TED-Ed
Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries
Kako preproste ideje vodijo do znanstvenih odkritij
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Adam Savage predstavi dva izjemna primera velikih znanstvenih odkritij, ki sta bili posledica preprostih in kreativnih metod, ki bi jih lahko vsakdo uporabil - Erastotenov izračun obsega Zemlje okrog leta 200 pr. n. št. in izmeritev hitrosti svetlobe Hippolyta Fizeauja leta 1849.
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinker
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(Glasba)
Ena od zanimivih stvari
o možganih je ta, da
o možganih je ta, da
00:14
One of the funny things
about owning a brain
about owning a brain
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nimamo nadzora nad tem,
kar možgani sprejemajo in obdržijo;
kar možgani sprejemajo in obdržijo;
00:16
is that you have
no control over the things
no control over the things
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00:18
that it gathers and holds onto,
the facts and the stories.
the facts and the stories.
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to so zgodbe in dejstva.
Ko se staramo, postane še hujše.
Ko se staramo, postane še hujše.
00:21
And as you get older, it only gets worse.
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Stvari včasih ždijo leta in leta,
00:23
Things stick around for years sometimes
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preden razumemo,
zakaj nas zanimajo
zakaj nas zanimajo
00:25
before you understand
why you're interested in them,
why you're interested in them,
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in kaj nam prinaša njihov vnos.
00:28
before you understand their import to you.
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Podal vam bom tri zgodbe.
00:30
Here's three of mine.
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Ko je bil Richard Feynman
še fantek, živeč v Queensu
še fantek, živeč v Queensu
00:31
When Richard Feynman
was a young boy in Queens,
was a young boy in Queens,
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je bil na sprehodu s svojim očetom,
s sabo pa je imel še voziček in žogo.
s sabo pa je imel še voziček in žogo.
00:34
he went for a walk with his dad
and his wagon and a ball.
and his wagon and a ball.
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Opazil je, da ko je vlekel voziček za seboj,
00:38
He noticed that when he pulled the wagon,
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
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se je žoga zakotalila proti koncu vozička.
Očeta je vprašal:
"Zakaj se je žoga premaknila proti koncu?"
"Zakaj se je žoga premaknila proti koncu?"
00:42
He asked his dad, "Why does
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
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Oče pa mu je odvrnil:
"Temu se reče vztrajnost."
"Temu se reče vztrajnost."
00:45
And his dad said, "That's inertia."
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Richard je vprašal: "Kaj pa je to?"
Oče mu je odgovoril:
Oče mu je odgovoril:
00:47
He said, "What's inertia?"
And his dad said, "Ah.
And his dad said, "Ah.
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"Vztrajnost je ime, ki so ga dali znastveniki
00:50
Inertia is the name that scientists give
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00:52
to the phenomenon of the ball
going to the back of the wagon."
going to the back of the wagon."
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pojavu, ko se žoga zakotali
proti koncu vozička.
proti koncu vozička.
V resnici pa noben ne ve, kaj je to."
00:55
(Laughter)
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00:57
"But in truth, nobody really knows."
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Feynman je diplomiral
01:00
Feynman went on to earn degrees
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na MIT-u, Princetonu,
razložil je nesrečo raketoplana Challenger,
razložil je nesrečo raketoplana Challenger,
01:02
at MIT, Princeton, he solved
the Challenger disaster,
the Challenger disaster,
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dobil je Nobelovo nagrado za fiziko
01:05
he ended up winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics
the Nobel Prize in Physics
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za lastne Feynmanove diagrame,
ki so opisovali premikanje osnovnih delcev.
ki so opisovali premikanje osnovnih delcev.
01:08
for his Feynman diagrams, describing
the movement of subatomic particles.
the movement of subatomic particles.
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Zasluge pripisuje temu pogovoru z očetom.
01:12
And he credits that conversation
with his father as giving him a sense
with his father as giving him a sense
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Dal mu je občutek,
da nas lahko preprosta vprašanja
popeljejo na kraj človeškega védenja
popeljejo na kraj človeškega védenja
01:16
that the simplest questions could carry
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
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in tam se je hotel malce poigrati.
01:21
and that that's where he wanted to play.
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In se je.
01:23
And play he did.
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Eratosten je bil tretji knjižničar
v veliki knjižnici v Aleksandriji
v veliki knjižnici v Aleksandriji
01:25
Eratosthenes was the third librarian
at the great Library of Alexandria,
at the great Library of Alexandria,
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in je veliko pripomogel k znanosti.
01:29
and he made many contributions to science.
