ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mina Bissell - Cancer Researcher
Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth.

Why you should listen

Mina Bissell's groundbreaking research has proven that cancer is not only caused by cancer cells. It is caused by an interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding cellular micro-environment. In healthy bodies, normal tissue homeostasis and architecture inhibit the progression of cancers. But changes in the microenvironment--following an injury or a wound for instance--can shift the balance. This explains why many people harbor potentially malignant tumors in their bodies without knowing it and never develop cancer, and why tumors often develop when tissue is damaged or when the immune system is suppressed.

The converse can also be true. In a landmark 1997 experiment, mutated mammary cells, when dosed with an antibody and placed into a normal cellular micro-environment, behaved normally. This powerful insight from Bissell's lab may lead to new ways of treating existing and preventing potential cancers.

More profile about the speaker
Mina Bissell | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer

Mina Bissell: 實驗為為癌症帶來新理解

Filmed:
1,094,158 views

幾十年來,研究人員Mina Bissell 追求了一個改個性的觀點---一個癌症戲袍不會自動變成腫瘤,而是取決於它周圍的細胞(它的微環境)從而決定它會如何發展.她與我們分享了兩個重要實驗,從而證明原本流行的癌症發展的觀點是錯的.
- Cancer Researcher
Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
Now, I don't usually平時 like cartoons卡通,
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平常我不怎麼喜歡連環漫畫
00:19
I don't think many許多 of them are funny滑稽,
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我覺得大部分的連環漫畫都很無趣
00:21
I find them weird奇怪的. But I love this cartoon動畫片 from the New Yorker紐約客.
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我覺得它們頗怪的,但我很愛紐約人報紙上的漫畫
00:26
(Text文本: Never, ever think outside the box.) (Laughter笑聲)
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(內文:永遠不要往外想)
00:29
So, the guy is telling告訴 the cat,
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這個傢伙正告訴他的貓
00:31
don't you dare think outside the box.
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別妄想跑到你的箱子外面
00:37
Well, I'm afraid害怕 I used to be the cat.
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但是,恐怕我曾是那隻貓
00:40
I always wanted to be outside the box.
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我總是喜歡待在箱子以外的地方
00:43
And it's partly部分地 because I came來了 to this field領域
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而這或許是因為,在我投身這個領域前
00:47
from a different不同 background背景, chemist化學家 and a bacterial細菌 geneticist遺傳學家.
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我是個化學家及細菌遺傳學家
00:52
So, what people were saying to me
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因此,當人們跟我談論
00:54
about the cause原因 of cancer癌症, sources來源 of cancer癌症,
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癌症的成因和種類
00:58
or, for that matter, why you are who you are,
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或是我們為何長得這副模樣
01:01
didn't make sense.
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對我來說並沒有意義
01:03
So, let me quickly很快 try and tell you why I thought that
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現在讓我來告訴各位,為什麼我會這麼想
01:06
and how I went about it.
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以及我又是如何處理這些問題
01:08
So, to begin開始 with, however然而,
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無論如何,
01:11
I have to give you a very, very quick lesson
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首先我必須給各位上一課
01:15
in developmental發展的 biology生物學,
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非常簡略的發展生物學
01:17
with apologies道歉 to those of you who know some biology生物學.
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並向那些學過生物的人說聲抱歉
01:21
So, when your mom媽媽 and dad met會見,
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當你爸媽遇到彼此時
01:24
there is a fertilized受精 egg,
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一個受精卵產生了
01:27
that round回合 thing with that little blip曇花一現.
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那有個小亮點的圓形物體
01:29
It grows成長 and then it grows成長,
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它不斷的長呀長
01:32
and then it makes品牌 this handsome英俊 man.
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最後變成了這位帥氣的男子
01:36
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
01:37
So, this guy, with all the cells細胞 in his body身體,
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這名男子體內所有的細胞
01:43
all have the same相同 genetic遺傳 information信息.
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全都擁有同樣的基因成分
01:47
So how did his nose鼻子 become成為 his nose鼻子, his elbow彎頭 his elbow彎頭,
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他的鼻子,手肘是如何長成的?
