,酒吧,小酒館,想去的地方
05:44
things go in and out of it. It's permeable透水.
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事物不斷進出、滲透。是流動的
05:47
The beer啤酒 goes in and out, the waitresses女服務員 go in and out,
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啤酒端進端出,服務生進進出出
05:50
and that activates激活 the center中央 of this place地點 and makes品牌 it a place地點 that people want to hang out in.
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這樣一個地方有活力,讓人們喜歡沉浸於此
05:55
You know, in these places地方 in other cultures文化,
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通常在其他的國家,
05:59
people just go there voluntarily自行 because they like them.
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人們會因為喜歡那種生命活力而主動來到這地方
06:03
We don't have to have a craft手藝 fair公平 here to get people to come here. (Laughter笑聲)
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我們不必去辦一個工藝品博覽會來吸引人潮 (笑聲)
06:06
You know, you don't have to have a Kwanzaa寬扎節 festival.
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我們也不需要一個寬扎節(非洲節日)
06:09
People just go because it's pleasurable愉快的 to be there.
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人們自然會出現,因為那裡令人愉快
06:13
But this is how we do it in the United聯合的 States狀態.
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但在美國我們要如何去創造這樣的空間呢?
06:17
Probably大概 the most significant重大 public上市 space空間 failure失敗 in America美國,
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美國最失敗的公共空間我猜應該是
06:20
designed設計 by the leading領導 architects建築師 of the day, Harry掠奪 Cobb科布 and I.M. Pei:
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建築先驅哈利科布與貝聿銘所設計的
06:25
Boston波士頓 City Hall大廳 Plaza廣場.
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波士頓市政廳廣場
06:27
A public上市 place地點 so dismal慘淡 that the winoswinos don't even want to go there. (Laughter笑聲)
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這樣慘澹的地方,連酒鬼都不想去 (笑聲)
06:33
And we can't fix固定 it because I.M. Pei's裴氏 still alive,
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由於貝聿銘還活著,所以我們很難去修改他的設計
06:36
and every一切 year Harvard哈佛 and M.I.T. have a joint聯合 committee委員會 to repair修理 it.
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每年,哈佛和M.I.T.組了一個聯合委員會致力於改善它
06:39
And every一切 year they fail失敗 to because they don't want to hurt傷害 I.M. Pei's裴氏 feelings情懷.
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不過為了不傷害貝聿銘的心靈,這項計劃每年都失敗
06:43
This is the other side of the building建造.
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這是這建築的另一側
06:45
This was the winner優勝者 of an international國際 design設計 award in, I think, 1966, something like that.
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這是一個國際設計比賽的得獎作品,我想好像是1966年得的
06:50
It wasn't Pei and Cobb科布, another另一個 firm公司 designed設計 this,
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這不是哈利科布與貝聿銘的設計,而是另一間設計公司
06:53
but there's not enough足夠 Prozac百憂解 in the world世界 to make people feel OK about going down this block.
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但想人們走在這條街上,我想再多的百憂解(一種治療精神抑鬱的藥物)都不夠使人心情愉快
07:04
This is the back of Boston波士頓 City Hall大廳,
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這是波士頓市政廳的背面
07:06
the most important重要, you know, significant重大 civic公民 building建造 in Albany奧爾巴尼 -- excuse藉口 me -- in Boston波士頓.
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這對於奧爾巴尼市- 對不起,是波士頓是極為重要且顯著的建築
07:14
And what is the message信息 that is coming未來,
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這要表達什麼
07:16
what are the vocabularies詞彙 and grammars文法 that are coming未來, from this building建造
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這座大樓傳達了什麼詞句和語言
07:19
and how is it informing通知 us about who we are?
