ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mina Bissell - Cancer Researcher
Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth.

Why you should listen

Mina Bissell's groundbreaking research has proven that cancer is not only caused by cancer cells. It is caused by an interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding cellular micro-environment. In healthy bodies, normal tissue homeostasis and architecture inhibit the progression of cancers. But changes in the microenvironment--following an injury or a wound for instance--can shift the balance. This explains why many people harbor potentially malignant tumors in their bodies without knowing it and never develop cancer, and why tumors often develop when tissue is damaged or when the immune system is suppressed.

The converse can also be true. In a landmark 1997 experiment, mutated mammary cells, when dosed with an antibody and placed into a normal cellular micro-environment, behaved normally. This powerful insight from Bissell's lab may lead to new ways of treating existing and preventing potential cancers.

More profile about the speaker
Mina Bissell | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer

Mina Bissell: 引导癌症新理解的实验

Filmed:
1,094,158 views

几十年来,研究者Mina Bissell探究着一个革命性的想法——癌细胞不会自行变成肿瘤,而是依赖周围的细胞(它的微环境)暗示着如何演化。她分享了两个关键性的实验来证明当前盛行的关于癌细胞生长的想法是错误的。
- Cancer Researcher
Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
Now, I don't usually平时 like cartoons卡通,
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通常我不喜欢漫画,
00:19
I don't think many许多 of them are funny滑稽,
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我觉得很多漫画并不有趣,
00:21
I find them weird奇怪的. But I love this cartoon动画片 from the New Yorker纽约客.
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我觉得它们很怪。但是我喜欢这幅纽约客的漫画。
00:26
(Text文本: Never, ever think outside the box.) (Laughter笑声)
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(文字:永远别想跳出箱子(常规)思考)(笑声)
00:29
So, the guy is telling告诉 the cat,
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所以,这人在对这只猫说,
00:31
don't you dare think outside the box.
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别想要跳出这个箱子,
00:37
Well, I'm afraid害怕 I used to be the cat.
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好吧,恐怕我曾经是那只猫。
00:40
I always wanted to be outside the box.
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我总想身处箱子之外。
00:43
And it's partly部分地 because I came来了 to this field领域
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这部分是因为我的背景吧,
00:47
from a different不同 background背景, chemist化学家 and a bacterial细菌 geneticist遗传学家.
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涉足该领域前,我是化学家和细菌基因学家。
00:52
So, what people were saying to me
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那么,人们会对我说的
00:54
about the cause原因 of cancer癌症, sources来源 of cancer癌症,
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有关癌症的起因,来源,
00:58
or, for that matter, why you are who you are,
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或者,就此而言,你为什么会进入这一领域,你是哪个领域的专家,
01:01
didn't make sense.
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根本没有意义。
01:03
So, let me quickly很快 try and tell you why I thought that
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所以,请让我迅速地告诉你为什么我会这么想
01:06
and how I went about it.
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和我是怎么知道这些的。
01:08
So, to begin开始 with, however然而,
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好的,可是一开始
01:11
I have to give you a very, very quick lesson
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我需要给你们上一个非常非常短的
01:15
in developmental发展的 biology生物学,
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有关生物生长的课程,
01:17
with apologies道歉 to those of you who know some biology生物学.
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同时我对你们之中有生物知识背景的人表示歉意。
01:21
So, when your mom妈妈 and dad met会见,
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好的。当我爸爸妈妈的精子卵子相遇时,
01:24
there is a fertilized受精 egg,
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受精卵出现了,
01:27
that round回合 thing with that little blip昙花一现.
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那个圆圆的有个小光点的东西。
01:29
It grows成长 and then it grows成长,
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然后他生长啊生长啊,
01:32
and then it makes品牌 this handsome英俊 man.
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然后它长了一名帅哥。
01:36
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
01:37
So, this guy, with all the cells细胞 in his body身体,
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所以,这个人,体内的所有细胞,
01:43
all have the same相同 genetic遗传 information信息.
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拥有相同的基因信息。
01:47
So how did his nose鼻子 become成为 his nose鼻子, his elbow弯头 his elbow弯头,
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为什么他的鼻子会变成鼻子,手肘变成手肘,
01:52
and why doesn't he get up one morning早上
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还有为什么他某天起床
01:54
and have his nose鼻子 turn into his foot脚丫子?
