TEDSalon 2006
Steven Johnson: How the "ghost map" helped end a killer disease
Steven Johnson: Kako je "zemljevid duhov" pripomogel k uničenju smrtno nevarne bolezni
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Avtor Steven Johnson nas odpelje na desetminutni ogled Zemljevida duhov, svoje knjige o izbruhu kolere leta 1854 v Londonu in učinek, ki ga je ta imel na znanost, mesta in moderno družbo.
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
If you haven't ordered yet, I generally find the rigatoni with the spicy tomato sauce
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Če še niste jedli, priporočam rigatone
s pekočo paradižnikovo omako,
s pekočo paradižnikovo omako,
00:32
goes best with diseases of the small intestine.
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saj gredo najbolje
z boleznimi tankega črevesa.
z boleznimi tankega črevesa.
00:35
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
00:37
So, sorry -- it just feels like I should be doing stand-up up here because of the setting.
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Oprostite, a zaradi postavitve odra
se mi zdi, da sem tu za stand up nastop.
se mi zdi, da sem tu za stand up nastop.
00:41
No, what I want to do is take you back to 1854
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Sedaj pa vas bom za nekaj minut
popeljal nazaj v leto 1854,
popeljal nazaj v leto 1854,
00:46
in London for the next few minutes, and tell the story --
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in sicer v London, da vam na kratko
povem zgodbo tega izbruha,
povem zgodbo tega izbruha,
00:50
in brief -- of this outbreak,
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00:53
which in many ways, I think, helped create the world that we live in today,
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ki je po moje na mnoge načine doprinesel
k sodobnemu načinu življenja,
k sodobnemu načinu življenja,
00:57
and particularly the kind of city that we live in today.
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predvsem pa sodobnim velemestom.
00:59
This period in 1854, in the middle part of the 19th century,
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To obdobje v letu 1854,
sredi 19. stoletja v zgodovini Londona,
sredi 19. stoletja v zgodovini Londona,
01:03
in London's history, is incredibly interesting for a number of reasons.
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je izredno zanimivo iz številnih razlogov.
01:07
But I think the most important one is that
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Menim pa, da je najpomembnejši dejstvo,
01:10
London was this city of 2.5 million people,
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da je bil London velemesto
z 2,5 milijona prebivalcev
z 2,5 milijona prebivalcev
01:13
and it was the largest city on the face of the planet at that point.
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in je bil tisti trenutek
največje mesto na planetu.
največje mesto na planetu.
Bil pa je tudi največje mesto vseh časov.
01:18
But it was also the largest city that had ever been built.
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01:20
And so the Victorians were trying to live through
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Tako so viktorijanci
istočasno skušali preživeti
istočasno skušali preživeti
01:23
and simultaneously invent a whole new scale of living:
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in nekako izumiti novo stopnjo
v razvoju življenjskega stila,
v razvoju življenjskega stila,
01:27
this scale of living that we, you know, now call "metropolitan living."
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stopnjo, ki ji danes rečemo,
gotovo veste, "urbani življenjski stil".
gotovo veste, "urbani življenjski stil".
01:32
And it was in many ways, at this point in the mid-1850s, a complete disaster.
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Ta je bil takrat, sredi 50-ih let 19. st.,
v številnih pogledih še popolna polomija.
v številnih pogledih še popolna polomija.
01:38
They were basically a city living with a modern kind of industrial metropolis
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Dejansko so živeli v prototipu
modernega industrijskega velemesta
modernega industrijskega velemesta
01:42
with an Elizabethan public infrastructure.
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s srednjeveško infrastrukturo.
01:45
So people, for instance, just to gross you out for a second,
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Tako so ljudje imeli na primer -
da vas malce zgrozim -
da vas malce zgrozim -
01:50
had cesspools of human waste in their basement. Like, a foot to two feet deep.
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v kleteh greznice s človeškimi iztrebki.
Mislim, globine 30 do 60 cm.
Mislim, globine 30 do 60 cm.
01:56
And they would just kind of throw the buckets down there
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Dejansko so vsebino čebrov
nekako zlivali tja dol
nekako zlivali tja dol
01:59
and hope that it would somehow go away,
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in upali, da bo čudežno izginila
in seveda nikoli ni povsem izginila.
in seveda nikoli ni povsem izginila.
