TED2006
Majora Carter: Greening the ghetto
Majora Carter談都市更新
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Readability: 4.9
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在這個充滿情感的演講中，麥克阿瑟獎得主Majora Carter談到她在紐約南布朗克斯區，為爭取環境正義所付出的努力，也談到這區的弱勢居民如何被錯誤的都市政策所害。
Majora Carter - Activist for environmental justice
Majora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA. Full bio
Majora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
If you're here today --
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今天在這裡的聽眾，我很高興各位來到這裡，
00:27
and I'm very happy that you are --
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各位會聽到永續發展的概念，
00:29
you've all heard about
how sustainable development
how sustainable development
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是拯救我們的良方。然而，當我們不是在TED聽演講時，
00:31
will save us from ourselves.
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00:33
However, when we're not at TED,
we are often told
we are often told
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我們常會聽到永續發展的政策其實是不可行的，
00:37
that a real sustainability policy agenda
is just not feasible,
is just not feasible,
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尤其是在像是紐約這一類的大型都會區裡。
00:41
especially in large urban areas
like New York City.
like New York City.
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這是因為大部分有決策權的人，
00:44
And that's because most people
with decision-making powers,
with decision-making powers,
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不管是在公家單位或是私人企業，
00:47
in both the public and the private sector,
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全都不知道自己已身處險境。
00:49
really don't feel
as though they're in danger.
as though they're in danger.
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今天我之所以會在這裡，有一部分是因為一隻狗，
00:52
The reason why I'm here today,
in part, is because of a dog --
in part, is because of a dog --
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一隻我1998年的一場大雨裡，帶回家的一隻流浪小狗。
00:56
an abandoned puppy I found
back in the rain, back in 1998.
back in the rain, back in 1998.
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她後來長的比我預期的還要大很多。
00:59
She turned out to be
a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.
a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.
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當她加入我的生活時，我們正在抗議一個龐大的廢棄物處理廠的設置，
01:03
When she came into my life, we were
fighting against a huge waste facility
fighting against a huge waste facility
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他們計畫設在河東濱水區，完全不考慮我們這個區域
01:07
planned for the East River waterfront
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01:09
despite the fact that
our small part of New York City
our small part of New York City
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已經為整個紐約市處理了超過四成的商業廢棄物。
01:12
already handled more than 40 percent
of the entire city's commercial waste:
of the entire city's commercial waste:
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一座污水處理廠、一座淤泥處理廠、四座發電廠、
01:16
a sewage treatment pelletizing plant,
a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,
a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,
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01:21
the world's largest
food-distribution center,
food-distribution center,
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加上世界上最大的食品分銷中心，
還有其他產業，每週有超過6萬趟柴油卡車來到這個區域。
01:24
as well as other industries that bring
more than 60,000 diesel truck trips
more than 60,000 diesel truck trips
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01:28
to the area each week.
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這一區同時也是全市公園對人口比最低的地方。
01:29
The area also has one of the lowest ratios
of parks to people in the city.
of parks to people in the city.
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01:33
So when I was contacted
by the Parks Department
by the Parks Department
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所以當公園單位找上我，
要我進行一項初始規模只有1萬美金的計畫，來發展濱水區域，
01:36
about a $10,000 seed-grant initiative
to help develop waterfront projects,
to help develop waterfront projects,
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我真的覺得他們的想法很有意義，但是太過天真了點。
01:40
I thought they were really
well-meaning, but a bit naive.
well-meaning, but a bit naive.
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我從小到大都住在這一區，但卻從不能走到河邊，
01:43
I'd lived in this area all my life,
and you could not get to the river,
and you could not get to the river,
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因為河邊有我剛才提到的那些工廠。
01:47
because of all the lovely facilities
that I mentioned earlier.
that I mentioned earlier.
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有一天早晨，我帶我的狗慢跑時，
01:50
Then, while jogging
with my dog one morning,
with my dog one morning,
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她把我拉到一個我以為只是個違法傾倒廢物的地方。
01:52
she pulled me into what I thought
was just another illegal dump.
was just another illegal dump.
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到處都是成堆的垃圾，和其他我不會在這裡提到的東西，
01:56
There were weeds and piles of garbage
and other stuff that I won't mention here,
and other stuff that I won't mention here,
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但她還是把我往前拖，像是在說：看，最後面就是河了！
02:00
but she kept dragging me,
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02:01
and lo and behold, at the end
of that lot was the river.
of that lot was the river.
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我知道這條早已被遺忘的巷尾，
02:04
I knew that this forgotten
little street-end,
little street-end,
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就像那隻帶我到這裡來、被遺棄的狗一樣被人遺忘，但我們應該拯救它。
02:06
abandoned like the dog that brought
me there, was worth saving.
me there, was worth saving.
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我知道有一天這裡將會成為一個令人驕傲的起步點，
02:09
And I knew it would grow
to become the proud beginnings
to become the proud beginnings
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成為南布朗克斯區重生的象徵。
02:12
of the community-led revitalization
of the new South Bronx.
of the new South Bronx.
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而像我的狗一樣，這個構想變得比我想像的還要大。
02:15
And just like my new dog, it was an idea
that got bigger than I'd imagined.
that got bigger than I'd imagined.
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我們在一路上獲得了許多的幫助。
02:19
We garnered much support along the way,
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獵點河濱公園於是成為南布朗克斯區
02:21
and the Hunts Point Riverside Park
became the first waterfront park
became the first waterfront park
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60年來第一座親水公園，
02:24
that the South Bronx had had
in more than 60 years.
in more than 60 years.
