TED2008
Robert Ballard: The astonishing hidden world of the deep ocean
罗伯特.巴拉德：深海探险
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海洋探险家罗伯特.巴拉德将带领我们去海底世界进行一次令人震惊的旅行，在那儿，他和其他研究者们正不断发现奇异的生命、资源，甚至新的山脉。他提出，对深海进行认真的探测和绘图具有充足的理由。像谷歌海洋，还有谁？
Robert Ballard - Oceanographer
On more than 120 deep-sea expeditions, Robert Ballard has made many major natural discoveries, such as the deep-sea vents. Oh, and he found the Titanic. Full bio
On more than 120 deep-sea expeditions, Robert Ballard has made many major natural discoveries, such as the deep-sea vents. Oh, and he found the Titanic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
The first question is this.
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请听第一个问题。
00:20
Our country has two exploration programs.
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美国有两个探险计划。
00:23
One is NASA, with a mission to explore the great beyond,
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一个是美国宇航局的，担负着探索来世、
00:28
to explore the heavens, which we all want to go to if we're lucky.
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探索天堂的使命。要是幸运的话，我们都想去。
00:31
And you can see we have Sputnik, and we have Saturn,
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你们可以发现，我们有人造地球卫星，我们有“土星”运载火箭，
00:34
and we have other manifestations of space exploration.
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还有空间探险的其他证明。
00:38
Well, there's also another program,
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噢，对了，在我们政府的另一个机构里，
00:40
in another agency within our government, in ocean exploration.
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还有另外一个计划——海洋勘探。
00:43
It's in NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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海洋勘探由NOAA,也就是国家海洋与大气管理局负责。
00:47
And my question is this: "why are we ignoring the oceans?"
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我的问题是：我们为什么忽视海洋？
00:53
Here's the reason, or not the reason, but here's why I ask that question.
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理由是，或者不成其为理由，只是我为什么要问这个问题的理由。
00:57
If you compare NASA's annual budget to explore the heavens,
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美国宇航局探测太空的年度预算
01:02
that one-year budget would fund NOAA's budget
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与国家海洋与大气管理局的预算比起来，
01:06
to explore the oceans for 1,600 years.
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足够海洋勘探计划进行1,600年。
01:11
Why? Why are we looking up? Is it because it's heaven?
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为什么？为什么我们总是抬头望天？是因为天堂在上，
01:16
And hell is down here? Is it a cultural issue?
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而地狱在下？这是一个文化问题吗？
01:19
Why are people afraid of the ocean?
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为什么人们害怕海洋？
01:21
Or do they just assume the ocean is just a dark, gloomy place
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或者，他们只是在推测，海洋不过是一个黑暗、沉闷、
01:27
that has nothing to offer?
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没有什么东西可以给我们的地方？
01:29
I'm going to take you on a 16-minute trip on 72 percent of the planet, so buckle up.
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我要带你们到占地球表面积百分之72的地方进行16分钟的旅行，好了，请系好安全带。
01:35
OK. And what we're going to do
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很好。下面我们将要做的，
01:37
is we're going to immerse ourselves in my world.
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就是要把我们自己沉浸在我的世界里。
01:39
And what I'm going to try -- I hope I make the following points.
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而且我打算尝试，我希望解释以下几点。
01:42
I'm going to make it right now in case I forget.
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我打算现在就解释，以免忘了。
01:45
Everything I'm going to present to you
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我将要呈现到你们面前的一切，
01:47
was not in my textbooks when I went to school.
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不在我念书时的教科书里。
01:50
And most of all, it was not even in my college textbooks.
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尤其是，甚至不在我的大学教科书里。
01:54
I'm a geophysicist, and all my Earth science books when I was a student --
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我是一个地球物理学者，我还是一名学生的时候，就学了所有的地球科学教科书，
01:59
I had to give the wrong answer to get an A.
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为了得到一个A,我不得不给出一个错误的答案。
02:03
We used to ridicule continental drift. It was something we laughed at.
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我们过去常常嘲笑大陆漂移说。那是我们曾经嘲笑的东西。
02:06
We learned of Marshall Kay's geosynclinal cycle, which is a bunch of crap.
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我们学了马歇尔.凯的构造循环，那就是一派胡言乱语。
02:09
In today's context, it was a bunch of crap,
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在今天的语境中，它是一派胡言。
02:12
but it was the law of geology, vertical tectonics.
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但当时它就是地质学定律，即地壳垂直运动构造理论。
02:15
All the things we're going to walk through
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在我们进行海洋探险和发现的
02:17
in our explorations and discoveries of the oceans
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整个过程中，
02:20
were mostly discoveries made by accident.
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大多数发现都是偶然得到的。
02:24
Mostly discoveries made by accident.
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大多数发现纯系偶然。
02:26
We were looking for something and found something else.
