ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com
TEDYouth 2014

Fredy Peccerelli: A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared"

弗雷迪·佩切雷利: 一位找寻“失踪者”的法医人类学家

Filmed:
797,463 views

在危地马拉长达36年的冲突中,20万平民被杀——超过4万名死者的身份不明。著名法医人类学家弗雷迪·佩切雷利和他的团队,运用基因技术,考古学和搜集口述资料的方式帮助众多家庭寻找家人的骸骨。这是个严肃的任务,但也能让人心灵平静——有时甚至能带来正义。
- Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Guatemala危地马拉 is recovering恢复 from
a 36-year-年 armed武装 conflict冲突.
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危地马拉正在从一场
持续了36年的武装冲突中恢复。
00:16
A conflict冲突 that was fought战斗
during the Cold War战争.
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一场在冷战时期便发生的冲突。
00:18
It was really just
a small leftist左派分子 insurgency暴动
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这本是一次左翼分子发起的
小规模叛乱,
00:22
and a devastating破坏性的 response响应 by the state.
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然而政府的反应却是毁灭性的。
00:25
What we have as a result结果
is 200,000 civilian平民 victims受害者,
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我们掌握的数据显示
有20万平民受害者,
00:28
160,000 of those
killed杀害 in the communities社区:
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其中有16万人被集体杀害;
00:32
small children孩子, men男人, women妇女,
the elderly老年 even.
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小孩,男人,女人,甚至是老年人。
00:36
And then we have
about 40,000 others其他, the missing失踪,
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另外还有4万人失踪,
00:39
the ones那些 we're still looking for today今天.
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直到今天我们仍然在寻找。
00:42
We call them the Desaparecidos失踪者.
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我们管他们叫失踪者(西班牙语)。
00:44
Now, 83 percent百分 of the victims受害者
are Mayan玛雅 victims受害者,
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83%的受害者是玛雅人,
00:47
victims受害者 that are the descendants后人
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他们是中美洲地区
00:50
of the original原版的 inhabitants居民 of
Central中央 America美国.
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原住民的后代。
00:52
And only about 17 percent百分 are of
European欧洲的 descent降落.
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只有17%是欧洲后裔。
00:56
But the most important重要 thing here is that
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然而最重要的是
00:58
the very people who are supposed应该 to
defend保卫 us, the police警察, the military军事,
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那些本应该保护我们的人
——警察,军队,
01:04
are the ones那些 that committed提交
most of the crimes犯罪.
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犯下了绝大部分的罪行。
01:08
Now the families家庭,
they want information信息.
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现在家属想要了解真相。
01:11
They want to know what happened发生.
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他们想知道发生了什么。
01:12
They want the bodies身体 of their loved喜爱 ones那些.
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他们想要回所爱之人的遗体。
01:15
But most of all,
what they want is they want you,
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但最重要的是,他们想要每一个人,
01:18
they want everyone大家 to know
that their loved喜爱 ones那些 did nothing wrong错误.
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包括你在内,
都了解他们的家人是无辜的。
01:23
Now, my case案件 was that my father父亲
received收到 death死亡 threats威胁 in 1980.
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我父亲在1980年收到了死亡威胁。
01:29
And we left.
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所以我们离开了。
01:30
We left Guatemala危地马拉 and we came来了 here.
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我们离开危地马拉来到这里。
01:32
So I grew成长 up in New York纽约,
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所以我是在纽约长大的,
01:33
I grew成长 up in Brooklyn布鲁克林 as a matter of fact事实,
and I went to New Utrecht乌得勒支 High School学校
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更具体点说是在布鲁克林,
我上的是新乌特勒支高中,
01:37
and I graduated毕业 from Brooklyn布鲁克林 College学院.
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然后从布鲁克林学院毕业。
01:39
The only thing was that
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然而在当时
01:40
I really didn't know what
was happening事件 in Guatemala危地马拉.
