TED2015
Greg Gage: How to control someone else's arm with your brain
葛雷格‧蓋吉: 如何用你的大腦控制他人的手
Filmed:
Readability: 3.3
9,669,307 views
葛雷格‧蓋吉的當前要務，是要讓人人都可以接觸腦神經科學。在這場有趣、又有點嚇人的展示中，這位腦神經科學家兼資深 TED 講者，用一台簡單、便宜的自製工具來奪走其中一位聽眾的自由意志。這不是障眼法，它確實發生了。請您一同眼見為憑。
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
大腦，是個令人驚奇又複雜的器官。
00:14
The brain is an amazing and complex organ.
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雖然很多人對大腦深深著迷，
00:17
And while many people
are fascinated by the brain,
are fascinated by the brain,
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但他們其實無法深入的告訴你
00:20
they can't really tell you that much
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大腦運作時的詳細特性。
00:21
about the properties
about how the brain works
about how the brain works
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因為學校教育裡並沒有
教我們神經科學。
教我們神經科學。
00:24
because we don't teach
neuroscience in schools.
neuroscience in schools.
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00:26
And one of the reasons
why is that the equipment
why is that the equipment
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原因之一，
是因為神經科學的儀器
是因為神經科學的儀器
00:28
is so complex and so expensive
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實在太複雜也太昂貴了，
00:31
that it's really only done at major
universities and large institutions.
universities and large institutions.
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所以只有在重點大學
和一些大型研究機構裡面才有。
和一些大型研究機構裡面才有。
因此，若想接觸大腦，
00:35
And so in order to be able
to access the brain,
to access the brain,
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你真的需要投注生命、
00:37
you really need to dedicate your life
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00:39
and spend six and a half years
as a graduate student
as a graduate student
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花上六年半的時間讀研究所
00:42
just to become a neuroscientist
to get access to these tools.
to get access to these tools.
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只為了成為神經科學家，
如此才能接觸這些儀器。
如此才能接觸這些儀器。
00:45
And that's a shame
because one out of five of us,
because one out of five of us,
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這樣很可惜，
因為我們平均五個人裡，就有一個
因為我們平均五個人裡，就有一個
00:47
that's 20 percent of the entire world,
will have a neurological disorder.
will have a neurological disorder.
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患有某種神經方面的失調，
這大約佔了全球人口的 20%。
這大約佔了全球人口的 20%。
00:51
And there are zero cures
for these diseases.
for these diseases.
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目前這些疾病都無法完全治癒。
00:54
And so it seems that
what we should be doing
what we should be doing
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所以，我們似乎有個要務，
00:57
is reaching back earlier
in the eduction process
in the eduction process
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我們要設法在早期的教育裡
教導學生神經科學的知識，
教導學生神經科學的知識，
00:59
and teaching students about neuroscience
so that in the future,
so that in the future,
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好讓「腦神經學家」成為
他們未來的人生選項之一。
他們未來的人生選項之一。
01:04
they may be thinking about possibly
becoming a brain scientist.
becoming a brain scientist.
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我在讀研究所的時候，
我和我的實驗室夥伴Tim Marzullo決定：
我和我的實驗室夥伴Tim Marzullo決定：
01:08
When I was a graduate student,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
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我們何不以實驗室裡
一台研究腦部的精密儀器為藍圖，
一台研究腦部的精密儀器為藍圖，
01:11
decided that what if we took
this complex equipment that we have
this complex equipment that we have
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01:15
for studying the brain and made it simple
enough and affordable enough
enough and affordable enough
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把儀器簡化、讓它可以更便宜，
01:19
that anyone that you know, an amateur
or a high school student,
or a high school student,
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好讓每個人，像是非專業的人、
或高中生，
或高中生，
01:22
could learn and actually participate
in the discovery of neuroscience.
in the discovery of neuroscience.
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可以學習、甚至參與
神經科學的發現過程？
神經科學的發現過程？
01:25
And so we did just that.
