ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com
TEDYouth 2014

Fredy Peccerelli: A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared"

Fredi Pekereli (Fredy Peccerelli): Forenzički antropolog koji pronalazi “nestale"

Filmed:
797,463 views

Tokom 36 godina konflikta u Gvatemali ubijeno je 200.000 civila - više od 40.000 nije identifikovano. Pionir forenzičke antropologije, Fredi Pekereli, sa svojim timom koristi DNK, arheologiju i povest kako bi pomogao porodicama da pronađu tela najmilijih. Težak zadatak, koji može da donese zadovoljstvo - a ponekad i pravdu.
- Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
GuatemalaGvatemala is recoveringoporavlja from
a 36-year-године armednaoružani conflictконфликт.
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Gvatemala se oporavlja od sukoba
koji je trajao 36 godina
00:16
A conflictконфликт that was foughtборио се
duringу току the ColdHladni WarRat.
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i koji se vodio tokom Hladnog rata.
00:18
It was really just
a smallмали leftistlevičarskom insurgencyпобуњеника
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Radi se o manjoj levičarskoj pobuni
00:22
and a devastatingразарајуће responseодговор by the stateдржава.
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na koju je vlada razorno reagovala.
00:25
What we have as a resultрезултат
is 200,000 civilianцивилни victimsжртве,
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Posledica ovoga je
200.000 žrtava civila,
00:28
160,000 of those
killedубијен in the communitiesзаједнице:
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od kojih je 160.000 ubijeno u naseljima:
00:32
smallмали childrenдеца, menмушкарци, womenЖене,
the elderlyстарији even.
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mala deca, muškarci, žene, čak i stari.
00:36
And then we have
about 40,000 othersдруги, the missingнедостаје,
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Pored toga, imamo 40.000 nestalih,
00:39
the onesоне we're still looking for todayданас.
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za kojima i danas tragamo.
00:42
We call them the DesaparecidosDesaparecidosima.
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Zovemo ih ,,Desaparecidos''.
00:44
Now, 83 percentпроценат of the victimsжртве
are MayanMaja victimsжртве,
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83% žrtava je majanskog porekla,
00:47
victimsжртве that are the descendantsпотомци
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potomci urođenika
00:50
of the originalоригинал inhabitantsстановници of
CentralCentralni AmericaAmerika.
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Centralne Amerike.
00:52
And only about 17 percentпроценат are of
EuropeanEvropski descentponiranje.
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Svega oko 17% je evropskog porekla.
00:56
But the mostнајвише importantважно thing here is that
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Ali najvažnije od svega je
00:58
the very people who are supposedпретпостављено to
defendбранити us, the policeполиција, the militaryвојска,
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da su oni koji su trebali da nas brane
- policija i vojska -
01:04
are the onesоне that committedпосвећен
mostнајвише of the crimesza zločine.
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upravo počinili većinu tih zločina.
01:08
Now the familiesпородице,
they want informationинформације.
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Porodicama stradalih
trebaju informacije.
01:11
They want to know what happenedдесило.
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Žele da znaju šta se dogodilo.
01:12
They want the bodiesтела of theirњихова lovedвољен onesоне.
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Žele da nađu tela svojih najbližih.
01:15
But mostнајвише of all,
what they want is they want you,
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Ali pre svega žele da vi,
01:18
they want everyoneсви to know
that theirњихова lovedвољен onesоне did nothing wrongпогрешно.
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a i svi ostali znaju da
njihovi najmiliji nisu ništa skrivili.
01:23
Now, my caseслучај was that my fatherотац
receivedпримљен deathсмрт threatspretnje in 1980.
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U mom slučaju, otac je
1980. dobijao pretnje smrću,
01:29
And we left.
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pa smo otišli.
01:30
We left GuatemalaGvatemala and we cameДошао here.
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Otišli iz Gvatemale i došli ovamo.
01:32
So I grewрастао up in NewNovi YorkYork,
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Odrastao sam u Njujorku,
01:33
I grewрастао up in BrooklynBrooklyn as a matterматерија of factчињеница,
and I wentотишао to NewNovi UtrechtUtrehtu HighVisoko SchoolŠkola
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zapravo u Bruklinu; tu sam pohađao
srednju školu Nju Utreht
01:37
and I graduatedдипломирао from BrooklynBrooklyn CollegeFakultet.
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i diplomirao na Bruklinskom koledžu.
01:39
The only thing was that
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Jedini je problem
01:40
I really didn't know what
was happeningдогађај in GuatemalaGvatemala.