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我真的不了解危地马拉在发生什么。
01:44
I didn't care关心 for it; it was too painful痛苦.
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我没有去关注它;这太痛苦了。
01:47
But it wasn't till直到 1995 that I decided决定
to do something about it.
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直到1995年我才决定要做些什么。
01:51
So I went back.
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所以我回去了。
01:52
I went back to Guatemala危地马拉,
to look for the bodies身体,
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我回到危地马拉,去找寻那些遗体,
01:56
to understand理解 what happened发生
and to look for part部分 of myself as well.
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去找寻过去发生了什么,
同时也找寻自我的一部分。
02:02
The way we work is that
we give people information信息.
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我们为人们提供信息。
02:05
We talk to the family家庭 members会员
and we let them choose选择.
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我们和家属们交谈,让他们做出选择。
02:08
We let them decide决定 to tell
us the stories故事,
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让他们决定(是否)
告诉我们他们的故事,
02:11
to tell us what they saw,
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描述他们的所见所闻,
02:13
to tell us about their loved喜爱 ones那些.
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描述自己的爱人。
02:15
And even more important重要,
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更加重要的是,
02:16
we let them choose选择 to
give us a piece of themselves他们自己.
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我们也让他们选择
是否愿意贡献自己的一部分(指DNA)。
02:20
A piece, an essence本质, of who they are.
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关于他们身份的一段信息,一些精华。
02:23
And that DNA脱氧核糖核酸 is what we're
going to compare比较
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我们将这些DNA
02:25
to the DNA脱氧核糖核酸 that comes
from the skeletons骷髅.
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与骸骨里提取出来进行比对。
02:28
While we're doing that, though虽然,
we're looking for the bodies身体.
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我们一边比对,
一边继续寻找遗体。
02:31
And these are skeletons骷髅 by now,
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现在(遗体)应该只剩下骸骨了,
02:33
most of these crimes犯罪
happened发生 32 years年份 ago.
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因为绝大部分罪行都发生在32年前。
02:36
When we find the grave,
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我们找到坟墓,
02:37
we take out the dirt污垢 and eventually终于 clean清洁
the body身体, document文件 it, and exhume发掘 it.
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移走泥土,清洗骸骨,
登记注册,挖掘出来。
02:41
We literally按照字面 bring带来 the
skeleton骨架 out of the ground地面.
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我们真的会把骸骨从地下挖出来。
02:45
Once一旦 we have those bodies身体, though虽然,
we take them back to the city, to our lab实验室,
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挖出骸骨后,我们把它们带回来,
带到我们的实验室,
02:49
and we begin开始 a process处理 of trying
to understand理解 mainly主要 two things:
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然后开始调查两件事:
02:52
One is how people died死亡.
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一是人是怎么死的。
02:54
So here you see a gunshot枪击
wound伤口 to the back of the head
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比方说这个人后脑有一处枪伤
02:57
or a machete弯刀 wound伤口, for example.
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或者是被刀砍伤。
03:00
The other thing we want to understand理解
is who they are.
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二是这些人的身份。
03:03
Whether是否 it's a baby宝宝,
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是一个婴儿,
03:07
or an adult成人.
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还是一个成人。
03:08
Whether是否 it's a woman女人 or a man.
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是女人还是男人。
03:10
But when we're doneDONE
with that analysis分析
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当我们完成这(两)个分析后
03:12
what we'll do is we'll take a small
fragment分段 of the bone
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我们取下一小块骨头碎片
03:15
and we'll extract提取 DNA脱氧核糖核酸 from it.
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提取出DNA。
03:18
We'll take that DNA脱氧核糖核酸
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将这段DNA
03:19
and then we'll compare比较 it with the
DNA脱氧核糖核酸 of the families家庭, of course课程.
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与之前那些家庭提供的DNA作比对。
03:24
The best最好 way to explain说明 this to you
is by showing展示 you two cases.
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为了便于理解,我给大家举两个例子。
03:27
The first is the case案件
of the military军事 diary日记.
