TED2012
Liz Diller: A new museum wing ... in a giant bubble
莉斯 迪勒：充满争议的巨型气泡
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你怎么在一个伟大的公共空间内部建造一个并不伟大的建筑呢？莉斯 迪勒在这里分享了她的故事：在华盛顿赫什宏博物馆的周边建造一个受欢迎的让人心情愉快的（甚至，我们敢说，是性感的）建筑。
Liz Diller - Designer
Liz Diller and her maverick firm DS+R bring a groundbreaking approach to big and small projects in architecture, urban design and art -- playing with new materials, tampering with space and spectacle in ways that make you look twice. Full bio
Liz Diller and her maverick firm DS+R bring a groundbreaking approach to big and small projects in architecture, urban design and art -- playing with new materials, tampering with space and spectacle in ways that make you look twice. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
We conventionally divide space
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我们时常把空间分割成
00:19
into private and public realms,
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私人或公用空间
00:20
and we know these legal distinctions very well
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我们对这两者在法律上的区别了解颇丰
00:24
because we've become experts
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因为我们是
00:26
at protecting our private property and private space.
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保护私有财产和私人空间的专家
00:30
But we're less attuned
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然而，我们对
00:32
to the nuances of the public.
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公用空间的各种细节却不甚合拍
00:35
What translates generic public space into qualitative space?
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是什么把普通的公用空间变得有质感？
00:39
I mean, this is something
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我的意思是
00:40
that our studio has been working on
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这正是我们工作室一直以来在努力打造的
00:42
for the past decade.
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这项工作至今已有十个年头
00:44
And we're doing this through some case studies.
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我们一直通过案例研究的方式开展工作
00:46
A large chunk of our work
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我们工作的一大部分
00:47
has been put into transforming
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是改造
00:49
this neglected industrial ruin
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这块被遗弃的老工业区
00:52
into a viable post-industrial space
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把它变成后工业时代的新空间
00:55
that looks forward and backward
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让它看上去既前卫，又不失历史感
00:56
at the same time.
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同时兼具两种时代感
00:57
And another huge chunk of our work
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我们工作的另一大部分
01:00
has gone into making relevant
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是把一个陈旧的空间
01:02
a site that's grown out of sync with its time.
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变得与时俱进
01:05
We've been working on democratizing Lincoln Center
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我们在让林肯中心更加民主化
01:08
for a public that doesn't usually have $300
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让人们不必为了在一个公用场所欣赏歌剧
01:12
to spend on an opera ticket.
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而破费300美元
01:15
So we've been eating, drinking,
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因而，我们在公用场所体验吃、喝、
01:17
thinking, living public space
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思考、生活
01:19
for quite a long time.
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体验了相当长一段时间
01:21
And it's taught us really one thing,
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这段经历教了我们一件事
01:24
and that is to truly make good public space,
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那就是：如果真的想让一个公用场所名副其实
01:28
you have to erase the distinctions
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必须抹去一切“特殊性”，一切“与众不同”之处
01:31
between architecture, urbanism,
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无论是建筑、城市规划、
01:33
landscape, media design
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还是风景，或媒体设计
01:35
and so on.
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诸如此类，等等
01:37
It really goes beyond distinction.
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都应该摒弃“特殊性”
01:39
Now we're moving onto Washington, D.C.
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现在，我们在首都华盛顿开展新项目
01:42
and we're working on another transformation,
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在为另一个建筑打造新的转变
01:44
and that is for the existing Hirshhorn Museum
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那就是美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）
01:47
that's sited
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它位于
01:49
on the most revered public space in America,
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美国最受尊敬的公用场所
01:51
the National Mall.
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美国国家广场
01:54
The Mall is a symbol
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美国国家广场是
01:55
of American democracy.
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美利坚民主的象征
01:58
And what's fantastic is that this symbol
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令我们心驰神往的是：这一象征
02:01
is not a thing, it's not an image,
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并非一个物体，也非一张图片
02:03
it's not an artifact,
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更不是飞机、火箭
02:05
actually it's a space,
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而是一个真真切切的空间
02:07
and it's kind of just defined by a line of buildings
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是一排排列整齐的建筑
02:10
on either side.
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位于道路两边
02:12
It's a space where citizens can voice their discontent
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公民可以在那里抒发不满
02:15
and show their power.
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彰显力量
02:16
It's a place where pivotal moments in American history
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它也见证了美国历史上无数
02:20
have taken place.