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我们在寻找某件东西，却发现了别的东西。
02:29
And everything we're going to talk about
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而我们将要谈到的一切
02:31
represents a one tenth of one percent glimpse, because that's all we've seen.
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不过是冰山一角，因为这就是我们所看到的全部。
02:37
I have a characterization.
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我这儿有一个描绘。
02:39
This is a characterization of what it would look like if you could remove the water.
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如果你能去掉水，它看起来就是这个样子。
02:43
It gives you the false impression it's a map.
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你以为这是一张地图。
02:45
It is not a map.
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这不是地图。
02:47
In fact, I have another version at my office
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事实上，我办公室有另一个版本，
02:50
and I ask people, "Why are there mountains here, on this area here,
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我会问大家：“为什么这片区域有山脉，
02:55
but there are none over here?" And they go, "Well, gee,
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但这上方什么也没有哇？”他们会走上前，“什么？咦！
02:58
I don't know," saying,
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不知道，”他们答道。
03:00
"Is it a fracture zone? Is it a hot spot?"
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“这是一个断裂带吗？是一个热点吗？”
03:02
No, no, that's the only place a ship's been.
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不，不，这只是一艘船所在的地方。
03:06
Most of the southern hemisphere is unexplored.
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南半球大多数地方尚未勘探。
03:09
We had more exploration ships down there
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库克船长时代去那些海域探险的船只
03:12
during Captain Cook's time than now. It's amazing.
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比现在要多。这太令人吃惊了。
03:15
All right. So we're going to immerse ourselves
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很好，现在我们要沉浸到
03:18
in the 72 percent of the planet because, you know,
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占地球表面积72%的地方去了，你知道，
03:21
it's really naive to think that the Easter Bunny
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认为复活节兔子会把所有的资源
03:25
put all the resources on the continents.
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都放到欧洲，这种想法实在是太天真了。
03:28
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:30
You know, it's just ludicrous.
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你知道，这简直是荒谬的。
03:33
We are always, constantly playing the zero sum game.
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我们总是在不断地玩着零和游戏。
03:38
You know, we're going to do this, we're going to take it away from something else.
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要知道，我们打算把它从某些别的东西上拿开。
03:41
I believe in just enriching the economy.
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我相信，经济就要充实起来。
03:43
And we're leaving so much on the table, 72 percent of the planet.
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而我们竟要把占地球表面积72%，如此巨大的版图，闲置起来。
03:47
And as I will point out later in the presentation,
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同样地，在稍后的报告中，我将指出，
03:49
50 percent of the United States of America lies beneath the sea.
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美利坚合众国的50%，躺在海底。
03:55
50 percent of our country that we own, have all legal jurisdiction,
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对国家的这50%，我们有着全部的合法的管辖权，
03:58
have all rights to do whatever we want, lies beneath the sea
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这片我们想干什么就干什么的版图，竟然躺在海底，
04:01
and we have better maps of Mars than that 50 percent.
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因为我们有比这50%更好的火星地图！
04:05
Why? OK. Now, I began my explorations the hard way.
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为什么？好了，现在，我开始了我艰难的探索之旅。
04:13
Back then -- actually my first expedition
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回到那时——实际上，我的第一次探险
04:15
was when I was 17 years old. It was 49 years ago.
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是在我17岁的时候。那是49年前。
04:18
Do the math, I'm 66. And I went out to sea on a Scripps ship
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我算算，我现在是66岁了。那时我们乘着一艘小船出海，
04:22
and we almost got sunk by a giant rogue wave,
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我们几乎在巨浪中沉没，
04:26
and I was too young to be -- you know, I thought it was great!
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我的确是太年轻了，你知道，我觉得真是棒极了！
04:28
I was a body surfer and I thought, "Wow, that was an incredible wave!"
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我是个冲浪运动员，这时我想，“哇，真是难以置信的大浪！”
04:31
And we almost sank the ship, but I became enraptured
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我们差点把船弄沉，但我却为越来越多的探险而欣喜若狂。
04:35
with mounting expeditions. And over the last 49 years,
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在过去的整整49年中，
04:38
I've done about 120, 121 -- I keep doing them -- expeditions.
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我已进行了大约120次、121次探险，我没间断地在做这件事。
04:42
But in the early days, the only way I could get to the bottom
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但早年，我能够去到海底的唯一途径
04:45
was to crawl into a submarine, a very small submarine,
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就是爬进一艘潜艇，一艘很小的潜艇，
04:48
and go down to the bottom.
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然后下到海底。
04:50
I dove in a whole series of different deep diving submersibles.
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我潜过全部不同的深潜器。
04:52
Alvin and Sea Cliff and Cyana,
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阿尔文号、海崖号和喜鹊号，
04:54
and all the major deep submersibles we have, which are about eight.
