ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Markham Nolan - Journalist
The managing editor of Storyful.com, Markham Nolan has watched journalism evolve from the pursuit of finding facts to the act of verifying those floating in the ether.

Why you should listen

Markham calls himself a "literary mercenary." His main responsibility is to sift through news and information to see what's true and what's not. In the era of the ubiquitous and immediate cell phone photo, Twitter message and YouTube video, how do we verify and validate a piece of information arriving, say, from a region at war or one going through a natural disaster? As the managing editor of Storyful, that's a question he has to answer daily.

More profile about the speaker
Markham Nolan | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon London Fall 2012

Markham Nolan: How to separate fact and fiction online

Markham Nolan: 如何辨别网上信息真伪

Filmed:
1,386,207 views

这个演讲从开始到结束这段时间里,YouTube上会有864小时的新视频出现,Facebook和Instagram会多出二百五十万张新照片。我们如何面对如此浩瀚信息海洋呢?在伦敦的TED Salon活动上,Markham Nolan分享了他和他的团队核实实时信息时所使用的调查技术,为您鉴定自由女神像的照片以及来自叙利亚视频到底是真是假。
- Journalist
The managing editor of Storyful.com, Markham Nolan has watched journalism evolve from the pursuit of finding facts to the act of verifying those floating in the ether. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
I've been a journalist记者 now since以来 I was about 17,
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我十七岁开始从事记者工作
00:19
and it's an interesting有趣 industry行业 to be in at the moment时刻,
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这在当时可是一个有趣的工作,
00:22
because as you all know, there's a huge巨大 amount of upheaval动荡
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因为正如你们所知,媒体行业经历着巨变,
00:25
going on in media媒体, and most of you probably大概 know this
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你们大多数是从商业层面
00:27
from the business商业 angle角度, which哪一个 is that the business商业 model模型
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来看这些事情,如这个产业
00:30
is pretty漂亮 screwed, and as my grandfather祖父 would say,
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媒体的经济状况十分糟糕,就像我祖父的说的,
00:33
the profits利润 have all been gobbled狼吞虎咽 up by Google谷歌.
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利润都被谷歌独吞了。
00:36
So it's a really interesting有趣 time to be a journalist记者,
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所以在这个时代做记者是个有趣的差事,
00:38
but the upheaval动荡 that I'm interested有兴趣 in is not on the output产量 side.
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不过我所关心的巨变不是输出端方面的。
00:41
It's on the input输入 side. It's concern关心 with
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而是输入端。我关注的是我们
00:44
how we get information信息 and how we gather收集 the news新闻.
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如何获取信息和收集新闻。
00:47
And that's changed, because we've我们已经 had a huge巨大 shift转移
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事情已经发生了变化,因为权力
00:50
in the balance平衡 of power功率 from
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由新闻机构
00:52
the news新闻 organizations组织 to the audience听众.
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交到了听众的手上。
00:54
And the audience听众 for such这样 a long time was in a position位置
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长期以来观众
00:56
where they didn't have any way of affecting影响 news新闻
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没有任何手段影响新闻行业
00:59
or making制造 any change更改. They couldn't不能 really connect.
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或带来改变。他们无法与媒体建立联系。
01:01
And that's changed irrevocably不可撤销.
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如今改变已经不可逆转。
01:03
My first connection连接 with the news新闻 media媒体 was
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我最早接触新闻媒体
01:06
in 1984, the BBCBBC had a one-day一天 strike罢工.
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是在1984年,那时候BBC员工罢工一天。
01:10
I wasn't happy快乐. I was angry愤怒. I couldn't不能 see my cartoons卡通.
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我很不开心。我非常愤怒。我看不到动画片了。
01:13
So I wrote a letter.
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所以我写了一封信。
01:15
And it's a very effective有效 way of ending结尾 your hate讨厌 mail邮件:
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在愤怒的信中用“爱你的四岁观众Markham”来结尾相当有效。
01:18
"Love Markham马卡姆, Aged 4." Still works作品.
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如今也仍然有效。
01:21
I'm not sure if I had any impact碰撞 on the one-day一天 strike罢工,
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我不知道我是否影响了那个为期一天的罢工,
01:24
but what I do know is that it took them three weeks to get back to me.
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不过我知道的是他们三周之后才给我回复。
01:27
And that was the round回合 journey旅程. It took that long for anyone任何人
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一去一来,一个人
01:29
to have any impact碰撞 and get some feedback反馈.