02:01
and of course it never really would go away.
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02:04
And all of this stuff, basically, had accumulated to the point
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Vse te tegobe so se nabirale do točke,
02:07
where the city was incredibly offensive to just walk around in.
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da je bilo skrajno neprijetno
že samo hoditi po mestu.
že samo hoditi po mestu.
02:11
It was an amazingly smelly city. Not just because of the cesspools,
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Mesto je imelo neverjetno neprijeten vonj.
Pa ne samo zaradi greznic,
Pa ne samo zaradi greznic,
02:15
but also the sheer number of livestock in the city would shock people.
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ampak že število glav živine
v mestu bi vas presenetilo.
v mestu bi vas presenetilo.
02:18
Not just the horses, but people had cows in their attics that they would use for milk,
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Ne samo konji, na podstrešju
so imeli tudi krave za mleko,
so imeli tudi krave za mleko,
02:22
that they would hoist up there and keep them in the attic
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s škripci so jih dvignili tja
in jih vzdrževali tam,
in jih vzdrževali tam,
02:25
until literally their milk ran out and they died,
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dokler ni zmanjkalo mleka in so poginile.
02:27
and then they would drag them off to the bone boilers down the street.
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Po tem so jih odvlekli
do najbližje predelovalnice kosti.
do najbližje predelovalnice kosti.
02:33
So, you would just walk around London at this point
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Če bi v tistem času hodili po Londonu,
02:36
and just be overwhelmed with this stench.
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bi vas šokiral neznosen smrad.
02:39
And what ended up happening is that an entire emerging public health system
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Sledilo je to, da je nastajajoči sistem
za varovanje javnega zdravstva
za varovanje javnega zdravstva
02:44
became convinced that it was the smell that was killing everybody,
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kot vzrok za smrtnost meščanov
prepoznal smrad
prepoznal smrad
02:48
that was creating these diseases
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in določil, da smrad ustvarja bolezni,
02:50
that would wipe through the city every three or four years.
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ki so vsake tri ali štiri leta
povzročile morijo v mestu.
povzročile morijo v mestu.
02:53
And cholera was really the great killer of this period.
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Kolera je bila v tem času huda morilka.
02:55
It arrived in London in 1832, and every four or five years
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V Londonu se je pojavila leta 1832
in na vsake štiri ali pet let
in na vsake štiri ali pet let
03:00
another epidemic would take 10,000, 20,000 people in London
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je epidemija usmrtila 10.000,
20.000 ljudi v Londonu,
20.000 ljudi v Londonu,
03:04
and throughout the U.K.
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pa tudi v celotnem Združenem kraljestvu.
03:06
And so the authorities became convinced that this smell was this problem.
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Oblasti so bile torej prepričane,
da je vzrok problema smrad.
da je vzrok problema smrad.
03:10
We had to get rid of the smell.
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Iskali so način, da se znebijo smrada.
03:12
And so, in fact, they concocted a couple of early, you know,
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Tako so zasnovali nekaj zgodnjih ukrepov
03:15
founding public-health interventions in the system of the city,
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za varstvo javnega zdravja
v mestnem sistemu,
v mestnem sistemu,
03:19
one of which was called the "Nuisances Act,"
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eden od teh se je imenoval
"Zakon o javnem redu",
"Zakon o javnem redu",
03:21
which they got everybody as far as they could
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ki je - kolikor je lahko - ljudi prisilil,
03:23
to empty out their cesspools and just pour all that waste into the river.
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da so vsebino svojih greznic
izpraznili v reko.
izpraznili v reko.
03:28
Because if we get it out of the streets, it'll smell much better,
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Ker: če jih odmaknemo z ulic,
bo vonj znosnejši
bo vonj znosnejši
03:32
and -- oh right, we drink from the river.
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in ... Saj res! Mi vendar pijemo iz reke.
03:36
So what ended up happening, actually,
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Posledično se je pravzaprav zgodilo,
da se je število obolelih zvišalo,
da se je število obolelih zvišalo,
03:38
is they ended up increasing the outbreaks of cholera
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03:40
because, as we now know, cholera is actually in the water.
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ker, kot sedaj vemo, je kolera v vodi.