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它要如何提醒人類自我的定位
07:22
This, in fact事實, would be a better building建造 if we put mosaic鑲嵌 portraits畫像
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如果我們在外牆上貼上史達林,波爾布特,海珊
07:26
of Josef約瑟夫 Stalin斯大林, Pol波爾 Pot, Saddam薩達姆 Hussein侯賽因,
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或是其他20世紀獨裁者的馬賽克肖像
07:31
and all the other great despots暴君 of the 20th century世紀 on the side of the building建造,
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這棟建築應該會更好
07:34
because then we'd星期三 honestly老老實實 be saying what the building建造 is really communicating通信 to us.
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因為那樣我們至少可以感覺這建築所要表達的訊息
07:39
You know, that it's a despotic專制 building建造;
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一棟獨裁者的建築
07:41
it wants us to feel like termites白蟻. (Laughter笑聲)
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它想讓我們覺得自己是隻做工的小白蟻(笑)
07:49
This is it on a smaller scale規模:
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這是個規模較小的
07:51
the back of the civic公民 center中央 in my town, Saratoga薩拉託加 Springs, New York紐約.
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我的家鄉-紐約的Saratoga Springs文化中心的背面
07:55
By the way, when I showed顯示 this slide滑動 to a group of KiwaniansKiwanians in my town,
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順便說一下,當我向我家鄉的 Kiwanians 同濟會志工展示這一組幻燈片時
08:00
they all rose玫瑰 in indignation憤慨 from their creamed奶油 chicken, (Laughter笑聲)
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他們都生氣的把注意力從奶油雞轉過來(眾笑)
08:05
and they shouted喝道 at me and said,
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他們對我喊說:
08:08
"It was raining下雨 that day when you took that picture圖片!"
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你拍這照片的那天一定是下雨了
08:12
Because this was perceived感知 to be a weather天氣 problem問題. (Laughter笑聲)
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這被歸認是天氣的問題。 (眾笑)
08:24
You know, this is a building建造 designed設計 like a DVDDVD player播放機. (Laughter笑聲)
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你們看,這個建築活像個DVD播放機(眾笑)
08:29
Audio音頻 jack插口, power功率 supply供應 --
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音頻插孔,電源
08:34
and look, you know these things are important重要 architectural建築的 jobs工作 for firms公司, right?
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這個,大家都知道這些東西對建築業非常重要,對吧
08:39
You know, we hire聘請 firms公司 to design設計 these things.
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我們聘請公司來設計這些東西
08:41
You can see exactly究竟 what went on, three o'clock in the morning早上 at the design設計 meeting會議.
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來看看發生了什麼事: 凌晨三點的設計會議
08:45
You know, eight hours小時 before deadline截止日期,
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離最後期限只剩下八小時
08:47
four architects建築師 trying to get this building建造 in on time, right?
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四個建築師希望能在時間內把設計趕完
08:51
And they're sitting坐在 there at the long boardroom會議室 table
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會議廳裡的長桌
08:54
with all the drawings圖紙, and the renderings效果圖,
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擺滿了許多圖紙和效果圖
08:56
and all the Chinese中文 food餐飲 caskets棺材 are lying說謊 on the table, and --
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還有一些中餐外賣餐盒
09:00
I mean, what was the conversation會話 that was going on there? (Laughter笑聲)
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我的意思是,究竟他們的對話是什麼? (眾笑)
09:04
Because you know what the last word was, what the last sentence句子 was of that meeting會議.
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你們應該猜得出來,通常在會議要結束的時候會出現的句子
09:09
It was: "Fuck他媽的 it." (Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
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是:“他媽的” (眾笑)(鼓掌)
09:16
That -- that is the message信息 of this form形成 of architecture建築.
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這就是這個建築傳達的訊息
09:22
The message信息 is: We don't give a fuck他媽的! We don't give a fuck他媽的.
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該訊息是:“他媽的”!我們管不了那麼多了!
09:28
So I went back on the nicest最好 day of the year, just to --
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我選了一個天氣特別好的一天回去,想要
09:31
you know -- do some reality現實 testing測試,
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你知道的,做點現狀考察
09:33
and in fact事實, he will not even go down there because (Laughter笑聲)
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事實上,他根本不會去那裡
09:37
it's not interesting有趣 enough足夠 for his clients客戶,
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因為對他的客戶來說那地方太無聊了
09:39
you know, the burglars竊賊, the muggers劫匪.