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关键事件
02:22
And they're inscribed in there forever --
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这些事在此留下永恒的印记
02:24
like the march on Washington for jobs and freedom
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例如为了就业和自由的华盛顿大游行
02:27
and the great speech that Martin Luther King gave there.
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还有马丁路德金的伟大演讲
02:30
The Vietnam protests, the commemoration of all that died
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还有抗议越南战争，纪念为越战牺牲的同胞
02:34
in the pandemic of AIDS,
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以及艾滋病大游行
02:36
the march for women's reproductive rights,
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和为女人争取生育权的游行
02:39
right up until almost the present.
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凡此种种，绵延至今
02:42
The Mall is the greatest civic stage
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美国国家广场是最民主的舞台
02:45
in this country for dissent.
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在这个意见不一的国度，包容各类观点
02:49
And it's synonymous with free speech,
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它是言论自由的代名词
02:53
even if you're not sure what it is that you have to say.
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纵使你不知道要说些什么
02:55
It may just be a place for civic commiseration.
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它是一个让民众抒发怜悯之情的地方
03:01
There is a huge disconnect, we believe,
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我们认为，有一个巨大的鸿沟
03:04
between the communicative and discursive space of the Mall
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存在于国家广场
03:08
and the museums that line it to either side.
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与两边的博物馆，似乎有一些空间交流的障碍
03:12
And that is that those museums are usually passive,
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那是因为，周围的博物馆都是阳面的，突出的
03:16
they have passive relationships between the museum
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体现了一种积极的空间关系
03:19
as the presenter and the audience,
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仿佛就像演讲者与听众
03:21
as the receiver of information.
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又如信息的接收者
03:23
And so you can see dinosaurs
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因此，你可以看见恐龙
03:25
and insects and collections of locomotives
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昆虫、各种机车
03:29
and all of that,
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诸如此类，等等
03:30
but you're really not involved;
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但是，同时你又置身事外
03:32
you're being talked to.
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只是被告知这些信息
03:34
When Richard Koshalek took over as director of the Hirshhorn
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当理查德科厦勒接管美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）时
03:38
in 2009,
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那是2009年
03:40
he was determined to take advantage
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他决定利用
03:43
of the fact that this museum was sited
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这座博物馆的地理优势
03:46
at the most unique place:
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因为它位于一个独特的地方
03:48
at the seat of power in the U.S.
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那就是美国权利的中心
03:49
And while art and politics
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尽管艺术和政治
03:52
are inherently and implicitly together always and all the time,
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总是生来就密不可分，有着千丝万缕的关系
03:57
there could be some very special relationship
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似乎总有些非常独特的关系
04:01
that could be forged here in its uniqueness.
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可以把两者连接起来
04:05
The question is, is it possible ultimately
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问题在于：最终是否可能
04:08
for art to insert itself
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让艺术
04:10
into the dialogue of national and world affairs?
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融入国内、国际事务的对话之中？
04:13
And could the museum be an agent of cultural diplomacy?
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能否让博物馆变成文化大使？
04:17
There are over 180 embassies in Washington D.C.
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首都华盛顿容纳了逾180个国家的大使馆
04:22
There are over 500 think tanks.
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有超过500个智囊团
04:25
There should be a way
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总有一种方式
04:26
of harnessing all of that intellectual and global energy
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可以有效结合和利用文化元素合全球资源
04:29
into, and somehow through, the museum.
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把这些融入博物馆，同时，也借助博物馆
04:31
There should be some kind of brain trust.
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因而，需要建立一些信任
04:34
So the Hirshhorn, as we began to think about it,
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美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）也是如此，因此，我们开始着手考虑这个问题
04:38
and as we evolved the mission,
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随着我们一步步开展这项任务
04:40
with Richard and his team --
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与理查德和他的团队
04:42
it's really his life blood.
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他视之如生命
04:44
But beyond exhibiting contemporary art,
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然而，在展示当代艺术之外，
04:48
the Hirshhorn will become a public forum,
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美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）将成为一个公共场所
04:51
a place of discourse
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一个展示
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for issues around arts,
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与艺术相关事宜的地方
04:55
culture, politics and policy.
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包括文化、政治、政策
05:00
It would have the global reach of the World Economic Forum.
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它甚至可以连接到世界经济论坛
05:04
It would have the interdisciplinarity of the TED Conference.
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也可以举办TED会议
05:07
It would have the informality of the town square.