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因此我們付諸實踐了。
01:27
A few years ago, we started
a company called Backyard Brains
a company called Backyard Brains
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幾年前，我們創立了一間公司，
名為「後院天才」（Backyard Brains）
名為「後院天才」（Backyard Brains）
01:30
and we make DIY neuroscience equipment
and I brought some here tonight,
and I brought some here tonight,
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我們自製了一些神經科學儀器，
今晚也帶了一些過來。
今晚也帶了一些過來。
01:34
and I want to do some demonstrations.
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我要做一些展示。
你們想看嗎？
01:37
You guys want to see some?
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好，我需要一個志願者。
01:38
So I need a volunteer.
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好，在此之前......妳叫什麼名字？
(掌聲)
(掌聲)
01:41
So right before -- what is your name?
(Applause)
(Applause)
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01:44
Sam Kelly: Sam.
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莎姆：莎姆。
01:45
Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going
to record from your brain.
to record from your brain.
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葛雷格：好的，莎姆，
我現在要錄下妳的腦部訊號。
我現在要錄下妳的腦部訊號。
01:48
Have you had this before?
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妳做過這種事嗎？
01:49
SK: No.
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莎姆：沒有。
01:50
GG: I need you to stick out
your arm for science,
your arm for science,
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葛雷格：請妳為了科學，伸出手吧，
袖子捲上來一點，
01:53
roll up your sleeve a bit,
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好，我現在要做的是，
我要在妳的手臂放上電極。
我要在妳的手臂放上電極。
01:54
So what I'm going to do,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
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妳現在可能在想，
01:57
and you're probably wondering,
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你剛剛不是說要錄下我的腦部訊號？
跟手臂有什麼關係？
跟手臂有什麼關係？
01:59
I just said I'm going to record from your
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
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事實上，妳的腦部大概有八百億個神經元，
02:02
Well, you have about 80 billion neurons
inside your brain right now.
inside your brain right now.
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02:06
They're sending electrical messages
back and forth, and chemical messages.
back and forth, and chemical messages.
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它們負責傳遞電子訊號，
以及化學訊號，
以及化學訊號，
但其中有一些
運動皮質區的神經元，
運動皮質區的神經元，
02:09
But some of your neurons
right here in your motor cortex
right here in your motor cortex
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02:12
are going to send messages down
when you move your arm like this.
when you move your arm like this.
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會在妳運動手臂時，
送出訊號，
送出訊號，
02:15
They're going to go down
across your corpus callosum,
across your corpus callosum,
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這些訊號從妳的胼胝體傳下來，
經過妳的脊髓，
下達到運動神經元，
下達到運動神經元，
02:17
down onto your spinal cord
to your lower motor neuron
to your lower motor neuron
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再傳到妳這裡的肌肉。
02:20
out to your muscles here,
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而這些電子訊號
會被妳手臂上的電極捕捉到。
會被妳手臂上的電極捕捉到。
02:21
and that electrical discharge
is going to be picked up
is going to be picked up
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02:24
by these electrodes right here
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所以我們可以聽到
02:25
and we're going to be able to listen
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02:27
to exactly what your brain
is going to be doing.
is going to be doing.
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妳的腦部所發出的指令。
好，我現在開機一下。
02:29
So I'm going to turn this on for a second.
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妳曾經聽過腦部發出的聲音嗎？
02:31
Have you ever heard
what your brain sounds like?
what your brain sounds like?
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莎姆：沒有。
葛雷格：沒關係，我們試試看。
現在妳手用力。
現在妳手用力。
02:34
SK: No.
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02:35
GG: Let's try it out.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
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(聲響)
02:37
(Rumbling)
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所以現在你們聽到的是
02:38
So what you're listening to,
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02:40
so this is your motor units
happening right here.
happening right here.
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妳這裡運動神經元所接收到的訊號。
02:44
Let's take a look at it as well.
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我們也可以看到這些訊號。
02:46
So I'm going to stand over here,
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我現在要站到這裡來，
打開我的應用程式。
02:49
and I'm going to open up our app here.
