TEDxWomen 2011
Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier
Laura Carstensen: Stariji ljudi su sretniji
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U 20. stoljeću smo dodali jedinstven broj godina na naš životni vijek, no da li je kvaliteta života jednako dobra? Iznenađujuće, jest! Na TEDxWomen psihologinja Laura Carstensen pokazuje istraživanje koje prikazuje da ljudi kako stare postaju sretniji, zadovoljniji i imaju pozitivniji pogled na svijet.
Laura Carstensen - Psychologist
Laura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes. Full bio
Laura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
People are living longer
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Ljudi žive duže
00:17
and societies are getting grayer.
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i društva postaju sivija.
00:19
You hear about it all the time.
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Slušate o tome cijelo vrijeme.
00:21
You read about it in your newspapers.
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Čitate o tome u novinama.
00:23
You hear about it on your television sets.
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Slušate o tome na tv-u.
00:25
Sometimes I'm concerned
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Ponekad sam zabrinuta
00:27
that we hear about it so much
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da toliko slušamo o tome
00:29
that we've come to accept longer lives
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da smo počeli prihvaćati duži život
00:32
with a kind of a complacency,
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s dozom zadovoljstva,
00:34
even ease.
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čak spokoja.
00:36
But make no mistake,
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No bez greške,
00:39
longer lives can
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duži život može
00:41
and, I believe, will
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i vjerujem da će
00:43
improve quality of life
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unaprijediti kvalitetu života
00:45
at all ages.
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u svim životnim dobima.
00:47
Now to put this in perspective,
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Da bismo ovo stavili u perspektivu,
00:49
let me just zoom out for a minute.
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dozvolite mi da se odmaknem na minutu.
00:52
More years were added
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Više je godina dodano
00:55
to average life expectancy
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na očekivani prosječni životni vijek
00:57
in the 20th century
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u 20. stoljeću,
00:59
than all years added
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no što je dodano
01:02
across all prior millennia
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tijekom cijelog prošlog tisućljeća
01:06
of human evolution combined.
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ljudske evolucije sveukupno.
01:09
In the blink of an eye,
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U treptaj oka
01:11
we nearly doubled the length of time
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smo gotovo udvostručili duljinu vremena
01:14
that we're living.
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koje živimo.
01:16
So if you ever feel like you don't have this aging thing quite pegged,
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Pa ako ste ikada osjećali da niste baš povezali sve ovo
vezano uz starenje
vezano uz starenje
01:19
don't kick yourself.
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nemojte se zabrinjavati.
01:21
It's brand new.
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To je prava novost.
01:23
And because fertility rates fell
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Zato što su stope plodnosti pale
01:25
across that very same period
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tokom samog perioda
01:27
that life expectancy was going up,
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kada je očekivani životni vijek rastao,
01:31
that pyramid
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ta piramida
01:33
that has always represented the distribution of age in the population,
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koja je uvijek predstavljala distribuciju godina u populaciji
01:36
with many young ones at the bottom
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s mnogo mladih na dnu
01:39
winnowed to a tiny peak of older people
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obavijenih malim šiljkom starijih ljudi
01:42
who make it and survive to old age
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koji su uspjeli i preživjeli do starosti
01:44
is being reshaped
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je preoblikovana
01:46
into a rectangle.
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u pravokutnik.
01:49
And now, if you're the kind of person
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A sada, ako ste tip osobe
01:51
who can get chills from population statistics,
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koja se ježi od statistike populacije
01:55
these are the ones that should do it.
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to su ti koji bi to trebali raditi
01:57
Because what that means
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jer to znači
01:59
is that for the first time in the history of the species,
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da je po prvi puta u povijesti čovječanstva
02:02
the majority of babies born
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većina djece rođena
02:04
in the Developed World
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u Razvijenom Svijetu
02:06
are having the opportunity
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i ima mogućnost
02:09
to grow old.
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odrasti.
02:11
How did this happen?
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Kako se to dogodilo?
02:14
Well we're no genetically hardier than our ancestors were
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Pa, nismo genetički jači no što su naši preci bili
02:16
10,000 years ago.
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prije 10.000 godina.
02:18
This increase in life expectancy
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Ovaj porast u očekivanom trajanju životnog vijeka
02:20
is the remarkable product of culture --
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je nevjerojatan proizvod kulture --
02:23
the crucible
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teško iskušenje
02:25
that holds science and technology
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koje drži znanost i tehnologiju
02:27
and wide-scale changes in behavior
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i širok raspon promjena u ponašanju
02:30
that improve health and well-being.