01:52
and why doesn't he get up one morning早上
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或某天早上他起床時
01:54
and have his nose鼻子 turn into his foot腳丫子?
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為何鼻子沒有忽然變成腳呢?
01:56
It could. It has the genetic遺傳 information信息.
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是有可能的,因為它含有足部細胞的成分
02:00
You all remember記得, dolly玩具娃娃,
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各位還記得桃莉羊
02:01
it came來了 from a single mammary乳腺 cell細胞.
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是由一個乳腺細胞發展而來的吧?
02:03
So, why doesn't it do it?
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鼻子變成腳又怎麼不可能呢?
02:05
So, have a guess猜測 of how many許多 cells細胞 he has in his body身體.
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所以我們來猜猜他體內究竟有多少細胞吧
02:11
Somewhere某處 between之間 10 trillion to 70 trillion cells細胞 in his body身體.
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有界於十兆到七十兆之間個細胞
02:18
Trillion!
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幾兆個細胞耶!
02:20
Now, how did these cells細胞, all with the same相同 genetic遺傳 material材料,
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這些擁有相同基因成分的細胞
02:25
make all those tissues組織?
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是如何形成不同的組織呢?
02:27
And so, the question I raised上調 before
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所以,想到我們體內這些深澳的故事
02:30
becomes even more interesting有趣 if you thought about
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我之前的問題會變得更加有趣
02:34
the enormity艱鉅 of this in every一切 one of your bodies身體.
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我之前的問題會變得更加有趣
02:38
Now, the dominant優勢 cancer癌症 theory理論 would say
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主流的癌症理論會這麼解釋
02:41
that there is a single oncogene癌基因
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一個細胞內的一個致癌基因
02:43
in a single cancer癌症 cell細胞, and it would make you
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一個細胞內的一個致癌基因
02:47
a cancer癌症 victim受害者.
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會讓你罹患癌症
02:50
Well, this did not make sense to me.
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在我看來這並沒有道理
02:53
Do you even know how a trillion looks容貌?
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你知道"一兆"是什麼樣子嗎?
02:57
Now, let's look at it.
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我們就來看看吧
02:58
There it comes, these zeroes after zeroes after zeroes.
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就像這樣,這些零一個接一個
03:03
Now, if .0001 of these cells細胞 got mutated突變,
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那如果那萬分之一的細胞產生突變,
03:10
and .00001 got cancer癌症, you will be a lump of cancer癌症.
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十萬分之一變成癌細胞,那你會變成一團癌細胞
03:15
You will have cancer癌症 all over you. And you're not.
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全身上下無一處無癌症....但這種事並未發生
03:18
Why not?
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為什麼呢?
03:20
So, I decided決定 over the years年份,
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這些年來我根據一系列的實驗
03:24
because of a series系列 of experiments實驗
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下了一個結論
03:26
that this is because of context上下文 and architecture建築.
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也就是生活環境與結構主控著一切
03:31
And let me quickly很快 tell you
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讓我很快的引用一些重要的實驗
03:33
some crucial關鍵 experiment實驗 that was able能夠 to actually其實 show顯示 this.
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來向大家解釋
03:37
To begin開始 with, I came來了 to work with this virus病毒
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首先,我研究這種使雞隻長出
03:41
that causes原因 that ugly醜陋 tumor in the chicken.
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醜陋腫瘤的病毒
03:44
Rous勞斯 discovered發現 this in 1911.
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勞氏於1911年發現這種病毒
03:47
It was the first cancer癌症 virus病毒 discovered發現,
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它是第一個被發現的癌症病毒
03:51
and when I call it "oncogene癌基因," meaning含義 "cancer癌症 gene基因."
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我說的"致癌基因"指的是"使人罹癌的基因"
03:56
So, he made製作 a filtrate濾液, he took this filter過濾
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勞斯將雞隻的腫瘤通過濾器
03:59
which哪一個 was the liquid液體 after he passed通過 the tumor through通過 a filter過濾,
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製造出一種濾液
04:03
and he injected注射 it to another另一個 chicken, and he got another另一個 tumor.