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我們將初始規模只有1萬美金的計畫，建成了300倍規模的3百萬美金的公園，
02:26
We leveraged that $10,000 seed grant
more than 300 times,
more than 300 times,
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02:30
into a $3 million park.
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而就在這個秋天，我就要－－
02:32
And in the fall, I'm going to exchange
marriage vows with my beloved.
marriage vows with my beloved.
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我就要和我的愛人結婚。
02:37
(Audience whistles)
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02:38
Thank you very much.
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02:39
(Applause)
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他就在後面幫我放投影片，這是他的工作。
02:44
That's him pressing my buttons
back there, which he does all the time.
back there, which he does all the time.
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02:47
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)(掌聲)
02:50
(Applause)
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02:53
But those of us living
in environmental justice communities
in environmental justice communities
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我們這些能夠活在具有環境正義社區裡的人，畢竟只是鳳毛麟角，
我們現在就有環保的問題，而且已經持續一陣子了。
02:56
are the canary in the coal mine.
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02:58
We feel the problems right now,
and have for some time.
and have for some time.
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環境正義，如果你們有些人不太了解這個名詞的話，它的意思是：
03:02
Environmental justice, for those of you
who may not be familiar with the term,
who may not be familiar with the term,
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03:05
goes something like this:
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沒有一個社區應該比其他社區負擔更多的污染，
03:07
no community should be saddled
with more environmental burdens
with more environmental burdens
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卻比其他人獲取更少的環境利益。
03:10
and less environmental benefits
than any other.
than any other.
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但不幸的是，種族和階級常常是最可靠的指標，
03:12
Unfortunately, race and class
are extremely reliable indicators
are extremely reliable indicators
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03:16
as to where one might find the good stuff,
like parks and trees,
like parks and trees,
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可以用來判斷什麼人會有好東西，像是公園和樹木，
以及什麼人會有不好的東西，像發電廠或廢棄物處理廠。
03:19
and where one might find the bad stuff,
like power plants and waste facilities.
like power plants and waste facilities.
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而在美國生為一個黑人，我比白人多出兩倍的機會，
03:23
As a black person in America,
I am twice as likely as a white person
I am twice as likely as a white person
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會去住在一個會威脅我健康的空氣污染社區中。
03:26
to live in an area where air pollution
poses the greatest risk to my health.
poses the greatest risk to my health.
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我比白人多出五倍的機會，會去住在
03:30
I am five times more likely
to live within walking distance
to live within walking distance
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附近就有發電廠或化學工廠的地方，而我真的住在這種地方。
03:33
of a power plant or chemical facility,
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03:35
which I do.
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這種土地利用的規劃，導致我們更容易得到
03:36
These land-use decisions
created the hostile conditions
created the hostile conditions
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03:39
that lead to problems like obesity,
diabetes and asthma.
diabetes and asthma.
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像肥胖、糖尿病和氣喘之類的疾病。
誰會願意離開家裡到充滿毒物的社區裡散步呢？
03:42
Why would someone leave their home to go
for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?
for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?
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我們的社區居民有27％過胖，這個比率就算以全國來說也算是高的，糖尿病則跟著肥胖而來，
03:46
Our 27 percent obesity rate
is high even for this country,
is high even for this country,
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03:49
and diabetes comes with it.
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而每四個南布朗克斯區的小孩中，就有一個有氣喘。
03:50
One out of four South Bronx
children has asthma.
children has asthma.
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我們的氣喘住院率比全國平均高七倍。
03:53
Our asthma hospitalization rate
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03:55
is seven times higher
than the national average.
than the national average.
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這些嚴重地衝擊到我們社區的每個人身上，
03:57
These impacts are coming everyone's way.
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每個人都為這些廢棄物的處理付出代價，
03:59
And we all pay dearly
for solid waste costs,
for solid waste costs,
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health problems associated
with pollution and more odiously,
with pollution and more odiously,
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甚至承受污染所帶來的健康問題，而更明顯的是，
04:04
the cost of imprisoning
our young black and Latino men,
our young black and Latino men,
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我們將年輕的黑人及拉丁裔男性囚禁起來的成本更是無法估計，
因為他們擁有大量未經開發的潛能。
04:07
who possess untold amounts
of untapped potential.
of untapped potential.
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這裡有半數的居民生活在貧窮線之下，
04:10
Fifty percent of our residents
live at or below the poverty line;
live at or below the poverty line;
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四分之一的人沒有工作，而低收入的市民，
04:13
25 percent of us are unemployed.
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04:15
Low-income citizens often use
emergency-room visits as primary care.
emergency-room visits as primary care.
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則經常把急診室當成他們基本的醫療照顧。
這些高額的成本都要由全體納稅人買單，但卻無法產生相對應的效益。
04:19
This comes at a high cost to taxpayers
and produces no proportional benefits.
and produces no proportional benefits.
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貧窮的人不只是窮而已，他們的身體也很不健康。
04:23
Poor people are not only still poor,
they are still unhealthy.
they are still unhealthy.
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幸好，還是有許多像我一樣的人在為他們找尋解決之道，
04:27
Fortunately, there are many people
like me who are striving for solutions
like me who are striving for solutions
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讓他們短期內不必再住在這種有色人種的低收入社區，
04:31
that won't compromise the lives
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04:32
of low-income communities of color
in the short term,
in the short term,
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長期來說，則要保護我們全體不受傷害。
04:35
and won't destroy us all in the long term.
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大家都不想要這樣，但是我們卻同樣受苦。我們還有什麼相似的地方呢？
04:37
None of us want that,
and we all have that in common.
and we all have that in common.
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04:39
So what else do we have in common?
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首先，我們每個都非常的漂亮－－
04:41
Well, first of all,
we're all incredibly good-looking.
we're all incredibly good-looking.