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想要引起媒体的注意并得到反馈需要这么长时间。
01:31
And that's changed now because, as journalists记者,
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现在的情况与从前截然不同,因为
01:34
we interact相互作用 in real真实 time. We're not in a position位置
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如今的记者和观众实时互动。我们不能等着
01:37
where the audience听众 is reacting反应 to news新闻.
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观众对新闻作出反应。
01:39
We're reacting反应 to the audience听众, and we're actually其实 relying依托 on them.
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现在是我们对观众的行为作出反应,并且我们依赖于此。
01:43
They're helping帮助 us find the news新闻. They're helping帮助 us
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他们正帮助我们找到新闻。他们正帮助我们
01:46
figure数字 out what is the best最好 angle角度 to take and what is the stuff东东 that they want to hear.
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找到解读新闻的最好角度,以及什么才是他们最想听的。
01:50
So it's a real-time即时的 thing. It's much quicker更快. It's happening事件
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这种互动是实时的。速度快很多 这将一直。
01:54
on a constant不变 basis基础, and the journalist记者 is always playing播放 catch抓住 up.
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发展下去,而记者只是充当一个追逐者的角色。
02:00
To give an example of how we rely依靠 on the audience听众,
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请允许我举一个记者依赖观众获取新闻的例子,
02:03
on the 5th of September九月 in Costa哥斯达黎加 Rica哥斯达黎加, an earthquake地震 hit击中.
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9月5日哥斯达黎加发生了地震。
02:07
It was a 7.6 magnitude大小. It was fairly相当 big.
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7.6级,相当大的地震。
02:10
And 60 seconds is the amount of time it took
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地震波用了60秒的时间
02:13
for it to travel旅行 250 kilometers公里 to Managua马那瓜.
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传到250公里之外的马那瓜(尼加拉瓜共和国首都)。
02:15
So the ground地面 shook震撼 in Managua马那瓜 60 seconds after it hit击中 the epicenter震中.
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所以,马那瓜的地面在震中发生地震60秒之后开始颤抖。
02:19
Thirty三十 seconds later后来, the first message信息 went onto Twitter推特,
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三十秒后,推特上出现了第一条有关地震的消息,
02:22
and this was someone有人 saying "temblor这场地震," which哪一个 means手段 earthquake地震.
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有人发了“temblor”这样一条信息,意思就是地震。
02:25
So 60 seconds was how long it took
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地震波的物理传播
02:27
for the physical物理 earthquake地震 to travel旅行.
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花了60秒。
02:29
Thirty三十 seconds later后来 news新闻 of that earthquake地震 had traveled旅行
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30秒之后地震的消息就
02:32
all around the world世界, instantly即刻. Everyone大家 in the world世界,
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可以即时传遍全球。理论上
02:35
hypothetically假设, had the potential潜在 to know that an earthquake地震
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世界上所有人都有可能知道
02:38
was happening事件 in Managua马那瓜.
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马那瓜正在发生地震。
02:40
And that happened发生 because this one person had
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这些都是因为这个人有纪实报道的直觉,
02:42
a documentary记录 instinct直觉, which哪一个 was to post岗位 a status状态 update更新,
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公布现有的最新状态,
02:46
which哪一个 is what we all do now, so if something happens发生,
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这就是我们现在都在做的一件事, 于是,凡是有什么事情发生,
02:49
we put our status状态 update更新, or we post岗位 a photo照片,
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我们就更新自己的状态,或者发布一张照片,
02:51
we post岗位 a video视频, and it all goes up into the cloud in a constant不变 stream.
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一段视频,这些信息源源不断的被上传到云存储。
02:55
And what that means手段 is just constant不变,
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这就意味着持续的,
02:58
huge巨大 volumes of data数据 going up.
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海量的数据出现。
03:00
It's actually其实 staggering踉跄. When you look at the numbers数字,
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数据流量实际上非常惊人。如果你用数字来计算的话,
03:02
every一切 minute分钟 there are 72 more hours小时
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每分钟有72小时以上的新视频
03:05
of video视频 on YouTubeYouTube的.
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被上传到YouTube。
03:07
So that's, every一切 second第二, more than an hour小时 of video视频 gets得到 uploaded上传.
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也就是说,每分钟YouTube上都会出现一小时以上的新视频。
03:10
And in photos相片, InstagramInstagram的, 58 photos相片 are uploaded上传 to InstagramInstagram的 a second第二.
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照片方面,每秒钟有58张新照片被上传到Instagram,
03:14
More than three and a half thousand photos相片 go up onto FacebookFacebook的.