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Zgodba o dosežku,
po katerem je najbolj znan
po katerem je najbolj znan
01:32
But the one he is most remembered for
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se je začela s pismom,
ki ga je prejel kot knjižničar,
ki ga je prejel kot knjižničar,
01:34
began in a letter that he received
as the librarian,
as the librarian,
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iz mesta Swenet, južno od Aleksandrije.
01:37
from the town of Swenet,
which was south of Alexandria.
which was south of Alexandria.
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V pismu je bilo navedeno dejstvo
o katerem je premišljeval Eratosten.
o katerem je premišljeval Eratosten.
01:41
The letter included this fact
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
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Pošiljatelj je zapisal, da ko je opoldne
na sončev solsticij
na sončev solsticij
01:44
and the fact was that the writer said,
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pogledal v globok vodnjak,
01:46
at noon on the solstice,
when he looked down this deep well,
when he looked down this deep well,
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je lahko videl svoj odsev na dnu
in da je njegova glava
in da je njegova glava
01:49
he could see his reflection at the bottom,
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01:51
and he could also see
that his head was blocking the sun.
that his head was blocking the sun.
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delala senco.
Naj vam kar zdaj povem.
Ideja, da je Krištof Kolumb odkril, da je svet okrogel
Ideja, da je Krištof Kolumb odkril, da je svet okrogel
01:54
I should tell you -- the idea
that Christopher Columbus
that Christopher Columbus
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je neumnost.
To sploh ni res.
To sploh ni res.
01:57
discovered that the world
is spherical is total bull.
is spherical is total bull.
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Pravzaprav, že od časa Aristotla
je vsak izobraženec
je vsak izobraženec
01:59
It's not true at all.
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02:00
In fact, everyone who was educated
understood that the world was spherical
understood that the world was spherical
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s preprostim opazovanjem razumel,
in to je Aristotel tudi dokazal,
in to je Aristotel tudi dokazal,
02:04
since Aristotle's time.
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da je svet okrogel.
02:05
Aristotle had proved it
with a simple observation.
with a simple observation.
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Opazili so, da vsakič,
ko se je videla Zemljina senca na površju Lune
ko se je videla Zemljina senca na površju Lune
02:07
He noticed that every time you saw
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
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je bila senca okrogla.
Edina oblika, ki meče tako senco
02:11
it was circular,
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02:12
and the only shape that constantly
creates a circular shadow
creates a circular shadow
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je krogla, kar dokazuje,
da je Zemlja okrogla.
da je Zemlja okrogla.
02:15
is a sphere, Q.E.D. the Earth is round.
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Nihče pa ni vedel, kako velika je,
02:18
But nobody knew how big it was
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dokler ni Eratosten dobil tistega pisma.
02:19
until Eratosthenes got
this letter with this fact.
this letter with this fact.
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Razumel je, da je sonce direktno
nad mestom Swenet,
nad mestom Swenet,
02:23
So he understood that the sun
was directly above the city of Swenet,
was directly above the city of Swenet,
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kajti če gledaš v vodnjak,
je bilo tako kot da bi ravna črta,
je bilo tako kot da bi ravna črta,
02:26
because looking down a well,
it was a straight line
it was a straight line
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potekala mimo glave v vodnjak.
02:29
all the way down the well,
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
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Eratosten je vedel še nekaj.
02:33
Eratosthenes knew another fact.
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Palica je,
zapičena v tla v Aleksandriji
zapičena v tla v Aleksandriji
02:34
He knew that a stick stuck
in the ground in Alexandria
in the ground in Alexandria
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ob istem dnevu,
ob istem času, opoldne,
ob istem času, opoldne,
02:37
at the same time
and the same day, at noon,
and the same day, at noon,
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ko je sonce v zenitu,
ob solsticiju
ob solsticiju
02:40
the sun's zenith, on the solstice,
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metala senco pod kotom 7,2 stopinji.
02:42
the sun cast a shadow that showed
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
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Če poznate obseg kroga
02:49
If you know the circumference of a circle,
and you have two points on it,
and you have two points on it,
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in imate dve točki na njem,
potem morate samo vedeti
razdaljo med tistima točkama,
razdaljo med tistima točkama,
02:53
all you need to know is the distance
between those two points,
between those two points,
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da ekstrapolirate obseg.
02:56
and you can extrapolate the circumference.
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360 stopinj, deljeno z 7,2
je enako 50.
je enako 50.
02:58
360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
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Vem, da je okrogla številka
in celo jaz sem sumničav do te zgodbe
in celo jaz sem sumničav do te zgodbe
03:02
I know it's a little bit
of a round number,
of a round number,
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ampak je dobra,
zato bom nadaljeval.
zato bom nadaljeval.