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(笑聲)－－都有高中畢業、大學、研究生學位，
04:44
(Laughter)
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04:45
Graduated high school, college,
post-graduate degrees,
post-graduate degrees,
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到過有趣的地方旅遊，沒有在青少年時就懷孕，
04:48
traveled to interesting places,
didn't have kids in your early teens,
didn't have kids in your early teens,
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財富來源穩定，從來沒被關過。好。
04:51
financially stable, never been imprisoned.
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04:55
OK. Good.
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很好。(笑聲)
04:56
(Laughter)
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但除了身為一位黑人女性，我在其他方面也和你們不同。
04:58
But, besides being a black woman,
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04:59
I am different from most of you
in some other ways.
in some other ways.
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我親眼目睹了社區裡將進半數的建築被火災焚毀。
05:02
I watched nearly half of the buildings
in my neighborhood burn down.
in my neighborhood burn down.
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我大哥藍尼打過越戰，
05:05
My big brother Lenny fought in Vietnam,
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卻在離我們家幾步路外被人槍殺。
05:07
only to be gunned down
a few blocks from our home.
a few blocks from our home.
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天啊！我住的地方對街就有人在販賣毒品。
05:13
Jesus.
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05:15
I grew up with a crack house
across the street.
across the street.
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是的，我是一個貧民區裡的黑人小孩。
05:19
Yeah, I'm a poor black child
from the ghetto.
from the ghetto.
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就是這些事情讓你我不同。
05:23
These things make me different from you.
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但你我之間共通的事物，又使我和社區裡的其他人不同，
05:25
But the things we have in common
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05:27
set me apart from most
of the people in my community,
of the people in my community,
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我就像是活在兩個世界的中間，
05:30
and I am in between these two worlds
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但我投入全部的心力去爭取公平正義。
05:32
with enough of my heart
to fight for justice in the other.
to fight for justice in the other.
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我們為什麼會有這麼大的差異？
05:36
So how did things get so different for us?
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在40年代末期，我爸爸，他是普爾曼的搬運工，也是奴隸的兒子，
05:38
In the late '40s, my dad --
a Pullman porter, son of a slave --
a Pullman porter, son of a slave --
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在南布朗克斯的獵點社區買了一間房子，
05:41
bought a house in the Hunts Point
section of the South Bronx,
section of the South Bronx,
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幾年後他娶了我媽媽。
05:44
and a few years later, he married my mom.
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在那個年代，社區裡大多是白人勞工階級，
05:46
At the time, the community was a mostly
white, working-class neighborhood.
white, working-class neighborhood.
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但我爸爸並不孤單。
05:49
My dad was not alone.
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而當其他像他一樣的人們追求自己的美國夢時，
05:51
And as others like him pursued
their own version of the American dream,
their own version of the American dream,
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白人遷離南布朗克斯區和其他城市，變成越來越普遍的現象。
05:54
white flight became common
in the South Bronx
in the South Bronx
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05:57
and in many cities around the country.
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而那些白人遷離的區域，包括我們這一區，
05:59
Red-lining was used by banks,
wherein certain sections of the city,
wherein certain sections of the city,
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就被銀行畫了紅線，禁止任何投資。
06:03
including ours, were deemed
off-limits to any sort of investment.
off-limits to any sort of investment.
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許多地主認為，把他們的建築用火燒掉，
06:07
Many landlords believed it was more
profitable to torch their buildings
profitable to torch their buildings
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收取的保險費還比在那種狀況下賣掉來的好，
06:10
and collect insurance money rather
than to sell under those conditions --
than to sell under those conditions --
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完全不考慮房客的死傷。
06:15
dead or injured former tenants
notwithstanding.
notwithstanding.
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獵點社區以前曾經是個可以走路去工作的社區，
06:17
Hunts Point was formerly
a walk-to-work community,
a walk-to-work community,
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但現在當地的居民要不沒有工作，要不就是連家也沒有。
06:20
but now residents had neither
work nor home to walk to.
work nor home to walk to.
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後來全國性的高速公路擴張計畫，更使我們雪上加霜。
06:24
A national highway construction boom
was added to our problems.
was added to our problems.
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在紐約州，羅勃．莫斯提出了一個很有野心的高速公路擴張計畫，
06:27
In New York State,
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06:28
Robert Moses spearheaded
an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.
an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.
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其中一個主要目的就是要讓比較富有的
06:32
One of its primary goals was
to make it easier
to make it easier
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威徹斯特郡居民能夠更容易到達曼哈頓，
06:34
for residents of wealthy communities
in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.
in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.
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但介於其中的南布朗克斯，則一點好處也沒有。
06:39
The South Bronx, which lies in between,
did not stand a chance.
did not stand a chance.
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居民們常常在自己的房子要被夷平前不到一個月才收到通知，
06:43
Residents were often given
less than a month's notice
less than a month's notice
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06:45
before their buildings were razed.
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有六萬居民被迫搬遷。
06:47
600,000 people were displaced.
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大家都認為南布朗克斯區是色情行業的大本營，
06:49
The common perception was
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06:50
that only pimps and pushers
and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.
and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.
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06:54
And if you are told
from your earliest days
from your earliest days
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但如果你在一出生，就有人告訴你社區裡沒有一樣好東西，
06:57
that nothing good is going to come
from your community,
from your community,
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全都是壞人和醜陋的勾當，這怎麼不會對你產生影響呢？
07:00
that it's bad and ugly,
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07:01
how could it not reflect on you?
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我們的房子現在一點價值也沒有，只因為它是我們的家，也是我們唯一的財產所以才保存下來。
07:04
So now, my family's property
was worthless,
was worthless,
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07:06
save for that it was our home,
and all we had.
and all we had.