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第一个例子来自军事日志。
03:30
Now this is a document文件 that was smuggled走私
out of somewhere某处 in 1999.
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这份日志是在1999年
从某处私运过来的。
03:34
And what you see there
is the state following以下 individuals个人,
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上面记录的是政府在
监视部分人的情况,
03:39
people that, like you,
wanted to change更改 their country国家,
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这些人,和你们一样,
是想要改变这个国家的人,
03:43
and they jotted everything down.
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政府会把这些人的一切都记录下来。
03:46
And one of the things that they wrote
down is when they executed执行 them.
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其中一条就是何时处决他们。
03:50
Inside that yellow黄色 rectangle长方形,
you see a code,
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在这个黄色方框中,有一个代码,
03:53
it's a secret秘密 code: 300.
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这是一个秘密代码:300。
03:56
And then you see a date日期.
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后面还有一个日期。
03:57
The 300 means手段 "executed执行" and the date日期
means手段 when they were executed执行.
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300表示“被处决”,而那个日期
则是执行的日期。
04:01
Now that's going to come
into play in a second第二.
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这两条信息我们马上会用到。
04:05
What we did is we conducted进行
an exhumation发掘 in 2003,
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我们调查了2003年的一次出土,
04:08
where we exhumed挖出 220 bodies身体
from 53 graves坟墓 in a military军事 base基础.
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当时我们从一个军事基地的
53个坟墓里挖出了220具遗体。
04:14
Grave 9, though虽然, matched匹配 the family家庭
of Sergio塞尔吉奥 Saul索尔 Linares利纳雷斯.
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第9号坟墓(的骸骨)和
塞尔吉奥·索尔·利纳瑞斯的家庭匹配上了。
04:18
Now Sergio塞尔吉奥 was a professor教授
at the university大学.
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塞尔吉奥是一名大学教授。
04:21
He gradutedgraduted from Iowa爱荷华州 State University大学
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毕业于爱荷华州立大学,
04:23
and went back to Guatemala危地马拉
to change更改 his country国家.
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然后回到危地马拉去改变他的国家。
04:26
And he was captured捕获 on
February二月 23, 1984.
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他于1984年2月23日被捕。
04:30
And if you can see there, he was
executed执行 on March游行 29, 1984,
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你如果看这里会知道,
他是1984年3月29日被处决的,
04:34
which哪一个 was incredible难以置信.
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这真的令人不可思议。
04:35
We had the body身体, we had the family's家庭的
information信息 and their DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
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我们有骸骨,我们有家庭提供的信息
和他们的DNA,
04:38
and now we have documents文件
that told us exactly究竟 what happened发生.
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现在我们手里还有文件,
记录了事情的真相。
04:42
But most important重要 is about
two weeks later后来,
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但最重要的是,两周之后,
04:45
we go another另一个 hit击中, another另一个 match比赛
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我们找到了另一个匹配的结果,
04:47
from the same相同 grave to Amancio阿曼西奥 Villatoro比利亚托罗.
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来自同一个坟墓,
和阿曼西奥·比利亚托罗(的DNA)匹配。
04:52
The DNA脱氧核糖核酸 of that body身体
also matched匹配 the DNA脱氧核糖核酸 of that family家庭.
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来自残骸的DNA和
他家庭成员的DNA相匹配。
04:55
And then we noticed注意到
that he was also in the diary日记.
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然后我们发现他也在日志中出现过。
04:58
But it was amazing惊人 to see that he was
also executed执行 on March游行 29, 1984.
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令人吃惊的是,我们发现
他也是在1984年3月29日被处决的。
05:03
So that led us to think, hmm,
how many许多 bodies身体 were in the grave?
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我们开始思考,
这个坟墓里到底有几具遗体?
05:08
Six.
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6具。
05:09
So then we said, how many许多 people
were executed执行 on March游行 29, 1984?
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又有多少人是在
1984年3月29日被处决的?