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它可以不拘于城镇广场的形式
05:12
And for this new initiative,
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为了这项新举措
05:14
the Hirshhorn would have to expand
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国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）必须扩大规模
05:15
or appropriate a site
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或者采取一个合适的结构
05:17
for a contemporary, deployable structure.
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利用现有的空间
05:20
This is it. This is the Hirshhorn --
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这就是崭新的国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）
05:21
so a 230-foot-diameter concrete doughnut
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一个直径为230英尺的实心甜甜圈状物
05:25
designed in the early '70s
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设计与70年代初期
05:27
by Gordon Bunshaft.
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由戈登本夏特创作
05:29
It's hulking, it's silent,
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它看上去笨重、沉默
05:30
it's cloistered, it's arrogant,
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又很森严、很高傲
05:32
it's a design challenge.
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它是个设计难题
05:34
Architects love to hate it.
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建筑师喜欢憎恨它
05:35
One redeeming feature
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它的一个特征
05:37
is it's lifted up off the ground
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是它可以从地上被抬升起来
05:39
and it's got this void,
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它可以被填充
05:41
and it's got an empty core
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它的内部是真空的
05:43
kind of in the spirit and that facade
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有点像披着那层外表的精神物质
05:45
very much corporate and federal style.
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很像企业和联邦的类型
05:49
And around that space,
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而这个空间的周围
05:51
the ring is actually galleries.
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则是一个环状的长廊
05:53
Very, very difficult to mount shows in there.
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很难在上面举办走秀（或“展示”）活动
05:55
When the Hirshhorn opened,
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美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）开张时
05:57
Ada Louise Huxstable, the New York Times critic,
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艾达路易斯，纽约时报的批评家
05:59
had some choice words:
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称之为
06:01
"Neo-penitentiary modern."
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“摩登监狱”
06:03
"A maimed monument and a maimed Mall
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“致残的时刻与致残的广场”
06:06
for a maimed collection."
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献给一个致残的群体”
06:07
Almost four decades later,
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近四十年后
06:09
how will this building expand
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这幢大楼会变成什么摸样
06:11
for a new progressive program?
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在一个崭新的、发展的项目的支撑下
06:13
Where would it go?
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它将何去何从？
06:14
It can't go in the Mall.
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不能再扩张到广场上
06:15
There is no space there.
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因为那里已经没有空间了
06:17
It can't go in the courtyard.
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它也不能再往庭院里扩建
06:18
It's already taken up by landscape and by sculptures.
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那儿早已坐落了很多地标和雕像
06:23
Well there's always the hole.
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于是我们发现：那儿不是有个洞吗？
06:25
But how could it take the space of that hole
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可是，怎么让洞挤出新的空间呢？
06:29
and not be buried in it invisibly?
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并且在不被掩埋、不被视而不见的前提下？
06:31
How could it become iconic?
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怎么样才能让它变成标志性建筑？
06:33
And what language would it take?
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要用什么语言去诠释它？
06:37
The Hirshhorn sits among the Mall's momumental institutions.
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美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）周围有众多纪念性的建筑
06:40
Most are neoclassical, heavy and opaque,
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但大多数都是新古典主义风格，厚重而敦实
06:43
made of stone or concrete.
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大多是由石头或水泥堆砌而成的
06:46
And the question is,
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于是，问题是
06:47
if one inhabits that space,
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如果在那儿建一个建筑
06:49
what is the material of the Mall?
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应该使用什么材料？
06:52
It has to be different from the buildings there.
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它得在材质上与众不同
06:55
It has to be something entirely different.
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而且是截然不同
06:57
It has to be air.
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最好是空气
06:59
In our imagination, it has to be light.
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在我们的想象中，它应该是很轻盈的
07:01
It has to be ephemeral. It has to be formless.
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它应该是短暂的、形态的
07:03
And it has to be free.
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可以自由自在的变幻
07:05
(Video)
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（视频短片）
07:17
So this is the big idea.
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以上就是大致的概念
07:20
It's a giant airbag.
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我们设想它为一个巨大的气囊
07:22
The expansion takes the shape of its container
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将充满整个容器
07:26
and it oozes out wherever it can --
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它可以渗透到四面八方
07:28
the top and sides.
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充到顶端、到达周边
07:30
But more poetically,
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但是更诗意的是
07:32
we like to think of the structure
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我们要设计它的架构
07:34
as inhaling the democratic air of the Mall,
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可以让它吸收博物馆的民主气息
07:35
bringing it into itself.