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以及我们拥有的全部主要的深潜器，大约8艘。
04:58
In fact, on a good day, we might have four or five human beings
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事实上，在一个风和日丽的日子，我们可能有四、五个人
05:04
at the average depth of the Earth --
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在地球的平均深度上——
05:06
maybe four or five human beings out of whatever billions we've got going.
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也许是几十亿人中的四、五个人开始行动了。
05:09
And so it's very difficult to get there, if you do it physically.
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所以如果你真要行动，到那儿去，那是非常困难的。
05:12
But I was enraptured, and in my graduate years
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但我却喜不自胜，因为我毕业的年代
05:18
was the dawn of plate tectonics. And we realized
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正处在板块构造学的萌芽期。那时我们意识到
05:21
that the greatest mountain range on Earth lies beneath the sea.
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地球上最大的山脉躺在海底。
05:23
The mid-ocean ridge runs around like the seam on a baseball.
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大洋中脊就像环绕在棒球上的接缝。
05:26
This is on a Mercator projection.
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这是在墨卡托投影上。
05:28
But if you were to put it on an equal area projection,
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但要是你要把它放到一个等积投影上，
05:31
you'd see that the mid-ocean ridge covers 23 percent
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你就会发现，大洋中脊覆盖了
05:34
of the Earth's total surface area.
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地球总表面积的23%。
05:36
Almost a quarter of our planet is a single mountain range
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我们这个行星的几乎四分之一是一条单独的山脉，
05:39
and we didn't enter it until after Neil Armstrong
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然而，直到尼尔.阿姆斯特朗
05:41
and Buzz Aldrin went to the moon.
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和巴兹·奥尔德林登月之后，我们才进入这条山脉。
05:43
So we went to the moon, played golf up there,
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所以，在去到我们自己的行星上最大的地貌之前，
05:45
before we went to the largest feature on our own planet.
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我们就到了月球，在那上面玩高尔夫了。
05:50
And our interest in this mountain range, as Earth scientists in those days,
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在那些日子里，做为地球科学家，我们之所以对于这条山脉感兴趣，
05:53
was not only because of its tremendous size, dominating the planet,
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不仅由于它的在这个行星上硕大无朋，
05:56
but the role it plays in the genesis of the Earth's outer skin.
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而且由于它在地球外壳的起源上所起的作用。
05:59
Because it's along the axis of the mid-ocean ridge
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因为这条山脉的走向正沿着大洋中脊的轴线，
06:01
where the great crustal plates are separating.
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在那儿，巨大的地壳板块正在分裂。
06:03
And like a living organism, you tear it open,
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就像一个活体，你把它撕开，
06:06
it bleeds its molten blood, rises up to heal that wound
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它流着炽热的鲜血，奋起治愈岩流圈的创伤，
06:09
from the asthenosphere, hardens, forms new tissue and moves laterally.
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然后变硬，形成新的组织，再向两侧运动。
06:14
But no one had actually gone down
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但没有人能真的下去，
06:16
into the actual site of the boundary of creation as we call it --
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进入那个撕裂的边界的现场
06:19
into the Rift Valley -- until a group of seven of us
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进入我们称为大裂谷的地方——
06:21
crawled in our little submarines in the summer of 1973, 1974
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直到1973年和1974年的夏天，我们一行7人爬进小潜艇，
06:26
and were the first human beings to enter the Great Rift Valley.
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于是，我们成为进入大裂谷的第一批人。
06:29
We went down into the Rift Valley.
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我们潜到海底进入大裂谷，
06:31
This is all accurate except for one thing -- it's pitch black.
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除了一件事——这里一片漆黑，一切都准确无误。
06:34
It's absolutely pitch black, because
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这里是绝对的黑暗，
06:36
photons cannot reach the average depth of the ocean,
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因为光子无法到达海洋的平均深度——
06:39
which is 12,000 feet. In the Rift Valley, it's 9,000 feet.
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12,000英尺。大裂谷是9,000英尺。
06:42
Most of our planet does not feel the warmth of the sun.
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地球的大部分地方感觉不到太阳的温暖。
06:46
Most of our planet is in eternal darkness.
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我们行星的大部分区域处于永恒的黑暗中。
06:48
And for that reason, you do not have photosynthesis in the deep sea.
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因此，在深海没有光合作用。
06:52
And with the absence of photosynthesis
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由于没有光合作用，
06:54
you have no plant life, and as a result,
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就没有植物，因此，
06:56
you have very little animal life living in this underworld.
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也就极少有动物生活在这片深海中。
06:59
Or so we thought. And so in our initial explorations,
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我们大概就是这样想的。所以在我们最初的探险中，
07:02
we were totally focused on exploring the boundary of creation,
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我们把全部精力集中在勘测正在形成的边界上，
07:06
looking at the volcanic features running along that entire 42,000 miles.
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研究贯穿整个42,000英里的火山地貌。
07:12
Running along this entire 42,000 miles
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在这整个42,000英里的延伸线上，
07:15
are tens of thousands of active volcanoes.