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像小偷、強盜啦
09:42
It's not civicallycivically rich豐富 enough足夠 for them to go down there.
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那裡冷清到連他們都不想去
09:47
OK.
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OK
09:49
The pattern模式 of Main主要 Street USA美國 --
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美國主要大街的模式﹣
09:52
in fact事實, this pattern模式 of building建造 downtown市中心 blocks, all over the world世界, is fairly相當 universal普遍.
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其實,這種市中心街區的規劃在全世界是相當普遍的
09:57
It's not that complicated複雜:
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這並不是說很複雜
09:59
buildings房屋 more than one story故事 high, built內置 out to the sidewalk人行道 edge邊緣,
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多層的建築,建在人行道邊
10:05
so that people who are, you know, all kinds of people can get into the building建造.
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這樣的話,不管是誰都可以進入到這大樓裡
10:08
Other activities活動 are allowed允許 to occur發生 upstairs樓上,
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你知道,通常公寓,辦公室等
10:12
you know, apartments公寓, offices辦事處, and so on.
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都會在樓上
10:15
You make provision規定 for this activity活動 called shopping購物 on the ground地面 floor地板.
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一樓就做成商場
10:19
They haven't沒有 learned學到了 that in Monterey蒙特雷.
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不過在蒙特雷,他們還沒有學會這招
10:21
If you go out to the corner right at the main主要 intersection路口 right in front面前 of this conference會議 center中央,
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如果你從會議中心走出去的主要路口的街角
10:25
you'll你會 see an intersection路口 with four blank空白 walls牆壁 on every一切 corner.
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你會看到每一個角落都有面灰白的高牆
10:28
It's really incredible難以置信.
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這真是令人難以置信
10:30
Anyway無論如何, this is how you compose撰寫 and assemble集合 a downtown市中心 business商業 building建造,
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無論如何,這就是我們所建造的市中心裡的商業大廈
10:34
and this is what happened發生 when in Glens峽谷 Falls下降, New York紐約,
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這也是紐約州格倫斯福爾斯市的做法
10:37
when we tried試著 to do it again, where it was missing失踪, right?
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想複製這種模式,對吧?
10:39
So the first thing they do is they pop流行的 up the retail零售 a half a story故事 above以上 grade年級 to make it sporty運動型.
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他們首先做的就是將零售商店都昇高了半層樓,要讓大家多走幾步路
10:45
OK. That completely全然 destroys破陣 the relationship關係 between之間 the business商業 and the sidewalk人行道,
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沒錯,這完全破壞了商家與人行道間的關係
10:51
where the theoretical理論 pedestrians行人 are. (Laughter笑聲)
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也就拉遠了與行人的關係
10:54
Of course課程, they'll他們會 never be there, as long as this is in that condition條件.
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當然這樣空間是不會一直存在的
10:58
Then because the relationship關係 between之間 the retail零售 is destroyed銷毀,
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由於建築物和行人的關係被破壞掉了
11:02
we pop流行的 a handicapped殘廢 ramp舷梯 on that,
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我們又建了個這殘障坡道
11:05
and then to make ourselves我們自己 feel better, we put a nature性質 Band-Aid創可貼 in front面前 of it.
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好讓自己感覺好點兒,就像在建築的前面貼了個大自然的繃帶,
11:09
And that's how we do it.
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我們是如何做到這一點
11:11
I call them "nature性質 Band-Aids創可貼" because there's a general一般 idea理念 in America美國
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我稱他們為“自然創可貼”,因為這在美國很普遍
11:15
that the remedy補救 for mutilated肢解 urbanism城市化 is nature性質.