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他的鼻子不会变成脚呢?
01:56
It could. It has the genetic遗传 information信息.
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这是应该是可能发生的,那些鼻子上的细胞有那套基因信息。
02:00
You all remember记得, dolly玩具娃娃,
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孩子们,你们都记住了,
02:01
it came来了 from a single mammary乳腺 cell细胞.
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这都是从一个干细胞开始的。
02:03
So, why doesn't it do it?
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那么,为什么这一切没有发生呢?
02:05
So, have a guess猜测 of how many许多 cells细胞 he has in his body身体.
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猜猜看他的体内有多少的细胞?
02:11
Somewhere某处 between之间 10 trillion to 70 trillion cells细胞 in his body身体.
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大约在10万亿到70万亿之间存在于他身体里。
02:18
Trillion!
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几十万亿!
02:20
Now, how did these cells细胞, all with the same相同 genetic遗传 material材料,
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现在,所有这些含有相同基因的细胞,
02:25
make all those tissues组织?
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是怎么形成那么多的组织呢?
02:27
And so, the question I raised上调 before
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所以,我之前提得问题
02:30
becomes even more interesting有趣 if you thought about
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会更加有趣了,如果你在想
02:34
the enormity艰巨 of this in every一切 one of your bodies身体.
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你的身体里有如此多的细胞。
02:38
Now, the dominant优势 cancer癌症 theory理论 would say
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现在,主流肿瘤理论会说
02:41
that there is a single oncogene癌基因
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一个癌细胞里面里
02:43
in a single cancer癌症 cell细胞, and it would make you
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的一个致癌基因
02:47
a cancer癌症 victim受害者.
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会让你变成癌症患者。
02:50
Well, this did not make sense to me.
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好吧,这个对我来说不科学。
02:53
Do you even know how a trillion looks容貌?
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你知道一万亿是怎么样的么?
02:57
Now, let's look at it.
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现在让我们看看。
02:58
There it comes, these zeroes after zeroes after zeroes.
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来了,这些0一个接着一个。
03:03
Now, if .0001 of these cells细胞 got mutated突变,
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现在,如果,0.01%的细胞突变了,
03:10
and .00001 got cancer癌症, you will be a lump of cancer癌症.
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现在是0.001%的细胞致癌了,你会变成一大块癌细胞。
03:15
You will have cancer癌症 all over you. And you're not.
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你会全身都是癌细胞。但是你不是。
03:18
Why not?
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为什么没有呢?
03:20
So, I decided决定 over the years年份,
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所以,我通过多年来
03:24
because of a series系列 of experiments实验
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一系列的实验
03:26
that this is because of context上下文 and architecture建筑.
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说明这是由于环境和体系的原因。
03:31
And let me quickly很快 tell you
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让我简略地告诉你
03:33
some crucial关键 experiment实验 that was able能够 to actually其实 show显示 this.
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那些重要的实验是如何证明这些的。
03:37
To begin开始 with, I came来了 to work with this virus病毒
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首先,我进行病毒的研究工作
03:41
that causes原因 that ugly丑陋 tumor in the chicken.
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涉及鸡身体里的恶心的肿瘤。
03:44
Rous劳斯 discovered发现 this in 1911.
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Rous在1911年发现了这个。
03:47
It was the first cancer癌症 virus病毒 discovered发现,
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那是第一个被发现的肿瘤病毒,
03:51
and when I call it "oncogene癌基因," meaning含义 "cancer癌症 gene基因."
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当我称它为“致癌基因”,就是说“导致癌症的基因”。
03:56
So, he made制作 a filtrate滤液, he took this filter过滤
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所以他设计了一个过滤装置,并用它
03:59
which哪一个 was the liquid液体 after he passed通过 the tumor through通过 a filter过滤,
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过滤了肿瘤后得到一种液体,
04:03
and he injected注射 it to another另一个 chicken, and he got another另一个 tumor.