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是数以万计的活火山。
07:17
Tens of thousands of active volcanoes.
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数以万计的活火山。
07:19
There are more active volcanoes beneath the sea
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海底比陆上有
07:22
than on land by two orders of magnitude.
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多两个数量级的活火山。
07:24
So, it's a phenomenally active region,
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所以，这里显然是一个非常活跃的区域，
07:26
it's not just a dark, boring place. It's a very alive place.
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而非一个黑暗乏味的地方。这是一个很有生气的地方。
07:31
And it's then being ripped open.
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但那时，它正在被撕裂开。
07:33
But we were dealing with a particular scientific issue back then.
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但回到那时，我们正涉及到一个特殊的科学问题。
07:36
We couldn't understand why you had a mountain under tension.
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我们无法理解，为什么张力下会产生一座山脉。
07:39
In plate tectonic theory, we knew that if you had plates collide,
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在板块构造理论中，我们知道，如果板块相撞，
07:42
it made sense: they would crush into one another,
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这讲得通，它们会相互挤压进对方，
07:45
you would thicken the crust, you'd uplift it.
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外壳会变厚，会抬高。
07:47
That's why you get, you know, you get seashells up on Mount Everest.
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这就是为什么，你知道，你会在珠峰上捡到海贝的原因。
07:50
It's not a flood, it was pushed up there.
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它不是因为洪水，它是被推上那儿的。
07:52
We understood mountains under compression,
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我们理解挤压作用下的山脉，
07:54
but we could not understand why we had a mountain under tension.
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但我们无法理解为什么张力下也会形成山脉。
07:57
It should not be. Until one of my colleagues said,
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不应该是这样的。直到我的一位同事说，
08:00
"It looks to me like a thermal blister, and the mid-ocean ridge
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“在我看来，这就像是一个热气泡，大洋中脊
08:02
must be a cooling curve." We said, "Let's go find out."
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一定是一条冷却曲线。”我们说，“我们去找。”
08:05
We punched a bunch of heat probes. Everything made sense,
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我们施放了大量探热仪。一切都顺理成章，
08:08
except, at the axis, there was missing heat. It was missing heat.
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除了在轴线上有丢失热的现象外。它正在丢失热。
08:11
It was hot. It wasn't hot enough.
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它是热的，但不够热。
08:13
So, we came up with multiple hypotheses:
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所以我们提出了多种假设，
08:15
there's little green people down there taking it;
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有小绿人在那儿带走了热。
08:17
there's all sorts of things going on.
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各种各样的事情都在发生。
08:19
But the only logical [explanation] was that there were hot springs.
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但唯一符合逻辑的解释还是热泉。
08:21
So, there must be underwater hot springs.
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所以一定是有水下热泉。
08:23
We mounted an expedition to look for the missing heat.
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我们进行了一次探险，以寻找丢失的热。
08:25
And so we went along this mountain range, in an area along Galapagos Rift,
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因此，我们沿加拉帕哥斯裂谷区域中的这条山脉行进，
08:30
and did we find the missing heat.
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终于发现了失踪的热。
08:32
It was amazing. These giant chimneys, huge giant chimneys.
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太令人吃惊了。这些巨大的烟囱。巨大的烟囱。
08:36
We went up to them with our submersible.
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我们乘潜艇到达这些烟囱上，
08:38
We wanted to get a temperature probe, we stuck it in there,
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想去取一个温度传感器，我们把它插在那儿了。
08:40
looked at it -- it pegged off scale.
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瞧这，已经超过读数了。
08:42
The pilot made this great observation: "That's hot."
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驾驶员报告了这一伟大的观察：“它是热的！”
08:44
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:46
And then we realized our probe was made out of the same stuff --
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这时我们意识到我们的探热仪都是同样的材料制造的——
08:49
it could have melted. But it turns out the exiting temperature
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它可能已经熔化了。但这就证明了出口的温度
08:51
was 650 degrees F, hot enough to melt lead.
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是650华氏度，这个热度足可熔化铅。
08:54
This is what a real one looks like, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
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这是胡安.德.富卡洋中脊中的一个实例。
08:57
What you're looking at is an incredible pipe organ
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你看到的是一个从海底伸出来的
08:59
of chemicals coming out of the ocean.
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化学管，真是不可思议。
09:01
Everything you see in this picture is commercial grade:
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这幅照片中你看见的一切都具有商业价值——
09:03
copper, lead, silver, zinc and gold.
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铜、铅、银、锌和金。
09:05
So the Easter Bunny has put things in the ocean floor,
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所以复活节兔子已经把东西放到了海底，
09:09
and you have massive heavy metal deposits
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在这条山脉，
09:11
that we're making in this mountain range.
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有含量丰富的重金属矿床。
09:13
We're making huge discoveries of large commercial-grade ore
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沿着这条山脉，我们不断发现大量具有高商品等级的矿石，
09:16
along this mountain range, but it was dwarfed by what we discovered.