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每秒钟Facebook上则会出现三千五百张以上的新照片。
03:18
So by the time I'm finished talking here, there'll有会 be 864
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也就是说,我今天的演讲结束之后,
03:22
more hours小时 of video视频 on Youtube的Youtube than there were when I started开始,
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YouTube上就多出了864小时的新视频,
03:25
and two and a half million百万 more photos相片 on FacebookFacebook的 and InstagramInstagram的 than when I started开始.
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Facebook和Instagram上则多出了二百五十万张新照片。
03:29
So it's an interesting有趣 position位置 to be in as a journalist记者,
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因此,现在做记者真的非常有趣
03:33
because we should have access访问 to everything.
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因为理论上,我们的信息源头无处不在。
03:35
Any event事件 that happens发生 anywhere随地 in the world世界, I should be able能够 to know about it
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我可以即时免费了解
03:38
pretty漂亮 much instantaneously瞬间, as it happens发生, for free自由.
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任何时间发生在世界上任何地方的任何事情。
03:42
And that goes for every一切 single person in this room房间.
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这一点在座的每一位也都可以做到。
03:45
The only problem问题 is, when you have that much information信息,
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唯一的问题是,面对大量信息时,
03:48
you have to find the good stuff东东, and that can be
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如何找到有价值的内容
03:50
incredibly令人难以置信 difficult when you're dealing交易 with those volumes.
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筛选大量信息其实相当困难。
03:52
And nowhere无处 was this brought home more than during
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飓风桑迪袭击美国期间,这一现象尤为明显。
03:55
Hurricane飓风 Sandy. So what you had in Hurricane飓风 Sandy was
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飓风桑迪是一次难得一见的
03:58
a superstorm超级风暴, the likes喜欢 of which哪一个 we hadn't有没有 seen看到 for a long time,
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超级风暴
04:01
hitting the iPhone苹果手机 capital首都 of the universe宇宙 -- (Laughter笑声) --
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它袭击了浩淼宇宙中的iPhone之都(笑声)
04:04
and you got volumes of media媒体 like we'd星期三 never seen看到 before.
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因此出现了大量我们以前从未见过的媒体素材。
04:08
And that meant意味着 that journalists记者 had to deal合同 with fakes假货,
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因此,记者必须分辨真伪,
04:11
so we had to deal合同 with old photos相片 that were being存在 reposted转贴.
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我们要辨别重新发布的老照片
04:14
We had to deal合同 with composite综合 images图片
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用以前风暴的照片
04:16
that were merging合并 photos相片 from previous以前 storms风暴.
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合成的图片。
04:19
We had to deal合同 with images图片 from films影片 like "The Day After Tomorrow明天." (Laughter笑声)
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来自电影《后天》的图片。(笑声)
04:24
And we had to deal合同 with images图片 that were so realistic实际
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以及那些看起来非常真实、
04:27
it was nearly几乎 difficult to tell if they were real真实 at all.
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难以辨别真伪的图片。
04:29
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:34
But joking开玩笑 aside在旁边, there were images图片 like this one from InstagramInstagram的
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玩笑之外,有一些照片,比如Instagram上的这张,
04:38
which哪一个 was subjected to a grilling烧烤 by journalists记者.
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经历了记者们反复的调查和核实。
04:40
They weren't really sure. It was filtered过滤 in InstagramInstagram的.
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他们不能确定这张照片的真伪。它在Instagram上遭到了过滤。
04:42
The lighting灯光 was questioned质疑. Everything was questioned质疑 about it.
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有人认为光线有问题。几乎个个方面都遭到了质疑。
04:45
And it turned转身 out to be true真正. It was from Avenue大街 C
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最终,这张图片被证明是真实的。它来自
04:47
in downtown市中心 Manhattan曼哈顿, which哪一个 was flooded.
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曼哈顿市中心被水淹的C大街(Avenue C)。
04:49
And the reason原因 that they could tell that it was real真实
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记者判断照片真实的理由是
04:51
was because they could get to the source资源, and in this case案件,
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他们找到了照片的来源
04:53
these guys were New York纽约 food餐饮 bloggers博客.
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这张照片的拍摄者是纽约的美食博客写手。
04:55
They were well respected尊敬. They were known已知.
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他们都备受尊敬、有一定知名度的作者。
04:57
So this one wasn't a debunk揭穿, it was actually其实 something that they could prove证明.
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所以这张照片不是冒牌货,记者们可以证明它的真实性。
05:00
And that was the job工作 of the journalist记者. It was filtering滤波 all this stuff东东.
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这就是记者的工作,在大量的信息中进行甄选工作。
05:03
And you were, instead代替 of going and finding发现 the information信息
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记者不是寻找信息然后将它们传达给大众
05:06
and bringing使 it back to the reader读者, you were holding保持 back
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记者所作的是截住
05:09
the stuff东东 that was potentially可能 damaging有害.