To je bolezen, ki se prenaša
z vodo, ne preko zraka.
z vodo, ne preko zraka.
03:44
It's a waterborne disease, not something that's in the air.
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Je ne vohamo in ne vdahnemo,
v resnici jo zaužijemo.
v resnici jo zaužijemo.
03:47
It's not something you smell or inhale; it's something you ingest.
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03:50
And so one of the founding moments of public health in the 19th century
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Tako so začetki javnega zdravja v 19. st.
03:54
effectively poisoned the water supply of London much more effectively
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dejansko zastrupili pitno vodo
v Londonu s takšnim uspehom,
v Londonu s takšnim uspehom,
da lahko o tem kateri koli
sodobni bioterorist samo sanja.
sodobni bioterorist samo sanja.
03:58
than any modern day bioterrorist could have ever dreamed of doing.
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04:01
So this was the state of London in 1854,
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Takšna je bila torej
situacija v Londonu leta 1854
situacija v Londonu leta 1854
04:05
and in the middle of all this carnage and offensive conditions,
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in sredi tega masakra in obupnih razmer
04:11
and in the midst of all this scientific confusion
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in sredi te znanstvene zmede
o vzroku smrtnosti ljudi
o vzroku smrtnosti ljudi
04:14
about what was actually killing people,
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04:17
it was a very talented classic 19th century multi-disciplinarian named John Snow,
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je bil nadarjen multidisciplinaren
znanstvenik 19. st. po imenu John Snow,
znanstvenik 19. st. po imenu John Snow,
04:23
who was a local doctor in Soho in London,
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sicer lokalni zdravnik
v predelu Soho v Londonu,
v predelu Soho v Londonu,
04:26
who had been arguing for about four or five years
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ki je že štiri ali pet let zagovarjal,
da se kolera prenaša z vodo,
da se kolera prenaša z vodo,
04:28
that cholera was, in fact, a waterborne disease,
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04:31
and had basically convinced nobody of this.
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o čemer ni uspel prepričati še nikogar.
04:34
The public health authorities had largely ignored what he had to say.
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Snovalci politike javnega zdravja
so preslišali njegove argumente.
so preslišali njegove argumente.
04:38
And he'd made the case in a number of papers and done a number of studies,
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O tem je napisal veliko tehtnih člankov
in izvedel precej raziskav,
in izvedel precej raziskav,
04:42
but nothing had really stuck.
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vendar ni šlo nič skozi.
Del tega, zakaj mi je ta zgodba všeč, je,
04:44
And part of -- what's so interesting about this story to me
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04:46
is that in some ways, it's a great case study in how cultural change happens,
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da na nek način predstavlja
učni primer poteka kulturnih sprememb,
učni primer poteka kulturnih sprememb,
04:51
how a good idea eventually comes to win out over much worse ideas.
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kako dobra zamisel premaga precej slabše.
04:56
And Snow labored for a long time with this great insight that everybody ignored.
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Snow je dolgo garal s tem uvidom
pred očmi, ki so ga drugi ignorirali.
pred očmi, ki so ga drugi ignorirali.
05:00
And then on one day, August 28th of 1854,
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Nato pa se je nekega dne,
in sicer 28. avgusta 1854,
in sicer 28. avgusta 1854,
05:05
a young child, a five-month-old girl whose first name we don't know,
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majhen otrok, petmesečna deklica,
katere niti imena ne vemo,
katere niti imena ne vemo,
poznamo jo kot Lewisovega dojenčka,
se je nekako okužila s kolero
se je nekako okužila s kolero
05:09
we know her only as Baby Lewis, somehow contracted cholera,
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05:13
came down with cholera at 40 Broad Street.
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in zbolela za to boleznijo
na naslovu Broad Street 40.
na naslovu Broad Street 40.
05:16
You can't really see it in this map, but this is the map
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Na tem zemljevidu se ne vidi,
toda ta zemljevid
toda ta zemljevid
05:19
that becomes the central focus in the second half of my book.
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postane osrednji fokus
v drugi polovici moje knjige.
v drugi polovici moje knjige.