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然而较之我们的发现，这不过是小巫见大巫而已。
09:20
We discovered a profusion of life,
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我们在一个本不该存在生命的世界里，
09:22
in a world that it should not exist [in]. Giant tube worms, 10 feet tall.
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发现了大量的生命。巨大的管虫，10英尺高。
09:27
I remember having to use vodka -- my own vodka -- to pickle it
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记得当时我不得不用伏特加——我自己的伏特加——去腌它，
09:29
because we don't carry formaldehyde.
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因为我们没有携带甲醛。
09:31
We went and found these incredible clam beds
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在贫瘠的岩石表面，
09:33
sitting on the barren rock. Large clams,
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我们发现了令人难以置信的蛤床——巨大的蛤，
09:36
and when we opened them, they didn't look like a clam.
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接着，当我们把它们打开时，它们看上去却不像是蛤。
09:39
And when we cut them open, they didn't have the anatomy of a clam.
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因为当我们把它们切开的时候，它们竟没有蛤的生理结构。
09:42
No mouth, no gut, no digestive system.
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没有嘴，没有肠子，没有消化系统。
09:44
Their bodies had been totally taken over
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它们的身体已整个的被
09:47
by another organism, a bacterium, that had figured out
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另一个生物体——细菌接管，这就解决了一个问题：
09:50
how to replicate photosynthesis in the dark,
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如何在黑暗中，通过我们现在叫做化学合成
09:53
through a process we now call chemosynthesis.
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的过程代替光合作用。
09:56
None of it in our textbooks. None of this in our textbooks.
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这当中没有哪种现象可以在我们的教科书里找到。
09:59
We did not know about this life system.
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我们不知道这个生命系统。
10:01
We were not predicting it.
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我们没有预言它的存在。
10:03
We stumbled on it, looking for some missing heat.
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我们在寻找某种丢失的热的时候，无意中发现了它。
10:06
So, we wanted to accelerate this process.
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所以我们想要加快这个过程。
10:09
We wanted to get away from this silly trip, up and down on a submarine:
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我们想要结束这个乘着潜艇上上下下的愚蠢的旅行。
10:12
average depth of the ocean, 12,000 feet;
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海洋的平均深度12,000英尺，
10:14
two and half hours to get to work in the morning;
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早上去上班两个半小时。
10:16
two and half hours to get to home. Five hour commute to work.
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回家两个半小时。在路上就花了5小时。
10:19
Three hours of bottom time, average distance traveled -- one mile.
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3个小时在海底的时间，平均旅行距离——1英里。
10:22
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:24
On a 42,000 mile mountain range. Great job security, but not the way to go.
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42,000英里山脉，工作保障很大，但无路可去。
10:28
So, I began designing a new technology of telepresence,
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所以我开始设计一种新的远程监控技术，
10:31
using robotic systems to replicate myself,
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利用机器人系统来代替我自己，
10:34
so I wouldn't have to cycle my vehicle system.
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这样我就不必重复操作我的潜水器。
10:37
We began to introduce that in our explorations,
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我们开始在我们的探险中推广这一技术，
10:39
and we continued to make phenomenal discoveries
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用我们的新机器人技术继续进行惊人的发现。
10:41
with our new robotic technologies. Again, looking for something else,
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从大洋中脊的一个地方开向另一个地方，
10:44
moving from one part of the mid-ocean ridge to another.
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再次出发去寻找新的东西。
10:47
The scientists were off watch and they came across incredible life forms.
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科学家们没有值班的时候，却无意中发现了难以置信的生命形式。
10:52
They came across new creatures they had not seen before.
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他们偶然发现了以前没有见过的新生物。
10:55
But more importantly, they discovered
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但更重要的是，他们在那下面发现了
10:57
edifices down there that they did not understand.
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自己也不能理解的“建筑群”。
10:59
That did not make sense. They were not above a magma chamber.
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这很不合常理。它们不在岩浆房上面。
11:02
They shouldn't be there. And we called it Lost City.
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它们不该在那儿的。我们叫它“失落城”。
11:06
And Lost City was characterized by these incredible limestone formations
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而失落城是以这些不可思议的石灰石形态
11:10
and upside down pools. Look at that.
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和颠倒的池塘为特征的。瞧这！
11:13
How do you do that? That's water upside down.
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你怎么理解这个？这是颠倒的水。
11:16
We went in underneath and tapped it, and we found that it had the pH of Drano.
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我们到下面抽样化验，发现它的pH值和Drano（译者注：一种以氢氧化钠为主成分的洗涤液）一样。
11:21
The pH of 11, and yet it had chemosynthetic bacteria living in it
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pH值11，但里面有化学合成细菌在生长，
11:25
and at this extreme environment.