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并把这种液体注射到另一只鸡体内,他就得到了另一个肿瘤。
04:07
So, scientists科学家们 were very excited兴奋,
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于是,科学家当时很兴奋,
04:10
and they said, a single oncogene癌基因 can do it.
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它们就认为,一个致癌基因就可以导致肿瘤。
04:12
All you need is a single oncogene癌基因.
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你只需要一个致癌基因。
04:14
So, they put the cells细胞 in cultures文化, chicken cells细胞,
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所以,他们培养了那些鸡的细胞,
04:17
dumped the virus病毒 on it,
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并倒入一些病毒,
04:19
and it would pile up,
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它们就会堆积起来,
04:21
and they would say, this is malignant恶性 and this is normal正常.
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然后他们就说这些是恶性肿瘤,这些是良性肿瘤。
04:24
And again this didn't make sense to me.
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这个对我来说也不科学。
04:26
So for various各个 reasons原因, we took this oncogene癌基因,
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所以由于多种原因,我们把这些致癌基因,
04:29
attached it to a blue蓝色 marker标记,
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用蓝色标记物标记了,
04:31
and we injected注射 it into the embryos胚胎.
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并把它们注射到胚胎中。
04:34
Now look at that. There is that beautiful美丽 feather羽毛 in the embryo.
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现在来看看这个,这个胚胎里美丽的羽毛。
04:38
Every一切 one of those blue蓝色 cells细胞 are a cancer癌症 gene基因
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这些蓝色的就是致癌基因
04:43
inside a cancer癌症 cell细胞, and they're part部分 of the feather羽毛.
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都在一个癌细胞中,这些就是它羽毛的一部分。
04:47
So, when we dissociated分离 the feather羽毛 and put it in a dish,
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所以,当我们分离这些羽毛并把它们放进一个培养皿里,
04:52
we got a mass of blue蓝色 cells细胞.
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我们就得到了一堆蓝色细胞。
04:54
So, in the chicken you get a tumor,
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所以你可以在鸡里得到肿瘤,
04:56
in the embryo you don't,
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在鸡胚胎里却不能。
04:58
you dissociate游离, you put it in a dish, you get another另一个 tumor.
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你分离了它们,并把它们放到一个培养皿里你得到的是一个肿瘤。
05:02
What does that mean?
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这说明了什么?
05:03
That means手段 that microenvironment微环境
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说明了在微环境中
05:06
and the context上下文 which哪一个 surrounds围绕着 those cells细胞
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环绕它们的细胞
05:10
actually其实 are telling告诉 the cancer癌症 gene基因 and the cancer癌症 cell细胞 what to do.
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在告诉致癌基因和癌细胞该怎么做。
05:17
Now, let's take a normal正常 example.
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现在,我们举个正常例子,
05:20
The normal正常 example, let's take the human人的 mammary乳腺 gland.
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关于乳腺的例子。
05:23
I work on breast乳房 cancer癌症.
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我研究了乳腺癌。
05:25
So, here is a lovely可爱 human人的 breast乳房.
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这个是个可爱的人类乳房。
05:28
And many许多 of you know how it looks容貌,
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你们中的很多人都知道它看上去是什么样,
05:30
except that inside that breast乳房, there are all these
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但是它里面是什么样却没有多少人知道了,这些是
05:32
pretty漂亮, developing发展, tree-like树状 structures结构.
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所有的可爱的,正在生长的,树状结构的组织。
05:36
So, we decided决定 that what we like to do
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那么,我们决定将要做的
05:39
is take just a bit of that mammary乳腺 gland,
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就是取一些乳腺,
05:42
which哪一个 is called an "acinus腺泡,"
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这叫做“腺泡”
05:44
where there are all these little things inside the breast乳房
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乳房里都是这些东西
05:47
where the milk牛奶 goes, and the end结束 of the nipple乳头
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母乳便是在此生成的,在乳头末端
05:51
comes through通过 that little tube when the baby宝宝 sucks.
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是一根根细小的微管,婴儿可以从此吸到母乳。
05:54
And we said, wonderful精彩! Look at this pretty漂亮 structure结构体.
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我们不得说,这太棒了!看看这些可爱的结构。
05:58
We want to make this a structure结构体, and ask the question,
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我们想要制造出这样一个结构,并问个问题:
06:02
how do the cells细胞 do that?