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補救破碎城市的最好方法就是種植花草
11:20
And in fact事實, the remedy補救 for wounded負傷 and mutilated肢解 urbanism城市化 is good urbanism城市化, good buildings房屋.
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但事實上,最好的挽救辦法應該是良好的城市規劃以及優質的建築
11:27
Not just flower beds, not just cartoons卡通 of the Sierra內華達 Nevada內華達 Mountains.
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不只是花壇,不只是有內華達山脈的掛圖
11:33
You know, that's not good enough足夠.
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你們知道的,這樣不夠好
11:34
We have to do good buildings房屋.
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我們要好的建築
11:36
The street trees樹木 have really four jobs工作 to do and that's it:
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行道樹有很重要的四種作用:
11:39
To spatially空間地 denote表示 the pedestrian行人 realm領域,
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它呈現了整個公共空間和行人的關係
11:42
to protect保護 the pedestrians行人 from the vehicles汽車 in the carriageway行車,
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保護在車道旁的行人
11:47
to filter過濾 the sunlight陽光 onto the sidewalk人行道,
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為行人建立一個遮陽板
11:50
and to soften軟化 the hardscape硬景觀 of the buildings房屋
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柔化生硬冰冷的建築物
11:52
and to create創建 a ceiling天花板 -- a vaulted拱形的 ceiling天花板 -- over the street, at its best最好.
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以及建立了極佳的拱形隧道,就在街道上
11:56
And that's it. Those are the four jobs工作 of the street trees樹木.
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這些是行道樹的四個工作
12:00
They're not supposed應該 to be a cartoon動畫片 of the North Woods樹木;
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他們不是那種卡通裡出現的北方林木
12:03
they're not supposed應該 to be a set for "The Last of the Mohicans莫西幹."
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他們不應該是「最後的莫希幹人」的樹林
12:08
You know, one of the problems問題 with the fiasco慘敗 of suburbia郊區 is that it destroyed銷毀 our understanding理解
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你知道,先今的郊區發展最失敗的地方
12:16
of the distinction分別 between之間 the country國家 and the town, between之間 the urban城市的 and the rural鄉村.
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在於破壞了鄉村與城鎮、郊外與城市的界線
12:20
They're not the same相同 thing.
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不該是這樣一回事
12:22
And we're not going to cure治愈 the problems問題 of the urban城市的 by dragging拖延 the country國家 into the city,
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大眾一直試著把鄉村拖進城市裡
12:26
which哪一個 is what a lot of us are trying to do all the time.
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這也不是問題的解決良方
12:28
Here you see it on a small scale規模 -- the mothership母艦 has landed登陸,
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這裡你可以看到一個小規模的母艦降落
12:32
R2-D-D2 and C-C-3POPO have stepped加強 out to test測試 the bark mulch護根
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然後R2-D2 和 C-3PO小艇滑出試試看樹皮覆蓋的花床
12:38
to see if they can inhabit居住於 this planet行星. (Laughter笑聲)
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然後看看它們能否可以適應這裡星球(眾笑)
12:43
A lot of this comes from the fact事實 that the industrial產業 city in America美國 was such這樣 a trauma外傷
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在美國工業化城市有著這樣的創傷:
12:48
that we developed發達 this tremendous巨大 aversion厭惡 for the whole整個 idea理念 of the city,
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我們用著極為厭惡的理念來開發城市、
12:52
city life, and everything connected連接的 with it.
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以及城市的生活和一切
12:54
And so what you see fairly相當 early, in the mid-中-19th century世紀,
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這始於19世紀中葉工業運動的開始
12:59
is this idea理念 that we now have to have an antidote解藥 to the industrial產業 city,
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導至今天大家都為了在工業化的城市生活中喘息
13:03
which哪一個 is going to be life in the country國家 for everybody每個人.