03:04
and it makes me suspicious
of this story too,
of this story too,
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03:06
but it's a good story,
so we'll continue with it.
so we'll continue with it.
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Erastoten je rabil vedeti,
koliko je razdalja med Swenetom in Aleksandrijo.
koliko je razdalja med Swenetom in Aleksandrijo.
03:08
He needed to know the distance
between Swenet and Alexandria,
between Swenet and Alexandria,
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To je dobro,
kajti geografija mu je šla od rok.
kajti geografija mu je šla od rok.
03:11
which is good because Eratosthenes
was good at geography.
was good at geography.
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Pravzaprav je ustvaril besedo "geografija".
03:15
In fact, he invented the word geography.
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Pot med Swenetom in Aleksandrijo
03:17
(Laughter)
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03:19
The road between Swenet and Alexandria
was a road of commerce,
was a road of commerce,
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je bila trgovska pot
in trgovci so morali vedeti,
koliko časa je trajala pot.
koliko časa je trajala pot.
03:22
and commerce needed to know
how long it took to get there.
how long it took to get there.
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Morali so vedeti natančno razdaljo
in on je točno vedel,
in on je točno vedel,
03:25
It needed to know the exact distance,
so he knew very precisely
so he knew very precisely
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da je razdalja med mestoma
500 milj (približno 805 km).
500 milj (približno 805 km).
03:28
that the distance between
the two cities was 500 miles.
the two cities was 500 miles.
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Pomnožite s 50
in dobite 25.000 milj (40.233 km),
in dobite 25.000 milj (40.233 km),
03:31
Multiply that times 50, you get 25,000,
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03:34
which is within one percent
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
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kar odstopa za približno 1 odstotek
od dejanskega premera Zemlje.
od dejanskega premera Zemlje.
To je izračunal 2.200 let nazaj.
03:38
He did this 2,200 years ago.
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Živimo v dobi,
03:42
Now, we live in an age where
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03:44
multi-billion-dollar pieces of machinery
are looking for the Higgs boson.
are looking for the Higgs boson.
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ko oprema, vredna več milijard dolarjev
išče Higgsov bozon.
išče Higgsov bozon.
Odkrivamo delce,
ki lahko potujejo hitreje od svetlobe
ki lahko potujejo hitreje od svetlobe
03:48
We're discovering particles
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03:50
that may travel faster
than the speed of light,
than the speed of light,
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in takšna odkritja so možna
03:52
and all of these discoveries
are made possible
are made possible
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s tehnologijo,
ki so jo razvili v zadnjih desetletjih.
ki so jo razvili v zadnjih desetletjih.
03:55
by technology that's been developed
in the last few decades.
in the last few decades.
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Toda večino časa v naši zgodovini
03:58
But for most of human history,
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smo morali odkriti take stvari
z očmi, ušesi in umom.
z očmi, ušesi in umom.
04:01
we had to discover these things using
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
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Armand Fizeau
je bil eksperimentalni fizik v Parizu.
je bil eksperimentalni fizik v Parizu.
04:06
Armand Fizeau was
an experimental physicist in Paris.
an experimental physicist in Paris.
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Njegova posebnost je bila,
da je dodeloval in potrjeval rezultate drugih ljudi
da je dodeloval in potrjeval rezultate drugih ljudi
04:10
His specialty was actually refining
and confirming other people's results,
and confirming other people's results,
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in morda zveni
kot pobiranje zaslug
kot pobiranje zaslug
04:15
and this might sound
like a bit of an also-ran,
like a bit of an also-ran,
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toda to je pravzaprav
bistvo znanosti,
bistvo znanosti,
04:17
but in fact, this is the soul of science,
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ker nobeden ne more
kar sam potrditi nekega dejstva.
kar sam potrditi nekega dejstva.
04:19
because there is no such thing as a fact
that cannot be independently corroborated.
that cannot be independently corroborated.
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Poznal je Galilejeve poskuse,
04:23
And he was familiar
with Galileo's experiments
with Galileo's experiments
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ko je skušal določiti svetlobi
njeno hitrost.
njeno hitrost.
04:26
in trying to determine
whether or not light had a speed.
whether or not light had a speed.
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Galileo je izvedel čudovit poskus.
04:29
Galileo had worked out this
really wonderful experiment
really wonderful experiment
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On in njegov pomočnik sta imela
vsak svojo svetilko.
vsak svojo svetilko.
04:32
where he and his assistant had a lamp,
each one of them was holding a lamp.
each one of them was holding a lamp.
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Galileo je posvetil s svojo,
isto je storil tudi pomočnik.
isto je storil tudi pomočnik.