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並注入另外一隻雞體內,這隻雞同樣也長了腫瘤
04:07
So, scientists科學家們 were very excited興奮,
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科學家們因此感到非常興奮
04:10
and they said, a single oncogene癌基因 can do it.
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他們認為只要一個致癌基因便能治癌
04:12
All you need is a single oncogene癌基因.
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單一一個致癌基因就夠了
04:14
So, they put the cells細胞 in cultures文化, chicken cells細胞,
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他們將病毒放到雞的細胞上
04:17
dumped the virus病毒 on it,
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並開始培養
04:19
and it would pile up,
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接著這些細胞聚集成堆
04:21
and they would say, this is malignant惡性 and this is normal正常.
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然後他們就會評斷哪些是惡性的,哪些是正常的
04:24
And again this didn't make sense to me.
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這些對我來說也一樣沒有意義
04:26
So for various各個 reasons原因, we took this oncogene癌基因,
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所以,基於各種原因
04:29
attached it to a blue藍色 marker標記,
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我們把這個致癌基因染成藍色
04:31
and we injected注射 it into the embryos胚胎.
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並注入胚胎中
04:34
Now look at that. There is that beautiful美麗 feather羽毛 in the embryo.
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看看這個,這是一個胚胎長出的羽毛
04:38
Every一切 one of those blue藍色 cells細胞 are a cancer癌症 gene基因
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每個藍色的癌細胞裡都含有一個致癌基因
04:43
inside a cancer癌症 cell細胞, and they're part部分 of the feather羽毛.
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它們都是羽毛的一部份
04:47
So, when we dissociated分離 the feather羽毛 and put it in a dish,
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我們將羽毛取出並放進一個培養皿
04:52
we got a mass of blue藍色 cells細胞.
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變成了大量的癌細胞
04:54
So, in the chicken you get a tumor,
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所以,在雞隻身上會長出腫瘤
04:56
in the embryo you don't,
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在胚胎中卻不會
04:58
you dissociate游離, you put it in a dish, you get another另一個 tumor.
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把羽毛分離放進培養皿,又變成一個腫瘤
05:02
What does that mean?
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這代表什麼呢?
05:03
That means手段 that microenvironment微環境
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這代表細胞生長的環境
05:06
and the context上下文 which哪一個 surrounds圍繞著 those cells細胞
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以及圍繞細胞的物質
05:10
actually其實 are telling告訴 the cancer癌症 gene基因 and the cancer癌症 cell細胞 what to do.
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在告訴致癌基因和癌細胞要做什麼
05:17
Now, let's take a normal正常 example.
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舉個一般的例子
05:20
The normal正常 example, let's take the human人的 mammary乳腺 gland.
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我們拿人類的乳腺細胞為例
05:23
I work on breast乳房 cancer癌症.
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我研究乳癌
05:25
So, here is a lovely可愛 human人的 breast乳房.
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這是一個美麗的人類乳房
05:28
And many許多 of you know how it looks容貌,
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很多人都知道乳房是什麼樣子
05:30
except that inside that breast乳房, there are all these
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但不知道內部那些延伸的美麗樹狀結構
05:32
pretty漂亮, developing發展, tree-like樹狀 structures結構.
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但不知道內部那些延伸的美麗樹狀結構
05:36
So, we decided決定 that what we like to do
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我們決定取一點乳腺細胞
05:39
is take just a bit of that mammary乳腺 gland,
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我們決定取一點乳腺細胞
05:42
which哪一個 is called an "acinus腺泡,"
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也就是"腺胞"
05:44
where there are all these little things inside the breast乳房
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裡面有這些乳房內的微小物質
05:47
where the milk牛奶 goes, and the end結束 of the nipple乳頭
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乳汁流經其中,嬰兒吸吮母乳時
05:51
comes through通過 that little tube when the baby寶寶 sucks.
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會從末端流出
05:54
And we said, wonderful精彩! Look at this pretty漂亮 structure結構體.
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我們覺得太棒了! 瞧那美麗的結構
05:58
We want to make this a structure結構體, and ask the question,
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我們想以此做為架構,提出我們的問題
06:02
how do the cells細胞 do that?
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乳腺細胞究竟是如何辦到的呢?