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07:09
And luckily for me, that home
and the love inside of it,
and the love inside of it,
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我很幸運，能在這個家裡得到滿滿的愛，
07:13
along with help from teachers, mentors
and friends along the way, was enough.
and friends along the way, was enough.
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還有師長的協助，以及朋友的幫忙，這樣就夠了。
這個故事有什麼值得一提的地方嗎？
07:18
Now, why is this story important?
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07:19
Because from a planning perspective,
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就規劃的角度而言，經濟的衰退，
07:21
economic degradation
begets environmental degradation,
begets environmental degradation,
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會導致環境的衰敗，還會引發社會的動亂。
07:25
which begets social degradation.
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而這種不投資於我們社區的策略始於1960年代，
07:28
The disinvestment that began
in the 1960s set the stage
in the 1960s set the stage
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因此導致目前我們所看到環境上的不公不義的現象。
07:31
for all the environmental
injustices that were to come.
injustices that were to come.
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07:33
Antiquated zoning and land-use
regulations are still used to this day
regulations are still used to this day
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我們被視為被廢棄的區域，而不合時宜的土地使用法規仍在沿用，
07:37
to continue putting polluting
facilities in my neighborhood.
facilities in my neighborhood.
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大家繼續在我們的社區設置污染的設施，
在大家決定土地使用政策時，是否有將這些因素考慮在內呢？
07:40
Are these factors taken into consideration
when land-use policy is decided?
when land-use policy is decided?
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這種政策會需要付出什麼樣的代價呢？誰要來背負這些成本呢？
07:44
What costs are associated
with these decisions?
with these decisions?
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07:47
And who pays? Who profits?
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誰又從中獲利？我們的社區有又得到了什麼好處？
07:49
Does anything justify
what the local community goes through?
what the local community goes through?
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而這就是大家所謂的規畫，完全沒有把我們的利益考慮在內。
07:53
This was "planning" -- in quotes --
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07:55
that did not have
our best interests in mind.
our best interests in mind.
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一旦我們瞭解了這整件事，我們就決定要自己做規畫。
07:57
Once we realized that, we decided
it was time to do our own planning.
it was time to do our own planning.
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我剛才告訴各位的小公園，只是我們開始
08:01
That small park I told you about earlier
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08:03
was the first stage of building
a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.
a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.
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建造南布朗克斯區綠色走廊的第一階段。
我撰寫了一個125萬美元的聯邦交通預算計畫，
08:06
I wrote a one-and-a-quarter-million
dollar federal transportation grant
dollar federal transportation grant
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要設計一個設有腳踏車道的河濱步道。
08:09
to design the plan
for a waterfront esplanade
for a waterfront esplanade
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08:12
with dedicated on-street bike paths.
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這個建設計畫，可以讓大眾瞭解交通安全的重要性，
08:13
Physical improvements help inform
public policy regarding traffic safety,
public policy regarding traffic safety,
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也瞭解到這附近設有廢棄物處理廠及其他相關設施，
08:17
the placement of the waste
and other facilities,
and other facilities,
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如果我們能處理妥當，就不必犠牲居民的生活品質。
08:19
which, if done properly, don't compromise
a community's quality of life.
a community's quality of life.
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這個計畫讓附近的民眾可以有機會出來活動，
08:23
They provide opportunities
to be more physically active,
to be more physically active,
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也可以為地方帶來繁榮。
08:25
as well as local economic development.
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想想看，到時會有腳踏車店、果汁攤，
08:28
Think bike shops, juice stands.
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我們保留了二千萬美金來做第一階段的計畫。
08:29
We secured 20 million dollars
to build first-phase projects.
to build first-phase projects.
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這是拉法葉大道，將由馬修-尼爾森建築師事務所重新設計。
08:32
This is Lafayette Avenue --
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08:34
and that's redesigned
by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.
by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.
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而一旦這條大道修整完畢，它會將南布朗克斯區
08:37
And once this path is constructed,
it'll connect the South Bronx
it'll connect the South Bronx
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與超過400公畝的蘭德島公園連接在一起。
08:40
with more than 400 acres
of Randall's Island Park.
of Randall's Island Park.
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現在，這中間被一條寬約25英呎的河流隔開，但這條道路將會改變這一點。
08:43
Right now we're separated by about 25 feet
of water, but this link will change that.
of water, but this link will change that.
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只要我們復育這附近的自然環境，大自然就會回饋給我們更多。
08:47
As we nurture the natural environment,
its abundance will give us back even more.
its abundance will give us back even more.
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我們有一個名為布朗克斯生態講座的訓練，
08:51
We run a project called the Bronx
[Environmental] Stewardship Training,
[Environmental] Stewardship Training,
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可以為民眾講解生態復育的相關知識，
08:55
which provides job training in the fields
of ecological restoration,
of ecological restoration,
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這樣我們社區的居民就可以和別人一起競爭那些高薪的職位了。
08:58
so that folks from our community
have the skills to compete
have the skills to compete
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09:01
for these well-paying jobs.
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漸漸地，我們這附近就會有許多綠領的工作出現，
09:02
Little by little, we're seeding
the area with green-collar jobs --
the area with green-collar jobs --
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這裡的居民就可以在自家附近獲取經濟與人脈優勢。
09:06
and with people that have both
a financial and personal stake
a financial and personal stake
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09:09
in their environment.
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在羅勃．莫斯的計畫裡有一條謝瑞登快速道路，將附近的社區一分為二，
09:10
The Sheridan Expressway
is an underutilized relic
is an underutilized relic
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09:12
of the Robert Moses era,
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但目前的使用率不高，
09:14
built with no regard for the neighborhoods
that were divided by it.
that were divided by it.