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好，現在手用力。
02:52
So now I want you to squeeze.
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02:53
(Rumbling)
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(聲響)
現在看到的這個，
就是運動神經元的訊號，
就是運動神經元的訊號，
02:54
So right here, these are the motor units
that are happening
that are happening
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訊號是從她的脊髓
傳遞到她這邊的肌肉，
傳遞到她這邊的肌肉，
02:57
from her spinal cord
out to her muscle right here,
out to her muscle right here,
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所以當她做動作的時候，
03:00
and as she's doing it,
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妳可以看到其中的
電流活動。
電流活動。
03:01
you're seeing the electrical activity
that's happening here.
that's happening here.
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你還可以點選其中一個波段來細看。
03:04
You can even click here
and try to see one of them.
and try to see one of them.
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所以請繼續用力握。
好，我們現在停在
03:06
So keep doing it really hard.
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妳的腦部裡面其中一個訊號
正要觸發動作的時刻。
正要觸發動作的時刻。
03:08
So now we've paused
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03:09
on one motor action potential that's
happening right now inside of your brain.
happening right now inside of your brain.
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你們想看多一點嗎？
03:13
Do you guys want to see some more?
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(掌聲)
03:15
(Applause)
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剛剛很有趣，
不過我們來點更棒的。
不過我們來點更棒的。
03:16
That's interesting,
but let's get it better.
but let's get it better.
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我需要另一名志願者。
03:18
I need one more volunteer.
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好的。先生，你叫甚麼名字？
03:21
What is your name, sir?
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米格爾：米格爾。
03:24
Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
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葛雷格：米格爾，很好。
03:25
GG: Miguel, all right.
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請你站在這裡。
03:26
You're going to stand right here.
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好，所以，當妳這樣動妳的手時，
03:27
So when you're moving your arm like this,
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妳的腦會送訊息到
妳這裡的肌肉。
妳這裡的肌肉。
03:29
your brain is sending a signal
down to your muscles right here.
down to your muscles right here.
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我要請你也移動你的手。
03:33
I want you to move your arm as well.
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好，所以你的大腦也會送訊息到你的肌肉。
03:34
So your brain is going to send
a signal down to your muscles.
a signal down to your muscles.
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很碰巧的，在這裡，
有一條神經
有一條神經
03:37
And so it turns out that there is
a nerve that's right here
a nerve that's right here
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03:41
that runs up here that innervates
these three fingers,
these three fingers,
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它會牽動你的
這三根手指，
這三根手指，
03:44
and it's close enough to the skin
that we might be able
that we might be able
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而這條神經離皮膚非常的近，
所以我們可能可以
所以我們可能可以
03:47
to stimulate that so that what we can do
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直接刺激這條神經。
因此，我們可以
因此，我們可以
03:49
is copy your brain signals
going out to your hand
going out to your hand
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複製妳腦部要送到妳手臂的訊號
03:52
and inject it into your hand,
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然後注入他的手臂，
03:54
so that your hand will move
when your brain tells your hand to move.
when your brain tells your hand to move.
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所以你的手，會在她的大腦命令
她的手運動時，跟著一起運動。
她的手運動時，跟著一起運動。
也就是說，她會奪走你的自由意志，
03:57
So in a sense, she will take away
your free will
your free will
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你不再能掌握你自己的這隻手。好嗎？
04:00
and you will no longer have
any control over this hand.
any control over this hand.
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你們聽懂了嗎？
04:03
You with me?
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所以我要幫你們連線了。
04:05
So I just need to hook you up.
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(笑聲)
04:07
(Laughter)
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04:09
So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,
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我要找一下你的尺骨神經，
04:11
which is probably right around here.
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大概在這裡吧。
你上台時不知道我會這樣玩你吧。
04:14
You don't know what you're signing up for
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04:16
when you come up.