06:03
So, we took the red cells細胞 --
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所以我們取了紅色的細胞
06:05
you see the red cells細胞 are surrounded包圍 by blue藍色,
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他們被藍色細胞包圍著
06:08
other cells細胞 that squeeze them, and behind背後 it
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其他細胞擠壓著他們,
06:12
is material材料 that people thought was mainly主要 inert惰性的,
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更後面是一些無生命物質
06:15
and it was just having a structure結構體 to keep the shape形狀,
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它的結構是用來維持內部的形狀
06:19
and so we first photographed拍照 it
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多年前我們第一次用電子顯微鏡拍攝
06:22
with the electron電子 microscope顯微鏡 years年份 and years年份 ago,
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多年前我們第一次用電子顯微鏡拍攝
06:25
and you see this cell細胞 is actually其實 quite相當 pretty漂亮.
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你會發現這種細胞其實相當美麗
06:28
It has a bottom底部, it has a top最佳,
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它有頂部和底部
06:30
it is secreting分泌 gobs採空區 and gobs採空區 of milk牛奶,
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不斷分泌大量的奶水
06:33
because it just came來了 from an early pregnant mouse老鼠.
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因為這是從一隻剛懷孕的老鼠身上取得的
06:36
You take these cells細胞, you put them in a dish,
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把這些細胞放入培養皿中
06:38
and within three days, they look like that.
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三天內他們便呈現這個樣貌
06:42
They completely全然 forget忘記.
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他們完全失去記憶
06:45
So you take them out, you put them in a dish,
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所以若將他們取出並放入培養皿
06:48
they don't make milk牛奶. They completely全然 forget忘記.
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產乳機制就停止了,他們完全忘了工作
06:50
For example, here is a lovely可愛 yellow黃色 droplet水滴 of milk牛奶
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舉個例子,左邊有一滴美麗的黃色乳汁
06:55
on the left, there is nothing on the right.
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右邊什麼都沒有
06:58
Look at the nuclei原子核. The nuclei原子核 in the cell細胞 on the left
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看那細胞核,左邊細胞中的細胞核位於動物體內
07:01
is in the animal動物, the one on the right is in a dish.
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右邊的則在培養皿中
07:05
They are completely全然 different不同 from each other.
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兩者完全不一樣
07:08
So, what does this tell you?
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這告訴我們什麼呢?
07:10
This tells告訴 you that here also, context上下文 overrides覆蓋.
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從這裡也可得知,周遭的環境主宰一切
07:15
In different不同 contexts上下文, cells細胞 do different不同 things.
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細胞在不同的環境中會做不同的事
07:18
But how does context上下文 signal信號?
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但環境究竟給了細胞什麼指示呢?
07:21
So, Einstein愛因斯坦 said that
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愛因斯坦曾說過
07:23
"For an idea理念 that does not first seem似乎 insane, there is no hope希望."
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"一個想法起初若不瘋狂,那之後就沒什麼希望了"
07:30
So, you can imagine想像 the amount of skepticism懷疑論
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現在你能想像我受到的質疑有多少了吧?
07:36
I received收到 -- couldn't不能 get money,
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我無法籌到經費
07:38
couldn't不能 do a whole整個 lot of other things,
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無法做許多事
07:40
but I'm so glad高興 it all worked工作 out.
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但我很高興一切都解決了
07:42
So, we made製作 a section部分 of the mammary乳腺 gland of the mouse老鼠,
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我們製作了一個老鼠乳腺細胞的切片
07:46
and all those lovely可愛 acini腺泡 are there,
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這些美麗的腺胞都在這兒
07:49
every一切 one of those with the red around them are an acinus腺泡,
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每個被紅色物質包圍的都是一個腺胞
07:53
and we said okay, we are going to try and make this,
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很好,現在我們要來試著證明
07:57
and I said, maybe that red stuff東東
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我就想,也許那些圍繞腺胞的紅色物質藏著訊息
08:00
around the acinus腺泡 that people think there's just a structural結構 scaffold腳手架,
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只是人們認為那只是細胞的一部份結構
08:05
maybe it has information信息,
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只是人們認為那只是細胞的一部份結構
08:07
maybe it tells告訴 the cells細胞 what to do, maybe it tells告訴 the nucleus what to do.