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把这种气息融入它自身建筑之中
07:40
The before and the after.
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随着时间推移
07:43
It was dubbed "the bubble" by the press.
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媒体将它冠名为“气泡”
07:47
That was the lounge.
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那里是一个酒廊
07:49
It's basically one big volume of air
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从本质上来说就是一团空气
07:52
that just oozes out in every direction.
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飘逸到各个角度
07:54
The membrane is translucent.
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外部的膜是半透明
07:56
It's made of silcon-coated glass fiber.
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这层膜是由有机硅涂层玻璃纤维做成的
08:00
And it's inflated twice a year for one month at a time.
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每年为它充气两次，每次充一个月
08:04
This is the view from the inside.
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这是从内部看出去的视觉效果
08:07
So you might have been wondering
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你或许会有疑问
08:09
how in the world
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我们是怎么
08:11
did we get this approved by the federal government.
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得到联邦政府的批准的呢
08:13
It had to be approved by actually two agencies.
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实际上，我们得获得两个部门的许可
08:18
And one is there to preserve
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一个部门要保护
08:21
the dignity and sanctity of the Mall.
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博物馆的庄严、肃穆
08:24
I blush whenever I show this.
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每每说到这一点，我就不禁脸红
08:27
It is yours to interpret.
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当然，如何解读就看你了
08:30
But one thing I can say
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但是，我要说的是一点
08:32
is that it's a combination
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那就是它是一个结合体
08:35
of iconoclasm
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结合了破除迷信
08:37
and adoration.
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以及崇拜感
08:41
There was also some creative interpretation involved.
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曾经一度有一些颇有创意的解读
08:44
The Congressional Buildings Act of 1910
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例如，1910年的国会建筑法案
08:47
limits the height of buildings in D.C.
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它限制了华盛顿市内建筑的高度
08:49
to 130 feet,
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规定它们不准找过130英尺
08:51
except for spires, towers, domes and minarettes.
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除非是尖顶、塔、圆顶、尖塔
08:54
This pretty much exempts monuments of the church and state.
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这个法案挽救了很多教堂
08:58
And the bubble is 153 ft.
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我们的“气泡”是153英尺
09:01
That's the Pantheon next to it.
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这是“气泡”旁边的英雄纪念堂
09:04
It's about 1.2 million cubic feet of compressed air.
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体积约有120万立方英尺，满满地填充了压缩气体
09:07
And so we argued it
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于是我们称
09:09
on the merits of being a dome.
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它的实质是一个圆顶
09:11
So there it is,
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大家看，
09:13
very stately,
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很显然是一个庄严的圆顶
09:14
among all the stately buildings in the Mall.
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位于国家广场中一片庄严的建筑群内
09:18
And while this Hirshhorn is not landmarked,
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尽管这座博物馆并非地标
09:21
it's very, very historically sensitive.
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但它有很强的历史敏感性
09:23
And so we couldn't really touch its surfaces.
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因而我们没有触及它的表面
09:26
We couldn't leave any traces behind.
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我们不能留有任何可追溯回去的线索
09:27
So we strained it from the edges,
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我们从周边开始建模
09:30
and we held it by cables.
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用电缆拉住它
09:32
It's a study of some bondage techniques,
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是一项关于线速技术的实验
09:35
which are actually very, very important
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这项实验对整个建筑非常重要
09:37
because it's hit by wind all the time.
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因为“气泡”周边无时不刻没有风
09:38
There's one permanent steel ring at the top,
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在顶端有一根固定的钢丝环
09:40
but it can't be seen from any vantage point on the Mall.
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但从博物馆内部是看不到这个环的
09:43
There are also some restrictions
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另外，还有一些限制
09:46
about how much it could be lit.
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关于它能承载多大分量
09:47
It glows from within, it's translucent.
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由于它是从内部充气的，因此它是半透明的
09:49
But it can't be more lit than the Capitol
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但它不能比国会大厦亮
09:52
or some of the monuments.
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至少大多数时候不行
09:54
So it's down the hierarchy on lighting.
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所以，它不能太亮
09:54
So it comes to the site twice a year.
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因此，每年充气两次
09:58
It's taken off the delivery truck.
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把它放在装载卡车商运送过去
10:01
It's hoisted.
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然后把它悬挂起来
10:03
And then it's inflated
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之后，就开始充气
10:05
with this low-pressure air.
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用低压气体填充
10:07
And then it's restrained with the cables.