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那些有可能造成伤害的不良信息。
05:11
And finding发现 the source资源 becomes more and more important重要 --
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找到信息的来源――找到可靠的信息来源
05:14
finding发现 the good source资源 -- and Twitter推特 is where most journalists记者 now go.
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变得越来越重要――现在大部分记者都从推特入手。
05:17
It's like the de facto事实上 real-time即时的 newswire新闻专线,
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推特就是一个实时的新闻网络,
05:21
if you know how to use it, because there is so much on Twitter推特.
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如果你知道如何利用它,就可以从上面获得大量的信息。
05:23
And a good example of how useful有用 it can be
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2011年的埃及革命就是一个很好的例子
05:26
but also how difficult was the Egyptian埃及人 revolution革命 in 2011.
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不过它同时证明了从推特获取信息的优势和困难。
05:29
As a non-Arabic非阿拉伯语 speaker扬声器, as someone有人 who was looking
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对于一个在都柏林关注局势发展的、
05:32
from the outside, from Dublin都柏林,
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不会说阿拉伯语的人来说,
05:34
Twitter推特 lists名单, and lists名单 of good sources来源,
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推特上有很多好的信息来源
05:36
people we could establish建立 were credible可信的, were really important重要.
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找到可靠的信息来源是非常重要的。
05:40
And how do you build建立 a list名单 like that from scratch?
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我们如何从茫茫的信息海洋中甄选出这样一个名单呢?
05:42
Well, it can be quite相当 difficult, but you have to know what to look for.
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这相当有难度,但只要找对方法就可以实现。
05:45
This visualization可视化 was doneDONE by an Italian意大利 academic学术的.
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意大利学者 André Pannison
05:48
He's called Andr安德烈é PannisonPannison, and he basically基本上
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创造了这个效果图。
05:51
took the Twitter推特 conversation会话 in Tahrir塔利尔 Square广场
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他集中了侯塞尼・穆巴拉克辞职的那一天
05:53
on the day that Hosni胡斯尼 Mubarak穆巴拉克 would eventually终于 resign辞职,
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来自解放广场的推特消息
05:57
and the dots you can see are retweets锐推, so when someone有人
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这些点都是转发
05:59
retweets锐推 a message信息, a connection连接 is made制作 between之间 two dots,
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如果有人转发了某一条消息,两个点就会建立联系,
06:02
and the more times that message信息 is retweeted转推 by other people,
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一条信息被转发的次数越多
06:05
the more you get to see these nodes节点, these connections连接 being存在 made制作.
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就会有越来越多的点出现,越来越多的联系建立。
06:08
And it's an amazing惊人 way of visualizing可视化 the conversation会话,
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这是一种将推特互动视觉化的出色方式,
06:10
but what you get is hints提示 at who is more interesting有趣
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可以从中看出哪些人发布的信息更意思
06:12
and who is worth价值 investigating调查.
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哪些人值得调查。
06:15
And as the conversation会话 grew成长 and grew成长, it became成为
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随着互动的规模越来越大
06:18
more and more lively活泼, and eventually终于 you were left
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状态越来越活跃
06:20
with this huge巨大, big, rhythmic有板有眼 pointer指针 of this conversation会话.
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你就会找到这些互动中重要的、有规律的线索。
06:25
You could find the nodes节点, though虽然, and then you went,
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你可以找到这个点
06:27
and you go, "Right, I've got to investigate调查 these people.
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然后决定,“好,我要去调查一下这些人。
06:29
These are the ones那些 that are obviously明显 making制造 sense.
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这些的消息看起来似乎相对可靠。
06:31
Let's see who they are."
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让我们来看看他们都是何方神圣。”
06:33
Now in the deluge洪水 of information信息, this is where
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现在在信息的洪流中
06:36
the real-time即时的 web卷筒纸 gets得到 really interesting有趣 for a journalist记者 like myself,
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实时网络对于记者来说愈发有趣,
06:39
because we have more tools工具 than ever
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因为现在我们拥有比以往任何时候都更加丰富的工具
06:41
to do that kind of investigation调查.
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来做此类调查。
06:44
And when you start开始 digging挖掘 into the sources来源, you can go
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调查信息来源的工作
06:47
further进一步 and further进一步 than you ever could before.