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koje su poboljšale zdravlje i blagostanje.
02:33
Through cultural changes,
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Kroz kulturne promjene,
02:35
our ancestors
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naši su preci
02:37
largely eliminated early death
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uvelike eliminirali ranu smrt
02:40
so that people can now live out their full lives.
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pa ljudi sada mogu u potpunosti živjeti svoje živote.
02:44
Now there are problems associated with aging --
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Postoje problemi povezani sa starenjem --
02:47
diseases, poverty, loss of social status.
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bolesti, neimaština, gubitak društvenog statusa.
02:50
It's hardly time to rest on our laurels.
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Teško je počivati na lovorikama.
02:52
But the more we learn about aging,
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No, što više učimo o starenju,
02:54
the clearer it becomes
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postaje nam sve jasnije
02:56
that a sweeping downward course
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da je zamahivanje nizbrdnim tokom
02:58
is grossly inaccurate.
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veoma netočno.
03:01
Aging brings some rather remarkable improvements --
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Starenje donosi neke prilično nevjerojatne napretke --
03:05
increased knowledge, expertise --
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povećava znanje, stručnost --
03:08
and emotional aspects of life improve.
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i emocionalne aspekte životnog poboljšanja.
03:14
That's right,
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Točno je,
03:16
older people are happy.
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stariji ljudi su sretni.
03:19
They're happier than middle-aged people,
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Sretniji su od ljudi u srednjim godinama,
03:21
and younger people certainly.
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i zasigurno od mlađih ljudi.
03:23
Study after study
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Studija za studijom
03:25
is coming to the same conclusion.
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dolazi do istog zaključka.
03:27
The CDC recently conducted a survey
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Centri za kontrolu bolesti su nedavno proveli anketu
03:30
where they asked respondents simply to tell them
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u kojoj su ispitanike jednostavno pitali da im kažu
03:33
whether they experienced significant psychological distress
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da li su doživjeli značajnu psihološku opasnost
03:35
in the previous week.
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u proteklom tjednu.
03:37
And fewer older people answered affirmatively to that question
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Manje starijih ljudi je potvrdno odgovorilo na to pitanje
03:40
than middle-aged people,
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od ljudi u srednjim godinama,
03:42
and younger people as well.
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i također mlađih ljudi.
03:44
And a recent Gallup poll
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Nedavna Gallupova anketa
03:46
asked participants
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je pitala učesnike
03:48
how much stress and worry and anger
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koliko stresa, brige i ljutnje
03:50
they had experienced the previous day.
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su doživjeli u proteklom danu.
03:52
And stress, worry, anger
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Stres, briga i ljutnja
03:56
all decrease with age.
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opadaju s godinama.
04:00
Now social scientists call this the paradox of aging.
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Društveni znanstvenici nazivaju ovo paradoksom starenja.
04:03
After all, aging is not a piece of cake.
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Na kraju svega, starenje nije lako.
04:06
So we've asked all sorts of questions
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Upitali smo razne vrste pitanja
04:08
to see if we could undo this finding.
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da bismo vidjeli možemo li ponoviti ovo saznanje.
04:12
We've asked whether it may be
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Pitali smo da li je moguće
04:14
that the current generations of older people
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da trenutne generacije starijih ljudi
04:17
are and always have been
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jesu i oduvijek su bile
04:19
the greatest generations.
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najčuvenije generacije.
04:21
That is that younger people today
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Stvar je u tome da mlađi ljudi danas
04:23
may not typically experience these improvements
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možda ne mogu tipično doživjeti ta poboljšanja
04:26
as they grow older.
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za vrijeme starenja.
04:28
We've asked,
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Pitali smo
04:30
well maybe older people are just trying to put a positive spin
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da li možda stariji ljudi samo pokušavaju staviti
pozitivan krug
pozitivan krug
04:33
on an otherwise depressing existence.
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na inače depresivno postojanje.
04:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:37
But the more we've tried to disavow this finding,
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No što smo više pokušavali poreći ovo saznanje,
04:40
the more evidence we find
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pronalazili smo sve više dokaza
04:42
to support it.
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koji ga podržavaju.