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然后，用电缆固定住它
10:08
And then it's ballasted with water at the very bottom.
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最后，用水在底部再固定一下
10:12
This is a very strange moment
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这个时刻挺特殊的
10:16
where we were asked by the bureaucracy at the Mall
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当时博物馆当局问了我们一些问题
10:19
how much time would it take to install.
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它问我们：填充这些气体大约需要多少时间
10:22
And we said, well the first erection would take one week.
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我们回答说：第一次填充满需要一周
10:24
And they really connected with that idea.
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他们非常认同这个想法
10:28
And then it was really easy all the way through.
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之后的事情就进行的非常顺利
10:32
So we didn't really have that many hurdles, I have to say,
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我不得不说，我们确实没有经历太多坎坷
10:36
with the government and all the authorities.
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在与政府打交道的各个环节
10:38
But some of the toughest hurdles
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但是最艰难的时刻是
10:39
have been the technical ones.
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在技术层面上的
10:41
This is the warp and weft.
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就是经线与纬线
10:42
This is a point cloud.
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这是一个点云
10:44
There are extreme pressures.
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有几点受到的压力很大
10:47
This is a very, very unusual building
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这对一幢建筑来说是很罕见的
10:48
in that there's no gravity load,
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这个气泡里没有承载重力
10:50
but there's load in every direction.
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但是气体又充满在每个角落
10:52
And I'm just going to zip through these slides.
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让我来滚动播放这些幻灯片
10:57
And this is the space in action.
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这是这部分气体动起来的样子
11:00
So flexible interior for discussions,
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是个灵活的内部空间
11:03
just like this, but in the round --
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就像这样，只是更加圆润一点
11:05
luminous and reconfigurable.
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而且会发光，也可以重新塑形
11:06
Could be used for anything,
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这个博物馆可以用于很多场合
11:09
for performances, films,
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比如演出、发电影
11:10
for installations.
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用于安装
11:13
And the very first program
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第一个项目
11:15
will be one of cultural dialogue and diplomacy
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将会是某个文化交流与外交活动
11:17
organized in partnership
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这个活动是联合主办的
11:19
with the Council on Foreign Relations.
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由博物馆方与外事关系委员会共同组织而成
11:22
Form and content are together here.
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形式和内容并存
11:23
The bubble is an anti-monument.
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这个气泡本身作为反对纪念的象征
11:26
The ideals of participatory democracy
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其理念是共同参与民主
11:29
are represented through suppleness
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这一点在气泡的柔韧性中彰显无遗
11:31
rather than rigidity.
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而非任何刚性的（建筑）所能及的
11:32
Art and politics
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艺术和政治
11:34
occupy an ambiguous site outside the museum walls,
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占据了博物馆墙外的每一个角落
11:37
but inside of the museum's core,
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但博物馆内部的核心
11:41
blending its air
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则是交融的一团气体
11:43
with the democratic air of the Mall.
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与博物馆的民主气氛完美结合
11:45
And the bubble will inflate
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这个大气泡
11:51
hopefully for the first time
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将在2013年首次填充
11:52
at the end of 2013.
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于2013年末与大家见面
11:54
Thank you.
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谢谢大家！
11:57
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Liz Diller - DesignerLiz Diller and her maverick firm DS+R bring a groundbreaking approach to big and small projects in architecture, urban design and art -- playing with new materials, tampering with space and spectacle in ways that make you look twice.
Why you should listen
Liz Diller's firm, Diller Scofidio & Renfro, might just be the first post-wall architects. From a mid-lake rotunda made of fog to a gallery that destroys itself with a robotic drill, her brainy takes on the essence of buildings are mind-bending and rebellious. DS+R partakes of criticism that goes past academic papers and into real structures -- buildings and art installations that seem to tease the squareness of their neighbors.
DS+R was the first architecture firm to receive a MacArthur "genius" grant -- and it also won an Obie for Jet Lag, a wildly creative piece of multimedia off-Broadway theater. A reputation for rampant repurposing of materials and tricksy tinkering with space -- on stage, on paper, on the waterfront -- have made DS+R a sought-after firm, winning accounts from the Juilliard School, Alice Tully Hall and the School of American Ballet, as part of the Lincoln Center overhaul; at Brown University; and on New York's revamp of Governer's Island. Their Institute for Comtemporary Art has opened up a new piece of Boston's waterfront, creating an elegant space that embraces the water.
Liz Diller | Speaker | TED.com