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što nisam zapravo znao
šta se dešava u Gvatemali.
01:44
I didn't careнега for it; it was too painfulболан.
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Nisam želeo da znam;
bilo je previše bolno.
01:47
But it wasn'tније tillдо 1995 that I decidedодлучио
to do something about it.
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Tek sam 1995. godine odlučio
da učinim nešto po tom pitanju.
01:51
So I wentотишао back.
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Zato sam se vratio.
01:52
I wentотишао back to GuatemalaGvatemala,
to look for the bodiesтела,
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Vratio sam se u Gvatemalu
kako bih pronašao tela,
01:56
to understandРазумем what happenedдесило
and to look for partдео of myselfЈа сам as well.
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shvatio šta se dogodilo,
ali i pronašao deo sebe.
02:02
The way we work is that
we give people informationинформације.
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To postižemo tako što
ljudima pružamo informacije.
02:05
We talk to the familyпородица membersчланови
and we let them chooseизаберите.
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Razgovaramo sa članovima porodica
i puštamo ih da izaberu.
02:08
We let them decideодлучити to tell
us the storiesприче,
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Mogu da izaberu
da nam kažu šta se desilo,
02:11
to tell us what they saw,
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da nam kažu šta su videli,
02:13
to tell us about theirњихова lovedвољен onesоне.
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da nam pričaju o svojim najmilijima.
02:15
And even more importantважно,
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I, što je važnije,
02:16
we let them chooseизаберите to
give us a pieceпиеце of themselvesсами.
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mogu da izaberu da nam daju deo sebe.
02:20
A pieceпиеце, an essenceДуша, of who they are.
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Deo, suštinu, onoga što jesu.
02:23
And that DNADNK is what we're
going to compareупоредити
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A tu DNK zatim poredimo
02:25
to the DNADNK that comesдолази
from the skeletonsскелети.
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sa DNK iz kostura.
02:28
While we're doing that, thoughипак,
we're looking for the bodiesтела.
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U isto vreme tražimo nova tela.
02:31
And these are skeletonsскелети by now,
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Od njih su sad ostali samo kosturi,
02:33
mostнајвише of these crimesza zločine
happenedдесило 32 yearsгодине agoпре.
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pošto se većina zločina
desila pre 32 godine.
02:36
When we find the graveгроб,
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Kada pronađemo grobnicu,
02:37
we take out the dirtпрљавштина and eventuallyконачно cleanчист
the bodyтело, documentдокумент it, and exhumeekshumaciju it.
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uklanjamo zemlju dok ne očistimo telo,
zabeležimo ga i iskopamo.
02:41
We literallyбуквално bringдовести the
skeletonскелет out of the groundземља.
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Bukvalno vadimo kosture iz zemlje.
02:45
OnceJednom we have those bodiesтела, thoughипак,
we take them back to the cityград, to our labлаб,
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Nakon što pronađemo tela,
vraćamo ih u grad, u laboratoriju,
02:49
and we beginзапочети a processпроцес of tryingпокушавајући
to understandРазумем mainlyуглавном two things:
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i pokušavamo da utvrdimo
dve glavne stvari:
02:52
One is how people diedумро.
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prva je način na koji su umrli.
02:54
So here you see a gunshotRana od metka
woundрана to the back of the headглава
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Ovde se vidi prostrelna rana na potiljku,
02:57
or a macheteмацхете woundрана, for exampleпример.
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ili na primer, rana od mačete.
03:00
The other thing we want to understandРазумем
is who they are.
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Zatim pokušavamo da otkrijemo
ko je u pitanju.
03:03
WhetherDa li it's a babyбеба,
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Da li je beba
03:07
or an adultодрасла особа.
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ili odrasla osoba,
03:08
WhetherDa li it's a womanжена or a man.
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muškarac ili žena.
03:10
But when we're doneГотово
with that analysisанализа
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Kada to utvrdimo,
03:12
what we'llдобро do is we'llдобро take a smallмали
fragmentfragment of the boneкост
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uzimamo malo parče kosti
03:15
and we'llдобро extractекстракт DNADNK from it.
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i iz njega vadimo DNK.
03:18
We'llCemo take that DNADNK
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Naravno, tu DNK
03:19
and then we'llдобро compareупоредити it with the
DNADNK of the familiesпородице, of courseкурс.
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zatim poredimo sa DNK porodica žrtava.
03:24
The bestнајбоље way to explainобјасни this to you
is by showingпоказивање you two casesслучајева.