04:44
Years ago, my colleagues and I embarked on a study
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Prije mnogo godina, moji kolege i ja smo se udružili u istraživanje
04:46
where we followed the same group of people over a 10-year period.
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gdje smo pratili istu grupu ljudi tokom perioda od 10 godina.
04:49
Originally the sample was aged 18 to 94.
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Izvorno je uzorak bio između 18 i 94 godine.
04:53
And we studied whether and how their emotional experiences changed
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Proučavali smo da li i kako se njihovi emocionalni doživljaji mijenjanju
04:56
as they grew older.
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kako su starili.
04:58
Our participants would carry electronic pagers
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Naši sudionici su nosili elektronske dojavljivače
05:01
for a week at a time,
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tjedan dana
05:03
and we'd page them throughout the day and evenings at random times.
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i mi bismo im se javljali tokom dana i večeri u nasumična doba.
05:06
And every time we paged them
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Svaki puta kada bismo im se javili
05:08
we'd ask them to answer several questions --
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zamolili bismo ih da nam odgovore na nekoliko pitanja --
05:10
On a one to seven scale, how happy are you right now?
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Na skali od jedan do sedam, koliko ste trenutno sretni?
05:13
How sad are you right now?
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Koliko ste trenutno tužni?
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How frustrated are you right now? --
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Koliko ste trenutno frustrirani? --
05:17
so that we could get a sense
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kako bismo mogli dobiti osjećaj
05:19
of the kinds of emotions and feelings they were having
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toga koju vrstu emocija i osjećaja su imali
05:21
in their day-to-day lives.
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u svojim dnevnim životima.
05:23
And using this intense study
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Upotrebljavajući ovo intenzivno istraživanje
05:25
of individuals,
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pojedinaca,
05:27
we find that it's not one particular generation
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otkrili smo da nije jedna određena generacija
05:31
that's doing better than the others,
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ta kojoj ide bolje od ostalih
05:33
but the same individuals over time
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već su isti pojedinci tijekom vremena
05:36
come to report relatively greater
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prijavljivali relativno veće
05:38
positive experience.
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pozitivno iskustvo.
05:40
Now you see this slight downturn
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Vidite ovu blagu krizu
05:43
at very advanced ages.
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u vrlo visokoj životnoj dobi.
05:45
And there is a slight downturn.
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I postoji blaga kriza.
05:47
But at no point does it return
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No ni u jednom trenu se ne vraća
05:49
to the levels we see
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na razine koje vidimo
05:51
in early adulthood.
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u ranoj zreloj dobi.
05:53
Now it's really too simplistic
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Zaista je prejednostavno
05:57
to say that older people are "happy."
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reći da su stariji ljudi "sretni."
06:01
In our study, they are more positive,
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U našem su istraživanju pozitivniji
06:04
but they're also more likely than younger people
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no skloniji su od mlađih ljudi
06:06
to experience mixed emotions --
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doživljavanju miješanih emocija --
06:09
sadness at the same time you experience happiness;
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tuga u isto vrijeme kad doživljavate sreću;
06:11
you know, that tear in the eye
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znate, ta suza u oku
06:13
when you're smiling at a friend.
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kad se smiješite prijatelju.
06:16
And other research has shown
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Drugo istraživanje je pokazalo
06:18
that older people seem to engage with sadness
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da se stariji ljudi tugom bave
06:20
more comfortably.
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ležernije.
06:22
They're more accepting of sadness than younger people are.
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Lakše prihvaćaju tugu od mlađih ljudi.
06:25
And we suspect that this may help to explain
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Sumnjamo kako bi to moglo pomoći objašnjenju
06:28
why older people are better than younger people
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zašto su stariji ljudi bolji od mlađih ljudi
06:31
at solving hotly-charged emotional conflicts and debates.
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u rješavanju veoma nabijenih emocionalnih konflikata i rasprava.
06:36
Older people can view injustice
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Stariji ljudi mogu sagledati nepravdu
06:39
with compassion,
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sa sažaljenjem,
06:41
but not despair.
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no ne i očajanjem.
06:44
And all things being equal,
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I sve su stvari jednake,
06:46
older people direct their cognitive resources,
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stariji ljudi upravljaju svojim kognitivnim izvorima,
06:48
like attention and memory,
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poput pažnje i pamćenja
06:50
to positive information more than negative.