04:36
Galileo would open his lamp,
and his assistant would open his.
and his assistant would open his.
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Bila sta res dobro usklajena.
04:39
They got the timing down really good.
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Preprosto sta to vedela.
Potem sta stala na dveh hribih,
Potem sta stala na dveh hribih,
04:41
They just knew their timing.
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04:42
And then they stood at two hilltops,
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približno 3,2 km narazen in ponovila poskus.
Galileo je domneval,
Galileo je domneval,
04:44
two miles distant,
and they did the same thing,
and they did the same thing,
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da če ima svetloba
razpoznavno hitrost,
razpoznavno hitrost,
04:47
on the assumption from Galileo
that if light had a discernible speed,
that if light had a discernible speed,
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bi opazil zakasnitev,
ko bi pomočnik posvetil s svojo svetilko.
ko bi pomočnik posvetil s svojo svetilko.
04:50
he'd notice a delay in the light
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
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Ampak svetloba
je bila prehitra za Galileja.
je bila prehitra za Galileja.
04:53
But light was too fast for Galileo.
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Za kar nekajkrat
je napačno domneval,
je napačno domneval,
04:56
He was off by several orders
of magnitude when he assumed
of magnitude when he assumed
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da je svetloba približno
desetkrat hitrejša od zvoka.
desetkrat hitrejša od zvoka.
04:58
that light was roughly ten times
as fast as the speed of sound.
as fast as the speed of sound.
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Fizeau je poznal ta poskus.
Živel je v Parizu
Živel je v Parizu
05:02
Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
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05:04
He lived in Paris, and he set up
two experimental stations,
two experimental stations,
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in je postavil
dve eksperimentalni postaji,
dve eksperimentalni postaji,
oddaljeni med seboj
približno 8,6 km.
približno 8,6 km.
05:09
roughly 5.5 miles distant, in Paris.
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Rešil je Galilejevo zagato tako, da
05:12
And he solved this problem of Galileo's,
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je uporabil
relativno vsakdanjo opremo.
relativno vsakdanjo opremo.
05:14
and he did it with a really relatively
trivial piece of equipment.
trivial piece of equipment.
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Uporabil je eno od teh.
05:19
He did it with one of these.
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Za nekaj časa
bom pospravil daljinec,
bom pospravil daljinec,
05:21
I'm going to put away
the clicker for a second
the clicker for a second
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ker hočem,
da malce razmišljate zraven.
da malce razmišljate zraven.
05:23
because I want to engage
your brains in this.
your brains in this.
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Tole je zobato kolesce.
Ima zareze
Ima zareze
05:25
So this is a toothed wheel.
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05:27
It's got a bunch of notches
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
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in zobce.
Tako je Fizeau lahko pošiljal
ločene curke svetlobe.
ločene curke svetlobe.
05:30
This was Fizeau's solution
to sending discrete pulses of light.
to sending discrete pulses of light.
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Za eno od teh zarez
je posvetil z žarkom.
je posvetil z žarkom.
05:33
He put a beam behind one of these notches.
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Če posvetimo
s takim žarkom v ogledalo
s takim žarkom v ogledalo
05:35
If I point a beam
through this notch at a mirror,
through this notch at a mirror,
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oddaljeno 8 km stran,
se žarek odbija od ogledala
se žarek odbija od ogledala
05:39
five miles away, that beam
is bouncing off the mirror
is bouncing off the mirror
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in vrača skozi zarezo.
05:41
and coming back to me through this notch.
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Ko pa je kolesce zavrtel hitreje,
se je zgodilo nekaj zanimivega.
se je zgodilo nekaj zanimivega.
05:44
But something interesting happens
as he spins the wheel faster.
as he spins the wheel faster.
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Zdelo se mu je, kot da bi se žarku svetlobe,
ki se vrača v njegovo oko
ki se vrača v njegovo oko
05:47
He notices that it seems
like a door is starting to close
like a door is starting to close
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zapirala vrata.
05:50
on the light beam
that's coming back to his eye.
that's coming back to his eye.
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Čemu je tako?
05:53
Why is that?
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Vzrok je v curku svetlobe,
ki se ni vračal
ki se ni vračal
05:55
It's because the pulse
of light is not coming back
of light is not coming back
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nazaj skozi isto zarezo.
Pravzaprav je zadeval v zobec.
Pravzaprav je zadeval v zobec.
05:57
through the same notch.
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05:59
It's actually hitting a tooth.
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Dovolj hitro je vrtel kolesce
06:00
And he spins the wheel fast enough
and he fully occludes the light.
and he fully occludes the light.