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即使在尖峰時段，都沒有什麼車通行，
09:17
Even during rush hour,
it goes virtually unused.
it goes virtually unused.
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因此我們的社區提出一個替代方案，
09:20
The community created
an alternative transportation plan
an alternative transportation plan
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希望能將高速公路移除。
09:23
that allows for the removal
of the highway.
of the highway.
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現在我們有一個大好機會，可以將所有的利益關係人聚在一起，
09:25
We have the opportunity now to bring
together all the stakeholders
together all the stakeholders
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重新思考該怎麼利用這28英畝的土地，要放進公園、
09:28
to re-envision how this 28 acres
can be better utilized
can be better utilized
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09:31
for parkland, affordable housing
and local economic development.
and local economic development.
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人們可以負擔得起的房子，還要兼顧當地的經濟發展。
我們也在我們的辦公大樓上，
09:34
We also built New York City's first green
and cool roof demonstration project
and cool roof demonstration project
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建造了紐約市第一個綠能涼爽屋頂的示範。
09:39
on top of our offices.
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涼爽屋頂的表面能有效反射太陽能所產生的熱，
09:40
Cool roofs are highly-reflective
surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,
surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,
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是可以阻絕建築物或空氣升溫的屋頂。
09:44
and pass it on to
the building or atmosphere.
the building or atmosphere.
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綠能屋頂則是佈滿土壤和綠色植物的屋頂。
09:46
Green roofs are soil and living plants.
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兩者都能取代原本以石油做為原料而做成的吸熱屋頂，
09:48
Both can be used instead
of petroleum-based roofing materials
of petroleum-based roofing materials
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09:51
that absorb heat, contribute
to urban "heat island" effect
to urban "heat island" effect
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這些屋頂會加重都市熱島效應，並在烈焰下漸漸變質，
09:54
and degrade under the sun,
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讓我們吸入有毒的空氣。但綠能屋頂可以儲存75%的雨水，
09:55
which we in turn breathe.
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09:57
Green roofs also retain
up to 75 percent of rainfall,
up to 75 percent of rainfall,
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09:59
so they reduce a city's need to fund
costly end-of-pipe solutions --
costly end-of-pipe solutions --
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讓都市人不必再花大錢來解決用水問題，
而原本這些負擔都會加諸在我們這種社區上的。
10:03
which, incidentally, are often located
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10:05
in environmental justice
communities like mine.
communities like mine.
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當然，這些屋頂也為我們的小小朋友提供了棲地！
10:07
And they provide habitats
for our little friends!
for our little friends!
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看...(笑聲)...很酷吧！
10:10
[Butterfly]
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10:12
(Laughter)
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10:13
So cool!
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總之，這個示範計畫是我們綠能屋頂安裝事業的跳板，
10:14
Anyway, the demonstration
project is a springboard
project is a springboard
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10:17
for our own green roof
installation business,
installation business,
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可以為南布朗克斯社區帶來工作機會，並持續供給經濟動能。
10:19
bringing jobs and sustainable
economic activity to the South Bronx.
economic activity to the South Bronx.
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(笑聲)(掌聲)我也很喜歡！
10:22
[Green is the new black ...]
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10:24
(Laughter) (Applause)
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10:28
I like that, too.
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我知道克里斯曾囑附我們不要在這裡推銷產品，
10:29
Anyway, I know Chris told us
not to do pitches up here,
not to do pitches up here,
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10:33
but since I have all of your attention:
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但既然你們都注意到了：我們需要資金！推銷結束！
10:35
We need investors. End of pitch.
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請求原諒還是比請求准許好吧？
10:37
It's better to ask
for forgiveness than permission.
for forgiveness than permission.
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10:39
Anyway --
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是吧...(笑聲)(掌聲)
10:40
(Laughter)
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10:42
(Applause)
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好，在卡崔娜颶風來襲之前，南布朗克斯社區和紐奧良的第九區有許多相似之處，
10:47
OK. Katrina.
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10:50
Prior to Katrina, the South Bronx
and New Orleans' Ninth Ward
and New Orleans' Ninth Ward
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這二個地方都有大量的窮困有色人種，
10:53
had a lot in common.
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10:54
Both were largely populated
by poor people of color,
by poor people of color,
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也是文化創意的溫床：想想看嘻哈音樂和爵士樂吧。
10:57
both hotbeds of cultural innovation:
think hip-hop and jazz.
think hip-hop and jazz.
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二地都是臨水的社區，
11:01
Both are waterfront communities
that host both industries and residents
that host both industries and residents
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工廠和社區都緊鄰彼此。
11:04
in close proximity of one another.
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在卡崔娜之後，我們還是有許多共同點，
11:06
In the post-Katrina era,
we have still more in common.
we have still more in common.
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我們都是最不被重視和破壞最嚴重的社區，
11:09
We're at best ignored,
and maligned and abused, at worst,
and maligned and abused, at worst,
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有最粗心的法令、社區充滿毒害、地方政府也最鬆散，
11:12
by negligent regulatory agencies,
pernicious zoning
pernicious zoning
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11:16
and lax governmental accountability.
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不管是南布朗克斯區或是第九區，這些破壞都是可以避免的，
11:18
Neither the destruction of the Ninth Ward
nor the South Bronx was inevitable.
nor the South Bronx was inevitable.
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但我們卻都在付出慘痛代價後，才學得寶貴的教訓。
11:22
But we have emerged with valuable lessons
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11:25
about how to dig ourselves out.