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细胞是怎么做到那些的?
06:03
So, we took the red cells细胞 --
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那么,我们取得了红细胞--
06:05
you see the red cells细胞 are surrounded包围 by blue蓝色,
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你们可以看到红细胞被蓝色的细胞围着,
06:08
other cells细胞 that squeeze them, and behind背后 it
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蓝色的细胞将红细胞挤得紧紧的,在它们后面
06:12
is material材料 that people thought was mainly主要 inert惰性的,
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是人们通常认为的惰性物质,
06:15
and it was just having a structure结构体 to keep the shape形状,
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它只是为了维持某种形状,
06:19
and so we first photographed拍照 it
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所以我们在多年前利用电子显微镜
06:22
with the electron电子 microscope显微镜 years年份 and years年份 ago,
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首先给它做了一个快照,
06:25
and you see this cell细胞 is actually其实 quite相当 pretty漂亮.
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你们可以看到这个细胞看起来十分的可爱。
06:28
It has a bottom底部, it has a top最佳,
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它有底有顶,
06:30
it is secreting分泌 gobs采空区 and gobs采空区 of milk牛奶,
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它正在分泌大量的乳汁,
06:33
because it just came来了 from an early pregnant mouse老鼠.
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因为它是刚从怀孕初期的老鼠身上取得的。
06:36
You take these cells细胞, you put them in a dish,
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你取得了这些细胞,并把它放在一个培养皿中,
06:38
and within three days, they look like that.
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三天后,它们看起来就是那样的。
06:42
They completely全然 forget忘记.
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它们完全忘记了自己原来是乳腺细胞。
06:45
So you take them out, you put them in a dish,
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你把它们再取出,放入一个培养皿,
06:48
they don't make milk牛奶. They completely全然 forget忘记.
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它们不会再产出乳汁。它们忘记了自己是乳腺细胞。
06:50
For example, here is a lovely可爱 yellow黄色 droplet水滴 of milk牛奶
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例如,这儿,左边是一滴可爱的乳黄色的乳汁
06:55
on the left, there is nothing on the right.
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而右边什么也没有。
06:58
Look at the nuclei原子核. The nuclei原子核 in the cell细胞 on the left
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看这些“细胞核”。这些在左边的细胞中的细胞核
07:01
is in the animal动物, the one on the right is in a dish.
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是在动物体中的,右边的则是从培养皿出来的。
07:05
They are completely全然 different不同 from each other.
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它们完全不一样。
07:08
So, what does this tell you?
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那么,这说明什么?
07:10
This tells告诉 you that here also, context上下文 overrides覆盖.
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这说明这儿有环境影响。
07:15
In different不同 contexts上下文, cells细胞 do different不同 things.
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在不同的环境下,细胞做不同的事。
07:18
But how does context上下文 signal信号?
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但是环境是怎样影响的呢?
07:21
So, Einstein爱因斯坦 said that
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爱因斯坦曾说过,
07:23
"For an idea理念 that does not first seem似乎 insane, there is no hope希望."
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“如果一个想法一上来就不疯狂,那么这个想法便毫无用处。”
07:30
So, you can imagine想像 the amount of skepticism怀疑论
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那么,你们可以想象一上来我受到
07:36
I received收到 -- couldn't不能 get money,
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多大的怀疑--那样做没有前途,
07:38
couldn't不能 do a whole整个 lot of other things,
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那样做一点用也没有,
07:40
but I'm so glad高兴 it all worked工作 out.
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但是我很高兴我这样做出来了。
07:42
So, we made制作 a section部分 of the mammary乳腺 gland of the mouse老鼠,
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那么,我们做了老鼠乳腺的切片,
07:46
and all those lovely可爱 acini腺泡 are there,
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所有可爱的腺泡都在那儿,
07:49
every一切 one of those with the red around them are an acinus腺泡,
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每一个被红颜色围绕的东西都是一个腺泡,
07:53
and we said okay, we are going to try and make this,
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我们知道一切正常,我们将尝试制造这一切,
07:57
and I said, maybe that red stuff东东
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然后我说,也许那堆红色的物质
08:00
around the acinus腺泡 that people think there's just a structural结构 scaffold脚手架,
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就是围绕的腺泡的那堆物质,人们会认为那只是一个结构支架
08:05
maybe it has information信息,
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也许它承载着信息,
08:07
maybe it tells告诉 the cells细胞 what to do, maybe it tells告诉 the nucleus what to do.