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慢慢地遷移至郊區
13:06
And that starts啟動 to be delivered交付 in the form形成 of the railroad鐵路 suburb市郊:
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隨著火車鐵軌擴散,形成鐵路旁的聚落
13:10
the country國家 villa別墅 along沿 the railroad鐵路 line,
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鄉村別墅沿著鐵路線而起
13:13
which哪一個 allows允許 people to enjoy請享用 the amenity禮儀 of the city,
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人們白天享受城市裡的便利
13:16
but to return返回 to the countryside農村 every一切 night.
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但晚上則回到鄉村別墅
13:18
And believe me, there were no Wal-Marts沃爾瑪 or convenience方便 stores商店 out there then,
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相信我,當時還沒有沃爾瑪或便利商店
13:21
so it really was a form形成 of country國家 living活的.
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是真正道地的鄉村生活
13:23
But what happens發生 is, of course課程, it mutates變異 over the next下一個 80 years年份
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但是之後的80年不斷變化
13:27
and it turns into something rather insidious陰險.
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郊區發展變得相當地恐怖
13:29
It becomes a cartoon動畫片 of a country國家 house, in a cartoon動畫片 of the country國家.
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所有的房子都看起來像卡通裡鄉村小屋,位在卡通世界裡的村落
13:34
And that's the great non-articulated非鉸接 agony痛苦 of suburbia郊區
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這就是郊區主要且無法表達的痛苦
13:39
and one of the reasons原因 that it lends借給 itself本身 to ridicule嘲笑.
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也是讓一切成為一個笑話的主因
13:41
Because it hasn't有沒有 delivered交付 what it's been promising有希望 for half a century世紀 now.
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因為近半世紀來的郊區發展並沒有提供人們所想要的機能
13:46
And these are typically一般 the kind of dwellings住宅 we find there, you know.
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這些是我們常見的建築﹣獨門獨院
13:50
Basically基本上, a house with nothing on the side
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沒有其他的房子圍繞在附近
13:53
because this house wants to state, emphatically重點,
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因為這種房子想要強調他的存在感
13:55
"I'm a little cabin in the woods樹木. There's nothing on either side of me.
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“我是在樹林中的小木屋,四周一片空曠"
13:58
I don't have any eyes眼睛 on the side of my head. I can't see."
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"我的頭上沒有眼睛,我什麼也看不到"
14:02
So you have this one last facade正面 of the house,
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"所以你們在我的後方加了一扇門"
14:04
the front面前, which哪一個 is really a cartoon動畫片 of a facade正面 of a house.
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這棟房子的前面長的實在很卡通
14:07
Because -- notice注意 the porch門廊 here.
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因為-你們注意一下這裡的門廊
14:09
Unless除非 the people that live生活 here are Munchkins夢境, nobody's沒有人是 going to be using運用 that.
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除非住在這裡的人們是孟奇金,否則沒有人會想要去使用©
14:16
This is really, in fact事實, a television電視 broadcasting廣播 a show顯示 24/7 called "We're Normal正常."
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就好像是有人每天24小時都在播放一個叫“我們很正常”的節目
14:22
We're normal正常, we're normal正常, we're normal正常, we're normal正常, we're normal正常.
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我們是正常的,我們是正常的,我們是正常的,我們是正常的,我們是正常的
14:25
Please respect尊重 us, we're normal正常, we're normal正常, we're normal正常.
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請尊重我們,我們很正常,我們很正常,我們很正常。
14:27
But we know what's going on in these houses房屋, you know.
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而且我們都知道到這些房子裡會上演哪齣戲碼
14:29
We know that little Skippy跳跳 is loading裝載 his Uzi烏茲 down here,
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我們知道小斯基正在這裡替他的烏茲槍上膛
14:33
getting得到 ready準備 for homeroom班主任. (Laughter笑聲)
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準備來當這裡的老大(笑)
14:37
We know that Heather石南屬, his sister妹妹 Heather石南屬, 14 years年份 old,
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我們知道他的姐姐希瑟14歲
14:40
is turning車削 tricks技巧 up here to support支持 her drug藥物 habit習慣.