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也可以比以往深入许多。
06:49
Sometimes有时 you come across横过 a piece of content内容 that
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有时候你会遇到非常吸引人的素材
06:52
is so compelling引人注目, you want to use it, you're dying垂死 to use it,
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你非常想采用它,
06:56
but you're not 100 percent百分 sure if you can because
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但因为不确定来源是否可靠
06:59
you don't know if the source资源 is credible可信的.
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有所顾忌。
07:00
You don't know if it's a scrape. You don't know if it's a re-upload重新上传.
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你不知道该素材是不是假的,不知道它是不是以前的内容被重新上传。
07:02
And you have to do that investigative研究 work.
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你必须进行调查。
07:04
And this video视频, which哪一个 I'm going to let run through通过,
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我即将为你们播放的这个视频
07:06
was one we discovered发现 a couple一对 of weeks ago.
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是几周之前发现的。
07:09
Video视频: Getting入门 real真实 windy有风 in just a second第二.
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视频:风一下变的非常大。
07:11
(Rain and wind sounds声音)
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(风雨声)
07:16
(Explosion爆炸) Oh, shit拉屎!
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(爆炸)哦,天啊!
07:19
Markham马卡姆 Nolan诺兰: Okay, so now if you're a news新闻 producer制片人, this is something
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Markham Nolan:好了,如果你是新闻制作人
07:22
you'd love to run with, because obviously明显, this is gold.
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你就会想要使用这段素材,这个视频非常棒。
07:25
You know? This is a fantastic奇妙 reaction反应 from someone有人,
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这里面有一个人的自然反应,
07:27
very genuine真正 video视频 that they've他们已经 shot射击 in their back garden花园.
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视频在后院拍摄,也相当真实。
07:30
But how do you find if this person, if it's true真正, if it's faked伪造,
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要怎么找到拍摄者呢?
07:33
or if it's something that's old and that's been reposted转贴?
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这个视频到底是真是假,是不是有人把老的内容重新上传到网上呢?
07:36
So we set about going to work on this video视频, and
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所以我们开始对这段视频进行核实
07:38
the only thing that we had to go on was the username用户名 on the YouTubeYouTube的 account帐户.
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一开始我们掌握的唯一信息就是一个YouTube的用户名。
07:41
There was only one video视频 posted发布 to that account帐户,
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用户名是Rita Krill,
07:43
and the username用户名 was Rita丽塔 Krill磷虾.
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这个账户也只上传过一个视频。
07:45
And we didn't know if Rita丽塔 existed存在 or if it was a fake name名称.
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我们不知道Rita是否真的存在还是仅仅是一个假名。
07:48
But we started开始 looking, and we used free自由 Internet互联网 tools工具 to do so.
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所以我们利用免费的因特网工具开始调查。
07:51
The first one was called SpokeoSpokeo, which哪一个 allowed允许 us to look for Rita丽塔 KrillsKrills.
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寻找Rita Krills的时候我们用到的第一个工具是Spokeo。
07:54
So we looked看着 all over the U.S. We found发现 them in New York纽约,
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我们在全美范围内搜索叫Rita Krills的人
07:57
we found发现 them in Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚, Nevada内华达 and Florida佛罗里达.
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在纽约、宾夕法尼亚、内华达和弗罗里达都有发现。
07:59
So we went and we looked看着 for a second第二 free自由 Internet互联网 tool工具
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接下来我们使用了第二个名叫
08:02
called Wolfram AlphaΑ, and we checked检查 the weather天气 reports报告
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Wolfram Alpha的免费网络工具,
08:04
for the day in which哪一个 this video视频 had been uploaded上传,
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查到了视频上传当天各地的天气,
08:07
and when we went through通过 all those various各个 cities城市,
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依次检查过所有有Rita Krill居住的城市之后,
08:09
we found发现 that in Florida佛罗里达, there were thunderstorms雷暴 and rain on the day.
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我们发现弗罗里达那天有雷暴和大雨。
08:12
So we went to the white白色 pages网页, and we found发现,
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然后我们找到电话簿开始查询
08:15
we looked看着 through通过 the Rita丽塔 KrillsKrills in the phonebook电话簿,
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在其中找到好几个Rita Krills的地址
08:18
and we looked看着 through通过 a couple一对 of different不同 addresses地址,
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我们在谷歌地图上
08:20
and that took us to Google谷歌 Maps地图, where we found发现 a house.
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检索了她们的地址,并且找到了一幢类似的房子。
08:23
And we found发现 a house with a swimming游泳的 pool that looked看着
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这座房子也有游泳池
08:25
remarkably异常 like Rita's丽塔的. So we went back to the video视频,
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很Rita的十分相似。我们再次观看视频
08:28
and we had to look for clues线索 that we could cross-reference交叉引用.