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也许它告诉细胞该做什么,也许它告诉细胞核该做什么。
08:12
So I said, extracellular matrix矩阵, which哪一个 is this stuff东东
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然后我说,细胞外基质,也是就这堆物质
08:16
called ECMECM, signals信号 and actually其实 tells告诉 the cells细胞 what to do.
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叫做ECM,发出信号并告诉细胞该做什么。
08:20
So, we decided决定 to make things that would look like that.
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所以,我们决定照着那个样子开始着手制造。
08:24
We found发现 some gooey感伤的 material材料
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我们发现了一些黏稠的物质
08:27
that had the right extracellular matrix矩阵 in it,
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这些黏稠的中有着正确的细胞外基质,
08:30
we put the cells细胞 in it, and lo and behold不料,
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我们把细胞放进去,然后等,
08:32
in about four days, they got reorganized重组
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大约四天后,它们重组了。
08:35
and on the right, is what we can make in culture文化.
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右边的就是我们在培养皿中培养出的。
08:39
On the left is what's inside the animal动物, we call it in vivo体内,
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左边的是动物体内的,我们称之为活体培养
08:43
and the one in culture文化 was full充分 of milk牛奶,
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培养出来的已满是乳汁,
08:46
the lovely可爱 red there is full充分 of milk牛奶.
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那些可爱的红色物质,已满是乳汁。
08:48
So, we Got Milk牛奶, for the American美国 audience听众.
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那么,我们制造出了乳汁,欢呼吧,美国人。
08:52
All right. And here is this beautiful美丽 human人的 cell细胞,
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完全正确。这些是美丽人类细胞,
08:57
and you can imagine想像 that here also, context上下文 goes.
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然后你们可以想象到,这儿是环境。
09:02
So, what do we do now?
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那么,我们要做什么?
09:05
I made制作 a radical激进 hypothesis假设.
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我做了一个发散性设想。
09:07
I said, if it's true真正 that architecture建筑 is dominant优势,
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我说,如果架构具有决定性作用是正确的话,
09:14
architecture建筑 restored恢复 to a cancer癌症 cell细胞
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癌变细胞的架构
09:18
should make the cancer癌症 cell细胞 think it's normal正常.
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应该是让该癌变细胞认为自己是正常的。
09:21
Could this be doneDONE?
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这有可能吗?
09:23
So, we tried试着 it.
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于是,我们开始尝试。
09:25
In order订购 to do that, however然而,
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然而,为了实现它,
09:27
we needed需要 to have a method方法 of distinguishing区别 normal正常 from malignant恶性,
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我们需要找到分辨正常与异常的方法。
09:32
and on the left is the single normal正常 cell细胞,
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左边的是单个正常细胞,
09:36
human人的 breast乳房, put in three-dimensional三维 gooey感伤的 gel凝胶
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人类乳房细胞,放置在有细胞外基质
09:40
that has extracellular matrix矩阵, it makes品牌 all these beautiful美丽 structures结构.
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中,就是这块黏稠的凝胶中,它组成了这所有美丽的结构。
09:44
On the right, you see it looks容貌 very ugly丑陋,
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右边,你们可以看到它看上去很丑,
09:47
the cells细胞 continue继续 to grow增长,
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这些细胞还在生长,
09:49
the normal正常 ones那些 stop.
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而正常的已经停止生长了。
09:50
And you see here in higher更高 magnification放大
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这儿你们可以看到高倍放大的图片
09:53
the normal正常 acinus腺泡 and the ugly丑陋 tumor.
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正常的腺泡和极丑的肿瘤。
09:57
So we said, what is on the surface表面 of these ugly丑陋 tumors肿瘤?
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那么我们要问,什么东西在那些极丑无比的肿瘤的表面上?
10:02
Could we calm冷静 them down --
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我们能让它们停止吗?