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正技巧性的在支持自己的用藥習慣
14:43
Because these places地方, these habitats棲息地,
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因為這些地方,這些棲息地
14:46
are inducing感應 immense巨大 amounts of anxiety焦慮 and depression蕭條 in children孩子,
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給孩子們帶來極多焦慮和抑鬱
14:51
and they don't have a lot of experience經驗 with medication藥物治療.
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他們沒有很多的對應經驗
14:55
So they take the first one that comes along沿, often經常.
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所以他們往往在第一次與人相處時會表現這樣的情緒
14:57
These are not good enough足夠 for Americans美國人.
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這些對我們的下一代很不好
14:59
These are the schools學校 we are sending發出 them to:
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我們將孩子們送到這些學校
15:02
The Hannibal漢尼拔 Lecter萊克特 Central中央 School學校, Las拉斯維加斯 Vegas拉斯維加斯, Nevada內華達.
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在內華達州拉斯斯維加,漢尼拔鎮中心的學校
15:08
This is a real真實 school學校!
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這是一個真正的學校!
15:10
You know, but there's obviously明顯 a notion概念 that if you let the inmates囚犯 of this thing out,
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但有個很明顯的問題,如果犯人跑出來了
15:14
that they would snatch搶奪 a motorist司機 off the street and eat his liver.
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他們會在街上擄拐駕駛者、吃掉他的肝臟
15:18
So every一切 effort功夫 is made製作 to keep them within the building建造.
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因此,我們盡一切努力蓋棟建築把他們關起來
15:23
Notice注意 that nature性質 is present當下. (Laughter笑聲)
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請注意,大自然還是存在的 (笑聲)
15:30
We're going to have to change更改 this behavior行為 whether是否 we like it or not.
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無論我們是否喜歡這樣,我們都須改變
15:32
We are entering進入 an epochal劃時代 period of change更改 in the world世界, and -- certainly當然 in America美國
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我們正在進入一個劃時代的劇變,我指的是美國
15:37
-- the period that will be characterized特徵 by the end結束 of the cheap低廉 oil era時代.
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該時期的特點是石油不再便宜
15:42
It is going to change更改 absolutely絕對 everything.
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這絕對會改變一切
15:46
Chris克里斯 asked me not to go on too long about this, and I won't慣於,
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克里斯要求我這點不要講太長,我也不會講太多
15:49
except to say there's not going to be a hydrogen economy經濟.
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只想告訴你,不會有氫經濟的出現
15:52
Forget忘記 it. It's not going to happen發生.
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忘記它。這是不會發生的。
15:54
We're going to have to do something else其他 instead代替.
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我們應該做點別的努力
15:56
We're going to have to down-scale降尺度, re-scale重規模, and re-size重新大小
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我們得縮小規模,重新規劃,重新調整
16:01
virtually實質上 everything we do in this country國家 and we can't start開始 soon不久 enough足夠 to do it.
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基本上是這個國家的所有的一切,而且我們快來不及了
16:05
We're going to have -- (Applause掌聲) -- we're going to have to live生活 closer接近 to where we work.
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我們將有 - (鼓掌) - 我們的工作和生活將更貼近
16:09
We're going to have to live生活 closer接近 to each other.
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我們彼此的生活將更接近
16:11
We're going have to grow增長 more food餐飲 closer接近 to where we live生活.
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我們需要在我們的生活所在地生產更多的糧食
16:15
The age年齡 of the 3,000 mile英里 Caesar凱撒 salad沙拉 is coming未來 to an end結束.
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遠從3000英里以外來的凱撒沙拉時代即將結束
16:20
We're going to have to -- we have a railroad鐵路 system系統 that the Bulgarians保加利亞 would be ashamed羞愧 of!
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我們將必須有一個鐵路系統,一個讓保加利亞人會感到羞恥的系統!
16:25
We gotta總得 do better than that!
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我們必須做得更好
16:27
And we should have started開始 two days before yesterday昨天.