Torej v Sohu, soseski delavskega razreda,
05:24
It's in the middle of Soho, in this working class neighborhood,
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05:26
this little girl becomes sick and it turns out that the cesspool,
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to dekletce zboli in izkaže se,
da greznica,
da greznica,
05:30
that they still continue to have, despite the Nuisances Act,
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ki jo še vedno imajo,
navkljub "Zakonu o javnem redu",
navkljub "Zakonu o javnem redu",
05:33
bordered on an extremely popular water pump,
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meji na izredno priljubljeno
vodno črpalko.
vodno črpalko.
05:37
local watering hole that was well known for the best water in all of Soho,
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Lokalni vodnjak, ki je slovel
po najboljši vodi v celotnem Sohu
po najboljši vodi v celotnem Sohu
05:41
that all the residents from Soho and the surrounding neighborhoods would go to.
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in h kateremu so hodili
vsi prebivalci Soha in okoliških sosesk.
vsi prebivalci Soha in okoliških sosesk.
05:45
And so this little girl inadvertently ended up
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Tako je to dekletce nehote pomagalo
05:48
contaminating the water in this popular pump,
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kontaminirati vodo v tej črpalki
05:50
and one of the most terrifying outbreaks in the history of England
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in eden najbolj grozljivih izbruhov kolere
v angleški zgodovini
v angleški zgodovini
je sledil dva ali tri dni pozneje.
05:56
erupted about two or three days later.
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05:58
Literally, 10 percent of the neighborhood died in seven days,
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Resnično, 10 odstotkov soseščine
je umrlo v sedmih dneh
je umrlo v sedmih dneh
in verjetno bi je še več, če ljudje
ne bi zbežali po začetku izbruha.
ne bi zbežali po začetku izbruha.
06:02
and much more would have died if people hadn't fled
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06:04
after the initial outbreak kicked in.
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06:07
So it was this incredibly terrifying event.
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Dogodek je bil izredno grotesken.
06:09
You had these scenes of entire families dying
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Predstavljajte si, kako v roku 48 ur od
izbruha kolere umirajo celotne družine,
izbruha kolere umirajo celotne družine,
06:12
over the course of 48 hours of cholera,
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06:14
alone in their one-room apartments, in their little flats.
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sami v svojih garsonjerah,
v svojih malih stanovanjih.
v svojih malih stanovanjih.
06:19
Just an extraordinary, terrifying scene.
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Neverjetna, grozljiva slika.
06:22
Snow lived near there, heard about the outbreak,
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Snow, ki je stanoval v bližini,
je slišal za izbruh,
je slišal za izbruh,
in pogumno odbrzel v epicenter izbruha,
06:26
and in this amazing act of courage went directly into the belly of the beast
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06:29
because he thought an outbreak that concentrated
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ker je ocenil, da bi lahko
tako koncentriran izbruh
tako koncentriran izbruh
06:32
could actually potentially end up convincing people that,
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morda ljudi vendarle prepričal,
da je resnična nevarnost kolere
v pitni vodi in ne v zraku.
v pitni vodi in ne v zraku.
06:36
in fact, the real menace of cholera was in the water supply and not in the air.
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Domneval je,
da bi tako koncentriran izbruh
da bi tako koncentriran izbruh
06:42
He suspected an outbreak that concentrated
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06:44
would probably involve a single point source.
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lahko imel eno samo točko izvora.
En sam kraj, h kateremu so vsi hodili,
06:48
One single thing that everybody was going to
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ker ni prišlo do
tipičnega počasnega načina okužbe.
tipičnega počasnega načina okužbe.
06:50
because it didn't have the traditional slower path
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06:53
of infections that you might expect.
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Odšel je torej naravnost tja
in začel ljudi spraševati.
in začel ljudi spraševati.
06:56
And so he went right in there and started interviewing people.
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06:59
He eventually enlisted the help of this amazing other figure,
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Priskrbel si je tudi pomoč
še ene izjemne osebnosti,
še ene izjemne osebnosti,
07:03
who's kind of the other protagonist of the book --
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nekako drugega protagonista knjige -
07:05
this guy, Henry Whitehead, who was a local minister,
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Henryja Whiteheada, okoliškega duhovnika,
07:08
who was not at all a man of science, but was incredibly socially connected;
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sicer ne znanstvenika,
vendar zelo socialno povezanega
vendar zelo socialno povezanega
07:11
he knew everybody in the neighborhood.
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in je poznal vse v soseski.