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或許那些物質告訴細胞和細胞核該做什麼
08:12
So I said, extracellular matrix矩陣, which哪一個 is this stuff東東
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這些細胞外間質,也就是ECM
08:16
called ECMECM, signals信號 and actually其實 tells告訴 the cells細胞 what to do.
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指示並告訴細胞該做什麼
08:20
So, we decided決定 to make things that would look like that.
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所以呢,我們決定像圖上這樣做
08:24
We found發現 some gooey感傷的 material材料
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我們找了一些含有所需的胞外間質的黏稠物質
08:27
that had the right extracellular matrix矩陣 in it,
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我們找了一些含有所需的胞外間質的黏稠物質
08:30
we put the cells細胞 in it, and lo and behold不料,
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將細胞放入其中,觀察了四天左右
08:32
in about four days, they got reorganized重組
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發現他們重新排列
08:35
and on the right, is what we can make in culture文化.
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右邊的圖是我們能在培養皿中製造的
08:39
On the left is what's inside the animal動物, we call it in vivo體內,
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左邊則是動物體內,也就是活的有機體內的情形
08:43
and the one in culture文化 was full充分 of milk牛奶,
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培養中所培養的細胞生產了許多奶水
08:46
the lovely可愛 red there is full充分 of milk牛奶.
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紅色的部分充滿奶水
08:48
So, we Got Milk牛奶, for the American美國 audience聽眾.
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這裡的美國觀眾有奶喝了
08:52
All right. And here is this beautiful美麗 human人的 cell細胞,
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很好,現在這是一個美麗的人類細胞
08:57
and you can imagine想像 that here also, context上下文 goes.
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現在大家可以想像,細胞的周遭物質同樣主導一切
09:02
So, what do we do now?
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接著我們要做什麼呢?
09:05
I made製作 a radical激進 hypothesis假設.
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我做了一個極端的假設
09:07
I said, if it's true真正 that architecture建築 is dominant優勢,
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如下: 若細胞周圍的物質主宰著細胞的工作
09:14
architecture建築 restored恢復 to a cancer癌症 cell細胞
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修復癌細胞的胞外物質
09:18
should make the cancer癌症 cell細胞 think it's normal正常.
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會讓癌細胞誤以為正常的繼續運作
09:21
Could this be doneDONE?
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這有可能發生嗎?
09:23
So, we tried試著 it.
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為此我們做了實驗
09:25
In order訂購 to do that, however然而,
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為了達成我們的目的
09:27
we needed需要 to have a method方法 of distinguishing區別 normal正常 from malignant惡性,
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我們需要有個區別好壞細胞的方法
09:32
and on the left is the single normal正常 cell細胞,
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左邊是一個正常的細胞
09:36
human人的 breast乳房, put in three-dimensional三維 gooey感傷的 gel凝膠
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一個放在含有3D黏稠膠質中的人乳細胞
09:40
that has extracellular matrix矩陣, it makes品牌 all these beautiful美麗 structures結構.
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黏液中含有胞外間質,這些美麗的結構都是來自於此
09:44
On the right, you see it looks容貌 very ugly醜陋,
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右邊的卻非常醜陋
09:47
the cells細胞 continue繼續 to grow增長,
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這些細胞不斷增長
09:49
the normal正常 ones那些 stop.
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正常的那邊卻停止了
09:50
And you see here in higher更高 magnification放大
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把圖放的更大來看
09:53
the normal正常 acinus腺泡 and the ugly醜陋 tumor.
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兩邊分別是正常的腺胞和醜陋的腫瘤
09:57
So we said, what is on the surface表面 of these ugly醜陋 tumors腫瘤?
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我們很好奇腫瘤的表面究竟有什麼?
10:02
Could we calm冷靜 them down --
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有辦法使這些細胞平靜下來嗎?
10:04
they were signaling發信號 like crazy and they have pathways途徑 all messed搞砸 up --
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他們之間的訊號非常雜亂,訊息傳遞的路徑一蹋糊塗
10:09
and make them to the level水平 of the normal正常?