10:04
they were signaling发信号 like crazy and they have pathways途径 all messed搞砸 up --
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--它们正在疯狂地发出信号,它们把所有的信道弄得乱七八糟,
10:09
and make them to the level水平 of the normal正常?
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我们能让它们恢复到正常水平吗?
10:12
Well, it was wonderful精彩. Boggles博格尔斯 my mind心神.
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额,这想法很奇妙。它使我灵感大发。
10:16
This is what we got.
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这是我们获得的成果。
10:19
We can revert还原 the malignant恶性 phenotype表型.
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我们可以扭转这恶性外显物质
10:22
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
10:25
And in order订购 to show显示 you that the malignant恶性 phenotype表型
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为了向大家展示这个恶性外显物质
10:28
I didn't just choose选择 one,
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我没有使用照片
10:30
here are little movies电影, sort分类 of fuzzy模糊,
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而是带来了一个小短片,有点模糊,
10:32
but you see that on the left are the malignant恶性 cells细胞,
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但是大家可以看到左边的是恶性细胞,
10:36
all of them are malignant恶性,
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它们全都是恶性的,
10:37
we add one single inhibitor抑制剂 in the beginning开始,
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我们一开始加入了单个制约因素,
10:42
and look what happens发生, they all look like that.
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看看发生了什么,它们看上去都是那样的。
10:46
We inject注入 them into the mouse老鼠, the ones那些 on the right,
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我们将其注射到老鼠体内,右边那群,
10:49
and none没有 of them would make tumors肿瘤.
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没有一只老鼠得癌症。
10:51
We inject注入 the other ones那些 in the mouse老鼠, 100 percent百分 tumors肿瘤.
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我们将另一种细胞注射进老鼠体内,百分之百患癌症。
10:55
So, it's a new way of thinking思维 about cancer癌症,
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那么,对于研究癌症,这是一种全新的方法,
10:58
it's a hopeful有希望 way of thinking思维 about cancer癌症.
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这是一种满是希望的方法。
11:00
We should be able能够 to be dealing交易 with these things at this level水平,
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我们能够在这个层级上对事物进行操作,
11:04
and these conclusions结论 say that growth发展 and malignant恶性 behavior行为
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实验结论表明利用相关方法,细胞的增殖和恶性行为
11:10
is regulated调控 at the level水平 of tissue组织 organization组织
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在组织层级上恢复了正常。
11:14
and that the tissue组织 organization组织 is dependent依赖的
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而且组织结构是独立于
11:18
on the extracellular matrix矩阵 and the microenvironment微环境.
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细胞外基质和微部环境的。
11:21
All right, thus从而 form形成 and function功能 interact相互作用 dynamically动态 and reciprocally相互.
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那么, 这儿结构及功能不断地动态交互作用。
11:29
And here is another另一个 five seconds of repose休息,
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现在休息5秒钟,
11:33
is my mantra口头禅. Form形成 and function功能.
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这是我的口头禅,结构及功能。
11:38
And of course课程, we now ask, where do we go now?
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当然,我们要问,下一步做什么?
11:41
We'd星期三 like to take this kind of thinking思维 into the clinic诊所.
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我们希望将这个想法用于临床治疗。
11:44
But before we do that, I'd like you to think
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但在那之前,我需要你们想一想,
11:48
that at any given特定 time when you're sitting坐在 there,
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你们坐在这儿的每一分每一秒,
11:52
in your 70 trillion cells细胞,
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你们体内那700亿细胞中的
11:55
the extracellular matrix矩阵 signaling发信号 to your nucleus,
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细胞外基质正向细胞核发出信号,
11:58
the nucleus is signaling发信号 to your extracellular matrix矩阵
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细胞核也想细胞外基质发出信号回应,
12:01
and this is how your balance平衡 is kept不停 and restored恢复.
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由此你们的机体保持平衡。
12:07
We have made制作 a lot of discoveries发现,
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我们发现了很多现象,
12:10
we have shown显示 that extracellular matrix矩阵 talks会谈 to chromatin染色质.
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我们刚像大家展示了细胞外基质与染色质相互交流。
12:13
We have shown显示 that there's little pieces of DNA脱氧核糖核酸
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我们展示了乳腺细胞某段
12:16
on the specific具体 genes基因 of the mammary乳腺 gland
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有特殊功能的基因的DNA片段,
12:20
that actually其实 respond响应 to extracellular matrix矩阵.