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我們不只是這個國家都市衰亡的象徵，
11:27
We are more than simply
national symbols of urban blight
national symbols of urban blight
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也不只是歷屆總統競選時答應要解決問題的空頭支票，
11:31
or problems to be solved
by empty campaign promises
by empty campaign promises
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11:34
of presidents come and gone.
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我們只想知道，政府是否打算讓卡崔娜災區
11:36
Now will we let the Gulf Coast
languish for a decade or two,
languish for a decade or two,
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荒廢個十幾二十年？就像南布朗克斯區這樣？
或是我們打算採取積極的態度，向那些類似我們這種
11:38
like the South Bronx did?
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11:40
Or will we take proactive steps
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11:41
and learn from the homegrown resource
of grassroots activists
of grassroots activists
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因為對社區絕望而發展出來的草根團體們，學習如何重建家園？
11:44
that have been born of desperation
in communities like mine?
in communities like mine?
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現在請注意，我並不期望個人、
11:47
Now listen, I do not expect individuals,
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公司或是政府會因為道德或對錯的因素，而來改善這個世界，
11:50
corporations or government
to make the world a better place
to make the world a better place
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11:53
because it is right or moral.
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今天的演講只是為了呈現我曾經經歷過的事，
11:55
This presentation today only represents
some of what I've been through.
some of what I've been through.
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都是些微不足道的事，你們根本不會瞭解。
11:59
Like a tiny little bit. You've no clue.
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12:01
But I'll tell you later,
if you want to know.
if you want to know.
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但如果你們真的想知道的話，我待會可以告訴你們。
但是，我知道這已經是底限了，每個人對這件事的認知不同，
12:03
(Laughter)
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12:05
But -- I know it's the bottom line,
or one's perception of it,
or one's perception of it,
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但這卻是推進我們走到底的動力。
12:09
that motivates people in the end.
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我對我自己所謂的「三層利益」很感興趣，
12:11
I'm interested in what I like to call
the "triple bottom line"
the "triple bottom line"
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那是永續發展所會帶來的「三層利益」。
12:14
that sustainable development can produce.
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「發展」可以為所有相關人士帶正向的回報，
12:16
Developments that have the potential
to create positive returns
to create positive returns
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12:20
for all concerned:
the developers, government
the developers, government
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包括開發商、政府及各項發展計畫所在的社區。
12:23
and the community
where these projects go up.
where these projects go up.
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但現在，你在紐約市看不到這種發展，
12:25
At present, that's not happening
in New York City.
in New York City.
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反而因為都市開發而產生了一大堆負面的影響。
12:29
And we are operating with a comprehensive
urban-planning deficit.
urban-planning deficit.
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某個政府團體正計畫提出在南布朗克斯區
12:33
A parade of government subsidies
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12:35
is going to propose big-box and stadium
developments in the South Bronx,
developments in the South Bronx,
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興建大型購物中心與體育館的計畫。
但是政府官員卻沒有花時間來協調
12:38
but there is scant coordination
between city agencies
between city agencies
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如何處理交通流量增加、污染及廢棄物等所帶來的影響，
12:41
on how to deal with the cumulative effects
of increased traffic, pollution,
of increased traffic, pollution,
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12:45
solid waste and the impacts on open space.
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更別提對開放空間的衝擊了。而他們對當地經濟
12:48
And their approaches to local economic
and job development are so lame
and job development are so lame
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及就業市場的評估，根本不具說服力。
12:52
it's not even funny.
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因為在那之前，世界上最有錢的棒球隊(洋基隊)，
12:53
Because on top of that,
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12:56
the world's richest sports team
is replacing the House That Ruth Built
is replacing the House That Ruth Built
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就已經把居民喜愛的二座社區公園拆了，改建成洋基棒球場。
13:00
by destroying two
well-loved community parks.
well-loved community parks.
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這比我先前告訴各位的還要糟。
13:03
Now, we'll have even less
than that stat I told you about earlier.
than that stat I told you about earlier.
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即使南布朗克斯區的居民只有不到25%的人擁有汽車，
13:06
And although less than 25 percent
of South Bronx residents own cars,
of South Bronx residents own cars,
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但這些計畫卻規畫了數以千計的停車空間，
13:09
these projects include
thousands of new parking spaces,
thousands of new parking spaces,
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反而對大眾運輸系統隻字未提。
13:13
yet zip in terms of mass public transit.
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各位所聽到的各種爭論裡，唯一缺乏的
13:16
Now, what's missing from the larger debate
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就是一份完整的成本效益分析，看看不去拯救
13:18
is a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis
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13:20
between not fixing an unhealthy,
environmentally-challenged community,
environmentally-challenged community,
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環境瀕臨危險的社區會需要付出什麼代價，
13:24
versus incorporating structural,
sustainable changes.
sustainable changes.
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看看有系統、可維持長久的改變又有什麼好處。
我的經紀人和哥倫比亞大學及其他人正進行密切的合作，
13:27
My agency is working closely
with Columbia University and others
with Columbia University and others
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他們打算在這些議題上提出一些振奮人心的想法。
13:31
to shine a light on these issues.
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讓我把話講清楚，我不是一個反對發展的人，
13:32
Now let's get this straight:
I am not anti-development.
I am not anti-development.
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我們要保護的是城市，不是荒野。我的內心是個資本主義者，
13:35
Ours is a city, not a wilderness preserve.
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13:38
And I've embraced my inner capitalist.
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各位大概也是資本主義者，如果不是，就趕快加入吧。
13:41
And, but I don't have --
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13:42
(Laughter)
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13:44
You probably all have,
and if you haven't, you need to.
and if you haven't, you need to.