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而且應該在大前天就要開始行動
16:30
We are fortunate幸運 that the new urbanists城市規劃 were there, for the last 10 years年份,
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我們很幸運,在過去的10年有新的城市規劃專家出現
16:35
excavating挖掘 all that information信息 that was thrown拋出 in the garbage垃圾
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挖掘出那些二次世界大戰後的就被我們的上一代
16:39
by our parents'父母' generation after World世界 War戰爭 IIII.
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扔在垃圾堆的資料
16:42
Because we're going to need it if we're going to learn學習 how to reconstruct重建 towns城市.
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但是如果我們想學會如何重建城鎮,我們將需要這些訊息
16:44
We're going to need to get back this body身體 of methodology方法 and principle原理 and skill技能
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我們需要其中的方法、原則、技術
16:50
in order訂購 to re-learn重新學習 how to compose撰寫 meaningful富有意義的 places地方, places地方 that are integral積分,
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好重新學習如何營造有意義的生活環境 - 密不可分的生活機能
16:56
that allow允許 -- that are living活的 organisms生物 in the sense that they contain包含 all the organs器官 of our civic公民 life
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這讓 - 地方活起來,擁有公民生活的所有機制、
17:03
and our communal公社 life, deployed部署 in an integral積分 fashion時尚.
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讓人們互利互惠的行為緊緊相連
17:08
So that, you know, the residences住宅 make sense
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所以,你知道,住宅有了意義
17:11
deployed部署 in relation關係 to the places地方 of business商業, of culture文化 and of governance治理.
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跟在地的業務、文化和治理有密不可分連結
17:16
We're going to have to re-learn重新學習 what the building建造 blocks of these things are:
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我們將重新學習這些東西的建設基石
17:20
the street, the block, how to compose撰寫 public上市 space空間 that's both large and small,
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這條街。這區塊。如何組合有大有小的公共空間、
17:26
the courtyard庭院, the civic公民 square廣場
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庭院、市民廣場
17:29
and how to really make use of this property屬性.
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還有如何真正活用這些地方
17:32
We can see some of the first ideas思路
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我們已經可以看到些前衛思想
17:35
for retro-fitting加裝 some of the catastrophic災難性的 property屬性 that we have in America美國.
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在改造許多在美國如災難般的建築
17:40
The dead malls商場: what are we going to do with them?
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面對死氣沉沉的商場,我們該怎麼改造
17:43
Well, in point of fact事實, most of them are not going to make it.
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那麼,事實上,大部分是難以改造的
17:45
They're not going to be retro-fitted改裝;
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他們難以被改造
17:47
they're going to be the salvage打撈 yards of the future未來.
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他們的未來該被拯救
17:49
Some of them we're going to fix固定, though雖然.
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雖然有些地方我們想要修復
17:51
And we're going to fix固定 them by imposing威風 back on them street and block systems系統
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我們想要重新利用街道和街區系統來改善
17:55
and returning回國 to the building建造 lot as the normal正常 increment增量 of development發展.
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並返回到正常的建築用地作為增量發展。©
18:01
And if we're lucky幸運, the result結果 will be revivifiedrevivified town centers中心 and neighborhood鄰里 centers中心
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如果我們幸運的話,結果會出現重生的鎮中心和鄰里中心
18:07
in our existing現有 towns城市 and cities城市.
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在我國現有的城鎮和城市
18:09
And by the way, our towns城市 and cities城市 are where they are, and grew成長 where they were
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順便一提,我們的城鎮和城市一直在那,且在所在地成長
18:14
because they occupy佔據 all the important重要 sites網站.
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因為他們佔據了所有重要地點
18:16
And most of them are still going to be there,
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且大多數的城市仍然會在那裏
18:19
although雖然 the scale規模 of them is probably大概 going to be diminished減少.
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雖然它們的規模可能會受到削弱
18:24
We've我們已經 got a lot of work to do.