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就是它回应细胞外基质的。
12:23
It has taken采取 many许多 years年份, but it has been very rewarding奖励.
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我们做了很多年试验,才发现这些,这些努力是值得的。
12:26
And before I get to the next下一个 slide滑动, I have to tell you
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在看下一张幻灯片之前,我需要告诉你们
12:31
that there are so many许多 additional额外 discoveries发现 to be made制作.
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仍然有很多不断增加的谜团等待我们去解开。
12:36
There is so much mystery神秘 we don't know.
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未解之谜浩瀚如星。
12:38
And I always say to the students学生们 and post-docs博士后 I lecture演讲 to,
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我总是对我的学生和博士后说,
12:43
don't be arrogant傲慢, because arrogance傲慢 kills杀死 curiosity好奇心.
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不能骄傲,骄傲与好奇为敌。
12:48
Curiosity好奇心 and passion.
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好奇心和热情。
12:51
You need to always think, what else其他 needs需求 to be discovered发现?
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你需要不断想,还有什么没被发现?
12:55
And maybe my discovery发现 needs需求 to be added添加 to
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也许我应该发现更多,
12:58
or maybe it needs需求 to be changed.
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也许我应该换个角度思考。
12:59
So, we have now made制作 an amazing惊人 discovery发现,
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那么,现在我们有了一个惊人的发现后,
13:03
a post-doc博士后 in the lab实验室 who is a physicist物理学家 asked me,
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实验室里的一个物理学博士后问我,
13:06
what do the cells细胞 do when you put them in?
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你把细胞放进去后,它们在做什么?
13:08
What do they do in the beginning开始 when they do?
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它们在一开始的时候再做什么?
13:11
I said, I don't know, we couldn't不能 look at them.
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我说,我不知道,我们不能一直看着它们。
13:13
We didn't have high images图片 in the old days.
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过去,我们并未充分利用我们的想象力。
13:16
So she, being存在 an imager成像仪 and a physicist物理学家,
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然后她,一个充满想象力的物理学家,
13:18
did this incredible难以置信 thing.
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做了这件不可思议的事。
13:20
This is a single human人的 breast乳房 cell细胞 in three dimensions尺寸.
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这是一个人类乳细胞的三维图。
13:24
Look at it. It's constantly经常 doing this.
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看看它,它经常做这些。
13:27
Has a coherent相干 movement运动.
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一系列的连贯动作。
13:29
You put the cancer癌症 cells细胞 there, and they do go all over,
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你把细胞都放在这儿,它们就开始动了,
13:33
they do this. They don't do this.
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这些这样做,那些那样做。
13:35
And when we revert还原 the cancer癌症 cell细胞, it again does this.
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当我们还原这些癌症细胞后,它们也有如此反应。
13:39
Absolutely绝对 boggles博格尔斯 my mind心神.
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这不得不使我惊奇。
13:41
So the cell细胞 acts行为 like an embryo. What an exciting扣人心弦 thing.
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这些细胞就像胎儿一样,多么神奇啊。
13:47
So I'd like to finish with a poem.
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我想以一首诗来总结。
13:50
Well I used to love English英语 literature文学,
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我相当喜欢英国文学,
13:53
and I debated辩论 in college学院, which哪一个 one should I do?
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我曾在大学选课时犹豫不决,该选哪一个?
13:55
And unfortunately不幸 or fortunately幸好, chemistry化学 won韩元.
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不知是幸运抑或不幸,我选了化学。
14:00
But here is a poem from Yeats叶芝. I'll just read you the last two lines线.
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不过叶芝有一首诗极符合目前情景,我就念一下最后两行。
14:06
It's called "Among其中 the School学校 Children孩子."
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诗名叫做“学童之中”。
14:08
"O body身体 swayed动摇 to music音乐 / O brightening增亮 glance一瞥 /
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“哦,曼姿随乐起舞; 哦,青睐湛湛灼灼
14:13
How [can we know] the dancer舞蹈家 from the dance舞蹈?"