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do pozitivne informacije više od negativne.
06:53
If we show older, middle-aged, younger people images,
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Ako pokažemo starijim, mlađim i ljudima srednje dobi slike
06:56
like the ones you see on the screen,
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poput ove koju vidite na ekranu
06:59
and we later ask them
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i kasnije ih pitamo
07:01
to recall all the images that they can,
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da se prisjete slika koje su vidjeli,
07:04
older people, but not younger people,
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stariji ljudi, ali ne i mlađi ljudi,
07:07
remember more positive images
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se sjećaju više pozitivnih slika
07:09
than negative images.
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od negativnih.
07:11
We've asked older and younger people
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Upitali smo starije i mlađe ljude
07:13
to view faces in laboratory studies,
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da pogledaju lica u laboratorijskim istraživanjima,
07:15
some frowning, some smiling.
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neka koja se mršte, a neka koja se smiju.
07:17
Older people look toward the smiling faces
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Stariji ljudi gledaju prema nasmiješenim licima
07:20
and away from the frowning, angry faces.
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i miču pogled s namrštenih, ljutih lica.
07:23
In day-to-day life,
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U dnevnom životu,
07:25
this translates into greater enjoyment
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je ovo prevedeno kao veći užitak
07:27
and satisfaction.
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i zadovoljstvo.
07:31
But as social scientists, we continue to ask
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No, kao društveni znanstvenici, nastavili smo ispitivati
07:33
about possible alternatives.
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o mogućim alternativama.
07:35
We've said, well maybe older people
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Rekli smo da možda stariji ljudi
07:37
report more positive emotions
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prijavljuju više pozitivnih emocija
07:39
because they're cognitively impaired.
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zato što su kognitivno oštećeni.
07:42
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:45
We've said, could it be
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Rekli smo, može li biti
07:47
that positive emotions are simply easier to process than negative emotions,
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da su pozitivne emocije jednostavno jednostavnije za obradu od negativnih emocija,
07:50
and so you switch to the positive emotions?
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pa se prebacite na pozitivne emocije?
07:53
Maybe our neural centers in our brain
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Možda su neuralni centri u našem mozgu
07:55
are degraded such
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degradirani tako
07:57
that we're unable to process negative emotions anymore.
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da nismo više u mogućnosti obrađivati negativne emocije.
08:00
But that's not the case.
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No to nije slučaj.
08:02
The most mentally sharp older adults
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Većina mentalno jakih starijih odraslih osoba
08:05
are the ones who show this positivity effect the most.
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su oni koji najčešće pokazuju ovaj efekt pozitivnosti.
08:09
And under conditions where it really matters,
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Pod uvjetima gdje je to zaista važno,
08:12
older people do process the negative information
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stariji ljudi obrađuju negativnu informaciju
08:14
just as well as the positive information.
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jednako dobro kao i pozitivnu informaciju.
08:17
So how can this be?
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Kako je to moguće?
08:20
Well in our research,
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U našem istraživanju,
08:22
we've found that these changes
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otkrili smo da su te promjene
08:24
are grounded fundamentally
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bitno temeljene
08:26
in the uniquely human ability to monitor time --
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u jedinstvenoj ljudskoj sposobnosti da kontrolira vrijeme --
08:29
not just clock time and calendar time,
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ne samo vrijeme na satu i kalendaru,
08:31
but lifetime.
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već životno vrijeme.
08:34
And if there's a paradox of aging,
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I ako postoji paradoks starenja,
08:36
it's that recognizing that we won't live forever
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to je prepoznavanje da nećemo živjeti zauvijek
08:39
changes our perspective on life
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koje mijenja naš pogled na svijet
08:41
in positive ways.
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na pozitivne načine.
08:44
When time horizons are long and nebulous,
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Kad su vremenski obzori dugi i nejasni,
08:47
as they typically are in youth,
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kao što obično jesu u mladosti,
08:49
people are constantly preparing,
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ljudi se stalno pripremaju,
08:52
trying to soak up all the information they possibly can,
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pokušavajući upiti sve informacije koje mogu
08:55
taking risks, exploring.
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riskirajući, istražujući.
08:57
We might spend time with people we don't even like
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Možemo provoditi vrijeme s ljudima koje čak ni ne volimo
09:00
because it's somehow interesting.
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jer je to na neki način zanimljivo.
09:03
We might learn something unexpected.