05:18
That's right, six as well.
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对的,也是6个人。
05:21
So we have Juan胡安 de Dios奥斯, Hugo雨果,
Moises莫伊塞斯 and Zoilo索伊洛.
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所以还有胡安·德·迪奥斯,雨果,
莫伊塞斯和索伊洛。
05:26
All of them executed执行 on the same相同 date日期,
all captured捕获 at different不同 locations地点
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他们都在同一天被处决——
尽管他们是在不同的地方,
05:30
and at different不同 moments瞬间.
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不同的时刻被捕的——
05:32
All put in that grave.
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但都被放进了那个坟墓。
05:33
The only thing we needed需要 now
was the DNA脱氧核糖核酸 of those four families家庭
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我们现在唯一需要的
便是那四个家庭的DNA。
05:36
So we went and we looked看着 for them
and we found发现 them.
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所以我们立刻出发,找到了他们。
05:39
And we identified确定 those six bodies身体
and gave them back to the families家庭.
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然后我们弄清了这6具遗体的身份,
并归还给了他们的家属。
05:44
The other case案件 I want to tell you about
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我想告诉你们的另一个案例,
05:46
is that of a military军事 base基础
called CREOMPAZCREOMPAZ.
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发生在一处叫
“克雷欧姆帕斯”的军事基地。
05:50
It actually其实 means手段, "to believe in peace和平,"
but the acronym缩写 really means手段
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这个短语的意思是,“相信和平” ,
然而它的全称实际上是
05:55
Regional区域性 Command命令 Center中央
for Peacekeeping维和 Operations操作.
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“维和行动地区指挥中心”。
05:58
And this is where the Guatemalan危地马拉 military军事
trains火车 peacekeepers维和部队 from other countries国家,
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来自其他国家的维和人员
在这里接受危地马拉军方的训练,
06:03
the ones那些 that serve服务 with the U.N.
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这些维和人员曾被联合国
06:06
and go to countries国家
like Haiti海地 and the Congo刚果.
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派往海地和刚果等国执行任务。
06:09
Well, we have testimony见证 that said that
within this military军事 base基础,
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有证词表明,在这个军事基地里,
06:12
there were bodies身体, there were graves坟墓.
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有遗体,有坟墓。
06:14
So we went in there with a search搜索 warrant保证
and about two hours小时 after we went in,
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所以我们带着搜查令去了,
两个小时之后,
06:18
we found发现 the first of 84 graves坟墓,
a total of 533 bodies身体.
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我们找到了84个坟墓,
以及总共533具遗体。
06:24
Now, if you think about that,
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大家想象一下,
06:26
peacekeepers维和部队 being存在 trained熟练
on top最佳 of bodies身体.
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维和人员踩在尸体上受训。
06:30
It's very ironic具有讽刺意味.
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这场景多么讽刺。
06:33
But the bodies身体 -- face面对 down, most of them,
hands tied behind背后 their backs,
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但那些遗体——绝大部分脸朝下,
手被绑在身后,
06:38
blindfolded蒙住眼睛, all types类型 of trauma外伤 --
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眼睛被蒙起来,伤痕累累——
06:41
these were people who were defenseless手无寸铁
who were being存在 executed执行.
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明显就是在毫无抵抗能力的
情况下被处决的。
06:44
People that 533 families家庭 are looking for.
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有533个家庭正在寻找他们。
06:48
So we're going to focus焦点 on Grave 15.
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我们重点看一下15号坟墓。
06:51
Grave 15, what we noticed注意到,
was a grave full充分 of women妇女 and children孩子,
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我们发现15号坟墓,里面全是妇女和儿童,
06:54
63 of them.
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总共63个人。
06:57
And that immediately立即 made制作 us think,
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我们当时都震惊了,
07:00
my goodness善良, where is there
a case案件 like this?