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所以我不反對開發商賺錢，
13:47
(Laughter)
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13:51
So I don't have a problem
with developers making money.
with developers making money.
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早有許多的案例證實，注重環保、
13:54
There's enough precedent out there
to show that a sustainable,
to show that a sustainable,
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對社區友好的開發案，仍然可以賺錢。
13:57
community-friendly development
can still make a fortune.
can still make a fortune.
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TED成員比爾．麥當諾和艾茉莉．勒明斯，
14:01
Fellow TEDsters Bill McDonough
and Amory Lovins --
and Amory Lovins --
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兩位都是我心目中的英雄，他們已經告訴各位這真的可行。
14:04
both heroes of mine by the way --
have shown that you can actually do that.
have shown that you can actually do that.
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我反而是對那些超會剝削在政治上處於弱勢社區的人，
14:08
I do have a problem
with developments that hyper-exploit
with developments that hyper-exploit
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14:11
politically vulnerable
communities for profit.
communities for profit.
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感到忿忿不平。
這一直是我們的恥辱，
14:13
That it continues is a shame upon us all,
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因為我們可是得為我們所創建的未來負責任的啊！
14:16
because we are all responsible
for the future that we create.
for the future that we create.
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因此我會做一件讓我自己看見希望的事，就是去向其他城市有遠見的人學習。
14:19
But one of the things I do
to remind myself of greater possibilities,
to remind myself of greater possibilities,
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14:23
is to learn from visionaries
in other cities.
in other cities.
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這是我對全球化的見解，
14:25
This is my version of globalization.
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讓我們看看波哥大。貧窮的拉丁人，到處是走私槍械的暴力事件
14:27
Let's take Bogota.
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14:28
Poor, Latino, surrounded by
runaway gun violence and drug trafficking;
runaway gun violence and drug trafficking;
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和毒品買賣，就像南布朗克斯過去一樣。
14:32
a reputation not unlike
that of the South Bronx.
that of the South Bronx.
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然而，這座城市在1990年代末期，
14:35
However, this city was blessed
in the late 1990s
in the late 1990s
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14:38
with a highly-influential
mayor named Enrique Peñalosa.
mayor named Enrique Peñalosa.
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被一位很有影響力的市長恩瑞克．潘納羅沙改變了。
他觀察了波哥大的人口結構，
14:42
He looked at the demographics.
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只有少數人擁有汽車，但是這座城市裡有絕大部分的資源都是用來服侍這些有錢人。
14:44
Few Bogotanos own cars,
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14:46
yet a huge portion of the city's resources
was dedicated to serving them.
was dedicated to serving them.
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如果你是市長，你絕對可以改變這種狀況。
14:50
If you're a mayor, you can
do something about that.
do something about that.
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他下令將市內道路從五線縮減到三線，
14:52
His administration narrowed key municipal
thoroughfares from five lanes to three,
thoroughfares from five lanes to three,
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禁止人們在那些街道停車，擴建了許多條人行道，
14:57
outlawed parking on those streets,
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14:59
expanded pedestrian walkways
and bike lanes,
and bike lanes,
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還有腳踏車道，他又設立了公共廣場，
15:02
created public plazas,
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建設了世界上數一數二極有效率的大眾運輸系統。
15:04
created one of the most efficient
bus mass-transit systems
bus mass-transit systems
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15:07
in the entire world.
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為了他的這些創舉，他差點被罷免掉。
15:08
For his brilliant efforts,
he was nearly impeached.
he was nearly impeached.
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但當人們開始看到自己每天日常所會遇到的問題，
15:12
But as people began to see
that they were being put first
that they were being put first
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15:16
on issues reflecting
their day-to-day lives,
their day-to-day lives,
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被擺到第一位時，令人驚訝的事情就發生了，
15:18
incredible things happened.
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大家不再亂丟垃圾，犯罪率也降低了，
15:20
People stopped littering.
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15:21
Crime rates dropped, because the streets
were alive with people.
were alive with people.
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因為街上的人們全都生氣勃勃。
他的政策一次就解決了好幾項典型的都市問題，
15:25
His administration attacked several
typical urban problems at one time,
typical urban problems at one time,
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並且是用一個第三世界的國家經費完成的，
15:29
and on a third-world budget, at that.
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很抱歉，我們美國可不能再有什麼藉口了吧。
15:31
We have no excuse
in this country, I'm sorry.
in this country, I'm sorry.
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但重點是，他們的親民政策並不是要
15:34
But the bottom line is:
their people-first agenda
their people-first agenda
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15:37
was not meant to penalize
those who could actually afford cars,
those who could actually afford cars,
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懲罰那些可以負擔汽車的人，
而是要提供給所有波哥大市民一個參與
15:41
but rather, to provide opportunities
for all Bogotanos to participate
for all Bogotanos to participate
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市區復甦的機會。城市發展的代價不應該只由大眾負擔，
15:45
in the city's resurgence.
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15:46
That development should not come
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這個觀念到目前為止，美國人還是認為太過積進，
15:48
at the expense of the majority
of the population
of the population
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15:51
is still considered
a radical idea here in the U.S.
a radical idea here in the U.S.
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但波哥大的例子卻證明了這有可能做到。
15:54
But Bogota's example
has the power to change that.
has the power to change that.
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在座的各位，你們是具有影響力的人，
15:57
You, however, are blessed
with the gift of influence.
with the gift of influence.
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所以你們才坐在這裡，並重視我們所傳達的資訊。
16:00
That's why you're here and why you
value the information we exchange.
value the information we exchange.
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請運用你們的影響力，去支持每個地方的環保蛻變。
16:04
Use your influence
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16:05
in support of comprehensive,
sustainable change everywhere.
sustainable change everywhere.
