ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
Cirque du Soleil - Circus arts entertainers
Based in Montreal, the Cirque du Soleil Entertainment Group is a world leader in live entertainment.

Why you should listen

On top of producing world-renowned circus arts shows, the Cirque du Soleil Entertainment Group brings its creative approach to a large variety of entertainment forms, such as multimedia productions, immersive experiences, theme parks and special events. It currently has 4,500 employees from nearly 70 countries. Going beyond its various creations, the organization aims to make a positive impact on people, communities and the planet with its most important tools: creativity and art.

More profile about the speaker
Cirque du Soleil | Speaker | TED.com
TED2019

Beau Lotto and Cirque du Soleil: How we experience awe -- and why it matters

Filmed:
281,361 views

Neuroscientist Beau Lotto conducted an ambitious study with Cirque du Soleil on the emotion of awe and its psychological and behavioral benefits. In this talk and live performance, he shares some of their findings -- and stands back as Cirque du Soleil dancers create their own awe-inducing spectacle.
- Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system. Full bio - Circus arts entertainers
Based in Montreal, the Cirque du Soleil Entertainment Group is a world leader in live entertainment. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:14
Before I get started:
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I'm really excited to be here
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to just actually watch
what's going to happen, from here.
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So with that said,
we're going to start with:
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What is one of our greatest needs,
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one of our greatest needs for our brain?
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And instead of telling you,
I want to show you.
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In fact, I want you to feel it.
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There's a lot I want you to feel
in the next 14 minutes.
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So, if we could all stand up.
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We're all going to conduct
a piece of Strauss together.
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Alright? And you all know it.
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Alright. Are you ready?
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Audience: Yeah!
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Beau Lotto: Alright.
Ready, one, two, three!
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It's just the end.
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(Music: Richard Strauss
"Also Sprach Zarathustra")
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Right?
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You know where it's going.
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(Music)
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Oh, it's coming!
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(Music stops abruptly)
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Oh!
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(Laughter)
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Right?
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Collective coitus interruptus.
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OK, you can all sit down.
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(Laughter)
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We have a fundamental need for closure.
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(Laughter)
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We love closure.
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(Applause)
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I was told the story that Mozart,
just before he'd go to bed,
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he'd go to the piano and go,
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"da-da-da-da-da."
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His father, who was already in bed,
would think, "Argh."
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He'd have to get up
and hit the final note to the chord
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before he could go back to sleep.
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(Laughter)
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So the need for closure
leads us to thinking about:
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What is our greatest fear?
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Think -- what is our greatest fear
growing up, even now?
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And it's the fear of the dark.
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We hate uncertainty.
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We hate to not know.
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We hate it.
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Think about horror films.
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Horror films are always shot in the dark,
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in the forest,
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at night,
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in the depths of the sea,
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the blackness of space.
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And the reason is because
dying was easy during evolution.
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If you weren't sure that was a predator,
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it was too late.
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Your brain evolved to predict.
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And if you couldn't predict, you died.
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And the way your brain predicts
is by encoding the bias and assumptions
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that were useful in the past.
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But those assumptions
just don't stay inside your brain.
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You project them out into the world.
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There is no bird there.
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You're projecting the meaning
onto the screen.
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Everything I'm saying to you right now
is literally meaningless.
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(Laughter)
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You're creating the meaning
and projecting it onto me.
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And what's true for objects
is true for other people.
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While you can measure
their "what" and their "when,"
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you can never measure their "why."
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So we color other people.
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We project a meaning onto them
based on our biases and our experience.
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Which is why the best of design is almost
always about decreasing uncertainty.
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So when we step into uncertainty,
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our bodies respond
physiologically and mentally.
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Your immune system
will start deteriorating.
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Your brain cells wither and even die.
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Your creativity and intelligence decrease.
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We often go from fear to anger,
almost too often.
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Why? Because fear is a state of certainty.
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You become morally judgmental.
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You become an extreme version of yourself.
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If you're a conservative,
you become more conservative.
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If you're a liberal,
you become more liberal.
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Because you go to a place of familiarity.
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The problem is that the world changes.
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And we have to adapt or die.
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And if you want to shift from A to B,
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the first step is not B.
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The first step is to go from A to not A --
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to let go of your bias and assumptions;
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to step into the very place
that our brain evolved to avoid;
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to step into the place of the unknown.
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But it's so essential
that we go to this place
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that our brain gave us a solution.
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Evolution gave us a solution.
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And it's possibly one of the most profound
perceptual experiences.
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And it's the experience of awe.
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(Music)
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(Applause)
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(Music)
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(Applause)
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(Music)
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(Applause)
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(Music)
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(Applause)
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(Cheers)
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(Applause)
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07:31
Beau Lotto: Ah, how wonderful, right?
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So right now, you're probably all feeling,
at some level or another, awe.
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Right?
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So what's happening
inside your brain right now?
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And for thousands of years,
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we've been thinking and writing
and experiencing awe,
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and we know so little about it.
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And so to try to understand
what is it and what does it do,
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my Lab of Misfits had just
the wonderful opportunity and the pleasure
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to work with who are some of the greatest