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好，現在我要站到一邊去，
04:17
So now I'm going to move away
and we're going to plug it in
and we're going to plug it in
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啟動我們的「人傳人」的界面。
04:20
to our human-to-human interface over here.
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好的，那麼......莎姆，請妳再握緊妳的手。
04:24
Okay, so Sam, I want you
to squeeze your hand again.
to squeeze your hand again.
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04:29
Do it again. Perfect.
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再握一次。好，很好。
04:31
So now I'm going to hook you up
over here so that you get the --
over here so that you get the --
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好，我現在要把你跟莎姆連線了，
你將會......
你將會......
一開始感覺會有點怪，
04:34
It's going to feel
a little bit weird at first,
a little bit weird at first,
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感覺會有點像......
(笑聲)
(笑聲)
04:36
this is going to feel like a --
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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你知道，如果你失去了自由意志，
而別人反而變成主宰，
而別人反而變成主宰，
04:38
You know, when you lose your free will,
and someone else becomes your agent,
and someone else becomes your agent,
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04:42
it does feel a bit strange.
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那種感覺真的怪怪的。
04:44
Now I want you to relax your hand.
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現在，請你放鬆你的手。
莎姆，妳有跟上嗎？
04:46
Sam, you're with me?
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好，請妳手用力。
04:47
So you're going to squeeze.
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我現在還沒打開連線，
所以儘量用力。
所以儘量用力。
04:48
I'm not going to turn it on yet,
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
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好，米格爾，你準備好了嗎？
04:52
So now, are you ready, Miguel?
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04:54
MG: Ready as I'll ever be.
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米格爾：好了，再好不過。
葛雷格：我現在打開了，
請轉動你的手。
請轉動你的手。
04:56
GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead
and turn your hand.
and turn your hand.
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有感覺到了嗎？
米格爾：沒。
米格爾：沒。
04:59
Do you feel that a little bit?
MG: Nope.
MG: Nope.
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葛雷格：OK，再試試看？
米格爾：有一點。
米格爾：有一點。
05:01
GG: Okay, do it again?
MG: A little bit.
MG: A little bit.
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05:03
GG: A little bit? (Laughter)
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葛雷格：有一點？
(笑聲)
(笑聲)
05:04
So relax.
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放輕鬆⋯
再試試看。
05:05
So hit it again.
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(笑聲)
05:07
(Laughter)
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噢，太棒了，太棒了。
05:08
Oh, perfect, perfect.
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好，放鬆，再試試看。
05:10
So relax, do it again.
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好了。所以現在⋯⋯
05:12
All right, so right now,
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所以現在：妳的腦控制著妳的手臂，
而且也控制著他的手臂，
而且也控制著他的手臂，
05:14
your brain is controlling your arm
and it's also controlling his arm,
and it's also controlling his arm,
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所以妳再用力一次試試看。
05:19
so go ahead and just do it one more time.
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好了，非常完美。
(笑聲)
(笑聲)
05:21
All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)
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所以現在，如果是
由我來控制妳的這隻手呢？
由我來控制妳的這隻手呢？
05:23
So now, what would happen
if I took over my control of your hand?
if I took over my control of your hand?
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05:27
And so, just relax your hand.
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好，妳手放鬆。
05:29
What happens?
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現在怎麼樣？
啊～沒反應。
05:31
Ah, nothing.
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為什麼？
05:32
Why not?
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因為必須要由腦來控制才有用。
05:34
Because the brain has to do it.
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05:35
So you do it again.
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所以再試一次。
好了，很完美。
05:37
All right, that's perfect.
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感謝兩位，
讓大家有愉快時光。
讓大家有愉快時光。
05:39
Thank you guys for being
such a good sport.
such a good sport.
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05:42
This is what's happening
all across the world --
all across the world --
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這是全世界都在發生的事——
電流生理學！
05:44
electrophysiology!
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05:45
We're going to bring on
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
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我們要準備掀起
神經元革命了。
神經元革命了。
感謝各位。
05:48
Thank you.
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05:49
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com