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如何使他們回歸正軌呢?
10:12
Well, it was wonderful精彩. Boggles博格爾斯 my mind心神.
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這實在太棒了,我感到驚訝不已
10:16
This is what we got.
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這是之後我們所得到的
10:19
We can revert還原 the malignant惡性 phenotype表型.
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我們成功的改正了細胞的惡性顯型
10:22
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
10:25
And in order訂購 to show顯示 you that the malignant惡性 phenotype表型
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為了讓各位看到細胞的惡性顯型
10:28
I didn't just choose選擇 one,
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我準備了另外的東西
10:30
here are little movies電影, sort分類 of fuzzy模糊,
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這些小型影片,有點模糊
10:32
but you see that on the left are the malignant惡性 cells細胞,
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但我們能看到左邊那些是不正常的細胞
10:36
all of them are malignant惡性,
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全部都是惡性的
10:37
we add one single inhibitor抑製劑 in the beginning開始,
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我們在一開始加入了一個抗化劑
10:42
and look what happens發生, they all look like that.
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看看會發生什麼事,他們看起來就像這樣
10:46
We inject注入 them into the mouse老鼠, the ones那些 on the right,
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我們將之注射到老鼠體內,如同右邊影片顯示
10:49
and none沒有 of them would make tumors腫瘤.
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沒有半個細胞會變成腫瘤
10:51
We inject注入 the other ones那些 in the mouse老鼠, 100 percent百分 tumors腫瘤.
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我們將另一邊注入老鼠體內,腫瘤發生率卻變成100%
10:55
So, it's a new way of thinking思維 about cancer癌症,
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這是對於癌症的一個新觀點
10:58
it's a hopeful有希望 way of thinking思維 about cancer癌症.
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也是一個具有希望的新看法
11:00
We should be able能夠 to be dealing交易 with these things at this level水平,
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我們有能力以這樣的水準來處理問題
11:04
and these conclusions結論 say that growth發展 and malignant惡性 behavior行為
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從這些結論得知,細胞的成長與惡性演變
11:10
is regulated調控 at the level水平 of tissue組織 organization組織
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發生於組織層面
11:14
and that the tissue組織 organization組織 is dependent依賴的
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而組織則受到細胞外間質
11:18
on the extracellular matrix矩陣 and the microenvironment微環境.
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和微小環境的影響
11:21
All right, thus從而 form形成 and function功能 interact相互作用 dynamically動態 and reciprocally相互.
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因此,細胞的形態與功能活力的進行互動
11:29
And here is another另一個 five seconds of repose休息,
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現在這五秒鐘是一段沉澱時間
11:33
is my mantra口頭禪. Form形成 and function功能.
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我用來沉澱心情的禱文: 形態與功能
11:38
And of course課程, we now ask, where do we go now?
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現在各位當然很好奇,接下來我們該如何發展呢?
11:41
We'd星期三 like to take this kind of thinking思維 into the clinic診所.
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我們想把這個想法放進臨床治療中
11:44
But before we do that, I'd like you to think
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在那之前,請各位想想
11:48
that at any given特定 time when you're sitting坐在 there,
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任何一個時刻,當你坐在那邊時
11:52
in your 70 trillion cells細胞,
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你體內的七十兆個細胞
11:55
the extracellular matrix矩陣 signaling發信號 to your nucleus,
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胞外間質傳遞訊息給細胞核
11:58
the nucleus is signaling發信號 to your extracellular matrix矩陣
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細胞核也傳遞訊息給胞外間質
12:01
and this is how your balance平衡 is kept不停 and restored恢復.
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因此你體內維持著這樣的平衡
12:07
We have made製作 a lot of discoveries發現,
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我們發現許多東西
12:10
we have shown顯示 that extracellular matrix矩陣 talks會談 to chromatin染色質.
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我們呈現了細胞外的母體與染色質的對話
12:13
We have shown顯示 that there's little pieces of DNA脫氧核糖核酸
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我們展示了乳腺細胞特定的某個基因中,有一小部份的
12:16
on the specific具體 genes基因 of the mammary乳腺 gland
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DNA會對細胞外間質產生回應
12:20
that actually其實 respond響應 to extracellular matrix矩陣.