creators of awe that we know:
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the writers, the creators,
the directors, the accountants,
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the people who are Cirque Du Soleil.
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And so we went to Las Vegas,
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and we recorded
the brain activity of people
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while they're watching the performance,
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over 10 performances of "O,"
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which is iconic Cirque performance.
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And we also measured
the behavior before the performance,
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as well as a different group
after the performance.
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And so we had over 200 people involved.
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So what is awe?
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What is happening
inside your brain right now?
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It's a brain state. OK?
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The front part of your brain,
the prefrontal cortex,
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which is responsible
for your executive function,
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your attentional control,
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is now being downregulated.
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The part of your brain called
the DMN, default mode network,
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which is the interaction
between multiple areas in your brain,
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which is active during, sort of, ideation,
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creative thinking in terms
of divergent thinking and daydreaming,
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is now being upregulated.
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And right about now,
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the activity in your
prefrontal cortex is changing.
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It's becoming asymmetrical
in its activity,
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biased towards the right,
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which is highly correlated
when people step forward into the world,
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as opposed to step back.
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In fact, the activity across the brains
of all these people was so correlated
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that we're able to train
an artificial neural network
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to predict whether or not
people are experiencing awe
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to an accuracy of 75 percent on average,
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with a maximum of 83 percent.
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So what does this brain state do?
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Well, others have demonstrated,
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for instance, Professors
Haidt and Keltner,
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have told us that people feel small
but connected to the world.
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And their prosocial behavior increases,
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because they feel an increased
affinity towards others.
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And we've also shown in this study
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that people have less need
for cognitive control.
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They're more comfortable with uncertainty
without having closure.
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And their appetite
for risk also increases.
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They actually seek risk,
and they are better able at taking it.
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And something that
was really quite profound
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is that when we asked people,
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"Are you someone who has a propensity
to experience awe?"
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They were more likely
to give a positive response
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after the performance
than they were [before].
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They literally redefined themselves
and their history.
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So, awe is possibly the perception
that is bigger than us.
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And in the words of Joseph Campbell,
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"Awe is what enables us to move forward."
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Or in the words of a dear friend,
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probably one of our
greatest photographers,
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still living photographers,
Duane Michaels,
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he said to me just the other day
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that maybe it gives us the curiosity
to overcome our cowardice.
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So who cares? Why should we care?
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Well, consider conflict,
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which seems to be so omnipresent
in our society at the moment.
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If you and I are in conflict,
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it's as if we're at the opposite
ends of the same line.
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And my aim is to prove that you're wrong
and to shift you towards me.
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The problem is, you are doing
exactly the same.
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You're trying to prove that I'm wrong
and shift me towards you.
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Notice that conflict is the setup
to win but not learn.
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Your brain only learns if we move.
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Life is movement.
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So, what if we could use awe,
not to get rid of conflict --
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conflict is essential,
conflict is how your brain expands,
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it's how your brain learns --
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but rather, to enter conflict
in a different way?
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And what if awe could
enable us to enter it
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in at least two different ways?
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One, to give us the humility
and courage to not know.
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Right? To enter conflict
with a question instead of an answer.
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What would happen then?
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To enter the conflict
with uncertainty instead of certainty.
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And the second is,
in entering conflict that way,
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to seek to understand,
rather than convince.
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Because everyone makes sense
to themselves, right?
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And to understand another person,
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is to understand the biases
and assumptions
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that give rise to their behavior.
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And we've actually initiated a pilot study
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to look to see whether
we could use art-induced awe
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to facilitate toleration.
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And the results are actually
incredibly positive.
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We can mitigate against anger and hate
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through the experience of awe
generated by art.
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So where can we find awe,
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given how important it is?
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So, what if ...
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A suggestion:
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that awe is not just
to be found in the grandeur.
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Awe is essential.
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Often, it's scale --
the mountains, the sunscape.
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But what if we could actually
rescale ourselves
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and find the impossible in the simple?
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And if this is true,
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and our data are right,
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then endeavors like science,
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adventure, art, ideas, love,
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a TED conference, performance,
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are not only inspired by awe,
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but could actually be our ladders
into uncertainty
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to help us expand.
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Thank you very much.
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(Applause)
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Please, come up.
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(Applause)
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(Cheers)
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(Applause)
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▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
Cirque du Soleil - Circus arts entertainers
Based in Montreal, the Cirque du Soleil Entertainment Group is a world leader in live entertainment.

Why you should listen

On top of producing world-renowned circus arts shows, the Cirque du Soleil Entertainment Group brings its creative approach to a large variety of entertainment forms, such as multimedia productions, immersive experiences, theme parks and special events. It currently has 4,500 employees from nearly 70 countries. Going beyond its various creations, the organization aims to make a positive impact on people, communities and the planet with its most important tools: creativity and art.

More profile about the speaker
Cirque du Soleil | Speaker | TED.com