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寻找可以对照的线索。
08:31
So if you look in the video视频, there's the big umbrella雨伞,
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仔细看视频的话你就会发现这里有一把很大的遮阳伞,
08:34
there's a white白色 liloLILO in the pool,
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游泳池里有一个白色的气垫,
08:36
there are some unusually异常 rounded edges边缘 in the swimming游泳的 pool,
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游泳池的角形状比较特别,
08:38
and there's two trees树木 in the background背景.
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背景里有两棵树。
08:40
And we went back to Google谷歌 Maps地图, and we looked看着 a little bit closer接近,
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我们再次打开谷歌地图,仔细核对
08:43
and sure enough足够, there's the white白色 liloLILO,
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这是白色的气垫
08:45
there are the two trees树木,
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这是两棵树
08:48
there's the umbrella雨伞. It's actually其实 folded折叠 in this photo照片.
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这是遮阳伞。在这找图片里这把伞没有撑开。
08:50
Little bit of trickery诡计. And there are the rounded edges边缘 on the swimming游泳的 pool.
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所以不容易看出来。这是游泳池有弧度的角。
08:54
So we were able能够 to call Rita丽塔, clear明确 the video视频,
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随后我们致电Rita,核实真伪,
08:57
make sure that it had been shot射击, and then our clients客户
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确定是她拍摄了这段视频,
08:59
were delighted欣喜的 because they were able能够 to run it without being存在 worried担心.
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随后我们的客户就可以放心的使用这条素材了。
09:02
Sometimes有时 the search搜索 for truth真相, though虽然,
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有时候追寻真相没有这么轻松,
09:04
is a little bit less flippant轻率, and it has much greater更大 consequences后果.
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而是会带来深远的后果。
09:09
Syria叙利亚 has been really interesting有趣 for us, because obviously明显
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我们一直对叙利亚很感兴趣
09:12
a lot of the time you're trying to debunk揭穿 stuff东东 that can be
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你经常需要甄别那些可能构成
09:14
potentially可能 war战争 crime犯罪 evidence证据, so this is where YouTubeYouTube的
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战争犯罪证据的素材
09:18
actually其实 becomes the most important重要 repository知识库
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在这一方面,YouTube确实存储了
09:20
of information信息 about what's going on in the world世界.
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全世界范围内的大量时事信息。
09:25
So this video视频, I'm not going to show显示 you the whole整个 thing,
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接下来这个视频画面相当血腥
09:27
because it's quite相当 gruesome阴森, but you'll你会 hear some of the sounds声音.
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所以我就不完整播放了,不过你们可以听到声音。
09:30
This is from Hama哈马.
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这个事件发生在哈马(叙利亚西部城市)。
09:32
Video视频: (Shouting呐喊)
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播放视频:(喊叫声)
09:35
And what this video视频 shows节目, when you watch the whole整个 thing through通过,
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这个视频的完整版记录的是
09:39
is bloody血腥 bodies身体 being存在 taken采取 out of a pickup捡起 truck卡车
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人们从小货车上卸下血淋淋的尸体
09:42
and thrown抛出 off a bridge.
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然后从桥上扔进河里。
09:45
The allegations指控 were that these guys were Muslim穆斯林 Brotherhood手足情谊
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有传言说这些人来自穆斯林联盟
09:47
and they were throwing投掷 Syrian叙利亚的 Army军队 officers'长官' bodies身体
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正在将叙利亚军队士官的尸体
09:50
off the bridge, and they were cursing咒骂 and using运用 blasphemous亵渎神明 language语言,
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从桥上扔下去,一边扔嘴里还在诅咒,说一些渎神的话,
09:53
and there were lots of counterclaims反诉 about who they were,
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但是,关于他们的身份,以及视频对他们的表现是否真实
09:56
and whether是否 or not they were what the video视频 said it was.
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都有人持不同意见。
09:58
So we talked to some sources来源 in Hama哈马 who we had been
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所以我们找到了一些曾经在推特上和我们交流的线人
10:01
back and forth向前 with on Twitter推特, and we asked them about this,
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问他们对这个视频有什么看法,
10:03
and the bridge was interesting有趣 to us because it was something we could identify鉴定.
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我们对这座桥特别感兴趣,因为它相对容易辨识。
10:07
Three different不同 sources来源 said three different不同 things about the bridge.
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三个线人对这座桥作出了不同的判断。
10:10
They said, one, the bridge doesn't exist存在.
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第一个人说这座桥根本不存在。
10:12
Another另一个 one said the bridge does exist存在, but it's not in Hama哈马. It's somewhere某处 else其他.