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而且是在这样一种极端环境下生长。
11:27
And the hydrothermal vents were in an acidic environment.
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而热泉就处于一种酸性的环境。
11:30
All the way at the other end, in an alkaline environment,
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在另一端，自始至终都是一个碱性的环境，
11:33
at a pH of 11, life existed.
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pH值11，里面有生命。
11:35
So life was much more creative than we had ever thought.
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所以，生命的创造力实在是超乎我们的想象。
11:38
Again, discovered by accident. Just two years ago
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又一次偶然的发现。就在两年前圣托里尼岛的活动结束的时候，
11:41
working off Santorini, where people are sunning themselves on the beach,
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人们在沙滩上做日光浴，
11:45
unbeknownst to them in the caldera nearby,
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他们不知道自己就在火山喷口附近，
11:47
we found phenomenal hydrothermal vent systems
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我们发现了惊人的热泉系统
11:50
and more life systems.
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和更多的生命系统。
11:52
This was two miles from where people go to sunbathe,
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这里离人们日光浴的地方不过两英里，
11:55
and they were oblivious to the existence of this system.
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但他们并未注意到这个系统的存在。
11:59
Again, you know, we stop at the water's edge.
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当然，我们又在水边停下来。
12:03
Recently, diving off -- in the Gulf of Mexico, finding pools of water,
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最近在墨西哥湾潜水，这次发现的水池
12:09
this time not upside down, right side up.
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不是倒的，是正的。
12:11
Bingo. You'd think you're in air, until a fish swims by.
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没错，你会感觉你好像飘在空中，直到一条鱼游过身边。
12:16
You're looking at brine pools formed by salt diapirs.
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你看着刺穿盐丘形成的卤水池。
12:20
Near that was methane. I've never seen volcanoes of methane.
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附近是甲烷。我从未见过甲烷火山。
12:25
Instead of belching out lava, they were belching out
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不是喷出熔岩，而是喷出
12:28
big, big bubbles of methane. And they were creating these volcanoes,
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很大很大的甲烷气泡。而它们正在创造这些火山，
12:32
and there were flows, not of lava,
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这儿流动的，不是熔岩，
12:34
but of the mud coming out of the Earth but driven by --
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而是来自地球内部，由（甲烷）驱动的泥浆，
12:37
I've never seen this before.
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我以前从未见过这种现象。
12:39
Moving on, there's more than just natural history beneath the sea --
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继续。海洋下面不仅仅有自然的历史，
12:44
human history. Our discoveries of the Titanic.
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还有人类的历史。例如泰坦尼克号沉船的发现。
12:47
The realization that the deep sea is the largest museum on Earth.
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其实，深海才是地球上最大的博物馆。
12:51
It contains more history than all of the museums on land combined.
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它所包含的历史，比陆地上所有的博物馆合起来还要多。
12:54
And yet we're only now penetrating it.
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然而，我们现在才刚刚认识到这一点。
12:57
Finding the state of preservation.
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发现了这种保存状态。
12:59
We found the Bismarck in 16,000 feet. We then found the Yorktown.
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我们在16,000英尺的地方发现了俾斯麦号战舰。然后又找到了约克城号航母。
13:03
People always ask, "Did you find the right ship?"
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人们总是问，“你发现的就是那艘船吗？”
13:05
It said Yorktown on the stern.
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据说约克城号是船头朝上的。
13:07
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
13:09
More recently, finding ancient history.
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最近又发现了古代历史。
13:12
How many ancient mariners have had a bad day? The number's a million.
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曾有过多少古代的航海者遭遇过不幸呢？一百万。
13:16
We've been discovering these along ancient trade routes,
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我们一直在沿着古代贸易的航线寻找他们。
13:19
where they're not supposed to be.
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他们不该在那儿的。
13:21
This shipwreck sank 100 years before the birth of Christ.
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这艘遇难船沉没于公元前100年。
13:23
This one sank carrying a prefabricated, Home Depot Roman temple.
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这艘沉船载着罗马神殿的组合构件。
13:28
And then here's one that sank at the time of Homer, at 750 B.C.
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而这是一艘沉没于公元前750年荷马时代的遇难船。
13:33
More recently, into the Black Sea, where we're exploring.
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我们最近进入了黑海探险。
13:36
Because there's no oxygen there, it's the largest reservoir
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因为那里面没有氧气，是地球上最大的硫化氢水库。
13:39
of hydrogen sulfide on Earth. Shipwrecks are perfectly preserved.
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所以遇难船只保存完好。
13:43
All their organics are perfectly preserved. We begin to excavate them.
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船上所有的有机体都保存完好。我们开始发掘这些船只。
13:47
We expect to start hauling out the bodies in perfect condition with their DNA.
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我们期待开始运出这些尸体，它们的DNA处于完好状态。
13:51
Look at the state of preservation --
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看看这个保存状态。
13:53
still the ad mark of a carpenter. Look at the state of those artifacts.