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Ovo ću vam najbolje objasniti
ako vam pokažem dva slučaja.
03:27
The first is the caseслучај
of the militaryвојска diarydnevnik.
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Prvi slučaj se odnosi na vojni dnevnik.
03:30
Now this is a documentдокумент that was smuggledкријумчарено
out of somewhereнегде in 1999.
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Ovaj dokument je odnekud
prokrijumčaren 1999. godine.
03:34
And what you see there
is the stateдржава followingследећи individualsпојединци,
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Vidi se da je država
pratila pojedine ljude
03:39
people that, like you,
wanted to changeпромена theirњихова countryземљу,
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koji su, poput vas,
želeli da promene svoju zemlju,
03:43
and they jottedjotted everything down.
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i da su zapisivali sve o njima.
03:46
And one of the things that they wroteнаписао
down is when they executedpogubljen them.
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Između ostalog su zapisali
i kad su ih pogubili.
03:50
InsideUnutra that yellowжуто rectanglepravougaonik,
you see a codeкод,
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U žutom pravougaoniku se nalazi šifra,
03:53
it's a secretтајна codeкод: 300.
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tajna šifra: 300.
03:56
And then you see a dateдатум.
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A uz nju je datum.
03:57
The 300 meansзначи "executedpogubljen" and the dateдатум
meansзначи when they were executedpogubljen.
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300 znači da su pogubljeni,
a datum je datum pogubljenja.
04:01
Now that's going to come
into playигра in a secondдруго.
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Na to ćemo se brzo vratiti.
04:05
What we did is we conductedспроведено
an exhumationekshumacije in 2003,
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Godine 2003, vršili smo iskopavanja
04:08
where we exhumedekshumirano 220 bodiesтела
from 53 gravesгробнице in a militaryвојска baseбазу.
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prilikom kojih smo u jednoj vojnoj bazi
pronašli 220 tela u 53 grobnice.
04:14
GraveGrob 9, thoughипак, matchedодговара the familyпородица
of SergioSergio SaulSol LinaresLinares.
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Grob 9 se poklopio
sa porodicom Serhia Saul Linaresa.
04:18
Now SergioSergio was a professorпрофесор
at the universityуниверзитет.
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Serhio je bio profesor na univerzitetu.
04:21
He gradutedgraduted from IowaIowa StateDržava UniversityUniverzitet
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Diplomirao je na
Državnom Univerzitetu u Ajovi,
04:23
and wentотишао back to GuatemalaGvatemala
to changeпромена his countryземљу.
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a zatim se vratio u Gvatemalu
kako bi je promenio.
04:26
And he was capturedзаробљен on
FebruaryFebruara 23, 1984.
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Zarobljen je 23. februara 1984.
04:30
And if you can see there, he was
executedpogubljen on MarchMarta 29, 1984,
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A tu se vidi,
pogubljen je 29. marta 1984.
04:34
whichкоја was incredibleневероватан.
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Neverovatna je stvar
04:35
We had the bodyтело, we had the family'sпородица
informationинформације and theirњихова DNADNK,
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da smo imali telo,
podatke o porodici i DNK,
04:38
and now we have documentsдокументи
that told us exactlyбаш тако what happenedдесило.
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a sada i dokumenta
koja opisuju šta se desilo.
04:42
But mostнајвише importantважно is about
two weeksнедељама laterкасније,
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Najvažnije je da je dve nedelje kasnije
04:45
we go anotherдруги hitхит, anotherдруги matchутакмица
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došlo do novog poklapanja
iz iste grobnice,
04:47
from the sameисти graveгроб to AmancioAmansio VillatoroVillatoro.
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sada sa Amansiom Viljatorom.
04:52
The DNADNK of that bodyтело
alsoтакође matchedодговара the DNADNK of that familyпородица.
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DNK sa tela se ponovo poklopila
sa DNK porodice.
04:55
And then we noticedПриметио
that he was alsoтакође in the diarydnevnik.
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A onda smo primetili
da je i on u dnevniku.
04:58
But it was amazingНевероватно to see that he was
alsoтакође executedpogubljen on MarchMarta 29, 1984.
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Zanimljivo je bilo videti da je
i on bio pogubljen 29. marta 1984.
05:03
So that led us to think, hmmHmm,
how manyмноги bodiesтела were in the graveгроб?
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To nas je nateralo da se zapitamo:
koliko tela ima u grobnici?
05:08
Six6.
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Šest.