07:13
And he managed to track down, Whitehead did,
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In ravno Whiteheadu je uspelo izslediti
07:15
many of the cases of people who had drunk water from the pump,
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večino, ki so pili vodo iz črpalke,
07:18
or who hadn't drunk water from the pump.
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in tiste, ki tam niso pili.
07:20
And eventually Snow made a map of the outbreak.
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Tako je Snow naredil "zemljevid izbruha".
Kazalo je, da so tisti,
ki so tam pili, večinoma zboleli,
ki so tam pili, večinoma zboleli,
07:25
He found increasingly that people who drank from the pump were getting sick.
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07:28
People who hadn't drunk from the pump were not getting sick.
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tisti, ki pa niso pili, niso zboleli.
07:31
And he thought about representing that
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Premišljeval je, da bi to predstavil
kot nekakšno statistično preglednico
prebivalcev različnih sosesk,
prebivalcev različnih sosesk,
07:33
as a kind of a table of statistics of people living in different neighborhoods,
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ljudi, ki niso, oz. delež ljudi, ki niso,
07:36
people who hadn't, you know, percentages of people who hadn't,
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07:38
but eventually he hit upon the idea
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naposled pa se je domislil,
da bi potreboval nekaj bolj očitnega.
da bi potreboval nekaj bolj očitnega.
07:40
that what he needed was something that you could see.
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Nekaj, kar bi nazorno prikazalo
07:42
Something that would take in a sense a higher-level view
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07:44
of all this activity that had been happening in the neighborhood.
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dogajanje v soseski.
07:47
And so he created this map,
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Tako je ustvaril ta zemljevid,
ki število smrti v soseski
dejansko prikazuje
dejansko prikazuje
07:50
which basically ended up representing all the deaths in the neighborhoods
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07:54
as black bars at each address.
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kot črni stolpec na vsakem naslovu.
07:57
And you can see in this map, the pump right at the center of it
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Na zemljevidu lahko vidimo,
da se črpalka nahaja v središču
da se črpalka nahaja v središču
08:00
and you can see that one of the residences down the way
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in da je hiša v neposredni bližini
izgubila približno 15 stanovalcev.
izgubila približno 15 stanovalcev.
08:02
had about 15 people dead.
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08:04
And the map is actually a little bit bigger.
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Ta zemljevid je v resnici nekoliko večji.
Bolj ko se oddaljujete od črpalke,
08:06
As you get further and further away from the pump,
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08:08
the deaths begin to grow less and less frequent.
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bolj se število smrti znižuje.
08:11
And so you can see this something poisonous
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Tako lahko vidimo, da se nekaj strupenega
širi iz vodnjaka, že na prvi pogled.
širi iz vodnjaka, že na prvi pogled.
08:14
emanating out of this pump that you could see in a glance.
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08:18
And so, with the help of this map,
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Tako so se s pomočjo tega zemljevida
in nekaj prepričevanja,
in nekaj prepričevanja,
08:20
and with the help of more evangelizing
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08:22
that he did over the next few years
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ki ga je izvajal v naslednjih letih
skupaj z Whiteheadom,
skupaj z Whiteheadom,
08:24
and that Whitehead did, eventually, actually,
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mestne oblasti na koncu
dejansko spreobrnile.
dejansko spreobrnile.
08:26
the authorities slowly started to come around.
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08:28
It took much longer than sometimes we like to think in this story,
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Sicer je trajalo dlje,
kot bi si mi danes želeli predstavljati,
kot bi si mi danes želeli predstavljati,
08:31
but by 1866, when the next big cholera outbreak came to London,
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toda do leta 1866, ko je v Londonu
vnovič prišlo do velikega izbruha kolere,
vnovič prišlo do velikega izbruha kolere,
08:36
the authorities had been convinced -- in part because of this story,
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so bile mestne oblasti spreobrnjene -
delno zaradi tega primera,
delno zaradi tega primera,
delno zaradi tega zemljevida
- da je bil izvor pravzaprav v vodi.
- da je bil izvor pravzaprav v vodi.
08:40
in part because of this map -- that in fact the water was the problem.