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in prekril svetlobo.
Potem pa je
sodeč po razdalji med postajama,
sodeč po razdalji med postajama,
06:05
And then, based on the distance
between the two stations
between the two stations
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06:08
and the speed of his wheel
and the number of notches in the wheel,
and the number of notches in the wheel,
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hitrosti kolesca
in številom zarez
in številom zarez
izračunal hitrost svetlobe, ki je odstopala
za približno 2 odstotka od dejanske količine.
za približno 2 odstotka od dejanske količine.
06:11
he calculates the speed of light
to within two percent of its actual value.
to within two percent of its actual value.
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To je storil leta 1849.
06:16
And he does this in 1849.
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To me res privlači pri znanosti.
06:21
This is what really gets me
going about science.
going about science.
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Ko imam težave z razumevanjem neke zamisli,
grem raziskovat, kako so ljudje to odkrili.
grem raziskovat, kako so ljudje to odkrili.
06:23
Whenever I'm having trouble
understanding a concept,
understanding a concept,
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06:26
I go back and I research
the people that discovered that concept.
the people that discovered that concept.
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Pogledam njihovo pot spoznanja.
06:29
I look at the story of how
they came to understand it.
they came to understand it.
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Ko pogledate,
o čem so razmišljali izumitelji
o čem so razmišljali izumitelji
06:31
What happens when you look
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06:33
at what the discoverers
were thinking about
were thinking about
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ob svojih odkritjih
boste razumeli,
boste razumeli,
06:35
when they made their discoveries,
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06:37
is you understand that
they are not so different from us.
they are not so different from us.
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da niso tako različni od nas.
Vsi smo vreče mesa in vode.
Začnemo z istimi pripomočki.
Začnemo z istimi pripomočki.
06:42
We are all bags of meat and water.
We all start with the same tools.
We all start with the same tools.
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Všeč mi je to, da se različne veje znanosti
imenujejo študijska področja.
imenujejo študijska področja.
06:46
I love the idea that different branches
of science are called fields of study.
of science are called fields of study.
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Večina ljudi meni,
da je znanost zaprta, črna škatla,
da je znanost zaprta, črna škatla,
06:50
Most people think of science
as a closed, black box,
as a closed, black box,
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ampak v bistvu je odprto področje.
06:53
when in fact it is an open field.
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Vsi smo raziskovalci.
06:56
And we are all explorers.
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Osebe, o katerih odkritjih sem govoril
so le malce bolj pomislile,
so le malce bolj pomislile,
06:58
The people that made these discoveries
just thought a little bit harder
just thought a little bit harder
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kaj v bistvu gledajo,
bile so malo bolj radovedne.
bile so malo bolj radovedne.
07:01
about what they were looking at,
and they were a little bit more curious.
and they were a little bit more curious.
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Njihova radovednost je spremenila način,
kako ljudje razmišljajo o svetu
kako ljudje razmišljajo o svetu
07:05
And their curiosity changed the way
people thought about the world,
people thought about the world,
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in tako je tudi prišlo
do sprememb v svetu.
do sprememb v svetu.
07:08
and thus it changed the world.
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Spremenili so svet
in lahko ga tudi vi.
in lahko ga tudi vi.
07:10
They changed the world, and so can you.
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Hvala.
07:14
Thank you.
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07:15
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinkerAdam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker.
Why you should listen
Adam Savage's mother is a psychologist; his father was a celebrated artist, painter and filmmaker. From the youngest age they encouraged his flights of fancy. Savage has been a paperboy, a projectionist, juggler, unicycle rider, sculptor, graphic designer, scenic painter, robot builder, welder, carpenter, machinist, prop maker, toy designer, actor, writer, executive producer and director. He spent six years in theater and 10 years in commercial and film special effects working for clients such as Nike, Corning, Hershey's, and Coca-Cola, and films like Star Wars, The Matrix films, A.I., Space Cowboys, Terminator 3 and Galaxy Quest.
Savage has built everything from theater sets to miniature particle accelerators. From spaceships to animatronic arms. He's made Rube Goldberg machines, hand props and spacesuits. His online videos have generated over 230 million page views. He's written for Popular Mechanics, the Wall Street Journal and Wired Magazine, among others. His program "Mythbusters" produced 270 episodes that aired in over 100 countries for 14 years. Adam shares his builds, his love for movie props and costumes, and passion for the transformative power of making on his award winning website Tested.com. He lives in San Francisco with his wife Julia, his twin boys Thing1 and Thing2, and two amazing dogs.
(Photo: Michael Shindler)
Adam Savage | Speaker | TED.com