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DNA會對細胞外間質產生回應
12:23
It has taken採取 many許多 years年份, but it has been very rewarding獎勵.
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研究雖然花了許多年的時間,但卻收穫滿滿
12:26
And before I get to the next下一個 slide滑動, I have to tell you
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在跳到下張投影片之前,我必須告訴各位
12:31
that there are so many許多 additional額外 discoveries發現 to be made製作.
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還有許多未知的探索等待進行
12:36
There is so much mystery神秘 we don't know.
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仍有太多秘密是我們尚未了解的
12:38
And I always say to the students學生們 and post-docs博士後 I lecture演講 to,
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我常告訴我的學生和博士後研究員
12:43
don't be arrogant傲慢, because arrogance傲慢 kills殺死 curiosity好奇心.
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千萬別傲慢,因為傲慢會扼殺對探索的好奇心
12:48
Curiosity好奇心 and passion.
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以及熱情
12:51
You need to always think, what else其他 needs需求 to be discovered發現?
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時時刻刻,你都必須想著還有什麼事情等待發掘?
12:55
And maybe my discovery發現 needs需求 to be added添加 to
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或許我的發現需要更多補充
12:58
or maybe it needs需求 to be changed.
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或是經過修改
12:59
So, we have now made製作 an amazing驚人 discovery發現,
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現在我們有了這項驚人的發現
13:03
a post-doc博士後 in the lab實驗室 who is a physicist物理學家 asked me,
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實驗室裡的一個博士後研究員兼物理學家,問我
13:06
what do the cells細胞 do when you put them in?
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當你把細胞放入時他們發生了什麼事?
13:08
What do they do in the beginning開始 when they do?
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一開始他們產生什麼變化?
13:11
I said, I don't know, we couldn't不能 look at them.
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我說我不曉得,我們無從觀察
13:13
We didn't have high images圖片 in the old days.
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早期我們還沒有高品質影像
13:16
So she, being存在 an imager成像儀 and a physicist物理學家,
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這名學生呢,既是一個夢想家和物理學家
13:18
did this incredible難以置信 thing.
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她做了這件驚人的設計
13:20
This is a single human人的 breast乳房 cell細胞 in three dimensions尺寸.
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這是一個以3D影像顯示的人乳細胞
13:24
Look at it. It's constantly經常 doing this.
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你看,它不斷的重複這個循環
13:27
Has a coherent相干 movement運動.
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有一個一致的動作
13:29
You put the cancer癌症 cells細胞 there, and they do go all over,
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若換成癌細胞,它們就全亂掉了
13:33
they do this. They don't do this.
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而不是規律的運作
13:35
And when we revert還原 the cancer癌症 cell細胞, it again does this.
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當我們把癌細胞修復後,它又重回正軌
13:39
Absolutely絕對 boggles博格爾斯 my mind心神.
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完全令我驚訝不已
13:41
So the cell細胞 acts行為 like an embryo. What an exciting扣人心弦 thing.
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所以細胞的活動就像胚胎,這是多麼令人興奮的事啊
13:47
So I'd like to finish with a poem.
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我想以一首詩來做結
13:50
Well I used to love English英語 literature文學,
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我以前很熱愛英國文學
13:53
and I debated辯論 in college學院, which哪一個 one should I do?
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大學時我猶豫主修該選什麼?
13:55
And unfortunately不幸 or fortunately幸好, chemistry化學 won韓元.
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不幸的或是幸運的,化學獲得了勝利
14:00
But here is a poem from Yeats葉芝. I'll just read you the last two lines.
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但這邊有首葉慈的詩,我想為各位朗誦最後兩行
14:06
It's called "Among其中 the School學校 Children孩子."
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詩名是"兒戲"
14:08
"O body身體 swayed動搖 to music音樂 / O brightening增亮 glance一瞥 /
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"噢 身體隨著音樂起舞/噢 閃爍生輝的一瞥"
14:13
How [can we know] the dancer舞蹈家 from the dance舞蹈?"
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我們如何在舞蹈中找到舞者呢?