05:09
So then we said, how manyмноги people
were executedpogubljen on MarchMarta 29, 1984?
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Zatim smo proverili koliko je njih
pogubljeno 29. marta 1984.
05:18
That's right, sixшест as well.
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Tako je, takođe šest.
05:21
So we have JuanJuan deде DiosDios, HugoHugo,
MoisesMojzes and ZoiloZoilo.
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To su još Huan de Dios,
Ugo, Moises i Soilo.
05:26
All of them executedpogubljen on the sameисти dateдатум,
all capturedзаробљен at differentразличит locationsлокација
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Svi su pogubljeni istog dana,
a uhvaćeni na različitim mestima
05:30
and at differentразличит momentsмоменте.
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u različito vreme.
05:32
All put in that graveгроб.
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Svi u istom grobu.
05:33
The only thing we neededпотребно now
was the DNADNK of those fourчетири familiesпородице
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Sad nam je trebala jedino
DNK te četiri porodice.
05:36
So we wentотишао and we lookedпогледао for them
and we foundнашао them.
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Zato smo ih potražili
i na kraju i pronašli.
05:39
And we identifiedидентификовани those sixшест bodiesтела
and gaveдала them back to the familiesпородице.
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Identifikovali smo svih šest tela
i vratili ih porodicama.
05:44
The other caseслучај I want to tell you about
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Drugi slučaj se odnosi
05:46
is that of a militaryвојска baseбазу
calledпозвани CREOMPAZCREOMPAZ.
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na vojnu bazu CREOMPAZ.
05:50
It actuallyзаправо meansзначи, "to believe in peaceмир,"
but the acronymакроним really meansзначи
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Ime baze znači ,,verovati u mir'',
a istovremeno je skraćenica za
05:55
RegionalRegionalni CommandKomanda CenterCentar
for PeacekeepingMirovnim misijama OperationsOperacije.
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Regionalni centar za
komandu mirovnim operacijama.
05:58
And this is where the GuatemalanIz Gvatemale militaryвојска
trainsвозови peacekeepersmirovne snage from other countriesземље,
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Tu vojska Gvatemale obučava
mirovne trupe iz drugih zemalja
06:03
the onesоне that serveслужи with the U.N.
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koje služe pri U.N.
06:06
and go to countriesземље
like HaitiHaiti and the CongoKongo.
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i deluju u državama poput Haitija i Konga.
06:09
Well, we have testimonyсведочење that said that
withinу склопу this militaryвојска baseбазу,
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Primili smo svedočenja koja kažu
da se unutar baze
06:12
there were bodiesтела, there were gravesгробнице.
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nalaze tela i grobnice.
06:14
So we wentотишао in there with a searchПретрага warrantnalog
and about two hoursсати after we wentотишао in,
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Otišli smo sa nalogom za pretres
i nakon dva sata
06:18
we foundнашао the first of 84 gravesгробнице,
a totalукупно of 533 bodiesтела.
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smo pronašli prvu od 84 grobnice,
sa ukupno 533 tela.
06:24
Now, if you think about that,
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Kada pogledate,
06:26
peacekeepersmirovne snage beingбиће trainedобучени
on topврх of bodiesтела.
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mirotvorce obučavaju
na masovnim grobnicama.
06:30
It's very ironicIronično.
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Vrlo ironično.
06:33
But the bodiesтела -- faceлице down, mostнајвише of them,
handsруке tiedvezane behindиза theirњихова backspodržava,
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Ta tela - većina okrenuta licem ka zemlji,
sa rukama vezanim iza leđa,
06:38
blindfoldedna slepo, all typesврсте of traumatraume --
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povezima na očima,
raznim vrstama povreda -
06:41
these were people who were defenselessbez odbrane
who were beingбиће executedpogubljen.
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to su bespomoćni ljudi
koji su pogubljeni.
06:44
People that 533 familiesпородице are looking for.
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Ljudi za kojima tragaju 533 porodice.
06:48
So we're going to focusфокусирати on GraveGrob 15.
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Bavićemo se Grobnicom 15.
06:51
GraveGrob 15, what we noticedПриметио,
was a graveгроб fullпуна of womenЖене and childrenдеца,
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Primetili smo da je Grobnica 15
puna žena i dece,
06:54
63 of them.
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ukupno 63-je.
06:57
And that immediatelyодмах madeмаде us think,
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To nas je odmah nateralo da se zapitamo
07:00
my goodnessдоброта, where is there
a caseслучај like this?