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木匠的广告标识都还在。看看那些史前古器物的状态。
13:57
You still see the beeswax dripping. When they dropped, they sealed it.
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你还看得见黄蜡滴。滴上黄蜡时就把它密封起来了。
14:01
This ship sank 1,500 years ago.
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这艘船沉没于1,500年前。
14:05
Fortunately, we've been able to convince Congress.
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幸运的是，我们说服了国会。
14:07
We begin to go on the Hill and lobby.
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我们继续在国会议员中游说。
14:09
And we stole recently a ship from the United States Navy.
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我们最近意外地从美国海军搞到一艘船。
14:13
The Okeanos Explorer on its mission.
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奥克阿诺斯探险家号。
14:15
Its mission is as good as you could get.
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你差不多从名字就可以知道她的使命。
14:17
Its mission is to go where no one has gone before on planet Earth.
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它的使命就是要到地球上以前从未有人去过的地方。
14:21
And I was looking at it yesterday, it's up in Seattle. OK.
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昨天我看着她，她在西雅图准备就绪。OK。
14:26
(Applause)
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（掌声）
14:27
It comes online this summer,
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今年夏天她来到网上，
14:30
and it begins its journey of exploration.
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并开始了她的探险之旅。
14:32
But we have no idea what we're going find when we go out there with our technology.
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但我们不知道，以我们的技术力量，我们将会有什么样的发现。
14:36
But certainly, it's going to be going to the unknown America.
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不过可以肯定的是，她将驶往未知的美国。
14:39
This is that part of the United States that lies beneath the sea.
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也就是躺在海洋下面的那部分美国。
14:43
We own all of that blue and yet,
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我们拥有这片蓝色的一切，但是，
14:45
like I say, particularly the western territorial trust,
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就像我说的，尤其是西部的领土，
14:47
we don't have maps of them. We don't have maps of them.
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我们没有它们的地图。我们没有它们的地图。
14:50
We have maps of Venus, but not of the western territorial trust.
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我们有金星的地图但没有西部领土的地图。
14:54
The way we're going to run this -- we have no idea what we're going to discover.
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我们打算进行这次探险，但不知道会有什么发现。
14:57
We have no idea what we're going to discover.
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我们不知道会发现什么。
14:59
We're going to discover an ancient shipwreck, a Phoenician off Brazil,
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我们将发现一艘古代遇难船，一个巴西海岸附近的腓尼基人，
15:02
or a new rock formation, a new life.
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或者，一个新的岩层，一个新的生命。
15:04
So, we're going to run it like an emergency hospital.
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所以，我们打算像一个急救中心一样来运作。
15:06
We're going to connect our command center,
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我们打算把我们的指挥中心，经由高带宽的卫星信号，
15:08
via a high-bandwidth satellite link to a building we're building
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连接到罗德岛大学的一座大厦，
15:12
at the University of Rhode Island, called the Interspace Center.
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这座大厦尚在修建，名叫“内空间中心”。
15:15
And within that, we're going to run it just like you run a nuclear submarine,
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我们打算像运行一艘核潜艇一样运行这个中心，
15:19
blue-gold team, switching them off and on, running 24 hours a day.
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蓝金队，不时转换，全天候运行。
15:23
A discovery is made, that discovery is instantly seen
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一旦有了发现，一秒钟后，这个发现立刻
15:26
in the command center a second later.
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可以在指挥中心看见。
15:29
But then it's connected through Internet too --
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而这时它也通过10千兆带宽的互联网
15:31
the new Internet highway that makes Internet one
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被连接起来。
15:33
look like a dirt road on the information highway --
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这条新的互联网高速公路使原来的互联网
15:36
with 10 gigabits of bandwidth.
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看起来就像是信息高速公路上的一段土路。
15:38
We'll go into areas we have no knowledge of.
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我们将进入我们还不了解的区域。
15:40
It's a big blank sheet on our planet. We'll map it within hours,
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这是我们这个行星上的一个巨大的空白。我们将在数小时内为它绘制地图，
15:44
have the maps disseminated out to the major universities.
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然后把地图散发给主要的高校。
15:48
It turns out that 90 percent of all the oceanographic intellect
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结果证明，美国所有海洋学人才的90%
15:52
in this country are at 12 universities. They're all on I-2.
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都在12所大学里。他们都是数一数二的顶尖人才。
15:55
We can then build a command center.
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然后我们就可以建立一个指挥中心。
15:57
This is a remote center at the University of Washington.
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这是设在华盛顿大学的远程中心。
15:59
She's talking to the pilot. She's 5,000 miles away, but she's assumed command.
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她在对导航仪谈话。她远在5,000英里之外但她担任指挥。
16:04
But the beauty of this, too, is we can then disseminate it to children.
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这个系统的卓越之处还在于，我们可以把它传播给孩子们。
16:07
We can disseminate.