14:16
And here is Merce梅爾切 Cunningham坎寧安,
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這位是摩斯康寧漢
14:18
I was fortunate幸運 to dance舞蹈 with him when I was younger更年輕,
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我年輕時有幸和他一起跳舞
14:21
and here he is a dancer舞蹈家,
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這裡的他是一名舞者
14:23
and while he is dancing跳舞, he is both the dancer舞蹈家 and the dance舞蹈.
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當他在跳舞的時候,他既是舞者也是舞蹈本身
14:26
The minute分鐘 he stops停止, we have neither也不.
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在他停止的那刻,我們兩者都沒有了
14:30
So it's like form形成 and function功能.
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這就像形態與功能
14:33
Now, I'd like to show顯示 you a current當前 picture圖片 of my group.
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現在我想給各位看看我的研究團隊
14:39
I have been fortunate幸運 to have had these magnificant壯美
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我很榮幸有這些了不起的學生
14:43
students學生們 and post-docs博士後 who have taught me so much,
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和博士後研究員,從他們身上我學到很多
14:46
and I have had many許多 of these groups come and go.
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我帶過許多團隊,他們來了又去
14:49
They are the future未來 and I try to make them not be afraid害怕
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他們就是未來的希望,而我也試著叫他們別擔心
14:54
of being存在 the cat and being存在 told,
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不要怕當漫畫中的那隻貓
14:58
don't think outside the box.
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不敢異想天開
14:59
And I'd like to leave離開 you with this thought.
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我想留給各位這個問題
15:02
On the left is water coming未來 through通過 the shore支撐,
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左邊是海流流入海岸的情景
15:06
taken採取 from a NASANASA satellite衛星.
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由太空總署的衛星所拍攝
15:08
On the right, there is a coral珊瑚.
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右邊則是一座珊瑚
15:11
Now if you take the mammary乳腺 gland and spread傳播 it
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若你把乳腺取走並展開
15:15
and take the fat脂肪 away, on a dish it looks容貌 like that.
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把脂肪移除,在培養皿中看起來就像這樣
15:19
Do they look the same相同? Do they have the same相同 patterns模式?
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看起來和之前的一樣嗎?兩者的圖案相同嗎?
15:22
Why is it that nature性質 keeps保持 doing that over and over again?
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為什麼大自然會一再重複這些循環呢?
15:26
And I'd like to submit提交 to you
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我想向各位報告
15:28
that we have sequenced測序 the human人的 genome基因組,
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我們列出了人類的基因組
15:31
we know everything about the sequence序列 of the gene基因,
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我們知道所有跟基因組有關的事
15:33
the language語言 of the gene基因, the alphabet字母 of the gene基因,
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基因的語言,字母....
15:36
But we know nothing, but nothing,
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但我們對形態的語言以及字母
15:39
about the language語言 and alphabet字母 of form形成.
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卻是一無所知
15:44
So, it's a wonderful精彩 new horizon地平線,
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這一切都是條美好的地平線
15:47
it's a wonderful精彩 thing to discover發現 for the young年輕
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探索對於年輕人來說是件美好的事
15:51
and the passionate多情 old, and that's me.
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對熱情的老年人也是如此,而那就是我
15:53
So go to it!
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去吧!
15:55
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Vivian Mig
Reviewed by Yuguo Zhang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mina Bissell - Cancer Researcher
Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth.

Why you should listen

Mina Bissell's groundbreaking research has proven that cancer is not only caused by cancer cells. It is caused by an interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding cellular micro-environment. In healthy bodies, normal tissue homeostasis and architecture inhibit the progression of cancers. But changes in the microenvironment--following an injury or a wound for instance--can shift the balance. This explains why many people harbor potentially malignant tumors in their bodies without knowing it and never develop cancer, and why tumors often develop when tissue is damaged or when the immune system is suppressed.

The converse can also be true. In a landmark 1997 experiment, mutated mammary cells, when dosed with an antibody and placed into a normal cellular micro-environment, behaved normally. This powerful insight from Bissell's lab may lead to new ways of treating existing and preventing potential cancers.

More profile about the speaker
Mina Bissell | Speaker | TED.com