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odakle takav slučaj.
07:02
When I got to GuatemalaGvatemala in 1995,
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Godine 1995, kada sam stigao u Gvatemalu,
07:05
I heardслушао of a caseслучај of a massacremasakr
that happenedдесило on MayMaja 14, 1982,
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čuo sam za masakr koji se dogodio
14. maja 1982. godine,
07:09
where the armyвојска cameДошао in, killedубијен the menмушкарци,
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kada je vojska došla, pobila muškarce,
07:13
and tookузела the womenЖене and childrenдеца
in helicoptersHelikopteri to an unknownnepoznat locationлокација.
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a žene i decu helikopterima
odvela na nepoznato mesto.
07:18
Well, guessпретпостављам what?
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Ali zamislite ovo:
07:18
The clothingодећа from this graveгроб matchedодговара the
clothingодећа from the regionрегион
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odeća iz grobnice se poklapala
sa nošnjom iz oblasti
07:23
where these people were takenузети from,
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odakle su nestali,
07:24
where these womenЖене and childrenдеца
were takenузети from.
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odakle su oteti te žene i deca.
07:27
So we conductedспроведено some DNADNK analysisанализа,
and guessпретпостављам what?
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Izvršili smo analizu DNK i uspeli
07:30
We identifiedидентификовани MartinaMartina RojasRojas
and ManuelManuel ChenChen.
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da identifikujemo
Martinu Rohas i Manuela Čena.
07:33
BothOboje of them disappearedнестао in that caseслучај,
and now we could proveдоказати it.
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Oboje su nestali za vreme masakra,
a sad smo to i dokazali.
07:36
We have physicalфизички evidenceдоказ that
provesdokazuje that this happenedдесило
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Našli smo materijalne dokaze
da se to dogodilo
07:39
and that those people
were takenузети to this baseбазу.
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i da su te ljude odveli u ovu bazu.
07:41
Now, ManuelManuel ChenChen was threeтри yearsгодине oldстари.
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Manuel Čen je imao tri godine.
07:45
His motherмајка wentотишао to the riverрека to washпрање
clothesОдећа, and she left him with a neighborкомшија.
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Njegova majka je otišla do reke da
opere veš, a njega je ostavila kod suseda.
07:49
That's when the armyвојска cameДошао
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Onda je došla vojska,
07:51
and that's when he was takenузети away in
a helicopterхеликоптер and never seenвиђено again
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koja ga je odvela u helikopteru
i više ga niko nije video
07:55
untilсве док we foundнашао him in GraveGrob 15.
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dok ga nismo pronašli u Grobnici 15.
07:57
So now with scienceНаука, with archaeologyArheologija,
with anthropologyантропологија, with geneticsгенетика,
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Sada, uz pomoć nauke, arheologije,
antropologije, genetike
08:02
what we're doing is, we're
givingдавање a voiceглас to the voicelessbez glasa cvili.
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uspevamo da damo glas
onima koji ga nemaju.
08:05
But we're doing more than that.
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Ali radimo i više od toga.
08:07
We're actuallyзаправо providingобезбеђујући
evidenceдоказ for trialsсуђења,
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Uspevamo da pronađemo dokaze za suđenja,
08:09
like the genocideгеноцид trialсуђење that happenedдесило
last yearгодине in GuatemalaGvatemala
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poput prošlogodišnjeg suđenja za genocid,
08:13
where GeneralGeneraleosос MonttMontt was foundнашао guiltyкрив
of genocideгеноцид and sentencedosuđen to 80 yearsгодине.
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kad je general Rios Mont
osuđen na 80 godina.
08:18
So I cameДошао here to tell you todayданас
that this is happeningдогађај everywhereсвуда --
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Danas sam tu da bih vam rekao
da se ovakve stvari svuda dešavaju -
08:21
it's happeningдогађај in MexicoMeksiko
right in frontфронт of us todayданас --
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upravo sada se tako nešto
dešava u Meksiku -
08:24
and we can't let it go on anymoreвише.
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i ne smemo da dopustimo da se nastavi.
08:26
We have to now come togetherзаједно and decideодлучити
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Moramo da budemo jedinstveni u odluci
08:29
that we're not going to have
any more missingнедостаје.
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da više neće biti nestalih.
08:31
So no more missingнедостаје, guys.
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Dakle, nema nestalih.
08:32
Okay? No more missingнедостаје.
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Okej? Nema nestalih.
08:35
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:36
(ApplauseAplauz)
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(Aplauz)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com