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我们能够传播。
16:09
They can follow this expedition. I've started a program --
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他们可以跟随这个远征队。我已经开始了一个计划——
16:12
where are you Jim? Jim Young who helped me start a program
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你在哪儿，吉米？吉米.扬协助开始了一个
16:16
called the Jason Project. More recently, we've started a program
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叫做詹森计划的项目。我们最近同美国少男少女俱乐部开始了
16:19
with the Boys and Girls Clubs of America,
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一项计划，
16:21
so that we can use exploration,
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目的是使我们能够利用探险
16:23
and the excitement of live exploration, to motivate them and excite them
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以及探险直播的兴奋，提高并刺激他们的学习欲望，
16:27
and then give them what they're already ready for.
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然后把他们已经准备从事的东西给他们。
16:30
I would not let an adult drive my robot.
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我不会让一个成人来操纵我的机器人。
16:32
You don't have enough gaming experience.
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你没有玩游戏的丰富经验。
16:34
But I will let a kid with no license take over control of my vehicle system.
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但我将让一个没有驾照的孩子来接管我的潜水器系统。
16:38
(Applause)
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（掌声）
16:40
Because we want to create --
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因为我们想要创造。
16:42
we want to create the classroom of tomorrow.
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我们想要创造属于明天的教室。
16:44
We have stiff competition and we need to motivate and it's all being done.
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我们有严酷的竞争，我们也需要激励，这是所有人都需要的。
16:49
You win or lose an engineer or a scientist by eighth grade.
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你能否赢得一位工程师或一位科学家在8年级的时候就已经确定。
16:54
The game is not over -- it's over by the eighth grade, it's not beginning.
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这个游戏不是结束。它在8年级就结束了——它不是开始。
16:58
We need to be not only proud of our universities.
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我们不仅应该为我们的大学骄傲。
17:01
We need to be proud of our middle schools.
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我们还应该为我们的中学骄傲。
17:03
And when we have the best middle schools in the world,
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而且，我来告诉你们，当我们有了世界上最棒的中学的时候，
17:05
we'll have the best kids pumped out of that system, let me tell you.
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我们也将拥有从这个系统中脱颖而出的最棒的孩子。
17:08
Because this is what we want. This is what we want.
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因为这就是我们想要的。这是我们想要的。
17:12
This is a young lady, not watching a football game,
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这是个小女孩，她不是在观看足球比赛，
17:15
not watching a basketball game.
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也不是在观看篮球比赛。
17:17
Watching exploration live from thousands of miles away,
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而是在观看数千英里之外的探险直播，
17:20
and it's just dawning on her what she's seeing.
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而她正在逐渐理解她所看到的东西。
17:23
And when you get a jaw drop, you can inform.
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在吃惊的同时，她也会学到很多。
17:26
You can put so much information into that mind, it's in full [receiving] mode.
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你可以把如此大量的信息输入这个头脑，它处于完全吸收的模式。
17:30
(Applause)
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（掌声）
17:32
This, I hope, will be a future engineer
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我希望，这是一位为真理而战的未来工程师
17:37
or a future scientist in the battle for truth.
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或是未来的科学家。
17:40
And my final question, my final question --
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下面我要提最后一个问题，我的最后一个问题——
17:43
why are we not looking at moving out onto the sea?
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为什么我们没看见进军海洋的行动？
17:47
Why do we have programs to build habitation on Mars,
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为什么有在火星建立居住地的计划，
17:51
and we have programs to look at colonizing the moon,
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而且我们有研究开拓月球殖民地的计划，
17:54
but we do not have a program looking at how we colonize our own planet?
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但我们没有一个研究如何开拓我们自己的行星的计划？
17:59
And the technology is at hand.
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而且技术是现成的。
18:01
Thank you very much.
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谢谢。
18:03
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Ballard - OceanographerOn more than 120 deep-sea expeditions, Robert Ballard has made many major natural discoveries, such as the deep-sea vents. Oh, and he found the Titanic.
Why you should listen
From an early age, Robert Ballard was intrigued by the deep. He's perhaps best-known for his work in underwater archaeology; in addition to Titanic, he has found the wrecks of the Bismarck, the USS Yorktown, the nuclear sub Thresher (on a top-secret mission for the Navy -- for which the Titanic was his cover story) and John F. Kennedy's PT-109.
His contributions to our scientific knowledge of the ocean is just as awe-inspiring. He was in the first team of humans to view the deep-sea vents, and to understand how life can not only survive but thrive in these deep black waters, under extreme pressure and at extreme temperature.
He's also a powerful storyteller and a passionate scientific educator. He founded the Institute for Exploration and has pioneered distance learning in classrooms around the world. Through his JASON Project, 1.7 million students a year join scientists virtually as they experience the thrill of exploration and discovery.
Robert Ballard | Speaker | TED.com