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我的天呐,真是前所未见。
07:02
When I got to Guatemala危地马拉 in 1995,
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1995年,当我抵达危地马拉的时候,
07:05
I heard听说 of a case案件 of a massacre屠杀
that happened发生 on May可能 14, 1982,
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我听说了一场
发生在1982年5月14日的大屠杀,
07:09
where the army军队 came来了 in, killed杀害 the men男人,
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军队攻进来,杀光了男人,
07:13
and took the women妇女 and children孩子
in helicopters直升机 to an unknown未知 location位置.
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然后把女人和孩子
用直升机运到了别处。
07:18
Well, guess猜测 what?
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猜猜发生了什么?
07:18
The clothing服装 from this grave matched匹配 the
clothing服装 from the region地区
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这个坟墓里的衣服
和那个地区的服饰匹配上了,
07:23
where these people were taken采取 from,
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就是刚才说的那些人,
07:24
where these women妇女 and children孩子
were taken采取 from.
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那些被带走的女人和
小孩所居住的区域。
07:27
So we conducted进行 some DNA脱氧核糖核酸 analysis分析,
and guess猜测 what?
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之后我们进行了DNA测试,
07:30
We identified确定 Martina玛蒂娜 Rojas罗哈斯
and Manuel曼努埃尔 Chen.
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识别出了玛蒂娜·罗哈斯和曼纽尔·陈。
07:33
Both of them disappeared消失 in that case案件,
and now we could prove证明 it.
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他俩都在那次事件中失踪了,
而现在我们可以证实这一点。
07:36
We have physical物理 evidence证据 that
proves证明 that this happened发生
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我们有实体证据证明
这些人都被带到了这个基地。
07:39
and that those people
were taken采取 to this base基础.
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07:41
Now, Manuel曼努埃尔 Chen was three years年份 old.
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曼纽尔·陈当时只有3岁。
07:45
His mother母亲 went to the river to wash
clothes衣服, and she left him with a neighbor邻居.
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她妈妈到河边去洗衣服,
把他交给邻居照看。
07:49
That's when the army军队 came来了
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就是在那时军队来了,
07:51
and that's when he was taken采取 away in
a helicopter直升机 and never seen看到 again
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他被一架直升机带走,
再也没有出现过,
07:55
until直到 we found发现 him in Grave 15.
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直到我们在15号坟墓里找到了他。
07:57
So now with science科学, with archaeology考古学,
with anthropology人类学, with genetics遗传学,
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在考古学、人类学、
遗传学等科学的帮助下,
08:02
what we're doing is, we're
giving a voice语音 to the voiceless无声.
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我们能让弱势群体发出自己的声音。
08:05
But we're doing more than that.
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但我们并未止步于此。
08:07
We're actually其实 providing提供
evidence证据 for trials试验,
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我们为审判提供证据,
08:09
like the genocide种族灭绝 trial审讯 that happened发生
last year in Guatemala危地马拉
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比如去年在危地马拉
举行的种族屠杀审判,
08:13
where General一般os Montt蒙特 was found发现 guilty有罪
of genocide种族灭绝 and sentenced判刑 to 80 years年份.
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其中里奥斯·蒙特将军
因种族屠杀罪被判刑80年。
08:18
So I came来了 here to tell you today今天
that this is happening事件 everywhere到处 --
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所以我今天来是想告诉大家
这样的事情仍在发生——
08:21
it's happening事件 in Mexico墨西哥
right in front面前 of us today今天 --
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就在我们眼皮底下,就在墨西哥——
08:24
and we can't let it go on anymore.
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而我们必须行动起来。
08:26
We have to now come together一起 and decide决定
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我们必须团结一致,痛下决心,
08:29
that we're not going to have
any more missing失踪.
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不要再让家破人亡的惨剧发生。
08:31
So no more missing失踪, guys.
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不要再有惨剧了,朋友们。
08:32
Okay? No more missing失踪.
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好吗?不要再有惨剧了。
08:35
Thank you.
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谢谢。
08:36
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Thomas Li
Reviewed by Alvin Lee

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com