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我們有相當多的工作需要努力
18:26
We're not going to be rescued獲救 by the hyper-car超級汽車; we're not going to be rescued獲救 by alternative替代 fuels燃料.
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我們是不會被氫能車和替代燃料所拯救
18:31
No amount or combination組合 of alternative替代 fuels燃料
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沒有大量或其他的替代能源
18:34
is going to allow允許 us to continue繼續 running賽跑 what we're running賽跑, the way we're running賽跑 it.
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能允許我們保持現有的生活水平
18:38
We're going to have to do everything very differently不同.
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我們必須徹底改變一切
18:41
And America's美國 not prepared準備.
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而美國還沒準備好
18:43
We are sleepwalking夢遊病 into the future未來.
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我們像是在夢遊中走到未來
18:46
We're not ready準備 for what's coming未來 at us.
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我們還沒做好接受未來的準備
18:49
So I urge敦促 you all to do what you can.
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因此,我呼籲大家做點什麼
18:52
Life in the mid-中-21stST century世紀 is going to be about living活的 locally本地.
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21世紀中的生活應該是緊密的、在地的
18:59
Be prepared準備 to be good neighbors鄰居.
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準備做個好鄰居
19:02
Be prepared準備 to find vocations職業 that make you useful有用
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找個讓自己有用的職業
19:07
to your neighbors鄰居 and to your fellow同伴 citizens公民.
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對您的鄰居和同胞有貢獻的事
19:09
One final最後 thing -- I've been very disturbed不安 about this for years年份,
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最後一件事 - 我對此不安了好幾年
19:12
but I think it's particularly尤其 important重要 for this audience聽眾.
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但我認為這對觀眾是很重要的一點
19:15
Please, please, stop referring to yourselves你自己 as "consumers消費者." OK?
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請,請,停止稱自己為“消費者”。好嗎?
19:21
Consumers消費者 are different不同 than citizens公民.
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消費者不同於公民
19:23
Consumers消費者 do not have obligations義務, responsibilities責任 and duties職責
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消費者對於他們的人類同胞
19:28
to their fellow同伴 human人的 beings眾生.
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沒有義務、責任
19:30
And as long as you're using運用 that word consumer消費者 in the public上市 discussion討論,
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而且只在你在群體討論時使用了消費者這詞
19:33
you will be degrading降解 the quality質量 of the discussion討論 we're having.
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你將有辱討論的品質
19:37
And we're going to continue繼續 being存在 clueless無知
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且將毫無章法的繼續活著
19:40
going into this very difficult future未來 that we face面對.
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我們將面對困難的未來
19:43
So thank you very much.
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所以非常感謝你
19:44
Please go out and do what you can to make this a land土地 full充分 of places地方 that are worth價值 caring愛心 about
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請利用您的能力,讓這塊土地被關心
19:50
and a nation國家 that will be worth價值 defending衛冕. (Applause掌聲)
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讓我們的國家值得被捍衛(鼓掌)
Translated by CHIA-LING CHOU
Reviewed by Shirley Hsieh

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Howard Kunstler - Social critic
James Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society.

Why you should listen

James Howard Kunstler calls suburban sprawl "the greatest misallocation of resources the world has ever known." His arguments bring a new lens to urban development, drawing clear connections between physical spaces and cultural vitality.

Geography of Nowhere, published in 1993, presented a grim vision of America in decline -- a nation of cookie-cutter strip malls, vacuous city centers, and dead spaces wrought by what Kunstler calls the ethos of Happy Motoring: our society-wide dependence on the automobile.

The Long Emergency (2005) takes a hard look at energy dependency, arguing that the end of the fossil fuels era will force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian-focused communities and an overhaul of many of the most prominent and destructive features of postwar society.

His confrontational approach and propensity for doomsday scenarios make Kunstler a lightning rod for controversy and critics. But his magnificent rants are underscored with logic and his books are widely read, particularly by architectural critics and urban planners.

More profile about the speaker
James Howard Kunstler | Speaker | TED.com