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第二个人说这座桥确实存在,但是不在哈马,在其它地方。
10:16
And the third第三 one said, "I think the bridge does exist存在,
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第三个人说,“我觉得这座桥确实存在,
10:19
but the dam upstream上游 of the bridge was closed关闭,
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但是河流上游的堤坝是关闭的,
10:22
so the river should actually其实 have been dry, so this doesn't make sense."
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所以这条河应该是干的,视频与此矛盾。“
10:25
So that was the only one that gave us a clue线索.
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最后一个线人给了我们一些线索。
10:28
We looked看着 through通过 the video视频 for other clues线索.
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我们仔细观看视频寻找其他的线索。
10:29
We saw the distinctive独特 railings栏杆, which哪一个 we could use.
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我们找到了这种独特的栏杆,可以用来对照辨识。
10:32
We looked看着 at the curbs路肩. The curbs路肩 were throwing投掷 shadows阴影 south,
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我们观察了路牙。路牙的影子朝南,
10:36
so we could tell the bridge was running赛跑 east-west东西 across横过 the river.
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所以这座桥是东西向横跨河流的。
10:38
It had black-and-white黑与白 curbs路肩.
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路牙黑白相间。
10:40
As we looked看着 at the river itself本身, you could see there's
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我们再看这条河,可以发现
10:42
a concrete具体 stone on the west西 side. There's a cloud of blood血液.
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西边有混凝土石,水中有一滩血迹。
10:45
That's blood血液 in the river. So the river is flowing流动
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从血迹可以看出这条河
10:47
south to north. That's what that tells告诉 me.
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从南向北流动。我们从视频中提炼出了这些信息。
10:49
And also, as you look away from the bridge,
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从桥上看出去
10:51
there's a divot草皮 on the left-hand左手 side of the bank银行,
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可以发现何的左岸有一块草皮,
10:53
and the river narrows变窄.
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而且河流的宽度显著缩小。
10:55
So onto Google谷歌 Maps地图 we go, and we start开始
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所以我们用谷歌地图
10:58
looking through通过 literally按照字面 every一切 single bridge.
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开始检查每一座桥。
11:00
We go to the dam that we talked about, we start开始 just
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我们找到线人提到的水坝
11:03
literally按照字面 going through通过 every一切 time that road crosses十字架 the river,
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然而检查每一次道路与河流相交的地方,
11:07
crossing路口 off the bridges桥梁 that don't match比赛.
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划掉那些不符合描述的桥梁。
11:09
We're looking for one that crosses十字架 east-west东西.
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我们要找东西向横跨河流的桥。
11:10
And we get to Hama哈马. We get all the way from the dam
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我们从大坝一直检查到哈马
11:12
to Hama哈马 and there's no bridge.
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都没有找到符合要求的桥梁。
11:14
So we go a bit further进一步. We switch开关 to the satellite卫星 view视图,
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所以我们又继续努力。我们用卫星图像对照
11:17
and we find another另一个 bridge, and everything starts启动 to line线 up.
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找到了一座桥,与所有描述一一对应。
11:20
The bridge looks容貌 like it's crossing路口 the river east to west西.
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这座桥东西向横跨河流。
11:23
So this could be our bridge. And we zoom放大 right in.
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所以很可能就是视频里那座。我们放大视图。
11:26
We start开始 to see that it's got a median中位数, so it's a two-lane两车道 bridge.
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我们能看到中线,所以这是一座两车道的桥。
11:29
And it's got the black-and-white黑与白 curbs路肩 that we saw in the video视频,
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和视频中一样,它的人行道也是黑白相间的
11:32
and as we click点击 through通过 it, you can see someone's谁家
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再点击一下,我们发现有人上传了
11:35
uploaded上传 photos相片 to go with the map地图, which哪一个 is very handy便利,
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桥的照片,大大方便了我们的工作,
11:38
so we click点击 into the photos相片. And the photos相片 start开始 showing展示 us
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我们打开这些照片,
11:40
more detail详情 that we can cross-reference交叉引用 with the video视频.
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找到了更多可以与视频对照的细节。
11:43
The first thing that we see is we see black-and-white黑与白 curbing遏制,
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我们第一个看到的就是这黑白相间的路牙,
11:47
which哪一个 is handy便利 because we've我们已经 seen看到 that before.
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很有价值,因为我们之前也找到过类似的证据。
11:49
We see the distinctive独特 railing栏杆 that we saw the guys
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我们看到那些人扔尸体时
11:52
throwing投掷 the bodies身体 over.