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08:44
And they had already started building the sewers in London,
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Gradnja kanalizacije v Londonu
je že potekala
je že potekala
08:46
and they immediately went to this outbreak
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in takoj so se lotili izbruha
in ljudem rekli, naj vodo prekuhavajo.
in ljudem rekli, naj vodo prekuhavajo.
08:48
and they told everybody to start boiling their water.
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08:50
And that was the last time that London has seen a cholera outbreak since.
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In to je bilo zadnjikrat,
da je v Londonu prišlo do izbruha kolere.
da je v Londonu prišlo do izbruha kolere.
08:55
So, part of this story, I think -- well, it's a terrifying story,
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Tako mislim, da del te zgodbe -
v bistvu je strašljiva,
v bistvu je strašljiva,
08:58
it's a very dark story and it's a story
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je zelo temačna zgodba in je zgodba,
ki se še vedno dogaja
ki se še vedno dogaja
09:00
that continues on in many of the developing cities of the world.
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v številnih mestih tretjega sveta.
09:04
It's also a story really that is fundamentally optimistic,
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V resnici gre tudi za zgodbo,
ki je v osnovi optimistična,
ki je v osnovi optimistična,
09:07
which is to say that it's possible to solve these problems
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ki kaže, da je mogoče rešiti te probleme,
09:10
if we listen to reason, if we listen to the kind of wisdom of these kinds of maps,
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če sledimo razumu, če sledimo
modrosti takšnih zemljevidov,
modrosti takšnih zemljevidov,
09:14
if we listen to people like Snow and Whitehead,
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če sledimo ljudem kot Snow in Whitehead
09:16
if we listen to the locals who understand
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in sledimo krajanom, ki razumejo,
kaj se dogaja v takšnih primerih.
kaj se dogaja v takšnih primerih.
09:18
what's going on in these kinds of situations.
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09:21
And what it ended up doing is making the idea
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Kar se je na koncu zgodilo,
je ohranitev ideje velemestnega
"urbanega načina življenja" kot vzdržnega.
"urbanega načina življenja" kot vzdržnega.
09:24
of large-scale metropolitan living a sustainable one.
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09:28
When people were looking at 10 percent of their neighborhoods dying
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Ko so ljudje opazovali, kako desetina
njihovih sosedov umira v roku sedmih dni,
njihovih sosedov umira v roku sedmih dni,
09:31
in the space of seven days,
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09:33
there was a widespread consensus that this couldn't go on,
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je obstajalo soglasje,
da tako ne gre naprej,
da tako ne gre naprej,
09:36
that people weren't meant to live in cities of 2.5 million people.
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da ljudje niso bili ustvarjeni za
življenje v mestih z 2,5 milijona ljudi.
življenje v mestih z 2,5 milijona ljudi.
A zaradi Snowovih dejanj, zemljevida,
09:40
But because of what Snow did, because of this map,
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09:42
because of the whole series of reforms
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zaradi vrste reform,
ki so sledile zemljevidu,
ki so sledile zemljevidu,
09:44
that happened in the wake of this map,
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09:46
we now take for granted that cities have 10 million people,
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so nam danes samoumevna
mesta tudi z 10 milijoni ljudi,
mesta tudi z 10 milijoni ljudi,
mesta, kot je tudi to, so obstojna.
09:50
cities like this one are in fact sustainable things.
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09:52
We don't worry that New York City is going to collapse in on itself
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Niti za sekundo nas ne skrbi,
da bi New York propadel,
da bi New York propadel,
09:55
quite the way that, you know, Rome did,
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kot je, vemo, razpadel stari Rim,
09:57
and be 10 percent of its size in 100 years or 200 years.
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in se zmanjšal na desetino velikosti
v stoletju ali dveh.
v stoletju ali dveh.
10:00
And so that in a way is the ultimate legacy of this map.
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Na nek način je to
glavna zapuščina tega zemljevida.
glavna zapuščina tega zemljevida.
10:03
It's a map of deaths that ended up creating a whole new way of life,
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Zemljevid smrti, ki je na koncu
ustvaril nov način življenja,
ustvaril nov način življenja,
10:08
the life that we're enjoying here today. Thank you very much.
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življenje, ki ga uživamo tudi mi
danes tu. Najlepša hvala.
danes tu. Najlepša hvala.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - WriterSteven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.
Why you should listen
Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."
Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society.
Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.
An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.
Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com