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起舞之时才是舞者的人生。”
14:16
And here is Merce梅尔切 Cunningham坎宁安,
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这是梅西·坎宁汉,
14:18
I was fortunate幸运 to dance舞蹈 with him when I was younger更年轻,
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我有幸在年轻时与他共舞,
14:21
and here he is a dancer舞蹈家,
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他是一名舞者,
14:23
and while he is dancing跳舞, he is both the dancer舞蹈家 and the dance舞蹈.
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当其为舞,人与舞皆可叹止。
14:26
The minute分钟 he stops停止, we have neither也不.
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舞随乐停,心犹醉不可醒。
14:30
So it's like form形成 and function功能.
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那么,这就像是结构及功能。
14:33
Now, I'd like to show显示 you a current当前 picture图片 of my group.
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这是我们组现有成员的合照。
14:39
I have been fortunate幸运 to have had these magnificant壮美
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能有这些优秀的学生和博士后,
14:43
students学生们 and post-docs博士后 who have taught me so much,
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我真是异常幸运,与他们交流我受益匪浅。
14:46
and I have had many许多 of these groups come and go.
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我的组员流动性很大。
14:49
They are the future未来 and I try to make them not be afraid害怕
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他们是未来,我尝试告诉他们
14:54
of being存在 the cat and being存在 told,
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成为那只猫
14:58
don't think outside the box.
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或被告知不要想箱子外的世界时,不要害怕。
14:59
And I'd like to leave离开 you with this thought.
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并且,我想留给大家思考一个问题。
15:02
On the left is water coming未来 through通过 the shore支撑,
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左边是岸上潺潺流水,
15:06
taken采取 from a NASANASA satellite卫星.
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NASA的卫星拍摄到的。
15:08
On the right, there is a coral珊瑚.
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右边是一片珊瑚。
15:11
Now if you take the mammary乳腺 gland and spread传播 it
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现在如果你取得乳腺细胞并培养它
15:15
and take the fat脂肪 away, on a dish it looks容貌 like that.
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抽取它的脂肪,它看上去会是这样的。
15:19
Do they look the same相同? Do they have the same相同 patterns模式?
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他们看上去一样吗?他们是否有相同的图案?
15:22
Why is it that nature性质 keeps保持 doing that over and over again?
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为什么自然一遍又一遍的画着这幅图?
15:26
And I'd like to submit提交 to you
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这就是我要问大家的问题。
15:28
that we have sequenced测序 the human人的 genome基因组,
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我们给人类基因组排了序,
15:31
we know everything about the sequence序列 of the gene基因,
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我们知道基因序列的一切,
15:33
the language语言 of the gene基因, the alphabet字母 of the gene基因,
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语言基因,字母基因,
15:36
But we know nothing, but nothing,
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但是我们却一点也不清楚
15:39
about the language语言 and alphabet字母 of form形成.
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架构好的语言与字母。
15:44
So, it's a wonderful精彩 new horizon地平线,
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这是一条令人激动的新地平线,
15:47
it's a wonderful精彩 thing to discover发现 for the young年轻
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这对年轻人来说是一件激动人心的挑战,
15:51
and the passionate多情 old, and that's me.
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对于满是激情的老人,比如我,也一样,
15:53
So go to it!
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那么,着手去发现它!
15:55
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Jasmine Wang
Reviewed by chen jh

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mina Bissell - Cancer Researcher
Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth.

Why you should listen

Mina Bissell's groundbreaking research has proven that cancer is not only caused by cancer cells. It is caused by an interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding cellular micro-environment. In healthy bodies, normal tissue homeostasis and architecture inhibit the progression of cancers. But changes in the microenvironment--following an injury or a wound for instance--can shift the balance. This explains why many people harbor potentially malignant tumors in their bodies without knowing it and never develop cancer, and why tumors often develop when tissue is damaged or when the immune system is suppressed.

The converse can also be true. In a landmark 1997 experiment, mutated mammary cells, when dosed with an antibody and placed into a normal cellular micro-environment, behaved normally. This powerful insight from Bissell's lab may lead to new ways of treating existing and preventing potential cancers.

More profile about the speaker
Mina Bissell | Speaker | TED.com