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越过的、花纹独特的栏杆。
11:55
And we keep going through通过 it until直到 we're certain某些 that this is our bridge.
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进一步的比较对照证明这就是我们要找的那座桥。
11:57
So what does that tell me? I've got to go back now
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这样的结果对我有什么意义呢?我现在必须
11:59
to my three sources来源 and look at what they told me:
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重新看看我的三个线人都给我提供了什么样的信息:
12:01
the one who said the bridge didn't exist存在,
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一个说桥不存在
12:03
the one who said the bridge wasn't in Hama哈马,
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一个说桥不在哈马
12:05
and the one guy who said, "Yes, the bridge does exist存在, but I'm not sure about the water levels水平."
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还有一个说”是的,有这座桥,但是我不确定现在水位如何。“
12:09
Number three is looking like the most truthful真实 all of a sudden突然,
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现在第三个人看起来最为可靠,
12:12
and we've我们已经 been able能够 to find that out using运用 some free自由 Internet互联网 tools工具
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我们坐在都柏林的办公室小隔间里
12:15
sitting坐在 in a cubicle in an office办公室 in Dublin都柏林
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使用免费的因特网工具
12:18
in the space空间 of 20 minutes分钟.
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只要二十分钟就可以得出这样的结论。
12:19
And that's part部分 of the joy喜悦 of this. Although虽然 the web卷筒纸
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这是相当有趣的。
12:21
is running赛跑 like a torrent激流, there's so much information信息 there
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尽管网络信息好似洪流
12:25
that it's incredibly令人难以置信 hard to sift and getting得到 harder更难 every一切 day,
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数量非常巨大,筛选越来越难,
12:28
if you use them intelligently智能, you can find out incredible难以置信 information信息.
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但如果你明智的使用网络,就能找到超乎想象的信息。
12:31
Given特定 a couple一对 of clues线索, I could probably大概 find out
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给我一两条线索,我就能找到
12:34
a lot of things about most of you in the audience听众 that you might威力 not like me finding发现 out.
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在座各位很多不想被人发现的信息。
12:37
But what it tells告诉 me is that, at a time when
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这说明,在这样一个时代
12:40
there's more -- there's a greater更大 abundance丰富 of information信息 than there ever has been,
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尽管信息前所未有的丰富
12:44
it's harder更难 to filter过滤, we have greater更大 tools工具.
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过滤越来越难,但我们也拥有更加有力的工具。
12:47
We have free自由 Internet互联网 tools工具 that allow允许 us,
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免费的网络工具
12:49
help us do this kind of investigation调查.
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可以帮助我们开展调查。
12:51
We have algorithms算法 that are smarter聪明 than ever before,
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智能算法和电脑运算速度
12:53
and computers电脑 that are quicker更快 than ever before.
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也都发展到了前所未有的高度。
12:55
But here's这里的 the thing. Algorithms算法 are rules规则. They're binary二进制.
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然而我们必须认识到,算法是一套规则,是建立在二进制的基础上的。
12:59
They're yes or no, they're black黑色 or white白色.
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在算法的世界里只有绝对的对错和黑白。
13:00
Truth真相 is never binary二进制. Truth真相 is a value.
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然而真相不是二进制的。真相是一种价值观。
13:04
Truth真相 is emotional情绪化, it's fluid流体, and above以上 all, it's human人的.
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真相涉及人的情感,是多变的,最重要的是,是人性化的。
13:09
No matter how quick we get with computers电脑, no matter
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无论电脑变得多快
13:11
how much information信息 we have, you'll你会 never be able能够
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无论我们拥有多少信息
13:13
to remove去掉 the human人的 from the truth-seeking求实 exercise行使,
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我们永远无法把人类排除在寻找真相的过程之外
13:16
because in the end结束, it is a uniquely独特地 human人的 trait特征.
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因为,追寻真相是属于人类的独特品质。
13:20
Thanks谢谢 very much. (Applause掌声)
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非常感谢。(掌声)
Translated by Yi Shao
Reviewed by James Yu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Markham Nolan - Journalist
The managing editor of Storyful.com, Markham Nolan has watched journalism evolve from the pursuit of finding facts to the act of verifying those floating in the ether.

Why you should listen

Markham calls himself a "literary mercenary." His main responsibility is to sift through news and information to see what's true and what's not. In the era of the ubiquitous and immediate cell phone photo, Twitter message and YouTube video, how do we verify and validate a piece of information arriving, say, from a region at war or one going through a natural disaster? As the managing editor of Storyful, that's a question he has to answer daily.

More profile about the speaker
Markham Nolan | Speaker | TED.com