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Možemo naučiti nešto neočekivano.
09:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:07
We go on blind dates.
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Idemo na spojeve na slijepo.
09:09
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:11
You know, after all,
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Znate, na kraju svega,
09:13
if it doesn't work out, there's always tomorrow.
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ako ne uspije, uvijek postoji sutra.
09:16
People over 50
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Ljudi iznad 50.
09:18
don't go on blind dates.
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ne idu na spojeve na slijepo.
09:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:26
As we age,
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Kako starimo,
09:28
our time horizons grow shorter
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naši vremenski obzori se smanjuju
09:30
and our goals change.
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i naši se ciljevi mijenjaju.
09:33
When we recognize that we don't have all the time in the world,
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Kad prepoznamo da nemamo svo vrijeme ovog svijeta,
09:36
we see our priorities most clearly.
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najjasnije vidimo svoje prioritete.
09:38
We take less notice of trivial matters.
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Manje marimo za trivijalne stvari.
09:41
We savor life.
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Uživamo u životu.
09:43
We're more appreciative,
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Zahvalniji smo,
09:45
more open to reconciliation.
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otvoreniji izmirenju.
09:48
We invest in more emotionally important parts of life,
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Ulažemo u emocionalno važnije dijelove života,
09:51
and life gets better,
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i život postaje bolji,
09:54
so we're happier day-to-day.
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pa smo iz dana u dan sretniji.
09:57
But that same shift in perspective
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No taj isti pomak u perspektivi
09:59
leads us to have less tolerance than ever
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nas vodi do manje tolerancije no ikad
10:02
for injustice.
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za nepravdu.
10:04
By 2015,
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Do 2015.
10:06
there will be more people in the United States
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u SAD-u će biti više ljudi
10:09
over the age of 60
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koji imaju više od 60 godina
10:11
than under 15.
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nego što ima ljudi ispod 15 godina.
10:14
What will happen to societies
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Što će se dogoditi društvima
10:16
that are top-heavy with older people?
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koja su prepuna starijim ljudima?
10:19
The numbers won't determine
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Brojevi neće odrediti
10:22
the outcome.
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ishod.
10:24
Culture will.
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Kultura hoće.
10:27
If we invest in science and technology
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Ako uložimo u znanost i tehnologiju
10:30
and find solutions for the real problems
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i pronađemo rješenja za stvarne probleme
10:32
that older people face
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s kojima se stariji ljudi suočavaju
10:35
and we capitalize
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i kapitaliziramo se
10:37
on the very real strengths
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na same stvarne snage
10:39
of older people,
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starijih ljudi,
10:41
then added years of life
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onda dodane godine života
10:43
can dramatically improve quality of life
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dramatično mogu poboljšati kvalitetu života
10:46
at all ages.
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u svim godinama.
10:48
Societies with millions
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Društva s milijunima
10:51
of talented, emotionally stable citizens
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talentiranih, emocionalno stabilnih stanovnika
10:53
who are healthier and better educated
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koji su zdraviji i školovaniji
10:56
than any generations before them,
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od bilo koje generacije prije njih,
10:58
armed with knowledge
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potkovani znanjem
11:00
about the practical matters of life
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o praktičnim stvarima života
11:02
and motivated
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i motivirani
11:04
to solve the big issues
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rješavanjem velikih problema
11:06
can be better societies
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mogu biti bolja društva
11:09
than we have ever known.
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no što je ikada poznato.
11:13
My father, who is 92,
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Moj otac, koji ima 92 godine
11:16
likes to say,
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voli reći
11:18
"Let's stop talking only about
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"Prestanimo pričati samo o
11:20
how to save the old folks
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tome kako spasiti starce
11:22
and start talking about
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i počnimo pričati o tome
11:24
how to get them to save us all."
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kako da oni spase sve nas."
11:28
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:30
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Carstensen - PsychologistLaura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes.
Why you should listen
Dr. Carstensen is Professor of Psychology and Public Policy at Stanford University, where she is the founding director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, which explores innovative ways to solve the problems of people over 50 and improve the well-being of people of all ages. She is best known in academia for socioemotional selectivity theory, a life-span theory of motivation. She is also the author of A Long Bright Future: An Action Plan for a Lifetime of Happiness, Health, and Financial Security — an updated edition will be released in 2011.
Laura Carstensen | Speaker | TED.com