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不要只是在TED裡面討論。我打算為全國制訂政策，
16:09
Don't just talk about it at TED.
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16:11
This is a nationwide policy agenda
I'm trying to build,
I'm trying to build,
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而各位都知道，政治是很個人的。
16:15
and as you all know,
politics are personal.
politics are personal.
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請幫助我把綠色變成吸引人的黑色，請幫我讓環保議題變得更引人注目，
16:18
Help me make green the new black.
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16:21
Help me make sustainability sexy.
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讓它成為你們茶餘飯後的話題。
16:23
Make it a part of your dinner
and cocktail conversations.
and cocktail conversations.
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請幫我爭取環境和經濟正義，
16:26
Help me fight for environmental
and economic justice.
and economic justice.
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支持具有三層利益的投資案，
16:30
Support investments
with a triple-bottom-line return.
with a triple-bottom-line return.
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16:32
Help me democratize sustainability
by bringing everyone to the table,
by bringing everyone to the table,
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幫助我把每個人都帶來這裡瞭解環保的好處，
並且強烈要求每一個地方都要有完善的規畫。
16:37
and insisting that comprehensive
planning can be addressed everywhere.
planning can be addressed everywhere.
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喔，還好，我還有一些時間！
16:40
Oh good, glad I have a little more time!
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有一天，當我在早餐後碰到高爾先生時，
16:42
Listen -- when I spoke to Mr. Gore
the other day after breakfast,
the other day after breakfast,
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我問他，要怎麼把我們這些環保正義人士
16:46
I asked him how environmental justice
activists were going to be included
activists were going to be included
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納入他的新的行銷政策裡，
16:51
in his new marketing strategy.
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他回答我，那需要一大筆預算。
16:53
His response was a grant program.
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我覺得他並不了解我不是在尋求資金，
16:57
I don't think he understood
that I wasn't asking for funding.
that I wasn't asking for funding.
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我是在幫他的忙！(掌聲)
17:03
I was making him an offer.
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17:07
(Applause)
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17:14
What troubled me was that this
top-down approach is still around.
top-down approach is still around.
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這種隨處可見的上對下式談話，還是困擾著我。
但，不要想錯了，我們還是需要錢。(笑聲)
17:20
Now, don't get me wrong, we need money.
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17:21
(Laughter)
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17:23
But grassroots groups
are needed at the table
are needed at the table
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但我們這些草根團體最需要的是：加入決策過程。
17:27
during the decision-making process.
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在高爾先生提醒我們每天所會浪費的90%的能量中，
17:30
Of the 90 percent of the energy
that Mr. Gore reminded us
that Mr. Gore reminded us
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17:34
that we waste every day,
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希望各位不要再把精力、智慧
17:35
don't add wasting our energy, intelligence
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以及辛苦得來的經驗加到浪費的清單上。(掌聲)
17:39
and hard-earned experience to that count.
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17:42
(Applause)
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我花了很長的時間才走到這一步，
17:48
I have come from so far
to meet you like this.
to meet you like this.
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請不要浪費我。我們可以依靠團隊合作，
17:56
Please don't waste me.
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18:00
By working together,
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成為一個小型、卻快速成長的團體，
18:01
we can become one of those small,
rapidly-growing groups of individuals
rapidly-growing groups of individuals
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我們要有勇氣、要有自信，相信自己真的能改變世界。
18:06
who actually have the audacity and courage
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18:08
to believe that we actually
can change the world.
can change the world.
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會來參加今天會議的各位，生活背景及人生經驗都不相同，
18:12
We might have come to this conference
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18:13
from very, very different
stations in life,
stations in life,
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但請相信我，我們都擁有一個超強的信念：
18:16
but believe me, we all share
one incredibly powerful thing.
one incredibly powerful thing.
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我們沒有什麼好損失的，但卻有機會贏得一切！
18:23
We have nothing to lose
and everything to gain.
and everything to gain.
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再見了！各位！(掌聲)
18:28
Ciao, bellos!
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18:29
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Majora Carter - Activist for environmental justiceMajora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA.
Why you should listen
Majora Carter is a visionary voice in city planning who views urban renewal through an environmental lens. The South Bronx native draws a direct connection between ecological, economic and social degradation. Hence her motto: "Green the ghetto!"
With her inspired ideas and fierce persistence, Carter managed to bring the South Bronx its first open-waterfront park in 60 years, Hunts Point Riverside Park. Then she scored $1.25 million in federal funds for a greenway along the South Bronx waterfront, bringing the neighborhood open space, pedestrian and bike paths, and space for mixed-use economic development.
Her success is no surprise to anyone who's seen her speak; Carter's confidence, energy and intensely emotional delivery make her talks themselves a force of nature. (The release of her TEDTalk in 2006 prompted Guy Kawasaki to wonder on his blog whether she wasn't "every bit as good as [Apple CEO] Steve Jobs," a legendary presenter.)
Carter, who was awarded a 2005 MacArthur "genius" grant, served as executive director of Sustainable South Bronx for 7 years, where she pushed both for eco-friendly practices (such as green and cool roofs) and, equally important, job training and green-related economic development for her vibrant neighborhood on the rise. Since leaving SSBx in 2008, Carter has formed the economic consulting and planning firm the Majora Carter Group, to bring her pioneering approach to communities far outside the South Bronx. Carter is working within the cities of New Orleans, Detroit and the small coastal towns of Northeastern North Carolina. The Majora Carter Group is putting the green economy and green economic tools to use, unlocking the potential of every place -- from urban cities and rural communities, to universities, government projects, businesses and corporations -- and everywhere else in between.
Majora Carter | Speaker | TED.com